Modul Bahasa Inggris SMA Edited 2023-2024

DISCUSSION MATERIALS OF TEXT GENRES
For
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Disusun oleh
Rahman Taufik
GURU BAHASA INGGRIS MA. PERSIS 31 BANJARAN
MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 1

DAFTAR ISI
I. Understanding Types of Text...............................................................................................5

1. Analytical Exposition Text..........................................................................................5
What is Analytical Exposition?....................................................................................................5
Example of Analytical Exposition................................................................................................6
A. Is Smoking Good for Us?..................................................................................................6
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis.......................................................................6
2. Anecdote Text...........................................................................................................7
What is Anecdote?......................................................................................................................7
Example of Anecdote..................................................................................................................8
A. Blessing behind Tragedy..................................................................................................8
3. Description Text..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
What is Descriptive Text?...........................................................................................................9
Example of Description.............................................................................................................10
A. My Friend's New Shoes.................................................................................................10
B. Borobudur Temple........................................................................................................10
4. Narrative Text..........................................................................................................11
What is Narrative?....................................................................................................................11
Example of Narative..................................................................................................................11
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks................................................................................11
B. Cinderella 1...................................................................................................................12
c. The Smartest Animal.....................................................................................................13
5. Procedure Text........................................................................................................14
What is Procedure?..................................................................................................................14
Example of Procedure...............................................................................................................15
A. Planting Chilies..............................................................................................................15
C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet.....................................................................................16
6. News Item Text........................................................................................................16
What is News Item?..................................................................................................................16
Example of Procedure...............................................................................................................17
A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms..........................................................17
B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex..............................................................17
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded...........................................................................................18
7. Discussion Text........................................................................................................19
What is Discussion?..................................................................................................................19
Example of Discussion Text.......................................................................................................19
A. Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power..............................................................19
B. Hunting Fox...................................................................................................................21
8. Explanation Text......................................................................................................21
What is Explanation?................................................................................................................21
Example of Explanation Text.....................................................................................................22
A. Tsunami.........................................................................................................................22
B. How Day and Night Happen..........................................................................................22
9. Hortatory Exposition Text........................................................................................23
What is Hortatory Exposition?..................................................................................................23

Example of Hortatory Exposition..............................................................................................23
A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV.............................................................................23
B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory..........................................................24
10. Report Text..............................................................................................................25
What is Report?........................................................................................................................25
Example of Report Text............................................................................................................26
A. Platypus; a report text...................................................................................................26
11. Spoof Text...............................................................................................................26
What is Spoof?..........................................................................................................................26
Example of Spoof text...............................................................................................................27
A. “That Phone is Off”........................................................................................................27
B. Saved by Stilts................................................................................................................27
12. Recount Text...........................................................................................................28
What is Recount?......................................................................................................................28
Example of Recount text...........................................................................................................29
A. Vacation to London.......................................................................................................29
B. Between Recount and Narrative...................................................................................29
C. Visiting Bali....................................................................................................................30
13. Review Text.............................................................................................................31
Example of Review text............................................................................................................32
A. Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses................................................................................32
B. Good Translation...........................................................................................................32
15. A Complete Overview Of Tex Types.........................................................................35
16. Bentuk Soal Reading................................................................................................38
II. FUNCTIONAL SKILL...................................................................................................40

1. Offering Help or Things (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu)......................41
2. Introducing (memperkenalkan).....................................................................................42
3. Greeting (memberi salam).............................................................................................44
4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak).................................................................................45
5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)...................................................................................45
6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat).................................................................................46
7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)...........................................................................47
8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang).............................................................48
9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)...............................................48
10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)...........................................49
11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju).......................50
12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan).........................................................51
13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)..................................................................51
14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci).............................................52
15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)..............................52
16. Request (permintaan)....................................................................................................53
17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)....................................................................54
18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)..............................................................55
19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)...................................55

III. LANGUAGE USAGE...................................................................................................57
A. TENSES...........................................................................................................................57
B. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)..........................................................................61
C. PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif).......................................................................................65
D. DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)......................................................68
E. QUESTION TAGS............................................................................................................70
F. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)........................................................70
G. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)............................................................71
H. SUBJUNCTIVE WISH.......................................................................................................72
I. CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET...................................................................................................72
J. GERUND........................................................................................................................73
K. PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)..................................................................................74
L. CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung).................................................................................74
M. CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)...................................................................................75
N. ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION...............................................................................................75

I. Understanding Types of Text
Text can be classified into several types. The term of 'type' is sometime stated as 'genre'.
These types of text are;
1. Analytical Exposition 8. Explanation
2. Anecdote 9. Hortatory Exposition
3. Descriptive 10. Report
4. Narrative 11. Spoof
5. Procedure 12. Recount
6. News Items 13. Review
7. Discussion
These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text.
These elements of text are:
The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in
what way is the text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what kind
of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.
1. Analytical Exposition Text
What is Analytical Exposition?
1. Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding.
Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
2. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
 Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
 Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
 Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
 Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
3. Language Features of Analytical Exposition
 Using relational process
 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
Cars should be banned in the city

Thesis Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create
pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Arguments Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution
in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis,
lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are
so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander
everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which
causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find
it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and
especially talk to someone.
Reiteration In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the
reasons listed.
Example of Analytical Exposition

A. Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people
die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road
accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day,
we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty
cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of
bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of
heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In
one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had
smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from
smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure:
From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends
with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for
readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic
discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph
1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal
impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a
good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as
giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis
stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the
detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good
even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in
smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like
conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this
example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers
and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis
US financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the world could also
create new opportunity for Indonesia in term of foreign direc investment and the
development of basic infrastructure.

As the US, financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries such as Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait and Arab Emirate which have accumulated hundreds of billion of Dollars in
their foreign reserve, are now reviewing their holding or investment vehicle. They are looking
for more diversified investment outside the US and Europe.
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia over the past
few months, Indonesia which has largely Muslim population could become one of these oil-
rich countries' favorite place for foreign direct investment. That wil be true if the conditions,
legal and market infrastructures are conducive for Islamic financial instruments.
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment of laws on
sharia banking and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds could make them the most
suitable investment instrument for Indonesia, as these bonds grant an investor a share in an
asset along with the cash flows and risks commensurate with such ownership.
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic growth in the
rest of the world will serve to the government to accelerate the investment reform measures
in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the global crisis. (Simplified from the
jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
NOTES ON Generic Structure:

 Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It introduces the topic of the text which state the potential
opportunity behind the glogal financial crisis.
 Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS which support to the opinios stated in
the above thesis.
 Paragraph 4 is REITERATION which restates the thesis in another phrases to point
the writer'opinion.
2. Anecdote Text
What is Anecdote?
1. Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its
purpose is to entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
3. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Snake in the Bath

Abstract How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one
too!
Orientation We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for
so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we
would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Crisis Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-hole.
Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned
on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
Incident For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my
husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle
of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested
in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she’d
probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Coda Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before running
the bath water.
Example of Anecdote
A. Blessing behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. Small Notes
They were Clark family with nine children. They had a 1. Anecdote (Cerita Lucu)
dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. Ciri Umum:
They were making plan to travel with their children to (a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
America. It had taken several years but finally they had Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu
saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa
had booked seats for the whole family member in a new nyata yang bertujuan menghibur.
liner to America. The entire family was full of (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
anticipation and excitement with their new life in  Abstrak (Abstract)
America. However few days before their departure, the  Pengenalan (Orientation)
youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up  Krisis (Crisis)
 Tindakan (Incident)
the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies,
 Koda (Coda)
there were being quarantined for long days. They were (c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:
in quarantine when the departure time came. The  seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan retorik
family dreams were dashed. They could not make the dan kata-kata seperti Listen to this!
trip to America as they had planned. And do you know what? It’s awful,
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He isn’t it? dsb.
stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him  action verbs, misalnya go, write,
dsb.
and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He
cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.  conjunctions yang berhubungan
dengan waktu, seperti then,
Five days latter, the tragic news spread afterwards, dsb.
throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had
shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the
unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog,
they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him
for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
(Adapted from Look Ahead 2)

Generic Structure Analysis
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true,
there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They
prepared well for their plan
Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It
made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his
son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of
saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but
a blessing.
3. Descriptive Text
What is Descriptive Text?

1. The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
2. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
 Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
3. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
 Using attributive and identifying process.
 Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
 Using simple present tense
MacQuarie University
Identification Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in Australia.
This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.
Description The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney,
where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for the
institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural retreat on the city
fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved beyond
recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a district of
intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing university.
Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe, Macquarie
can be proud of that careful planning that retains and enrich the
university’s most attractive natural features. A pleasing balance
between buildings and plating is evident across the campus. This
emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of
Macquarie as a place that members of the university are most likely to
pleasurably recollect.
One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars Creek zone. It

comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass amphitheatre,
and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks and pebbles, native plants and
eucalypts.
Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time,
Macquarie will be the only university in Australia with a railway station
on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily accessible in Sydney
region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.
Example of Description
A. My Friend's New Shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a
trend setter of the day. She always pays much attention on her appearance. Recently, she
bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on that shoes, all
her friends, including me watch and admire that she has the most suitable shoes on her
physical appearance. The style, bright color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the
day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products covered all genders. The
blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide varieties of choice.
Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are designed in attractive way. The products are
international trader mark and become the hottest trend.
B. Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra
dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta
architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step
like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with
Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell
shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the
top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The
design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor,
Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a
valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur
temple
 Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur
temple and its characteristics
Language Feature Analysis
 Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
 Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc

4. Narrative Text
What is Narrative?
1. Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past
events and entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text consists of the following structure:
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place
2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with
3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse
3. Language Features of Narrative
 Using processes verbs
 Using temporal conjunction
 Using Simple Past Tense
Snow White
Orientation Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White.
She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead.
Complication 1 One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving
Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to
America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.
Resolution 1 Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so
she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she
ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having
breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Complication 2 Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one
answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Resolution 2 Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from
work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping.
Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said,
“what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live
here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then
Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and
the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.
Example of Narative
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks
Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia,
had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three

sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also rich and
strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As they
were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for
something to eat. The first gave her some left over
Small Notes food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing
Narrative (Naratif, dongeng) camel’s tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim,
Ciri Umum: offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat.
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s camp.
Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca (yang The following day, the queen invited the three
bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata, khayal sheiks to dinner at her palace. She ordered her servant
atau peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke to give each one exactly what they had given her the
suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of
menemukan suatu penyelesaian). delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure could not share it with him.
 Orientation; Pengenalan tokoh, waktu, This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen
dan tempat terjadinya peristiwa. Maura that he was the man for her. “Without question,
 Complication; Masalah, konflik dalam Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her
cerita. choice to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.
 Resolution; Penyelesaian masalah. Narrative Complication in Generic
 Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada Structure
tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik
dari cerita. As it is said many times that, the heart of
narrative text is the existence of the
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
complication. It will drive the plot of the story
Menggunakan:
to keep amusing. The existence of conflict
 nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, inside the Queen Maura is what builds the
hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita,
story keep running. The psychological conflict
misalnya, stepsisters, housework, dsb.
inside Maura, which she strikes against
 adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase, herself, is arousing the reader’s attention to
misalnya, long black hair, two red apples,
continue reading the story. They want to
dsb.
know what next will happen, who will be
 time connectives dan conjunctions untuk chosen by Queen Maura; in what way she will
mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian, misalnya
decide who the best is. Keeping knowing
then, before that, soon, dsb.
them really entertaining as well increasing the
 adverbs dan adverbial phrases untuk
moral value added.
menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa,
misalnya here, in the mountain, happily ever Orientation: the text introduces the Queen
after,dsb. Maura and three sheiks in Arabia once time.
 action verbs dalam past tense; stayed,
Complication: Queen Maura finds out that it
climbed, dsb.
was very difficult to choose one as the best
 saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti: among them
said, told, promised, dan thinking verbs yang
menandai pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan Resolution: finally Queen Maura has a
tokoh dalam cerita, misalnya thought, convincing way to choose one and he is Sheik
understood, felt, dsb. Hakim
B. Cinderella 1

Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step
mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated Cinderella
very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as
scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two
step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many
handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was
going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the
dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it.
Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother
standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said
the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going
to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a
coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her wand,
and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. “Now,
Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful
coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s
son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she
could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted
the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter
how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the
slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again. They
were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure

Orientation: They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her step
mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her
mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a
hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and
sisters.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major
Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got
bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor
complications which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy
resolution of the bad treatment.
C. The Smartest Animal.

Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening, he ploughed his
field with his buffalo.
One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was very
surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know more about
the big animal and the small animal.
After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “you are so big and strong.
Why do you do everything the man tells you?” The buffalo answered; “oh, the man is very
intelligent”.
The tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “No, I can’t tell you”, said the
buffalo; “but you can ask him”
So the next day the tiger asked to the man; “Can I see your intelligence?”. But the man
answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?” asked the tiger. “Yes” said the man; “but I
am afraid you will kill my buffalo when I am gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence. He
took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “Now you know about my intelligence even
you haven’t seen it.

1. Orientation; introducing specific participants; farmer and his buffalo, once in Laos
2. Complication; revealing a series of crisis: the tiger wanted to know more about the
farmer and the buffalo, the tiger wanted to know about the farmer’s intelligence.
3. Resolution; the crisis is resolve: the farmer hit the tiger

 Using saying verb; answered
 Using thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
 Using action verb; tie, hit
 Using time conjunction; once, one day
 Using connectives; after, the next day
 Using past tense; there was a farmer, the man tied the tiger.
5. Procedure Text
What is Procedure?
1. Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that shows a process in order. Its social function is to describe how
something is completely done through a sequence of series
2. Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing the purpose
2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
3. Language Feature of Procedure
 Using temporal conjunction
 Using action verb
 Using imperative sentence

 Using Simple Present Tense
Tujuan How to Make a Cheese Omelet

(Goal)
Bahan Ingredients
(Material) 1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking oil, a pinch of
salt and pepper
Utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate
Langkah- Method
langkah 1. Crack an egg into a bowl
(Step) 2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
3. Add milk and whisk well
4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
5. Heat the oil in a frying pan
6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan
7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns
8. Cook both sides
9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper
10. Eat while warm.
Example of Procedure
A. Planting Chilies
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information on how
to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some
fresh chilies soon.

 Goal; informing on how to plant chillies.
 Material; excluded
 Steps; showing the steps or method in planting chillies; from
drying seed to putting the sprout in big pot.
 Language Feature Analysis
Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put it, etc
 Action verb; put, dry, etc
 Temporal conjunction; next, finally, firstly, secondly
 Simple present tense pattern; planting is a nice activity, the
following is a guided information

B. How to Make a Cheese Omelet
Well, to make a cheese omelet, you need an egg, fifty gram cheese, a quarter cup of milk,
three tablespoons cookin oil, a pinch of satlt and pepper. Next, you need some tools, such as;
frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl and plate.
Listen carefully,
First, crack an egg into a bowl and whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth. Next, add
First,
6. News Item Text
What is News Item?

1. Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important.
2. Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
3. Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Town ‘Contaminated
Newsworthy Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of
events another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and

contaminated an entire town.
Background Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people
Events who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base
of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl
disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town,
but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were
told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a
refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those
involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of
contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Sumber A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst
Informasi accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Sources
Example of News Item

A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect
against HIV, a news report said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get
exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was
quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which
was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In
the past the event was held behind closed door.Last year, 745 Malaysian women were
identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials
have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are
woman, but the number is steadily rising.laysian Aids Council president, Adeebah
Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV
are housewives, were infected unknowingly by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t
know that condoms can protect them. But there are some men who don’t care to take
precaution, even though they know they have HIV” she said.
(Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)

News worthy event: Malaysian women is urged to carry condoms to protect
HIV.
Background event 1: International Memorial Day was held openly in Malaysia
to reduce stigma for HIV victims.
Background event 2: The number of Malaysian women who are infected with
HIV is steadily rising.
Source: Malaysian Aids Council president said that there were some men who
did not care to take precaution even though they knew they had HIV
B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex
A 45-year old Indonesian maid admitted having sex with her
Small Notes Hong Kong employer’s 14-year old son after watching internet porn
together.
News Item (Berita) The maid is a divorcee and a mother of two children. The maid,
Ciri Umum: named Suwartin, had worked with the boy family for 11 years.
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: A court heard how the maid had sex with the boy in
Memberitakan kepada relationship that lasted five months. The boy tried to end the affair
pembaca, pendengar atau but she refused. The teenager eventually confessed to the
penonton tentang peristiwa- relationship to the leader of Christian group he belonged to.
peristiwa atau kejadian- Then the maid was arrested. She pleaded guilty to five charges
kejadian yang dipandang of committing an indecent act with underage partner. She will be
penting atau layak sentenced in two week’s time.
diberitakan. She later apologized and said that she would live with the
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic shame of what she had done for the rest of life. “She had acted out of
structure loneliness” the maid’s lawyer said.
 Newsworthy events; (Adapted from Reuters, Hong Kong, May 6, 2008)
Kejadian inti.
 Background Events; Latar Generic Structure Analysis
belakang kejadian, orang News worthy event: Indonesian maid court and
yang terlibat, tempat admitted having sex with her young employer
kejadian dsb. Background event: The maid is a divorcee. She had
 Sources; komentar saksi worked in the boy family for 11 years. She had
kejadian, pendapat para relationship the boy for five months. She apologized
ahli, dsb.
and felt guilty
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Source: The maid lawyer said that the maid had acted
 Informasi singkat tertuang out of loneliness
dalam headline
 Menggunakan action
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded
verbs An Indonesian housemaid has been executed in Saudi Arabia
after being convicted of killing her employer, the Saudi Interior
 Menggunakan saying
verbs, misalnya say, tell, Minister said.
dsb. The woman was beheaded in the Southern Asir province in
what was the second execution in the country.
The maid was earlier found of suffocating her female boss and stealing her jewellery.
Rape, murder and other serious crimes can carry the death penalty in the conservative desert
kingdom.
Last year, Saudi Arabia, which follow a strict intepretation of Syaria, Islamic law
executed more than 130 people.
(Taken from: www.news.bbc.co.id)

Main event; an Indonesian maid was beheaded in Saudi Arabia.
Background 1; the maid was found guilty of suffocating her bos.
Background 2; serious crimes can carry death penalty in Saudi Arabia.

Background 3; Saudi Arabia executed more than 130 people last year.
Resource; the Saudi Interior Minister statement.
Focussing circumtances; law of serious crimes.
Using material process; behead, execute, carry, etc
7. Discussion Text
What is Discussion?
1. Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed
from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and
social text.
2. Generic Structure of Discussion
 Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
 List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
 List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting
point
 Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
3. Language Feature of Discussion
 Introducing category or generic participant
 Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
 Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however,
etc
 Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
 Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Homework
Issue I have been wondering if homework is necessary.
Statement I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and
of issue and revise our work.
Preview Homework helps people who aren’t very smart to remember what
they have learned. Homework is really good because it helps with our
education.
Statement But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we
of various shouldn’t have homework because I like to go out after school to a
viewpoints restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not
important.
I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things with
my family.
Example of Discussion Text

A. Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Small Notes
Nuclear power is generated by using
Discussion (Pembahasan)
uranium which is a metal mined in various part of
the world. The first large scale of nuclear power Ciri Umum:
station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, (a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
England in 1956. Mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu)
Some military ships and submarines have yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2 (dua)
nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power sudut pandang, sebelum sampai pada
produces around 11% of the world's energy suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi.
needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
cause no pollution as we would get when burning  Isu;(statement of issue and Preview)
fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as  Pendapat yang mendukung:
follow:  Gagasan Pokok 1,
 It costs about the same coal, so it is not
 Elaborasi (uraian),
expansive to make.
 It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide,  Gagasan Pokok 2,
so it does not contribute to the greenhouse  Elaborasi (uraian).
effect.  Pendapat yang menentang:(Statement of
various viewpoints)
 It produces huge amounts of energy from  Gagasan Pokok,
small amount of uranium.  Elaborasi (uraian),
 It produces small amount of waste.  Kesimpulan.(conclusion or
recomendation)
 It is reliable. (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Menggunakan:
On the other hand, nuclear power is very,  general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori,
very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried misalnya uniforms, alcohol, dsb,
for many years to allow the radioactivity to die  relating verbs untuk memberi informasi
away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of tentang isu yang didiskusikan, misalnya
money has to be spent on safety because if it smoking is harmful, dsb.
does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major  thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan
accident. pandangan pribadi penulis, misalnya feel,
People are increasingly concerned about believe, hope, dsb.
this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the  additives, contrastives dan causal
fastest growing source of power in many parts of connectives untuk menghubungkan
the world. argumen, misalnya similarly, on the hand,
however, dsb.
Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion  detailed noun groups untuk memberikan
Text informasi secara padu, misalnya the
Discussion is a process to find the meet dumping of unwanted kittens, dsb.
point between two different ideas. It is  modalities, seperti perhaps, must, should,
important to to get the understanding should have been, could be, dsb.
between the two differences. In many social  adverbials of maner, misalnya deliberately,
hopefully, dsb.

activities, discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in
thought, perception and recommendation.
This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and
disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need
to be talked and discussed from two points. They are represented in the generic
structure which is used:
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the
choice in fulfilling the needed energy.
Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear
power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy needed
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory
idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people
should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
B. Hunting Fox
Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe that it
is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.
Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is a
pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled.
(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Stating the issue; hunting fox.
Supporting point; farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they attack
livestok.
Contrastive point; many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel.
Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.
Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists.
Using thinking verb; believe.
Using connectives;
Using modalities; must, always
8. Explanation Text
What is Explanation?
1. Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific
and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the
phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

2. Generic structure of Explanation
 General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
 Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
3. Language Feature
 Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
 Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
 Using passive voice pattern
 Using simple present tense
Making Paper from Woodchips
A general Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper
statement products from forest trees.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down
in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
A sequenced Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then
explanation of the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are
something taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called
occurs woodchips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other
impurities.
At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed
into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
Example of Explanation Text
A. Tsunami
The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and
wave ("nami"). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is
rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at
plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and occur
where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its
equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of
water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods
powerfully into the coastal area.
(simplified from www.panda.org)
B. How Day and Night Happen
The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at night.
However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth's turning on its axis makes it
look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It
causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This
process is called revolution. The revolution process causes the changes of the season
9. Hortatory Exposition Text
What is Hortatory Exposition?

1. Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the
addressee do something or act in certain way.
2. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
3. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Thesis In all discussion over the removal of lead from petrol ( and the
atmosphere), there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the
diffence between driving in the city and in the country.
Arguments While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I
drive, I feel that when you travel through the country,where you only
see another car every five to ten minutes,the problem is not as severe
as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalise older , leaded petrol vehicles and their
owners donn’t seem to appreciate thet in the country there is no
public transport to fall back upon and ones own vehicle is the only
way to get about.
Recomendation I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to
the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on
petrol,should be treated differently to the people who live in the city

Example of Hortatory Exposition
A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV
Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost
houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it
important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes"
and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect
the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during
the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of
time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility
of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a
lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:
 Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
 Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
 Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
 Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show
Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example

Firstly, we have to always remember that the social function of hortatory
exposition text is driving the readers to act like the writer thought as stated in the
text. Then the purpose of this hortatory is influencing and persuading the readers
by presenting the supporting arguments. In many social activities, hortatory is
applied for writing recommended thought, sales letter, advertising, speech
campaign, and news advertorial.
Thesis: The writer's thought is presented as thesis which is proven with several
arguments. In the first paragraph, the writer points his thought about the
importance of accompanying children while they are watching TV show. It is
important to protect the children from the bad influences of TV show.
Arguments: The next paragraphs show the writer arguments in supporting his
thesis. It is supported by various researches that there are a great relationship
between watching TV and the watcher's personality. One study describes that
much time in watching TV can cause bed-time disruption. The others show the
possibility of becoming an aggressive character because of watching television
too much.
Recommendation: After stating the thesis and proving with various arguments,
the text is completed with the writer's recommendation on how the parents
should protect the children from the bed effect of watching TV.
Basically, both hortatory and analytical exposition have the similar position. Both
take place as argumentative essays. Both show how important idea of the writer
to be known. However the last paragraph of the essay usually make the
difference from hortatory and analytical exposition. If it is a hortatory text, it will
be ended with a strong recommendation while for analytical exposition, it will be
closed with restatement of the writer's first paragraph.

B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory
To improve comfort and cleanliness at the school, there should be an increasing
number of dust bins.
When we look at classroom, school corridors and schoolyard, there papers, mineral
water cops, straws, and napkin everywhere. The condition of unseemliness really hinders
learning and teaching environment. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain.
This can be placed for mosquito to spread out.
Anyway I notice that most of the students have responsibilities for their school
environment. They put their litter on the proper place but some of them are not diligent
enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of the dust bins in the school are not enough.
More dust bins should be put beside each step, outside of the classrooms and some along of
the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to
throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, students do not have problem of
discomfort any more. So provide more dust bins and school will be very clean and become a
very nice place to study.
10. Report Text
What is Report?
1. Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of
systematic observation and analysis
2. Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public
place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part ,
customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials
3. Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
THE PELICAN REPORT

General The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-
Clasification eating birds.
Description The success is largely due to its command hunting
behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a
curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin to
move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously
with their wings, driving the fish before them.
When the water is shallow enough for the birds to
reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its bill

into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its head,
the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then
swallowed.
Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of
this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.
Example of Report Text

A. Platypus; a report text
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus
is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with
a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and
head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the
streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and
flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.
Analyzing on the Text

Generic Structure analysis
General classification; stating general classification, the animal of
platypus.
Description; describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and
habitual life
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus
conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus
does not need any burrow, etc
11. Spoof Text
What is Spoof?
1. Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and
funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
2. Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
3. Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Penguin In The Park
Pengenalan Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a
penguin.
Kejadian/peristiwa/ He took him to a policeman and said, ‘ I have just found
kegiatan 1 this penguin. What should I do?’ The policeman replied, ‘ take
him to the zoo’.
Kejadian/peristiwa/ The next day the policeman saw the same man in the
kegiatan 2 same park and the man was still carrying the penguin with
him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the
man and asked, ‘Why are you still carrying that penguin
about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo? ‘
‘I certainly did,’ replied the man.
Twist (Akhir yang ‘ and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so
lucu) today I’m taking him to the moviest!
Example of Spoof text

A. “That Phone is Off”
Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no
children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real
estate agency.
Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only
been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office.
“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone and
pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who
wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country.
The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited politely
for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I am from the
telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone”
Notes on the Spoof’s Generic Structure

Orientation: Dave was a lucky man. He suddenly became a very rich man because of the
death of his rich uncle who had no children. He inherited his uncle’s money.
Event 1: Being rich, he wanted to set up his estate company
Event 2: He had his new office. In his office, he pretended to be a very successful
businessman. He acted as had an important client. He showed by making conversation
on the phone.
Twist: The man whom he showed is a telephone technician. He came to Dave’s office to
connect that phone.

B. Saved by Stilts
The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace.
“You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and
that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said
the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then
“Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the
king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The
guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country
yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house.
“Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on
the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu
Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on
the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu
Small Notes Nawas.
Spoof (Laporan kejadian atau
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so
peristiwa lucu) they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The
Ciri Umum: guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was
curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country.
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to
Menceritakan kejadian, peristiwa
aneh atau lucu berdasarkan come to the palace.
kejadian atau peristiwa dalam Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king
kehidupan nyata yang bertujuan wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you
menghibur, yang biasa diakhiri haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”.
dengan sesuatu yang tidak The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts
diharapkan (twist). like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure “I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu
 Pengenalan; Nawas answered calmly. “This morning I took a bath in the
 Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground.
1; And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you
 Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”.
2; The king was not able to say anything.
 Twist (akhir yang tidak (Adapted from S. Harianto’s Abu Nawas and King Aaron)
terduga atau lucu).
Orientation: Introducing Abu Nawas and the
 Terfokus pada orang, King on the counteracts about leaving and
binatang, benda tertentu;
staying in the country
 Menggunakan action verbs, Event 1: Abu Nawas was swimming on the
misalnya eat, run;
pool
 Menggunakan keterangan Event 2: Abu Nawas was walking on the
waktu dan tempat;
stilts
 Menggunakan past tense; Twister: Abu Nawas explained that
 Disusun sesuai dengan urutan swimming in the pool and walking on the
stilts meant not stepping on the ground of the country
12. Recount Text
What is Recount?

1. Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to
inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and
that differentiates from narrative
2. Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
3. Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Orientation On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and
Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and a
tennis court.
Events On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway.
It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went
to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.
On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw
cockatoos having a shower.
Reorientation In the afternoon we went home.
Example of Recount text
A. Vacation to London
Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons.
They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the
British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This
includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London
They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane
the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read. They
gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant
flight. They slept part of the way.
On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration. The
officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very
polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk.
They arranged the transfer to a hotel.
The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The
room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-card

to open the door. On the third floor, there was a
Small Notes
restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had
Recount (Laporan peristiwa, kejadian
variety of food.
atau kegiatan masa lampau)
The two week in London went by fast. At the end of
the 14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy. Ciri Umum
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
B. Between Recount and Narrative
Something which happened in the past is the main Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian
atau kegiatan dengan tujuan
resource to compose both recount and narrative text. In
memberitakan atau menghibur.
writer's point of view, the thing is an experience. It can be
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing
recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the  Orientation; Pengenalan, yaitu
past event to be a present event. memberikan informasi tentang
siapa, di mana dan kapan;
What does recount differ from narrative?
The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing  Events; Rekaman peristiwa,
kejadian atau kegiatan yang terjadi,
the generic structure. Recount text presents the past
yang biasanya disampaikan dalam
experiences in order of time or place; what happened on
urutan kronologis;
Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way,
Komentar pribadi dan/atau
recount describes series of events in detail. It does not
ungkapan penilaian;
expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The
 Reorientation; Pengenalan ulang
event happened smoothly. On the other hand, narrative
yang merangkum rentetan
introduces crises and how to solve them. Narrative text peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan.
always appear as a hard potrait of participant's past
experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants.
Cinderella's conflicts with her step mother and sister are Menggunakan:
the example. The conflict is the most important element  nouns dan pronouns sebagai kata
in a narrative text. Narrative without comflicts is not ganti orang, hewan atau benda
yang terlibat, misalnya David, the
narrative any more.
monkey, we dsb.
C. Visiting Bali  action verbs atau kata kerja
There were so many places to see in Bali that my tindakan, misalnya go, sleep, run
friend decided to join the tours to see as much as dsb.
possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the  past tense, misalnya We went to
first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He the zoo; She was happy dsb.
visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first  conjunctions dan time connectives
one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud. yang mengurutkan peristiwa,
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend kejadian atau kegiatan, misalnya
and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a and, but, then, after that, dsb.
city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet  adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk
town. The street are lined with trees and there are many mengungkap tempat, waktu dan
old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the cara, misalnya yesterday, at my
evening to Kuta. house, slowly dsb.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour.  adjectives untuk menerangkan
It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the nouns, misalnya beautiful, funny,
craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a dsb.
center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young
boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for
silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and
on to mass. Mass is a tourist center
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on
the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.
13. Review Text
What is review text

1. Definition
Review is one of text genres. This classification of text types is commonly based on the
structure which used by the writer to compose his text. Each text type will have different
form of generic structure. As I said in my previous post, review text usually has generic
structure as:
2. Generic Structure
Introduction: it is the highlight of the general description about what will be reviewed. It
can be product, services which want to be sold, or just a site which want to be known
publicly. Then it will drive more traffic into the site.
Evaluation: the second phase is coming inside into the product in details. It states the
parts, uniqueness, quality of the product which will be known publicly. However too much
detail description will “teach” the will-buyer and it does not sound good. Evaluating as far
as necessary for the targeted buyer is more genuine. The term of evaluation will not be
far from simple word of good or bad. In this phase reviewer will apply much evaluative
word, valuable, useful, worthy, etc.
Interpretation: after writing about the objective thing of the product, it is the time for
reviewer to write about what he thinks or impresses on the product. Of course this phase
can be done after getting enough evaluation on the product. It is personal idea about the
product. Frequently to support and strengthen his idea or impression, a reviewer
describes a comparison to other similar product. He states in which side the product has
additional value or honestly admitted that the product lacks value in certain side.
Summary: this phase is recommending conclusion for reader of the product. After clearly
explanation, a reviewer will make a final comment whether the product is valuable or not
for targeted buyer. This phase is the worth of the review for reader.
3. Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix
Pengenalan / I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always
Orientasi hold a special place in my heart.
Evaluasi 1 I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my favorite.
Evaluasi 2 When the series began it was as much of a "feel good" experience as a
huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing,
and ultimately satisfying.
Tafsiran Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this
(Interpretative works...you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the
recount) time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times
the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of
the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long,
as if we're reading all about Harry "just hanging out" instead of having
his usual adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old
house, for example - housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no,
and I'm not very interested in doing it or reading about other people
doing it.
A few other changes in this book - the "real" world comes much more
in to play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and
Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot
to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but
the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from
being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his
best friend's heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn't fit with
his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the "angry teen"
overnight.
Rangkuman The "real" story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this
part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was.
It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still
a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
Example of Review text
A. Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses

Eyeglasses will become more and more important. It is not only because for protecting
our eyes from the hot light but also for holding the trend. There are a lot of online sites which
provides products of eyeglasses but Zenni Optical was on FOX news! is just the perfect one.
If we visit the site, we will easily catch various information about eyeglasses. The site is
quite simple but very informative. It is real, easy and not complicated design. With quick
loading this site will bring us quickly in to what we want.

