anenas TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS & EQUATIONS Recap of Early Classes Th earlier classes, we have studied the trigonometric ratios of acute angles as the ratio of the sides ofa right angled triangle. We have also studied the trigonometric identities and application of trigonomettie ratios in solving the problems related to heights and distances. Index 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 2.0 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 3.0 DEFINITION OF FRATIOS 4.0 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS. 5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUCTIONS OF ALLIED AGNELS 6.0 VALUES OF TRATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES, 7.0 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS, 8.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES 9.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE 10.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT 11.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES. 12.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES 13.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES 14.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES 15.0 CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 16.0 MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS 17.0 IMPORTANT RESULTS 18.0 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION, 19.0 SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION 20.0 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 21.0 DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 21.1 Solving trigonomebi@ equations by factorisation 21.2. Solvingof trigonometric equation by reducing it toa quadratic equation 21.3. Solfing tigonometric equations by introducing an auniliary argument 21.4 Solvingivigonomettic equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into product 21.5. Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum 21.6 Solving equations by a change of variable 21.7 Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions involved 22.0 TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES EXERCISE-1 EXERCISE-2 EXERCISE-3 EXERCISE-4(A) EXERCISE-4(B) EXERCISE-5Trigonometric Functions and Equation TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND EQUATION 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY ‘The word trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words trigon’ and 'metron’ and it means measuring the sides of a triangle. The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems involving triangles. Itwas studied bby sea captains for navigation, surveyor to map out the new lanes, by engineers and others. Currently, trigonometry is used in many areas such as the science of seismology, designing electric circuits, describing the state of an atom, predicting the heights of tides in the ocean, analysing a musical tone and in many other areas. (@) Measurement of angles ~ Tivo systems of measurement of ang, (i) English System - Here 1 right angle = 90° (degrees) 1° = 60 (minutes) 1’ = 60" (seconds) Circular system — Here an angle is measured in radians. One radian corresponds to the anale subtended by anarc of lenat’r'at the centre ofthe circle of radius. Itisa constant quantity and does not depend upon the radius of the circle b) _Rebation between th 2-# (b) _Rebationbetweon the two systems: & nf2 (©) 10 isthe angle subtended atthe confi of ec of rad i’ k by anare of length then =. Note that here /, rare in the Same units and 0 is always in radians, Tllustrations Illustration 1. The angle subtended at the centre of a circl@ of radius 3 metres by an are of lenath 1 metre is equal to (A) 20° (B)60° (c) ; radian (D)3 radian Solution 1 3 radian Illustration 2. If the arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 75° at their centres, Find the ratio of their radii Solution Lett, and rybe the radii of the given circles and let their arcs of same length s subtend angles ‘of 60° and 75° at their centres. 