1.

Introduction to Number System

Learning Outcomes –

Identifies natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and rational numbers.

1.Natural numbers – The numbers 1,2,3,...are natural numbers or counting numbers. The collection
of natural numbers is denoted by N.

2.Whole numbers – The numbers 0,1,2,3,... are whole numbers. The collection of whole numbers is
denoted by W.

3.Integers – The numbers...,-2,-1,0,1,2,...are integers. The collection of integers is denoted by I.

4. Rational numbers – The numbers of the form 𝑚 𝑛 are called rational numbers. Here, m and n are
integers and n is not zero. The collection of rational numbers is denoted by Q.

Exercise

Q1 : Fill in the following blanks:

Q2 : Find the ratio of the following :

(a) 81 to 108 (b) 98 to 63

(c) 33 km to 121 km (d) 30 minutes to 45 minutes.

Q3: Write the following decimals as fractions. Reduce the fractions to lowest form :

(a) 0.6 (b) 20. 5 (c) 1.0 (d) 3.8 (e) 13.7

Q 4: Between which two numbers in tenths place on the number line does each of the given number
line?

(a) 0.06 0.0^ 0.01^ 0.02^ 0.06^ 0.10^ =0.1

(b) 0.45 (c) 0.19 (d) 0.66

Q5: Which is greater?

(a) 0.3 or 0.4 (b) 0.07 or 0.02 (c) 3 or 0.8

(d) 0.5 or 0.05 (e) 1.23 or 1.2

Q6: Express using decimals. (since 100 cm = 1 m)

(a) 15 cm (as meters) (b) 6 cm ( as meters ) (c) 2

m 45 cm (as meters) (d) 450 cm

(e) 5 paise ( express as rupees) (f) 75 paise ( express as rupees)

(g) 50 rupees 90paise ( express as rupees) (h) 68 ml (express as litre)

Q7 : 1) Can you write the largest natural number?

2) Where are integers used in daily life?

3) Do you think there can be some numbers that are not rational numbers?

4) Write a number that is a whole number but not a natural number.

5) Write a number that is a natural number, a whole number and an integer

6) What is the Place value of 8 in 659.248 ? _______

7) Find HCF of 10 , 20 , 30

8) Find LCM of 10 , 20 , 30

9)

Q8 :1) Choose the correct answer for blank (–75) ÷ _____ = –1

57 b) 75 c) -75 d) 1/75

2) Seema deposited. Rs 4000 and withdraw Rs 1570 then balance is

Rs 2430 b) Rs 3570 c) Rs 2570 d) Rs 3530

3) Reciprocal of 7⁄8 is

a) - 7/8 b) 8/7 c) 1/7 d) -8/7

Q9: State true or False.

(– 7) + (– 4) < (–7) – (– 4)

(– 3) + 17 – (19) < 15 – 8 + (– 9)

23 – 41 + 11 > 23 – 41 – 11

39 + (– 24) – (15) < 36 + (– 52) – (– 16)

Q10 )a) 5⁄6 of 66 circles are shaded then how many circles are not shaded ?

Reduce 45/ 30 to the standard form

Q 11) Write the following decimal numbers in the expanded form: 405.5

Q 12) Solve the equation (a) 2 x + 6 = 12 (b) 8a - 5= 11

(c) 5 y = 45 (d) a/4 = 3

Unit :Rational Numbers

Learning Outcomes :

1) Generalises properties of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of rational numbers

through patterns.
Let’s recall :– Observe the following diagram.

Sub-Unit :

To show rational numbers on a number line.

Let us observe the following number line.

Ques. Find ten rational numbers between - 2 and 1 2 2 ,5

5 2 5 1,5

LCM of 2,5 = 10 1, 1

-2 × 2 = -4 also 1 ×5 = 5

5 ×2 10 2 ×5 10

, Number line ___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.___.

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 , , ,

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 , ,

There are only eight numbers between -2/5 and ½

-4 x2 = -8 and 5 x2 = 10

10 x2 20 10 x2 20

Numbers between -8/20 ( -2/5) and 10/20 (1/2) are

-7/20 , -6/20 , -5/20 , -4/20 , -3/20 , -2/20 , -1/20 , 0/20 , 1/20

Laws of Exponents

2.Algebraic expressions

Sub unit : Polynomials.

1. Introduction to Polynomials 2. Degree of the polynomial 3. Operations on polynomials Learning

Outcomes: Identify polynomials and do operations on them.
2. Linear Equation

Solve the following equations.

 x–2=7 2. y + 3 = 10

x = 7 +2 =9 y = -3 =7

Ans: x=9 Ans: y=7

_________________________________________________________

3. 6=z+2 4. 3 /7+ x =17/7

6–2=z x = 17 - 3 = 17 - 3 = 14

4= z 7 7 7 7

Ans: z=4 Ans: x= 2

________________________________________________________________

5. 6x = 12 6. t /5= 10

x= 12 =2 t = 10 x5

6 t=50

Ans: x=2 Ans: t=50

________________________________________________________________

Q 1) Solve the equation (a) 2 x + 6 = 12 (b) 8a - 5= 11

(c) 5 y = 45 (d) a/4 = 3

A shopkeeper buys 80 articles for ₹ 2,400 and sells them for a profit of 16%. Find the selling price of
one article.