There is information about Variable Dimension
Frames From Zenni. Titanium, aluminum and rimless frame are available. The eyeglasses are
designed for different users. Eyeglasses for children, woman and man are available choice.
Again, what makes it different is this site gives the Great Eyeglasses For Less cost. The product
can be sold in cheap price because it has cut the marketing link. It straightly goes to the end
user.
B. Good Translation
Translation is transferring not only words by word but also message to message. In
certain case, it will be quite difficult to make translation. How is to make good Arabic
translation from English phrase of “as white as snow” meanwhile there is no snow in Arabian?
The basic requirement of a good translator is mastering resource and target language
with all non-linguistic aspect . If he is an English translator and wants to make Hindi
translation, he should understand well the language and aspect of India. Similarly, if he works
with Farsi translation, he has to be familiar with linguistics and non-linguistics of Farsian.
However, translation providers can bridge that difficulty. The translation experts, such
as India translation will help to fix the problem. The experts who have grammatical, lexical,
sociolinguistics specialization will match in transferring the message from one language to
another language.
14. Writing job application letters
The job application letter's sole purpose is to get the recipient to read your CV. It should
be clear, concise and straight to the point. Here you are simply telling the employer that you
are worth having a look at.
The application letter should be brief, no more than one page in length. It should be
easy to read and flow through. It should include only the absolute necessary information.
Like most other things, there is a formula that works extremely well for preparing job
application letters. Following we discuss each paragraph and give you some guidelines.
Addressing job application letters:
The style you choose is not important, there are many different styles of job applications and
professional letters, this comes down to personal preference. However somewhere on the
top, whether it is on the right or left hand sides, there should be your address and the date.
Following this, on the left hand side you should address it. Ensure you include the name of
the person, their title, company name, address and any position reference number. This is
probably obvious, but ensure that you spell their name correctly, nothing worse than
receiving a letter incorrectly addressed or misspelled. It gives a poor first impression.
The Introductory Paragraph:

The first paragraph should simply state why you are writing to them. If it is an advertised
position, mention the position title and where it was advertised. If you are "cold calling" a
company then you should specify that you are applying for any current or future employment
opportunities.
An easy way to start this paragraph is with the following statement: " Please find enclosed my
CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the position of......."
The main body of job application letters:
The main body of the letter should be two to three paragraphs at the most. Here is where
you tell them what you have to offer and why they should read your CV. This is a good time to
read the job advertisement again. In one paragraph (two at the most) you need to summarise
your experience and skills, at the same time, you need to respond to the position
requirements as per the advertisement.
Analyse your career and summarise it in a few sentences, highlight what you specialise in, or
how many years in the industry you might have, or even the level that you have reached. This
paragraph should direct the reader to your CV and should sell you on some unique points that
you might have.
A good way to start this paragraph is with a statement like this: "You will see from my
enclosed CV...." then go ahead and tell them something about your career which will
immediately get their interest.
The next part of the body of the letter should be a brief description of your personal skills.
Again read the advertisement and respond to their needs. If they are asking for someone
with good co-ordination skills, then ensure you mention something to that effect. If it is
communication or perhaps leadership skills they value, then tell them that you have these.
Use adjectives like "demonstrated ability", "well developed", "strong".
Job Application Letters Closing Paragraph:
The closing paragraph should ask for some action from the recipient. This is where you ask for
an interview. It should also state where and how they can reach you, and it should thank the
recipient for giving you the opportunity to apply. You can include things like "should you
require further information....." .
Finish the letter by adding a closing remark, either "yours sincerely", "yours faithfully' or
whatever you feel comfortable with and obeying general letter writing etiquette. Leave a few
spaces for your signature and then place your full name.
Before you mail the application letter, read it over again, making sure that it is perfect.
Special attention should be placed to ensure the letter:
 It is not too long.

 There are no grammar or spelling errors.

 That you have answered the job requirements.
 The application letter flows and is easy to read.
You might have to type and edit the letter many times before you are happy with it, but just
remember that the job application letter is just as important as the CV itself. The letter should
invite the recipient to read the resume, in turn the resume should raise enough interest for
them to want to interview you. The Interview is where you will demonstrate your skills and
abilities.
15. A Complete Overview Of Tex Types

Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided
into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical
exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news
item. These variations are known as GENRES.
14. Analytical Exposition 21. Explanation

15. Anecdote 22. Hortatory Exposition
16. Descriptive 23. Report
17. Narrative 24. Spoof
18. Procedure 25. Recount
19. News Items 26. Review
20. Discussion

a) ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Purpose: To explain the processes
involved in the formation or working of
Purpose: To reveal the readers that
natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
something is the important case
Generic Structure:
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
1. Thesis
2. Explanation
2. Arguments
3. Closing
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using noun phrase
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adverbial phrase
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-
8. Using connectives/transition
effect.
b) ANECDOTE
d) NARRATIVE
Purpose: to share with others an
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the
account of an unusual or amusing
readers and to tell a story
incident
Generic Structure:
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
1. Abstract
2. Evaluation
2. Orientation
3. Complication
3. Crisis
4. Resolution
4. Reaction
5. Reorientation
5. Coda.
1. Using Past Tense
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical
question or intensifiers 2. Using action verb
2. Using material process 3. Chronologically arranged
3. Using temporal conjunctions e) PROCEDURE
c) DESCRIPTIVE Purpose: to help readers how to do or
make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim 3. Using thinking verb
2. Materials/Equipments 4. Using general and abstract noun
3. Steps/Methods 5. Using conjunction/transition
Dominant Language Features: 6. Using modality
1. Using Simple Present Tense 7. Using adverb of manner
2. Using Imperatives sentence h) EXPLANATION
3. Using adverb Purpose: to describe a particular person,
place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
f) NEWS ITEM
1. Identification
Purpose: to inform readers about events
of the day which are considered 2. Description
newsworthy or important
Language Features:
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Using action verb
2. Background event(s)
3. Using adverb
3. Sources
4. Using special technical terms
i) HORTATORY EXPOSITION
1. Short, telegraphic information about
Purpose: to persuade the readers that
story captured in headline
something should or should not be the
2. Using action verbs case or be done
3. Using saying verbs Generic Structure:
4. Using adverbs : time, place and 1. Thesis
manner.
2. Arguments
g) DISCUSSION
3. Recommendation
Purpose: to present information and
Dominant Language features:
opinions about issues in more one side
of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and 1. Using Simple Present Tense
‘Against/Cons’) 2. Using modals
Generic Structure: 3. Using action verbs
1. Issue 4. Using thinking verbs
2. Arguments for and against 5. Using adverbs
3. Conclusion 6. Using adjective
Dominant Language Features: 7. Using technical terms
1. Using Simple Present Tense 8. Using general and abstract noun
2. Use of relating verb/to be
9. Using connectives/transition l) RECOUNT
Then what is the basic difference Purpose: to retell something that
between analytical and hortatory happened in the past and to tell a series
exposition. In simple word. Analytical is of past event
the answer of "How is/will" while
Generic Structure:
hortatory is the answer of "How should".
Analytical exposition will be best to 1. Orientation
describe "How will student do for his 2. Event(s)
examination? The point is the important
thing to do. But for the question" How 3. Reorientation
should student do for his exam?" will be Dominant Language Features:
good to be answered with hortatory. It is
to convince that the thing should be 1. Using Past Tense
done 2. Using action verb
j) REPORT 3. Using adjectives
Purpose: to presents information about Narrative and recount in some ways are
something, as it is. similar. Both are telling something in the
Generic Structure past so narrative and recount usually
apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past
1. General classification Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or
2. Description Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative
and recount told are in chronological
Dominant Language Feature order using time or place. Commonly
1. Introducing group or general aspect narrative text is found in story book;
myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount
2. Using conditional logical connection
text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and
k) SPOOF recount different is the structure in
which they are constructed. Narrative
Purpose: to tell an event with a
uses conflicts among the participants
humorous twist and entertain the
whether natural conflict, social conflict
readers
or psychological conflict. In some ways
Generic Structure: narrative text combines all these
1. Orientation conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find
these conflicts inside recount text.
2. Event(s) Recount applies series of event as the
3. Twist basic structure

m) REVIEW
1. Using Past Tense
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art
2. Using action verb work or event for a public audience
3. Using adverb dominant Generic Structure:
4. Chronologically arranged 1. Orientation

2. Evaluation 1. Focus on specific participants
3. Interpretative Recount 2. Using adjectives
4. Evaluation 3. Using long and complex clauses
5. Evaluative Summation 4. Using metaphor
Dominant Language features:
16. Bentuk Soal Reading

BEBERAPA pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam teks pada umumnya siswa dituntut untuk
dapat memberikan penjelasan seperti hal sebagai berikut:
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan;
1. TEXT adalah segala bentuk tulisan yang ada pada sebuah buku, artikel dll yang mempunyai
makna. Non-continuous text misalnya brosur, label, grafik, tabel, map, diagram dsb.
Continuous text misalnya narrative, descriptive,exposition, spoof dsb.
2. PARAGRAPH adalah bagian dari sebuah tulisan/teks dan mungkin saja terdiri dari sebuah
kalimat atau sekumpulan kalimat yang merupakan pengembangan dari pokok pikiran/main
topic/main idea.
3. Kalimat yang menggambarkan main idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah paragraph disebut
TOPIC SENTENCE.
4. Topic sentence biasanya ada pada awal/akhir/kadang di tengah sebuah paragrap.
5. Gambaran umum tentang isi bacaan bisa merupakan MAIN TOPIC atau MAIN IDEA.
6. TOPIC dari sebuah paragrap/teks adalah subjek dari tulisan, sedangkan MAIN IDEA adalah
keterangan, penjelasan, uraian topic atau merupakan pendapat penulis tentang topic
tulisannya.
7. Oleh karena itu pertanyaan tentang topic dari sebuah paragraph/text bisa tentang inti isi
tulisan yang juga bisa merupakan judul.
8. Jika pertanyaan menanyakan ‘TOPIC’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam satu kata atau bentuk
frasa, tetapi jika pertanyaan menanyakan tentang ‘MAIN IDEA’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam
kalimat lengkap.
9. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tertentu/specific information’ adalah informasi yang
tertera jelas dalam text, biasanya tentang nama, tempat, tanggal, tahun, dsb.
10. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tersirat’ adalah informasi yang tidak tertera jelas dalam
text. Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan spt ini dibutuhkan keterampilan ‘reading between
the lines’.
11. Frasa adalah rangkaian kata yang mempunyai makna.
Dibawah ini adalah macam-macam bentuk pertanyaan yang biasa ada dalam soal Reading:
a) Menemukan gambaran umum/topic isi bacaan/teks.
Contoh pertanyaan :
∞ Which of the following is the most suitable title…?
∞ What is the suitable topic of the passage?
∞ The text mainly tells us about____.
b) Menemukan informasi tertentu/khusus dari bacaan.
Contoh pertanyaan :
∞ When did she make her first solo flight? In…

c) Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersurat dari bacaan teks/dialog.
Contoh :
∞ Which of the following requirements is not mentioned in the passage?
∞ “They may be classified in several different ways…”
∞ The underlined word refers to ….
d) Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersirat dari bacaan teks/dialog.
Contoh :
∞ Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text?
∞ The following are TRUE about Maria EXCEPT…
e) Menentukan main idea yang tersurat/tersirat dari suatu paragrap.
Contoh :
∞ What is the main idea of the passage?
∞ The fourth paragraph tells us ____.
f) Menentukan makna kata, frasa dan kalimat berdasarkan konteks.
Contoh :
“Brownie is Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy. And cute.”
The underlined word mean ____
g) Menentukan type text yang digunakan penulis.
Contoh :
What type text is used by the writer?
The text above is in the form of _____.
h) Menentukan communicative purpose/tujuan kominikativ sebuah teks
Contoh :
The communicative putpose of the text above is ___.
The purpose of the text is _____.
i) Menyusun kalimat dengan baik.
Contoh :
The best order of the sentences above is …
The best arrangement of the sentences to make a good paragraph is …

EXERCISES;
a) Analytical exposition
Dust Bin
To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dust bins should be increased.
When we look at classrooms, school corridors and school yard, there are paper mineral water
cups, straws, and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really
hinders learning and teaching environment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease, especially empty
plastic cup or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for
dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, these rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted
wall and green school yard do not mean anything litters are scattered everywhere.
Anyway I notice that most of the students in our school have responsibilities for the school
environment. They put their litters on the proper places. But some are not diligent enough to find
the dust bins. The numbers of dust binds in our schools are not enough. Ore dust bins should be put
beside each of steps, outside of the classrooms, and some more also the corridors. Probably one dust
bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to throw away their litters, they can find
the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, we do not have problems of freak and
discomfort any more. Our school will be very clean and become a nice place to study.
1. What is the writer’s intention? To ….. 3. What is the writer’s argument on a
readers to do something good. sufficient number of dust bins?
a) inform a) They can prevent litters
b) explain b) They can save janitor’s energy
c) describe c) Students are asked to clean them
d) entertain d) They make school environment neat
e) persuade e) Students can throw garbage away
easily
2. According to the writer, more dust bins…..
in every ten meters. 4. What is the writer’s suggestion?
a) should be decorated a) To buy more dustbins
b) should be painted b) To hire more gardeners
c) should be placed c) To use dustbins efficiently
d) are unnecessary d) To ask parents to give more dustbins
e) are not required e) To ask students to clean the school
yard
Learning English
Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with
learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some
underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.
Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we
heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes
unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long
term memory.

Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition,
which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them
many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite
complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other
literary sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and
probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within
oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion,
patriotism and yeas, even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying
grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary,
spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning
English can be enjoyable and fun.
5. The type of the text above is … 8. What is the text about ….
a) Analytical exposition a) Learning songs
b) Hortatory exposition b) Very enjoyable music
c) Narrative c) The phenomenon
d) Discussion d) Music listeners
e) Explanation e) Using songs in language learning
6. What is the communicative purpose of the 9. Based on the text, there are …… reason for
text? using songs in learning language
a) To tell the reader about the songs a) 6
b) To entertain the reader with the songs b) 4
c) To show the reader the use of songs c) 5
d) To explain above the songs d) 3
e) To persuade the reader to use songs in e) 2
learning language
10. “They provide variety and fun, and
7. The generic structures of the text are …. encourage harmony within oneself and
within one group.”
a) Thesis – arguments – recommendation
b) General statement – sequential The underlined word refers to ….
explanation
c) Newsworthy events – background a) Groups
events – sources b) Learners
d) Thesis – arguments – reiteration c) People
e) General statement – arguments d) Songs
e) Activities

I. EXPRESSIONS
1. Offering Help
There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most
common:
 May I help you?  How can I be of help to you?
 Can I help you?
 What can I help you - What can I do
 Are you looking for something? for you?
 Would you like some help?  How can I assist you?
 Do you need some help?  How can I help you?
 What can I do for you today?  Let me help you?
 Could I help you?  Do you want me to help you?
 How can I be of assistance to you?  Shall I …?
Respond offering help

Receiving Refusing
 Yes please, Sure,  No, thanks,
 Why not,  Please don’t bother,
 Ofcourse,  I’d love to but…,
 Certainly,  That’s great but…
 I’d love to,
 It’s a good idea,
 That’s great.
Some ways to offering help for meals and drinks:
 Would you like…?,
 Would you care for …?,
 Why don’t you have…?,
 How about having …?
 May I offer you …?
Example:
Offering Responses
- Would you like some bread? Yes, please.
- Would you care for some coffee? No, thanks. I don’t drink coffee.
- Why don’t you have some biscuit, please? Thanks, I’d love to.
2. Introducing your self and other people

Introducing your self Introducing people
 I’d like to introduce myself.  I’d like you to meet … (name)
 My I introduce myself?  This is my friend/boss/etc…(name)
 Let me introduce myself!  Have you met…(name)?
 I want to introduce myself  May I introduce you to
…(name/occupation)
 Let me introduce you to ….
 I want to introduce you to ….
1. This is my friend, Jack. Hi Jack. I'm Linda
my brother, Bob.
my sister, Cindy.
my father, Mr. Harris.
my mother, Mrs. Harris.
my teacher, Ms. Watson.
my student, Carrie.
my friend, Mary Jones.
my boss, Mr. Ritter.
my co-worker, Penny Pitcher.
2. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you too.

Pleased to meet you. Likewise.
Very nice to meet you. And you.
It's a pleasure to meet you.
How to introduce people (in formal situations)

Introducing yourself
I just wanted to introduce myself,

my name is...
I don't believe we've met before,
I'm...
I don't think we've actually met formally yet,
Introducing someone else
I'd like to introduce you to…

There's someone I'd like you to meet, this is…
Have you met…?
Exercises:
Complete the following conversation with the correct expressions in the box.
Hi, Retno. My name is Adib.
this is Retno. I’m Arnys.
Situation: Adib, Arnys, and Retno are new students. They meet at the students’ orientation
course.

Adib : Hi, Are you a new student?
Arnys : Yes, I am. By the way, are you a new student, too?
Adib : I’m a new student too. 1) ______________________
Arnys : 2) _________________ Well, Adib, 3) __________________
She was my classmate in the Junior High School.
Adib : 4) ________________ Nice to meet you?
Retno : Nice to meet you too.
Adib : Anyway, we still have half an hour before the class starts. Shall we go to the
canteen?, Arnys?
Retno : Okay.
3. Greeting (memberi salam)
Greetings Language in the programme

morning sir How are you?
madam It's lovely to see you again!
Good afternoon Mr Jones It's been a long time, hasn't it?
evening Mrs Smith How are things with you?
Examples of situations where you might use formal greetings

Working in the service industry, e.g. a restaurant, hotel, travel agent
Greeting someone older than you
At work, when speaking to your superiors
Meeting a VIP e.g. a politician
Being polite to someone you don't know very well
Expressions Functions
 Good morning/afternoon/evening.  Greeting someone
(formal)
 Hi!/Hello! (informal)
 How are you, Den?  Asking how someone is
 How are you doing
 I’m fi ne, thanks.  Saying how you are
 Very well, thanks.
 Not so bad, thanks.
 See you.  Saying good bye
 Good bye.
 Bye.
 See you soon /later /tomorrow.

Exercises: Cultural Tips
Complete the dialogues below with correct Meeting and Greeting in Australia
expressions. • Shake hands with everyone present upon
1) Arnys :… meeting and before leaving.
Ruben : Very well, thank you. Allow women to offer their hands fi rst.
2) Ayu : Good evening. • Women generally do not shake hands with
Denias : … other women.
3) Andi : How are you doing? • Use titles, Mr, Mrs, and Miss when fi rst
Retno :… introduced.
4) Adib : See you tomorrow.
Virga :…
5) Anita : Hi!
Marcell : …
4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)
Here are some phrases and expressions for inviting in English.
 Do you want to . . .
 Do you wanna . . . (informal)
 Would you like to . . . (more polite)
 How about (V+ing) ?
 How would you like to . . .
 let’s + V1
 Why don’t we …?
 I’d like to invite you to…
 I wonder if you’d like to
Some responds of inviting.
Refusing Receiving
- I’m sorry I can’t - I’d love to
- I’d like to but… - I’d like very much
- I’m afraid I can’t - I’d be happy/glad to
- No, let’s not. accept
- Yes, I’d be delighted to.
- That’s good ide
5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for expressing thanks.
Expressing Responses
Thank you You are welcome.
Thank you very much That’s all right
Thanks. Not at all

Thank you very much for… (kata benda) Don’t mention it
I’m grateful for…(kata benda/noun) Thet’s all right
I appreciate it. Any time
Exercise
How would you express thanks in the following situations?
a) Someone just gave you a gift for your birthday.
(What do you say?)
Example: "Thank you so much. I really like it!"
b) Someone has just bought dinner for you.
c) Someone returned your lost wallet.
d) Someone helped carry your grocery bags.
e) Someone complimented you on your necktie.
6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat)
Ungkapan Respon
Congratulations Thank you
Congratulations on … Thank you and the same to you
I’d like to congratulate you. Thank you. I need it.
I’d like to congratulate you on… Thank you very much.
It was great to hear…
It was to hear about….
Happy birthday to you.
Happy new year.
Good luck!
Have a nice holiday
Expression Function
 You look cute with that hat. Complimenting
 Congratulations! Congratulating
 Thank you for saying so. Responding to compliments and
 Thank you. congratulations
Other expression
Expression Function
 What a …! Complimenting
 That’s a very nice …
 I like your …
 Congratulations on winning … Congratulating

 I’d like to congratulate you on …
 I must congratulate you on your …
 Well done.
 Thanks. Responding to compliments and
 Oh, not really. congratulations
 It’s nice of you to say so.
 How kind of you to say so.
Special Days - Social Language

It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and
other special occasions. Here are some of the most common:
Birthdays
 Happy birthday!
 Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!
 Many happy returns!
Wedding / Anniversary
 Congratulations!
 Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!
 Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)
Special Holidays
 Merry Christmas!
 Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
 All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
 When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also
common to ask them what they received:
 Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?
 Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you?
Special Occasions
 Congratulations on your promotion!
 All the best for your ...
 I'm so proud of you!
7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)

A. Expressing of sympathy on minor
a. What’s shame
b. What’s pity
c. That’s a nuisance
d. That’s too bad
e. That’s pity
f. Oh dear

B. Expressing of sympathy on serious accident
a. Goodness!
b. How terrible!
c. How Awful!
d. How dreadful!
C. Expressing of sympathy on personal circumstances
a. I’m sorry to hear that
b. I’m sorry about that
c. I’m really sorry for them
d. Please accept my deepest sympathy
e. Send my deepest condolence!
f. Please accept my condolences!
8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang)
Pleasure/senang Displeasure/tidak senang

 It’s really delightful/Iam delighted  I’m dissatisfied
 I’m satisfied  We are fed up with…
 That’s great  I feel dosappointed
 That’s wonderful  She is extremely displeased
 It’s really a great pleasure
Other expressions
Expression Pleasure Expression Displeasure

a. I’m so happy …. a. I feel …
b. I feel …. b. I’m really sad to …
c. How happy to … c. ….. feel unpleased with ….
d. I’m very pleasure with … d. I feel disappointed.
e. It’s a pleasure to …
f. Pleasure
g. Great!
h. Terrific!
i. I’m pleased.
j. I enjoyed it
k. I love it.
l. It was terrifi c.
m. I’m delighted.
9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)

Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan
ungkapan:
 Well done!
 Great! Good work
 I am satisfied with your work
 You did well
 Your job is satisfactory
 I am so happy about this
 I’m glad to what you’ve done
 It’s really satisfying
Katika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan:
 I’m not satisfied with work
 You haven’t done well enough
 I am really dissappointed
 Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory
 Oh, no!
 It’s not very nice
 It’s really not good enough
Informal situation
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
… very pleased with … … displeased with …
… content with … … discontented with …
… satisfi ed with … … dissatisfi ed with …
… very delighted with … … disappointed with …
Formal situation
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
Super! Horrible!
Great! Very sad!
Terrifi c! Annoying!
Fantastic! Disappointing!
Smashing! Frustrating!
10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)
Asking Opinion Giving opinion

How was the trip? I think (that)….
How do you like your new house? In my opinion….
How do you think of Rina’s idea? As I see, …
How do you feel about this dicition? If you ask me, I feel…
What is your opinions of the movie?
What are your feelings about it?

Other examples
Those expressions are used to ask for opinions.
 What do you think of this refrigerator?
 So, do you think I should buy those florescent light bulbs?
Those expressions are used to give opinions.