33,JEE-Mathematics 2.0 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES a) (2) (3) sin 058) n= Pw copg = 88 (4) tand= 2 & old (5) 6) mM cos sin cos! or cost = 1-sin® 0 + tan?@ or tan? = sect @-1 (8) cosec? 8 ~ cot? = 1 or cosec’O = 1 + cot’ @ or cot! Alm cosec? 8-1 (9) cosect + cot? = cosecB = eat (10) Expressing trigonometrical ratio in terms of each other + Illustration 3. Solution Ilustration 4. Solution sind e080 iano cot 3000 Gsecd tan 1 asec? 1 1 sind sind fi -cos*g | | | Vivian®6 |Ti+ coro | ssec? cosecd cosd | vizsn?0 | gfcso | | SmaI? _ oP NO | Voosec70-1. /1 +tan?@ | V1+cot*0 seco cosec® —cos” z Sm, VV i a 1 /1sin?9 | e080 cot [cosec?@-1 z coto | MEO) os AO coy |__| Jere’ i? fi =cos’” 6 | _aa'n® [sec” 8-1 Toe Weep ire YHOO) cacy |__cosece__ fissnto | 030 cat Tooso O71 Time cosecd fy A | a) vt ten | coo |S) coseco sind Teosty | tend leoc? 6-1 Illustrations If 3in9 +sin*6 = 1, then prove that cos'? 0 + 3cos!” @-+3cos* @-+cos°@—1=0 Given that sind = 1 - sin’ = costo LHS. = cos"#(cos’# + 1)° sin'0(1 + sind) - 1 (sind + sin?) ~ =1-1=0 2sin®O + cos ) 3 { sin“0 + cos'8 ) + 1 is equal to (alo @)1 (C2 (D) none of these 2 [(sin20 + cost }* ~3 sin? 0 cos*0 ( sin?’0 + cos%0 } | ~3 [ (sin?0 + cos% }®—2sin* cos?0] +1 = 2 [1-3 sin? 6 cos%6] -3 [1 -2 sin’8 cos%®] + 1 = 2.6 sin*0 cost —3 + 6 sin’ cos’ +1=0 ‘Ans.(A)Trigonometric Functions and Equation secid - cosec*®, Ilustration 5. Prove that: sec’) + cosec’ Solutic LHS. — non " cos 8 sin 8 sin? 8 +cos? 6 sin’ @-cos? 0 = cosec*#- sec” 3.0 DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS an fi By using rectangular coordinates the definitions of trigonometvic functions canbe extended to angles of any size in the following way (see diagram). A point P is taken with coordinates (x, y). The radius vector Phas length r Pi, and the angle (is taken as the directed angle measured anticlockwise from the x-axis. The three main trigonometric functions are then defined in terms x of rand the coordinates x and y. sin8 = cos = *, (The other function are reciprocals of these) This can give negative values of the trigonometric functions. 4.0 SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS 90, x/2 quadrant | quadrant only sine ‘Alle cosec +9) 180, x 0, 960, 2 onlyfan & cot | only cos we & sec +e Weaadiant — | TV quadrant 270, 3n/2 5.0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES (a) sin nm + 8) = sin, cos (2na + 8) = cos 8, where n € 1 Cy) sin(-6) =-sin 6 cos (-0) = cos 0 tan (-8) = -tano sin(90" 0) = cos0 c0s(90°~0) = sind tan (90°-0) = cot 0 sin(90? + 0) = cos0 cos{90° + 0) = -sind tan(90° +6) = - cot 0 sin(180°-0)= sind cos{180° 0) = -cost tan(180"-0) = -tand sin(180° +0) =-sin0 —_cos(180° + 0) = -cos0 tan(180° +0) = tand sin(270°-0) =-cos®_cos(270°-6) tan(270°-0) = cot? sin(270° +0) =-cos0 —_cos(270° + 0) tan(270° +0) = -cotd sin (360°-0) = -sin0 cos(360"-0) = cost tan{360°—0) = -tand sin (360° + 6) = sind £05(360" + 0) = cosd tan(360° + 6) = tand EdJEE-Mathematics 6.0 VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES ND. Not Defined (a) tan nx = OWwhere n 2 )sinan+1) 5 = C5 cos(2ni-1) 5 =Owhilern <1 Illustrations 1 Ilustration6. If si’ 22 and tan 0 = = thon 0 is equal to 2 3 (A) 30" (B) 150" (c)210 (D) none of these Solution Lets first find out 8 lying between 0 and 360°. Since sind = -2= 9 = 210° or 330° 2 and tano= 1, 9 = 30" or 210 Hence ,@ = 210° or 2 isthe valuesatsying both Ans. (C) | i i i i q zi : i ? Trigonometric Functions and Equation : an L+tand-+cosecd Mlustration7. If seco = y2 and “<0 <2n. Then the value of og cosecg 1 Solution If seco = V2 a cos = v2 1 sno= 45 = sine tan) = -1 cot = -1 1+ tand+cosect " Tr cotO—cosecd Mlustration 8. sin{x + 0) sin(x—0) cosec". (ay1 ®- (Q)sina (D)-sino Solution sin(x + 0) = sind sin{x ~ 6) = sind > =sin’0 x cosectd = -1 Ans. (B) 7.0 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS a (@) y=sinx (i) y= cosx Yy x [af x Ww (iii) y = tame y x 3x () y=secx (Wi) y=cosecx 7‘ y. LA NU} to KA KA % em ey xii be qh. ex x ~ : 2X act act) 7 Het _ alan " 7 y y 37,JEE-Mathematics 8.