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Arduino Based AC Voltage Control using Zero Voltage Crossing Detection

Article · August 2020

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 Arduino Based AC Voltage Control using Zero
Voltage Crossing Detection
[1]
Rajat R, [2] Aditya S, [3] Divye S, [4] Sanat K S
Department of Electrical and Electronics
RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka

Abstract: -Today, as everyone is updating to Wireless Monitoring and Controlling of all electrical
devices, all the sectors are being updated. In this regard, our self-study topic focuses primarily on
regulating the AC voltage of the electronic device using ZVC technique, utilizing the Android
framework. Simulation and experimental results verify the performance of the proposed
topology.
Keywords: Arduino UNO, AC Voltage Regulator, AC Chopper, AC/AC Buck Converter,
Power Electronics, Light Emitting Device.

INTRODUCTION: BLOCK DIAGRAM

A voltage controller also called an AC voltage The system is designed around Arduino UNO. Some
controller or AC controller is an electronic module system parts are interfaced with Arduino to
mounted on either thyristor, TRIACs, SCRs or IGBTs understand the functionality of the device. In the
that converts the electrical input of a fixed voltage, phase, the following parts of the circuit are placed
fixed frequency alternating current (AC) to obtain together-
variable voltage in the output supplied to a resistive
load. Such variable voltage output is used to dim street
lamps, changing home or industrial heating levels,
speed regulation of fans and winding machines and
many other applications. It is possible to sense the
zero-voltage crossing of AC voltage by first rectifying
it with a complete wave rectifier and then using an opt
isolator that turns OFF and ON at zero voltage
crossings and beyond zero voltage crossings.
The opt isolator output should then be transmitted to
the microcontroller to show that it has zero voltage \\\\
crossings. TRIAC needs to be used for regulating AC
voltage to a load. TRIAC (Triode for AC) is widely
used for the operation of power management and The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on
switching. Use an optocoupler which will itself be the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital
powered by a microcontroller pin the TRIAC can be input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
fed power. The software is based on Arduino UNO, outputs), 6analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,
and opt isolator 4N25 with a complete bridge rectifier a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and
is used to detect zero voltage crossing. The 3021 a reset button.
optocoupler and the BT136 TRIAC are used for load-
cutting off AC voltage.

1
 7805 IC. The IC has three pins – pin 1 should be
The Arduino and LCD module need 5V DC supply. connected to the anode of the
The required DC voltage is supplied by a battery. The
supply from the battery is regulated to 5V DC using the
battery, pin 2 and 3 with the cathode (common A Zero Cross Circuit (or Zero Crossing Circuit) is an
ground). electrical circuit that begins operation with the AC
charge voltage in the AC process at approximately 0
The LCD display is used to show the supplied voltage
Volts. It applies to relays of solid state, such as triacs
reading. When the project is powered ON, it first
and silicon-controlled rectifiers. The aim of the circuit
flashes initial messages showing the intent of the
is to start the triac
project.
conducting very close to the point in time when the
load voltage reaches zero volts (at the beginning or
middle of each AC cycle defined by a sine wave), such
that the output voltage starts as a full half-term of the
sine wave

OPTO-COUPLER

ZERO CROSSIN

The base of the in-built phototransistor is grounded

while the output is drawn from the Collector of the
photo-transistor. This way, the photo-transistor
actually operates like an LED which gets forward
biased when photo-diode glows. The collector pin is
connected to pin 2 of the Arduino.

Opto-Isolator EL3021 has been connected as shown

in fig. EL3021 is a photo-DIAC type opto-coupler
which is used for controlling AC devices. The EL3021
has the anode and cathode of pin number 1 and 2
respectively. The DIAC has pin number 5 and 6
respectively. Pin number 1 is connected with Arduino
pin 10. The DIAC pin is connected with BT136
TRIAC pin number 2 AND 3 respectively. The load is
connected between pin number 1 of BT136 and
neutral respectively

2
METHODOLOGY:
How the Project Works?
The project regulates the AC voltage by transmitting signals to the BT136 TRIAC Gate button. After
switching the circuit ON, the Arduino schematic initializes the circuit and begins reading analog voltage
supplied by variable resistance at the A0 button. The 4N25 circuit senses zero-voltage passing. The
transformer steppes the AC voltage from key suppliers down to 12V AC and is rectified by the 1N4007
full-wave diode rectifier. If converted to DC voltage, the AC voltage drives the 4N25 forward IR diode
which biases it for voltage rates greater than 1.1 Volt.