 I think the other one’s better.
 In my opinion, you should buy the florescent light bulbs.
Here are other expressions that you can also use:

Asking Opinion Giving opinion
 What is your opinion? I think …
 What do you think of...? I believe …
 How do you feel about…? I feel …
 How do you see …? It seems to me …
11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju)

Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
 So do I 
 Yes, I agree with you  I think so
 It is certainly  I go along that line
 Exactly  I agree completely
 That’s what I want to say  That's true.
 I am with you  Absolutely.
 I am on your side  Definitely.
 Yes, I agree  I couldn't agree more.
 That’s quite true  I know what you mean.
 You’re absolutely right!  I suppose you’re right
 I’m of exactly the same opinion
Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
 Well, I don’t think so  I can’t agree

 I don’t think that is true
 I disagree with …  I don’t think it’s very good
 I wouldn’t say that
 Surely not
 Exactly not
 I can’t say so  I am sorry, but I have to disagree
 On contrary
 I don’t buy that idea  I couldn’t agree less
 I’m afraid I entirely disagree
 I’m not sure I can agree
Other expression of disagreeing

Useful vocabulary for disagreeing
no Note: 'no' is usually followed by a statement (see below)
I don't agree
that's not true (quite direct)
I don't accept that (quite formal)
Examples:
No, I don't think that's what happened.
No, that's not a good idea.
12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)
Fear Respon
I am afraid Don’t be afraid
I am feared There is nothing to be afraid of
I am scared It is nothing
I am terrified
The sound is horrifying
Anciety Respon
I am worried about… Take is easy
I am anxious to know about… Calm down
I wondered if… I know you are worried but…
That made me worried It is not a big deal
I have been thinking about …. Don’t worry
I am afraid if… Stay cool
13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)
Pain Relief
Ouch! I’m very relieved to hear…
That was hurt Finally, it was over
It is painful I feel relieved
It hurts me I feel much better
I’ve got a backache/toothache/stomachache I’m glad it’s over
I feel sore all over That’s a great relief
My eyes hurt I’m extremely glad to hear…
Thank goodness for that
Marvellous
What a relief!
Other expressions
1. Expressions of Pain

• I am suffering from a relapse.
• I feel sick./I feel ill.
• I’m sick.
• Ugh, it’s very painful!
• Oh, it’s killing me!
2. Expressions of Relief
• It’s a relief to know that ....
• Thank God for ....
• I’m glad it was done.
• Thank goodness!
• Thank heavens!
• I’m glad about …!
• It’s a great relief!
• Whew
14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)
Like Dislike
I love it I don’t really like it
I like it I dislike it
I am keen on it I am not really interested in…
I am crazy about it I can’t enjoy…
We all enjoy (benda/noun/gerund)…is not my cup of tea
(benda/noun/gerund)…is my cup of tea I can’t stand
I hate it
Language for expressing likes
Subject Adverb Verb Noun
I (really) don't like it

can't stand them
ice cream
Chinese food
playing football
watching TV
About the adverb 'really'.
This adverb as we have seen is very useful in making what you say stronger. When talking
about things you don't like though it can have a different meaning depending on where you
put it in the sentence.
For example:
"I really don't like it!"
This means you have a strong dislike of something.
BUT
"I don't really like it."
This is not very strong. It means that you do not like something, but it is not a very strong
dislike.

15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)
Embarrassment Annoyance
I am embarrassed I am annoyed
I feel ashamed I had enough with it
Oh my God I can’t bear it any longer
Shame on me You made me annoyed
I don’t feel comfortable You are such a pain in the neck
I feel awkward You made me sick
There are some other expressions you can use to show your annoyance.
Formal Situations Informal Situations
I’m extremely displeased with … … really makes me mad.

… is very irritating. I cannot stand …
I’m extremely unhappy about this. Why on earth he didn’t …?
There are some other expressions to show embarrassment, such as:

In Formal Situations and Informal Situations
Formal Situations Informal Situations
What an embarrassment! What a shame!
I must say that it’s an embarrassment. It’s my embarrassment to ...
That’s a real embarrassment. I was so ashamed.
16. Request (permintaan)
Request Acceptance Refusal

Would it be possible for you I should be delighted to I regret to say that we find ourselves
to come unable to go
Would you be so kind as to By all means I’m afraid it’s not possible
Would you…,please? I have no objection I’m afraid not
Would you mind …? I’d be happy to Sorry
Any chance of… Sure No, I won’t
Can you…? Yeah Not likely
OK You must be joking
No problem
Mmm
Granting Request
In the dialogue between Ayu and Palupi you fi nd the following expressions:

Ayu : Will you tell me about it?
Palupi : Sure, I will.
Ayu : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.
Palupi : OK.
Sure, I will and OK are expressions to grant a request.
Here are other expressions that you can use:
 Alright.
 Certainly.
 Right away.
 Of course.
17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)
Complaint Blame
I’m not at all satisfied with the service You’re the one to blame
I really do/must objec to the service It’s your fault!
I take great exception to… It’s your mistake!
I want to complain about… You’re wrong
This is crazy! I think you're the only person who could have
done it.
It's your fault for (doing something).
There are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's important to
remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or aggressive. It's
best to mention a problem in an indirect manner. Here are some of the most common:
 I'm sorry to have to say this but...

 I'm sorry to bother you, but...
 Maybe you forgot to...
 I think you might have forgotten to...
 Excuse me if I'm out of line, but...
 There may have been a misunderstanding about...
 Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...
Expressing shocked disagreement

But that's ridiculous!
unfair!
unreasonable!
A negative structure

It's just not fair to charge us for the starters!
simply
18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)
Regret Apology
Much to my regret Please accept my apologies for what I did
Sadly, I …. Please forgive me for what I did
Unfortunately I am extremely sorry
I’m terribly sorry I really must apologies
I honestly regret that I … May I offer you my sincerest apologies?
Sorry, I …
19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)
Menyatakan Kemungkinan Menanyakan Kemungkinan

I think there is possibility to … Do you think he/it could…?
I sassume/believe… Would you say we’re capable of…?
In all probability,… Are you capable of…?
it is going to be possible for me to… Are you able to…?
that will probably … Do you have any experience of…?
it’s quite possible … Can you…?
Do you know how to…?
Do you think you can…?
Expressions for Discussing Possibilities

• Would there be any possibility of …?
• Do you think we are capable of …?
• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
• I think that would be possible ....
• Is it possible to …?
• Yes, there is a possibility ....
NOTE :
1. Several ways of indicating possibility are:  It is impossible

 Probably She is on the way
 It’s possible that he’ll win the game.  May be he needs more time
 There’s a possibility of his winning the game/  She might not be at home
that he will win the game.
 possibly he hasn’t heard the news yet. 2. Expressions used to ask possibility or
 There is a good chance that ….. capability of doing something are:
 There is a little chance that …..

 Would there be any possibility of …..?  I’m able to do it
 Do you think we are capable of ….?  I have the ability to do it.
 Is it possible for me to …? 4. Expressions to show incapability are:
 Are we capable enough to …?
3. Expressions to show capability are :  I can’t do it
 I’m not sure I’m capable of doing it.
 I’m capable of doing it  I don’t think I have the ability
 I can do it  I don’t feel capable of doing it
 There is a chance that I can do it.  I don’t know how to do it.

II. LANGUAGE USAGE
A. TENSES
TENSES POLA KET. WAKTU
Present Tense V= (+) S+V¹ (-s/es utk S he,she,it) Every…
(Menyatakan kebiasaan (-) S+Do/Does not + V¹ Usually
hingga sekarang masih Do utk S= I,you,they,we Always dll
dilakukan) Does utk S= he,she,it
She goes to school everyday
She does not go to school everyday
N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) + adj/n/adv
She is beautiful
Present Continuous V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing Now
(Menyatakan aktivitas She is not going to school everyday At present
yang sedang berlangsung At this moment
pada waktu bicara) To day
Present Perfect V= (+) S + have/has + V3 Lately
(Menyatakan Have utk S= I,you,they,we Recently
perbuatan/tindakan yang Has utk S= he,she,it For
terjadi pada waktu yang Father has gone to work for 12 hours Since
tidak tertentu di masa N= (+) S + have/has+Been + adj/n/adv already
lampau dan pada saat Father has been at his office since 12 yet
berbicara hours ago. lately
perbuatan/tindakan tsb just
telah selesai/baru aja
selesai dilakukan)
Past Tense V= (+) S + V2 Yesterday
(Menyatakan kegiatan (-) S + did not + V¹ Last…
yang dilakukan pada Did utk semua Subjek …ago
waktu lampau) N= (+) S + Be (was/were) + adj/n/adv
Was utk S= I,he,she,it
Were utk S= you,they,we
Past Perfect Tense V= (+) S + had + V3 Before/when + S + V2
(Menyatakan aktivitas Had utk semua Sabjek (S)
yang telah selesai N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv
dilakukan ketika aktivitas
lain terjadi pada waktu
lampau)
Past Perfect Continuous V= (+) S + had been + V-ing For + periode waktu +
(Menyatakan aktivitas when/ before + S + V2

yang telah berlangsung
selama periode waktu
tertentu ketika aktivitas
lain terjadi diwaktu
lampau, aktivitas tsb
masih berlangsung)
Future tense
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + V¹ Tomorrow
yang akan dilakukan di Will utk semua Sabjek (S) Next…
waktu yang akan datang) Shall utk S = I,we
N= (+) S + will/shall +be + adj/n/adv
Future Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing At this time tomorrow
yang akan sedang At ten tomorrow
berlangsung di waktu yang
akan datang)
Future Perfect
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3 By + ket.waktu
yang akan telah selesai N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been +adj/n/
dilakukan ketika aktivitas
lain terjadi diwaktu yang
akan datang)
Future Perfect Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas
yang akan telah sedang V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been + V-ing By + ket.waktu
berlangsung selama waktu
tertentu ketika aktivitas
lain terjadi di waktu yang
akan datang)
Past Future Tense
(Menyatakan V= (+) S + would/should + V¹ Yesterday
perbuatan/keadaan yang N= (+) S + would/should + be + adj/n/adv Last…
akan datang Just now
dilakukan/terjadi diwaktu If + simple past
lampau. Perbuatan tsb
sudah direncanakan tapi
tidak terlaksana)
Past Future Perfect Tense
(menyatakan suatu V= (+) S + would/should + have +V3 If + past perfect
pengandaian pada masa N= (+) S + would/should + have been +
lampau, sesuatu adj/n/adv
seharusnya akan telah
terjadi pada saat suatu
syarat terpenuhi)

Past Perfect Continuous
(Menyatakan perbuatan V= (+) S + would/should + have been + V- By + ket.waktu
yang seharusnya sudah ing
sedang berlangsung di
suatu waktu di masa
lampau tetapi
kenyataanya gagal
berlangsung)
Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki setiap tensis:
Simple Present V¹/do,does/am,is,are
Simple past V2/did/was,were
Perfect have/has/had + V3/been
Future/modal (present) will/shall/may/can/must + V¹/be
Future/modal (past) would/sould/might/could/had to + V¹/be
Continuous Tobe + v-ing
TO BE
Present Am, is, are
Past Was, were
Perfect Been
Future/modal be
Contoh soal
1. Fred : Juda, the telephone rang twelve times. What were you doing?
Juda: I____ Javanese dancing, “Srimpi”.
a. practised d. have been practising
b. was parctising e. will be practising
c. have practised
Jawaban : B (Past Continuous Tense)
2. Dian : The Public Health Centre ____ there for more than twenty years.
The doctors and paramedis work hard to improve the people’s health especially children.
Iwan : Yes, they are succesful. The infant/death rate has decreased remarkably.
a. works d. has been working
b. worked e. will have worked
c. is working
Jawaban : D (Present Perfect Continuous = peristiwa yang terjadi/dimulai pada waktu lampau dan
sekarang masih berlangsung. Ada tanda waktu for yang bisa dijadikan ciri)
3. Devi : So you have finished washing the dished. When did you do it?
Sri : I did while you ____ the yard.
a. clean d. were cleaning
b. cleaned e. have been cleaning
c. had cleaned
Jawaban : D (Past Continuous tense = menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung
ketika kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Kata while bisa dijadikan ciri)
4. Retno : Why don’t you reply my letter?

