AP2 (Angličtina Peprník II)

Angličtina Peprník 2 – pro pokročilé (lekce 1-40) Verze 2013-04-10
ANGLIČTINA
P E P R N Í K
2
pro pokročilé
(Verze 2013-04-10)
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Obsah Strana
01 Reading newspapers 11
Letters to the Editor; Fleet Street; The agony aunts News and newspapers
Předložka „o"
02 People, nations 18
Culture shock; Britain's Sikhs jubilant; Invitation to a reception;
Personal names; International relations Předložka „v"
03 Work and labour 32

Instant Muscle, instant employment; Tribute to British workers;
The £100 washing machine repair; U.S. turns to robots Work and labour
Předložka „z"
04 Advertising and publicity 45

The music business; Commercialization of sports kit; Ads; Travel
advertisements; An ad and a letter to the editor; BR advert "overemotive"
Novinářský styl. Předložka „do"
05 Technology 61
The life and legend of Thomas Edison; The explosion of science;
The compact disc; Energy; Předložky „od" a „k"
06 Government 72
How will they vote in the general election?; The Houses of Parliament;
The U.S. Congress
Government Předložka „na" I
07 Economy 84
The history of economic thought; Tomorrow will be different
Economics
Předložka „na" II
08 Population and race 94
The population of the UK; American Indians; Australian aborigines;
Black Americans
Population
Předložka „po"
09 Politics 107
A victory of culture over power; Reshooting Kennedy; Scotland the Free
Violent politics
Předložka „s". Český 7. pád
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10 War and armaments 121

On the road to Berlin; Hiroshima; The end of the Second World War;
The world's wars
Armed forces and war
Složené předložky
11 Theatre 137
The Czech Theatre; Celebrating the discovery of America;
The Barbican Centre;
Professional foul
Theatre
Get I
12 Cinema 148
The western; Charlie Chaplin; Disney and the Beast
Film
Get II
13 Radio and television 161

Radio and television in Britain; Viewing tastes; Soap Operas;
Samples of radio and TV programmes
Radio and television
Get III
14 Music 173
The Prague String Quartet; The English National Anthem;
My American musical summer
Music
Put I
15 The fine arts 186

The art of the American West; Painting in Britain
Fine arts
Put II
16 Architecture 199
Architectural styles; Sir Christopher Wren; The height of ambition
Architecture
Take I
17 Literature 213
America's reading; British teenagers' favourites in cuirent reading;
From the reviews; From the Guinness Book of Records
Literature I
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Take II
18 Folk heroes, legendary figures 225

Robin Hood; Dick Whittington; Johnny Appleseed; Buffalo Bill
Literature II
Take III
19 History 240
Did King Arthur exist? Henry Ford's collection of Americana;
The pyramids of our times.
History
Give
20 Wildlife 253
From a country diary; Foxes move to London; Watching the swallows;
A fable Wildlife
Pull
21 Jobs 266
How to apply for a job; Appointments vacant in education; Industry
Industries
Turn
22 Work 278
Quebec's northern dynamo; The real American cowboy;
Computers control the feeding of cows
Productivity
Call
23 Change in life 288

English philanthropists; A New Zealander starting a new life in England;
Home sweet home
Ageing
Keep
24 Education 296
Term time again; The Open University; Cambridge versus Cambridge;
Call for lower class-size limits
Classroom language
Make I
25 Sports 308
Wimbledon; Hang-gliding; Get fit
Sports and games
Make II
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26 Women 326
The role of women in the making of America; Five American women;
Madame Butterfly - fact or fiction?
Out I
27 Food 335
Vitamins; How many edible plants do you know?;
Bohemia, a new restaurant in Dallad, Cocktail recipes
Food
Out II
28 Nature 341
Nostalgia on seeing snow in Derbyshire; U.S. National Park Service;
A walk through the wilderness
Countryside, trees
Out III
29 Home 352
Tenants' rights, Fire four simple ways to reduce fire risk, Home video,
Parlour games
Applied arts
Off
30 Seasonal customs 361

Halloween, The English Christmas season, Hogmanay, April Fool !
Fairy-tale world
Up
31 Disasters 378
Mount St Helens, Floods devastate Mississippi Valley,
Nine killed in train crash; Destination disaster, Ten die in arms plant blast,
Forest fires ravage Corsica
Disasters
Synonyma I
32 Conservation 386
Conservation in Britain, Trees are better seen from a distance,
What is ecology?; Conversations with a gorilla
Přípony
33 Science 393
Who's who in science, Nobel Prize awarding ceremony.
From a small distant world
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Synonyma II
34 Exploration 401
Who discovered America?, In defence of Columbus, Captain Scott;
Who's who in exploration, The first men on the moon
Space exploration
Synonyma III
35 Sightseeing 413
Washington, D.C; London From Westminster to Hyde Park;
Shopping in London
Countries and their capitals
Antonyma
36 The sea 421

Science's window on the sea, The mysterious songs of humpback whales,
Crusoe boys, Ghost ship baffles experts
The sea
Expresivita
37 The life sciences 431

Why it is right to follow the nose, Polarization as a navigational aid;
Your life span could be ninety. Science on the difference between boys
and girls
Víceslovná pojmenovaní
38 Crime I 437
Pinkerton detective agency sold; Households and burglaries;
Met chief on crime statistics, Armed robbery from atop an elevator;
Ransom money of 1971 mystery hijack found by picnickers
Crime I
Rčení a přísloví
39 Crime II 446
Sémantické rozdíly
40 Crime III 455