Model Waveform

As the voltage point of the rectified wave is past the zero-voltage crossover, the 4N25 phototransistor
stays in forward biased mode, short-circuiting Arduino's VCC supply to ground at pin 2. Therefore, a
Weak logic is obtained at Arduino's pin 2 for the bulk of the waveform. The 4N25 IR diode does not
get the necessary voltage for forward biasing when voltage level

3
reaches zero voltage crossing. So, the 4N25 phototransistor flips to neutral mode, and Arduino's pin 2
gets a Strong pulse at zero voltage change.
The Arduino senses the zero-voltage crossing and calculates the angle of firing based on the voltage
supplied at pin A0 via variable resistance. The Arduino reads the analog voltage at A0 pin and
transforms it to digital reading using built-in ADC interface. In the Arduino Sketch a time interval is
determined based on digitized voltage analysis. An interrupt routine firing a HIGH pulse for 50
microseconds is triggered at pin 10 of the Arduino after pause of the corresponding time period. The
HIGH pulse powers an EL3021 optocoupler's IR diode with the same latency of the measured time
period. This, in turn, drives the triggering pulse at the Gate terminal of BT136 TRIAC with the same
delay equivalent to the calculated time interval.
In power control applications use TRIAC, the voltage pulse before triggering pulse happens at TRIAC's
Gate terminal is chopped off while the portion of the AC voltage wave remains accessible for load
supply after triggering pulse appears at TRIAC's Gate terminal.
Check out the Arduino software which detects zero voltage crossing based on digital logic at pin 2,
calculating a time delay for triggering pulse by digitizing analog voltage by variable resistance at pin
A0 and generating a triggering pulse at pin 10 in a disrupted routine.

4
RESULT:
Circuit showing all the components
The above figure shows all the components of the project. The components are: 1) Step down
transformer 2) Arduino uno 3) PCB main circuit board 4) 9-Watt LED bulb 5) Holder
6) Switch

FIG: Prototype of Arduino Based AC Voltage Controller

Result:

FIG: Circuit during ON Condition.

5
Proteus Simulation

Proteus is a circuit analysis and physical simulation software launched by British Lab Centre Company,
which run on Windows platform and is made up mainly by the ISIS and ARES. The purpose of this
software is to conduct an interactive simulation with a microcontroller using Proteus. Design of a circuit
using PROTEUS helps to prevent flaws during design, component rating selection, connection sequence
and therefore saves money and time.

Proteus simulation of AC voltage controller

6
DISCUSSION OF RESULT:

The simulation is done using the Proteus Design Suite Software. The Proteus Design Suite is a
proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automation. The software is used
mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for
manufacturing printed circuit boards.
An alternating voltage makes regular adjustments to the symbol. The alternating voltage transmitted to
homes is usually the sine wave. Other wave forms can also be alternating voltage. Regardless of the
waveform, in the first half of each cycle, an alternating voltage flows in one direction, hitting a high
voltage and then going down to zero. Instead it runs in opposite direction to a high voltage in the next
half of each period and then fall down to zero point.
The voltage rises and decrease in opposite direction is seen graphically with a negative voltage and
voltage curve symbol. The loops are replicated over the whole supply of power. To operationally
monitor AC devices, it is essential to chop off the peak voltage of both halves of a circuit. For this,
detecting when voltage alternates in its direction is significant. The stage where it alternates course on
the voltage curve is called zero voltage crossing.

CONCLUSION:
Industry4.0 is relevant to the methods utilized in this project. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module was used to
increase the ability of regulating distance because it can be used to monitor speed anywhere in the
world centred on the Internet of Things. It initiative has increased the factory activity and is
improving the sector to next level. The study of feasibility and evaluation was done in the proposed
project with simulation studies and hardware implementation. A UNO microcontroller-based was
designed to increase its efficiency.
In this report, the lamp brightness change is achieved by connecting via serial port to the circuit. The
brightness may be adjusted according to the serial port commands, utilizing these unique commands
in this Arduino project.

7
 REFERENCES

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with ac chopper’, IET J. Power Electronics, 2012, 5, (6), pp. 719 – 725.
[2] Jimichi, T., Fujita, H., Akagi, H. ‘A dynamic voltage restorer equipped with a high-frequency isolated DC–
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the IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference, Baveno, Jun 1996, 2, pp. 1337-1341.
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