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES i) sin (A~B) = sin A cos B- cos Asin B (¥v) 005 (A= B) = cos A cos B + sin Asin B . _ tanA-tanB (A) ton (A~B) = Tan tan B cotBeotA +1 (itt) cot (AB) = an (@ sin(A +B) =sinAcos B + cos Asin. (il) 008 (A + B) = 008 A cos B sin Asin B _ tan +tanB SF ee ee mann cotBecotA 1 (vit) cot (A+ B) = ABCA © Some more results (sin? A=sin? B= sin (A + B). sin(AB) = cos? B- cos! A, (ii) cos’ A ~ sin’ B = cos (A+B). cos (A - B). Illustrations. ——£ Illustration 9. Prove that /3 cosec20° - sec20° = 4 7 ¥8.cos 20° — sin 20° Solution LHS. Swendounse0: 3, = - af 60820 1 sn20') 2sin20°cos20° 2 Aisin 60.cos20°—c0s60" sin 20°) ~ sind? sin(60°= 20°) _ 4 sina0® 5 sndO" da RHS < sin 40° ‘sin 40° Illustration 10. Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° . tan20°+ tan50° lution = tan 70? = fan(@0e +50") = 1220" + tan” Soluti LHS. 0° = fam(20° + ae ortan70° — tain20* tan50° tan70° = tan20° + tan50° or tan70° =»tan70? tan50° tan20° + tan20° + tan50° = 2 tan 50° + tan20° = cot70"+ 2eot40° = R.H.S. : 1 Re Illustration 11. The value of Jnl" wos? ® {a)2 (B)-2 (4 (D)4 1 v3 __cos10°-y3sin10° omens sinl0® cos10° sin10® cos 10° e ye — “sin 10° peosl0 10 sin20™ sin 20° 4 38, Alsin 30%cos10° ~cos30° sin 10°) | i i i i q z Ans. (D)Trigonometric Functions and Equation INTRODUCTION, BASIC IDENTITIES, DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS, TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES, VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES, GRAPHS, ‘TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES 1. The radius of a circle is 30 em. Find the length of an are of this circle f the length of the chord of the are is 30cm. 4 2. I cotd= 5. then find the value of sind, 2os0 and eosee® in fist quadrant. 3. Ifsind + cosec = 2, then find the value of sin’ + cosec") 1 4. Icost = 3x and x <0 <>, then find the value of 4tan*0 — 3eosec* id J + then find the value of 4tan*9 — Beosec%, 5. Prove that cos570" sin510° + sin(~330") cos{-390") = 0 lin OR 3 acco? E 2lTm _ 3-2/3 b ove that tan —2sin —= cosec* — + 4cos* a= 6 Prove that tan 22 —2sin 2% 2 cosec? X + dcos! MB SE 9 7. ifsinA= ; and cosB=—, 0 cost (B) sin 1% sin (C)sin 1° = sind (D) cos 1° < cos 1 9.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE 2sin AcosB sin (A+ B) + sin (A ~B) (ii) 2cosAsin B = sin(A + B) ~sin(A-B). (ill) 2.c0s Aigos B= cos (A +B) + cos (A~B} (iv) 2sin Asin B = cos (A~B)~cos (A + B) 40.0 FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT w@ sin€ + sind = 2sin (2?) cs } (C+D) (aa) (i) sin =n = 2008 (Z9) gin (SS?) D (uy ceed =2e0r(°2?) on (222) C+D) i (09) cos C~c08 D = 2sin |S Et}JEE-Mathematics Illustrations : tan(A+B)_ +1 Mostration 12. IfsinA = 7 sin2B, then provethat ERI = Solution, Given sin2A = 7. sin2B sin2A_ i = sin2B~ 1 Applying componendo & dividendo, sin2A+sin2B_A+1 Sin2B—sin2A~ 1-h i ee asn(28228 a 20 23) = (2B+2A)_ (2B-2A) 1-2 a arg sinfA+B)cos(A-B) _ +1 © cos{A+B)sin{-(A-B}) Ke sin(A +B)cos(A~B) “41 > cos(A+B)x—sinfA-B) =D) _ sinfA+B)cosASB) 97. +1 cos(A +B)sin(A=B} = tanlA-#B)eot(A -B) = tan(A +B) _ A+ tan(A-B) A=1 sin50+8in20-sin@ 0850+ 2c0830 + 2d" 0 cos0 (A) ano (B) cos 0 (C) cot 2sin20.cos30 + sin20 Bes 38. cos 20+ 2c0538 Illustration 13, is equal to - Solution LHS.= z cos “sin20[2c0s30 + 1) ¥ 2 cos30(cos20 + 1)+ (cos*6)] ___sin26[2cos30+11 2 cos30(2c08" 0) +05" 0] = 820120083041) og 2cos* a(2c0s30+1) Ilustration14, Show that sin12*.sin48°.sinS4° = 1/8 Solution, LHS. = $leos36°—cos60"Isin54° (D) none of these ‘Ans. (A) | i i i i q zTrigonometric Functions and Equation [1 -2sin 18° cos36"] = 2 [1-Gin5a°—sin18 4 4 1p, _2sin18° Af, _ sin36°c0s36" =4h 1$18°c0s36" |= +} al cosi8? seosse'] i cos 18° | 1, _2sin36°cos36°]_ If, sin72°]_1f, 1]_1 a 2cos18° | al aave| at-a] g Ris. 11.