Hadi : Oh sorry. I forget to tell you that I ___ in Bali since last year.
a. am living d. will have lived
b. was living e. have been living
c. have to live
Jawaban : E (Present Perfect Continuous. Tanda waktu since dapat dijadikan ciri)
5. Vina : When did you get the letter?

Fani : Yesterday. My family ____ when the postman arrived.
a. have lunch d. will have had lunch
b. will have lunch e. have been having lunch
c. were having lunch
Jawaban : C (Past Continuous tense biasa juga dipakai untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang
dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu lampau.
When + simple past dapat dijadikan ciri)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. If we don”t hurry, the meeting ___ by the time we get there.
a. would have started d. will start
b. will have started e. starts
c. will be started
2. The librarian suddenly heard a noise.

Librarian : What was the noise?
Student : I dropped some books while I ____ them to the table.
a. carry d. am carrying
b. carried e. have carried
c. was carrying
3. Ann has been looking for a job for six month.

This sentence means that Ann ___.
a. has got a new job d. has stopped looking for a job
b. has worked for six months e. started to work 6 months a go
c. is still looking for a job
4. When airport are located in the center of citied, they ___ noise pollution and distrub people’s
life.
a. caused d. were causing
b. causes e. have caused
c. will cause
5. Agam : Where will we go next holiday?

Joko : What about Bali?
Agam : That’s OK, but I ____ there many times.
a. am d. will be
b. was e. will have been
c. have been
6. My father is still in Bali. He ____ there for three weeks.

a. is d. has been
b. was e. have been
c. had been
7. Anto : I’m sorry Ary. I forget to bring your book.

Ary : What did he say Lina?
Lina : Anto said that he ___ to bring your book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
b. had forgotten e. forgot
c. would forget
8. Teacher : I”ve heard that Benny is ill. Is it right?

Student : Yes, sir. He ____ ill for a week.
a. was d. would be
b. has been e. will have been
c. had been
9. Teacher : You will be ready for a test next week. Learn all these.
Student : All right, sir. I ____ them by then.
a. learn d. will be learning
b. have learnt e. will have learnt
c. am learning
10. Reni goes to her university every morning. She studies business. You can’t meet her at her
house at 10.00 tomorrow. She ___ the lectures.
a. will be attending d. has attended
b. has been attending e. attended
c. would be attended
B. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)
Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal
yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan tenses, struktur kalimat, pronoun (kata ganti
orang), Possessive (kata ganti kepemilikan), keterangan waktu, dan tempat.
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di
kalimat langsung/tidak langsung.
Jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat tanya maka ketika kalimat itu diulang (kalimat tidak
langsung) tidak membentuk kata tanya lagi tetapi menjadi kalimat berita. Kata penghubungnya
adalah if/whether dan what, why, where, when, who, how. Begitu pula jika kalimat langsung
adalah kalimat perintah maka di kalimat tidak langsung menjadi kalimat berita. Kata
penghubungnya adalah (+) to infinitive/V1, (-) not to infinitive/V1
Contoh Kalimat
Kalimat langsung/direct Kalimat tidak langsung/indirect
(+) He said, “ I have a present for you in my bag.” (+) He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
(-) He said, “I do not have a present for you in my (-) He said that he did not have a present for me in
bag” his bag.
(?) He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my (?) He asked me if/whether he had a present for me
bag?” in his bag.
(?) He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a (?) He asked me why he had to have a present for
present for you in my bag? me in his bag.
(!) He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag (!) He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag
here now!” there then.
(!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!” (!) He ordered me not to bring my bag there.
Perubahan Tenses
Direct (kalimat langsung) Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung)
Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Future Past Future
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Lebih singkatnya perubahan tenses tersebut adalah:

Direct Indirect
V1 (eat) V2 (ate)
V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten)
Am/is/are Was/were
Do/does Did
Do/does not Did not
Did not Had not + V3
Was/were Had been
Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing
Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing
Has/have + V3 Had + V3
Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to
Could/might/should/would + V1/be could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been
Perubahan Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat

Direct Indirect

Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
The day after
The following day
Next… A day later
Last… The… after
The following…
…ago The…before
Yesterday The previous …
The preceeding
The day before yesterday …before
Here …earlier
This The day before
These The previous day
The preceeding day
Two day before
There
That
those
Contoh Soal
1. Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?

Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country e. he goes to his country
c. he will go to his country
Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus past
perfect)
2. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?

Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent e. why Mary had been absent
c. why was Mary absent
Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk past
perfect)
3. Mother : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.

Herman : Okay, mom.
Rudy : What did your mother just told you?
Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy e. to be not so noisy

c. don’t be noisy
Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)
4. Doctor : Open your mouth!

Mother : What did the doctor tell you?
Son : The doctor told me ___
a. that I open his mouth d. to open my mouth
b. if I opened my mouth e. opened my mouth
c. to open my mouth
Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)
5. Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?

Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. Head master : Why didn”t you clean this room this morning?
Jani : I am sorry. I got a headache.
The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning.
a. I hadn’t cleaned d. he headn’t cleaned
b. he does not clean e. he would not clean
c. he hasn’t cleaned
2. Anto : I am sorry Lina. I forgot to bring your book.

Ari : What did he say, Lina?
Lina : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
b. had forgotten e. forgot
c. would forget
3. Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside.
Mother said, “ ___________”
a. Mira closed the window. It is windy outside.
b. Closed the window, Mira. It is windy outside.
c. Mira closed the window. It was windy outside.
d. Does Mira close the window. It was windy outside.
e. To close the window Mira! It is windy outside.
4. “What are you doing now?”, he asked.

He asked me ____
a. what are you were doing now d. what I was doing then.
b. what were you doing now. e. what I am doing now.
c. what I was doing then
5. “Is John coming to the party tonight?”

“yes, he asked me ____”.
a. If he could go with us d. going with us
b. can he go with us e. wether he goes with us
c. he went with us
6. My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes.

a. do not spend d. not spending
b. not to spend e. not spend
c. did not spend
7. The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. Slamet.

a. did I have an appointment d. when is my appointment
b. how was my appointment e. that I had an appointment
c. whether I had appointment
8. “don’t make noise, children”, she said.

a. She told the children don’t make noise
b. She said the children didn’t make noise
c. She didn’t say the children should noise
d. She told the children not to make noise.
e. She didn’t tell the children to make noise
9. My friend said to me, “Can I find you a hotel?”. Mean____

a. My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel.
b. I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel.
c. My friend said that I could help him find a hotel.
d. My friend asked me to find a hotel for him.
e. My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel.
10. Father said, “Finish your work!”

The indirect form is: Father told me ____
a. finish your work d. to finish your work
b. finished your work e. to finish my work
c. that I finish my work
C. PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif)
Kalimat passif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan, sedangkan

kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan.
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:

 Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang predikatnya kata
kerja/V)
 Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang
memiliki objek penderita.
 Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat. Perubahan iti terjadi
hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.
 Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini bukan merupakan
syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )
Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng
S P/V1 O
(Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri.
S P/V3
(Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week.
(passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week
Rumus Pola aktif-pasif untuk semua tenses

Tenses Active Passive
Simple Present S + V1 S + am/is/are + V3
Simple Past S + V2 S + was/were + V3
Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing S + am/is/are + being + V3
Present perfect continuous S + have/has + been + V-ing S + have/has +been + being +V3
Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing S + was/were + being + V3
Past Perfect Continuous S + had + been + V-ing S + had + been + being + V3
Future Continuous S + will/shall + be + V-ing S + will/shall + be + being + V3
Future Perfect Continuous S + will + have + V-ing S + will +have+been+ being +V3
Past Futurre Continuous S + would + be + V-ing+ S + would + be + being + V3
Past Future Perfect Continu S +would +have+been+V-ing S +would+have+been+ being+V3
Simple Perfect S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + V3
Past Perfect S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3
Simple Future S + will/shall + V1 S + will/shall + be + V3
Past Future S + would/should + V1 S + would/should + be + V3
Modal (present) S + may/can/must + V1 S + may/can/must + be + V3
Modal (past) S + might/could/had to + V1 S + might/could/had to + be + V3
Jadi lebih singkatnya ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice selain by + O adalah

Present am/is/are + V3
Past was/were + V3
Perfect been + V3
Continuous being + V3
Future/modal be + V3
Contoh Soal
1. A : Look! The girl is crying. What happened to her just now?
B : While playing with her brother, she ____

a. kicks d. was kicking
b. kicked e. was kicked
c. will kick
Jawaban : E (simple past: S + was/were + V3)
2. A : Do you know the result of the test?

B : Not yet. The announcement ____ twice.
a. was postponed d. has to be postponed
b. was being postponed e. has been postponed
c. will be postponed
Jawaban : A (konteks kalimat adalah simple past)
3. Mela : Why do you prefer Surya Depstore to others?

Noni : Because the items ____ at a reasonable price.
a. is sold d. were sold
b. are sold e. had been sold
c. was sold
Jawaban: B (konteks kalimat adalah simple present. Karena subjek items jamak maka to be
yang sesuai adalah are)
4. X : There’s no longer a rule for the youth to enter military service in Britain.
Y : Really, when….?
a. was it abolishing d. was it to abolish
b. did it abolish e. to be abolished
c. was it abolished
Jawaban: C (pola pasif introgative simple past: was/were + S + V3)
5. Dita : When did the accident happen?

Dini : When the goods ____ from the truck.
a. have been unloaded d. will be unloaded
b. were being unloaded e. are unloaded
c. are being unloaded
Jawabab: B (pola pasif past continuaou tense: S + was/were + being + V3)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. R.A. Kartini ____ in Jepara in 1879.

a. is born d. would be born
b. was born e. has been born
c. will be born
2. The books in the library ___ in alphabetical order.

a. is arranged d. have arranged
b. was arranged e. has arranged
c. have been arranged
3. A big dam ___ in this area next year.

a. will build d. has been built
b. will be built e. is being built
c. would be built
4. We can’t swim in the swimming pool now because it ___.

a. was being cleaned d. will clean
b. is being cleaned e. cleaned
c. has been cleaned
5. They had just been living in the house for two years when it ___ by the fire.
a. destroyed d. will be destroyed
b. had destroyed e. is being destroyed
c. was destroyed
6. She looks after the baby well.