Arun bought a pair of skates at a sale where the discount given was 20%. If the amount he pays is
11,600, find the marked price.

75% of 30 students are good in mathematics. How many are not good in mathematics?

Subunit - Factorising Algebraic Expressions:

• Let’s recall –

The factors of 12 are - 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 The factors of 15 are - 𝟑 × 𝟓

A common factor12 and 15 is 3 this means 3 divides both the numbers 12 and 15. Now let us learn to
factorise algebraic expressions using same concept and methods .

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟒𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟒 × 𝒙 × 𝒙 and

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟖𝒙 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟖 × 𝒙 × 𝒙 × 𝒚

hence the factors of 𝟒𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 𝟐𝒚 are = (𝟒 × 𝒙 × 𝒙) + (𝟖 × 𝒙 × 𝒙 × 𝒚)

• 4, x and x are factors of every term in the binomial that is 𝟒 × 𝒙 × 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 𝟐

• Hence 𝟒𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 𝟐𝒚 has factors = 𝟒𝒙 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒚)

• We can factorise a binomial by identifying the factors common to both terms and writing them
outside the brackets in product form.

Practice Corner –

Let’s study the factors of the following algebraic expressions:

1) 𝟔𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝒚 = 𝟔𝒚(𝒚 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙)

2) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓𝒚 𝟐 = (𝟑𝒙) 𝟐 − (𝟓𝒚) 𝟐 = (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚)

Sub-unit: Algebraic identities

Let’s recall

Sub-unit: Algebraic identities Learning Outcomes: Expand and factorize algebraic expressions using
identities.

3. Expansion of (a+b) (a-b) :

(a – b) (a+b) = a2 - b 2

Conversely factorization of a2 - b 2 will be

a 2 - b 2 = (a – b) (a+b)

Ex. (5m + 3n)(5m -3n) = (5m)2 – (3n)2 = 25m2 – 9n2

4. Expansion of (x + a) (x + b) :

(x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + ax + bx + ab = x 2 + (a + b)x + ab

Ex. (x + 3) (x + 2)

(x + 3)(x + 2) = x2 +(3 + 2)x + 6

= x 2 + 5x +6

3. Basic concept of Lines and Angles

Learning Outcomes : Identifies points, lines, line segments and rays.

Sub Unit: Parallel lines and transversal Learning Outcomes:

Identifies the types of angles formed by the transversal of two parallel lines as correspondin g
angles, alternate angles, interior angles.

4.Triangles and its properties

Sub Unit : Angle sum property of a triangles

An exterior angle of triangle

Learning Outcomes: Understand the properties of the exterior angle of a triangle.

 1. Triangle - A closed figure formed by joining three non-collinear points by segments is called a
triangle. The sum of the all angles of a triangle is 180 .

2. Adjacent angles - Two angles which have a common vertex, a common arm and separate interiors
are said to be adjacent angles.

3. Angles in linear pairAngles which have a common arm and whose other arms form a straight line
are said to be angles in a linear pair.

What can you say about the angle sum of a convex polygon with 7 sides?

(From the given table, dearly we observe that the sum of angles (interior angles) of a polygon with n
sides = (n – 2) x 180°.

Properties of an exterior angle of triangle–

1. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its remote interior angles.

2. An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than each of its remote interior angles.

Unit: Congruence of triangles

Learning Outcomes: Understand the use of S-S-S, S-A-S, A-S-A, Hypo-side tests of congruence of
triangles.

Let’s recall:

Congruent segments:

If the length of two segments is equal then

the two segments are congruent. If l (AB) = l (CD) then seg AB ≅ seg CD

Congruent angles: If the measures of two angles are equal then

the two angles are congruent.

Congruent triangles: When the triangles coincide exactly with each other,

then they are congruent.

If ∆ STU and ∆ XYZ are congruent then written as ∆STU ≅ ∆ XYZ

1) SAS Test

If two sides and the included angle of a triangle are congruent to two corresponding sides and the
included angle of the other triangle then the triangles are congruent to each other.

2) SSS test

If three sides of a triangle are congruent to three corresponding sides of the other triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent to each other. In fig. ΔABC≅ΔLMN In fig. ΔABC≅ΔPQR

3) ASA test

If two angles of a triangle and a side included by them are congruent to corresponding two angles
and the side included by them of the other triangle, then the triangles are congruent to each other.

4) AAS (or SAA) test

If two angles of a triangle and a side not included by them are congruent to corresponding angles
and a corresponding side not included by them of the other triangle then the triangles are congruent
to each other.

5) Hypotenuse side test for right angled triangles: (Hypotenuse-side test) If hypotenuse and side of a
tight angle’s triangle are congruent to hypotenuse and corresponding side of the other right angles
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent to each other.

5.Quadrilateral

Sub- unit: Quadrilateral and its components

Learning outcomes :1.Identifies components of a quadrilateral.

2. Solves examples based on angles’ sum property of a quadrilateral

6 .Surface Areas and Volumes

7. Constructions

Construction of perpendicular bisector

Statistics

A survey was made to find the type of music that a certain group of young people liked in a city. The
adjoining pie chart shows the findings of this survey.

From this pie chart answer the following:

(i) If 20 people liked classical music, how many young people were surveyed?

(ii) Which type of music is liked by the maximum number of people?

(iii) If a cassette company were to make 1000 CD’s, how many of each type would they make?

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