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES (i) sin (A+B+C) = sinAcosBcasC + sinBeosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB - sinAsinBsinC = SsinAA cosB cosC - Tsin A. = cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tan = tanA tanB tanC] (il) cos (A+B+C} = cos cosB cosC ~ sinA sinB6sC - sind cosB sin > cosA sinB sin) = Tcos A — Esin A sin B cos C = cos A cos B cos C [1 ~tan Aan B = tan B tan C ~ tan C.tan A) tan d+ tanB + tah = tan A tanBtanC 1-tanAtanB - tanBtan€ =tan Gian (iil) tan (A¥B+ C) = 412.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES ‘Trigonometrical ratios ofan angle 20 in terms of the angle 0 2tan6 ) () sin20 =2sinBicos a= T+ tan? @ (i) cos 20 = cost @ sin @ = 2 cos! 0 (ill) 1 + cos 20 = 2cost®, (iv) 10820 =2 sint © Lecos20 sina seein T+0 (wi) (b) Trigonometrical ratios ofan angle 30 in terms of the angle 0 (@)— sin30 = 3sind —4sin*®, (i) 60836 = 4eos"8 - 3cos0. 3tano—tan®@ (ai) tans 1-3tan?o aJEE-Mathematics Illustration 15. Solution Illustration 16. Solution Ilustration 17. Solution Illustrations 2c0s2A +1 Prove that : SS°SSA "1 — tan(60° + A) tan{60° ~ A) Prove that oe R y= f2m{60° +A) an(60° —A) RLHS. = tan(60° + A) tan(60°-A) (tan60*-tan/ tan60"— tan (1 tan60°tanA )| 1+ tan60°tanA ) ( V3 +tanA. ll 8 na | 1-3 tanA |(1+ V3 tana } sin’ A 3-tan? A cos@A__ 300s" A-sin’® A = a FA cos A—Ssint T-Stan7 A” yg sit A-3sin@ A cos’ A _ 2cos A +cos? A -2sin” A + sin? AY 2cos? A -2sin’ A - sin? A — cos*A © 2icos? A= sin” A) — (Gin A +008 A) _2cos2A+1_ 1 ag © 2cos2A =1 Us. Prove that : tanA + tan(60° +A) + tan{120° +A) = 3tan3A LHS. =6tanA + tan(60° + A) + tan(120° + Ay = tamA + tan(60° + A) + tan{180° -(60°= Aj} = tan + tan(60° +A) tan(60" ~A, [+ tan(180° - 6) = and] fan60°—tan A +tan60° tan A = tena + Seen 3 tan AXi + V8 tan A) A _ fanA-3tan’ A +8tand = tn ay Stand To3ten?A 1-3tan? A pSHBNA-Stan?A _/3tmA-tan° A). 31039 = RHS, 1-3tan® A 1-3tan®A 3-4cos2A+c0s4A Prove that = tant A, 34 deos2A+cos4A B-deos2A+cosdA _ 3-4cos2A+2cos® 2A-1 34 4cos2A+c0s4A ~ 3+4cos2A+2cos" 2A-1 | i i i i q zTrigonometric Functions and Equation ‘TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE AND SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT, TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM OF MORE THAN TWO ANGLES, TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES. sin75°=sin 15° 1. Simply 5575" 008 15° 2. Prove that [sin3A + sindJsinA + (cosBA —cosA}cos = 0 8. Find the value of cos20"cos40"cos60"cos80° sin80cos0— sin60cos30 Prove =tan20 4. Prove that 5529 cos0)—sin 3dsin 0 5. Prove that: 2) 22) tan ge Beata (A) cos 40° (B) sino? (C)-sins0° (D) c08 50° 13.0 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES 2 Since the trigonometric relationsare tru forall values of angle, they willbe true instead of 8 be substitute & 2 8 ob) _ 2tand ® F cosy = 2 2°23 20 14k an? 3 20 1) oxo = cot? -ant® — 20088 1-1-2 ant = (i) cos = cost —sint = 2eost5 1 = 1-2 sin 20 tan ane 8 + cost = 2% Gt) 1 + cost = 2 cos? o (iv) 1 cos0 = 2 sin? 8 _1-cosd__ sind 2 ” fang sind 1+cos0 aJEE-Mathematics (wi) tand= o,f tan? =) Go) 102 NT c0s0 ®) 2sing =sVivsind + JI-sino tV1+sind F V1—sind 8 2 cos ANI +tan®0-1 ‘and (xii) Illustrations. ——_—_4H4H4H4H4H4H4H4H le, oS Illustration 18. sin. 675) 615 is equal to (028) (o) 3/va-2,8) (0) Weee wy pvt-2B oF 1 1 Solution sin67 4° + eos674° i 675° + cos67 5 = Virsa" A = (using cosA + sind = JiFanda) a5 2, ‘Ans.(A) Lreos20 _ cot sin20 a Illustration 19. Prove that Lbeos20 cose Solution TCS ECS O = cot sin28 2sinOcos® Le sin2A justration 20. Prove tha! = tan(a5°+-A) Mlustration 20. Prove that: 5 (a5°+A) Lésin2A _ {cos +sinA) Solution cos2A cos” Asin? A cosA+sinA 1+ tand cosA=sinA 1=tanA tan(a5°+A) | i i i i q z