The passive form is ____
a. the baby is well looked after
b. the baby was looked after well
c. the baby will be well looked after
d. the baby is being looked after well
e. the baby would be well looked after
7. Everybody knew that he had shown great loyalty to the company, therefore he ____ a big sum of
money at the anniversary of the company.
a. rewarded d. is being rewarded
b. was rewarded e. has been rewarded
c. will be rewarded
8. At the moment the old building ____ to make space dor a parking lot.
a. demolishing d. had been demilishing
b. is being demolished e. is demolishing
c. was being demolishing
9. Sita is waiting for her birthday party dress because she ____ a new one by her mother.
a. has promised d. has been promising
b. will be promised e. was being promised
c. will be promised
10. As the victem was badly hurt in the car accident, he ____ to the nearest hospital.
a. will be taken d. was taken
b. is being taken e. took
c. has been taken
D. DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)
Terdiri dari 3 tingkatan, yaitu:

1. Positive (tingkat biasa)
S + tobe + adjective/k.sifat
contoh: Jojon is handsome
Gogon is clever
2. Comparative (tingkat perbandingan)
S + tobe + more/-er + adjective + than
contoh: Jojon is more handsome than Aming
Bajuri is cleverer than Oneng
3. Superlative (tingkat palinga)
S + tobe + the most/-est + noun phrase
Contoh: Jojon is the most handsome
Bajuri is the cleverest person
Catatan
a. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua/lebih harus diawali kata “more”
pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “the most” pada kalimat tingkat
paling/superlative.
Contoh: beautiful more beaitiful the most beautiful
b. Beberapa kata harus dibentuk dengan cara tidak beraturan pada comparative dan
superlative.
Contoh: bad worse worst
good better best
much more most
c. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata satu/dua yang berakhir dengan akhiran
“-er/-r” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “-est/-st” pada kalimat tingkat
paling/superlative adalah:
1. Kata yang berakhir dengan 2 konsonan / 1 konsonan yang didahului dengan 2
vokal.
Contoh: rich richer richest
deep deeper deepest
2. Kata yang berakhir dengan 1 konsonan yang dudahului oleh 1 vokal. Dalam
perubahannya konsonan tersebut digandakan sebelum diberi akhiran –er dan
–est.
Contoh: big bigger biggest
3. Kata yang berakhir dengan –e dalam perubahannya hanya diberi akhiran –r
dan –st.
Contoh: large larger largest
4. Kata yang berakhir dengan –y yang didahului konsonan dalam perubahannya
huruf –y tersebut berubah menjadi –i. Tetapi jika –y tsb didahului vokal maka
aturan tersebut di atas tidak berlaku.
Contoh: easy easier easiest
coy coyer coyest
5. Kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran –some, -ow, -le, -er.
Contoh: clever cleverer cleverest

E. QUESTION TAGS
Merupakan bentuk pertanyaan berekor yang fungsinya untuk mempertegas suatu
pertanyaan.
Contoh : Pok Ati is a beautiful woman, isn’t she?
My husband didn’t go to Bandung last week, did he?
a) Jika statement adalah kalimat verbal maka question tag-nya dibentuk menurut kaidah
kalimat verbal yaitu ada kata kerja bantu/modal yang dipakai seperti: do/does, did,
have/has, had, will, shall, can, may, dll. Begitu pula jika statement adalah kalimat nominal
maka question tag-nya pun dibentuk menurut kaidah kalimat nominal yaitu ada kata
kerja to be yang dipakai seperti: am/is/are, was/were, dll.
b) Jika statement (+) maka question tag (-) dan sebaliknya
F. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)
 Conditional sentence terdiri dari anak kalimat (sub clause) dan induk kalimat (mean clause)
dimana bentuk tenses yang di pakai pada keduanya berbada.
 Induk kalimat biasanya diawali dengan kata “if”. Jika anak kalimat mendahului induk kalimat
maka setelah anak kalimat ada koma (,).
 Ada 3 tipe conditional sentence :
1. Future Conditional (type 1)

Kalimat yang diucapkan dan kenyataan yang sebenarnya tidak bertolak belakang. Apa yang
diucapkan, itulah yang diharapkan. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah ada (bukan
imajinasi) tapi kalau syarat terpenuhi.
Contoh: If I have much money, I will buy a new car.
(jika saya punya uang, saya akan membeli mobil baru)
Pola : If + simple present + simple future/modal
S + V1 S + will/shall/can/must/may + V1
S + am/is/are S + will shall/can/must/may + be
2. Present Conditional (type 2)

Kalimat yang diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa
sekarang. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning-nya (-) dan sebaliknya. Kemungkinan
harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja).
Contoh : (+) If I had time, I would go to the beach with you.
(Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sekarang ini sehingga tidak bisa pergi)
Pola: If + simple past + past future/modal
V2 would/should/could/had to/might + V1
Was/were would/should/could/had to/might + be
Di tipe ini hanya were saja yang dipakai.
3. Past Conditional (type 3)

Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban/kegiatan yang dilakukan dimasa lampau,
tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak terpenuhi. Kalimat ini diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan
kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning yang
disampaikan (-) dan sebaliknya.
Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja)
Contoh : (+) If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter.
( Jika saya tahu waktu dulu kamu berada di sana, saya sudah mengirim surat padamu- ini
bermakna saya tidak mengirim surat karena saya tidak tahu kamu berada di sana)
Pola: If + past perfect + past future perfect/modal perfect
Had + V3 would/should/could/had to/might + have + V3
Had been would/should/could/had to/might + have been
G. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)
Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengantikan salah satu pokok
kalimat/bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi satu kalimat
majemuk (complex sentence). Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai penghubung yaitu: who, whom,
whose, which, of which.
Rumus Umum :
Jabatan dalam kalimat orang benda
Subjek Who/that Which/that
Objek Whom/that Which/that
Kepunyaan (possesseve) whose Of which
1. Who/that: “yang”
Digunakan utk pengganti orang sbg subjek
Contoh: We know a lot of people. They live in Jakarta
S O S
We know a lot of people who live in Jakarta
(They = a lot ao people, jabatan dalam kalimat subjek,)
2. Whom/that: “yang”
Digunakan untuk pengganti objek
Contoh: The girl feel in love with the man. I met him last week.
S O S O
The girl feel in love with the man whom I met last week.
(him = the man, jabatan sebagai objek)
3. whose: “yang punya”

Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his, their, its, her.
Contoh: We saw the people. Their car has been stolen.
S O possessive
We saw the people whose car had been stolen.
(their car = mobilnya orang-orang. Orang yang dimaksud = the people)
4. which/that
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda/binatang sebagai subjek
Contoh: I don’t like the stories. They are printed in English.
S
I don’t like the stories that/which are printed in English.
(they = the stories/cerita adalah kata benda yg kedudukannya sebagai S)
My mother loves a red car very much. I bought it last year.
O O
My mother loves a red car which/that I bought last year very much
( it = a red car, sebuah benda, jabatan sebagai objek)
6. Of which
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan/possessive untuk benda/binatang.
Contoh: I sent the table back to the store. Its surface is not smooth.
Possessive
I sent the table of which surface is not smooth back to the store.
(its surface/permukaannya meja. Meja yg dimaksud the table)
7. Where
8. When
H. SUBJUNCTIVE WISH
Subjunctive/angan-angan digunakan untuk menyatakan/mengungkapkan harapan yang
tidak dapat terpenuhi.
 Future
Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + could/would + V¹/be
Contoh : I wish you would stop saying that.
(saya berharap kamu akan berhenti mengatakan itu)
I wish she would come to my party to night
(saya berharap dia akan dapat datang ke pesta saya minggu ini)
 Present
Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + V2/were
Contoh : I wish you were old enough to marry me.
(saya berharap sekarang ini umurmu cukup tua untuk menikahi saya)
They wish they didn’t have to go to school today.
(mereka berharap sekarang ini mereka tidak harus pergi sekolah)
 Past
Rumus : S¹ + wished + S² + had V3/could have V3
Contoh : She wished she had had more time last night.
(saya berharap tadi malam dia punya banyak waktu)
I. CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET
Causative have dan get digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan orang
lain untuk si Subjek. Causative have berarti menyuruh/memerintahkan seseorang melakukan
sesuatu, sedangkan causative get berarti meminta (dengan persuasif) seseorang melakukan
sesuatu.
Rumus Active
S + have/has/had + Object¹ + V1 + Object²
S + get/gets/got + Object¹ + to V1 + Object

Contoh :
(1). She has the shoemaker mend her shoes
S Someone/O¹ V1 something/O²
(Dia menyuruh Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)
O¹ V1 O²
(2). I had mechanic repair my car.
(saya menyuruh mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya
Contoh :
(1). She gets the shoemaker to mend her shoes.
(Dia meminta Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)
(2). I got the mechanic to repair my car.
(saya meminta mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya)
Rumus Passive
S + have/has/had + O + V3
S + get/gets/got + O + V3
Contoh
(1). The manager has the letter typed.
O V3
(Menejer menyuruh surat itu ditik)
(2). The manager gets the letter typed.
(Menejer meminta surat itu ditik)
J. GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yang
diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:
1. Verb/kata kerja sebagai subjek.
Contoh: Swimming is a good sport.
Jogging makes us fresh.
2. Verb sebagai complement/pelengkap.
Contoh : My hobby is cycling.
3. Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.
Contoh : I am sorry for coming late.
Before leaving, he said nothing.
4. Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, can’t help/can’t bear,to be used
to, get used to.
Contoh : It is no use studying without practicing.
5. Setelah possessive adjective (my,your, his,her,our,their,Amir’s, dll)
Contoh : His staring frigtens me.
6. Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu
Admit Consider Enjoy Mind Recall

Appreciate Avoid Finish Miss Regret
Claim Delay Quit Postpone Report

Can’t help Deny Resist Practice Recent
Resume Risk Siggest Advise resist
Contoh : We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
K. PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)
Menyukai A ketimbang B
1.
S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing
Contoh:
- Dona prefers dancing to singing.
(Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)
- Juned prefers combro to deblo.
(Juned lebih menyukai combro ketimbang deblo)
2.
S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing
Contoh:
- I like T.V better than radio.
- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.
3.
S + would rather + V1 + than + V1
Contoh:
- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game.
(Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)
4.
S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1
Contoh:
- Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS.
(Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)
L. CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung)

Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih menjadi satu kalimat.
Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:
1. Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.
a. We went home after the rain stopped.
b. I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.
c. I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.
d. While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.
e. I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.
2. Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.
a. I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.
b. I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.
c. Since I have no money, I can’t treat you.
3. Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.
a. first, we must prepare the ingredients.
b. Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.
c. After that, we put them into frying pan.
d. Finally, we put some sauce and salt.
M. CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)

Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua kalimat/kata-kata.
1. Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or, but, for, although/though, that, if, dll.
Contoh: - You can read this book if you like.
(kamu dapat membaca buku ini jika kamu mau)
- I went to your house but you weren’t at home.
(saya pergi ke rumahmu tapi kamu tidak ada di rumah)
- Amir and I go to school everyday.
(Amir dan saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari)
- Although it was raining, he come on time.
(walaupun hujan dia datang tepat waktu)
2. Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:
both…and… (…dan juga….)
not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…)
either…or… (….maupun…)
neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…)
Contoh: - He is both wise and good.
(dia bijaksana dan juga baik)
- He is not only active but also clever.
(dia tidak hanya aktif tetapi juga pintar)
- Factory pollutions have polluted either land or water in our environment.
(Polusi pabrik telah mencemari tanah maupun air di lingkungan kita)
- The research is neither intersting nor accurate
(Penelitian itu tidak menarik dan tidak akurat)
N. ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION
Kalimat elip merupakan pemendekan dari dua kalimat/lebih dengan cara menghilagkan
beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk
menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam suatu kalimat.

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DISCUSSION MATERIALS OF TEXT GENRES

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 1

I. Understanding Types of Text...............................................................................................5

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 2

II. FUNCTIONAL SKILL...................................................................................................40

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 3

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 4

Cars should be banned in the city

Example of Analytical Exposition

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 6

NOTES ON Generic Structure:

Snake in the Bath

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 8

What is Descriptive Text?

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 9

Generic Structure Analysis

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 10

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 11

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 12

Notes on Generic Structure

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 13

Generic Structure Analysis

Language Feature Analysis

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 14

4. Examples and structures of the text

Tujuan How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Generic Structure Analysis

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 15

6. News Item Text

What is News Item?

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 16

Example of News Item

Generic Structure Analysis

Generic Structure Analysis

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 18

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 19

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 20

(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Generic Structure Analysis

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 21

9. Hortatory Exposition Text

What is Hortatory Exposition?

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 23

Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 24

10. Report Text

THE PELICAN REPORT

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 25

Example of Report Text

Analyzing on the Text

11. Spoof Text

Example of Spoof text

Notes on the Spoof’s Generic Structure

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 27

12. Recount Text

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 28

Our trip to the Blue Mountain

MA. Persis 31 Banjaran 29

13. Review Text

What is review text