Driver in dead trouble; The Yorkshire Ripper, Let the people be the judge
Could you take the Cambridge Cemficate of Proficency? TOEFL
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LESSON 01 READING NEWSPAPERS AP2
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
One of the regular features in most British newspapers is the Letters to the Editor
column. One journalist read all the letters printed in The Times in this century - about
300,000 - chosen, he calculates, from seven or eight million received. Some of them are
from choleric old gentlemen and some from sweet old ladies, and some are from
Winston Churchill^ E G. Wodehouse, T. S. Eliot, H. G. Wells, G. B. Shaw, and
suchlike. The anthology he put together, called Your obedient servant: A Selection of
the Most Witty, Amusing and Memorable Letters of The Times of London 1900-1975, is
a fascinating document. There is, for example, the following comment from a duchess:
"Why in heaven's name are our police forbidden to chew gum? The steadying effect on
the nerves, the calming of tiredness, the greater efficiency provoked by chewing gum is
a question of common knowledge. I encourage my chauffeur to chew gum." Arthur"
Conan Doyle complained in a letter that the War Office was not interested in his
suggestion that in the Boer War the English soldiers should shoot upwards so that the
bullets dropped vertically all over the enemy's trenches. John Galsworthy, on the other
hand, wrote that the development of air warfare techniques should be stopped instantly:
"Water and earth are wide enough for men to kill each other. For the love of the sun,
and the stars, and the blue sky, let us leave the air to innocence."
_____________________________________________________________________
air warfare [wo:feE] letecká válka; calm [ka:m] utišit; chauffeur [šaufE] šofér;
choleric [kolEik] zlostný; innocence [inEsEns] nevinnost; put together sestavit,
steadying effect ['stediiN i,fekt] uklidňující účinek; suchlike: and suchlike hovor. a
podobně; sweet milý; trench zákop
the Boer [buE] War Burská válka (1899-1902, between the British Empire and the two
Dutch Boer republics in South Africa)
FLEET STREET
English journalism was born in the 18th century in the coffee houses and taverns
round Fleet Street, where men of letters, lawyers, politicians, and their hangers-on used
to gather and argue. Today most of the nation's daily newspapers have head offices in
Fleet Street or nearby. Ownership of the national and regional daily newspapers is
concentrated in the hands of a number of large press publishing groups. There are over
120 daily (Monday to Saturday) and Sunday newspapers and about one thousand
weekly newspapers. The latter include certain specialized papers, including business,
sporting, and religious newspapers. Newsprint forms roughly a third of average
national newspaper cost while labour accounts for about 45 per cent. Most high-
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circulation newspapers derive more earnings from their advertising than from their
sales.
Eleven morning daily papers and seven Sunday papers circulate throughout the
country and are known as national newspapers. The range form The Times (founded in
1785) to The Independent (1986). It is possible to classify them into three groups.
The "popular" press (The Sun, the Daily Mirror, and the Daily Star). Popular papers
use larger headlines and print a lot of pictures to attract readers. Crime reports,
domestic sensations, and gossip columns appear even on the front page. They are small
in size ("tabloids") and about half the pages are given over to advertising.
The Express / Mail. Two traditional papers (the Daily Express, the Daily Mail), both
competing for the same readership, that come between the popular press and the quality
press.
The "quality" press. The Times is best known but its circulation is only about 400,000.
The Guardian appeals to people such as intellectuals, students, and those connected
with the arts. Like The Times, it examines subjects in depth, and usually gives more
information than its cheaper competitors. The Guardian has about 60,000 words in it,
about the length of an average novel. The Daily Telegraph, with conservative views, is
often bought by people with higher incomes. The Financial Times is a specialist paper
aimed at business people and those with an interest in finance. The Independent is
Britain's first new "quality" daily this century.
The leading Scottish newspapers are The Scotsman and The Glasgow Herald. The
regional newspapers provide mainly regional and local news, but some daily regional
papers, such as the Yorkshire Post, also give coverage of national and international
affairs.
The best known national Sunday newspapers are the News of the World, the Sunday
Mirror, the Sunday People, the Sunday Express, The Sunday Times, The Sunday
Telegraph, and The Observer.
The weekly periodicals with the highest sales are: Radio Times, TV Times, Woman's
Weekly, Woman's Own, Women. The leading journals of opinion are The Economist,
the New Statesman, the Spectator, Tribune. They comment on events of international,
political, and economic interest, and offer reviews on literary subjects and the arts in
general. New Society covers the sociological aspects of current affairs; New Scientist
reports on science and technology in terms which the nonspecialist can understand.
Private Eye, a satirical fortnightly, also covers public affairs. The Illustrated London
News, a monthly, brings photographs of current events. Among the most popular
monthlies are Home and Gardens and Country Life.
______________________________________________________________________
circulate obíhat, být rozšiřován, (o novinách) prodávat se; circulation náklad;
coverage: give coverage of st referovat o něčem; depth: examine st in depth zkoumat
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podrobně, do hloubky; fortnightly čtrnáctideník; give over věnovat; gossip column

[kolEm] společenská rubrika; hanger-on [-'-], mn.č. hangers-on přívrženec, nohsled,
stoupenec; head office hlavní redakce; readership čtenářská obec, čtenáři; sporting
newspaper sportovní list; tabloid [tAbloid] noviny malého formátu, plátek
______________________________________________________________________
THE AGONY AUNTS

When you have a problem and no one to turn to, one solution is to write agony aunt
for help and advice. This is a person who answers readers' problems in a newspaper or
magazine. Sometimes her name hides a team of journalist sometimes it is a real person.
Some of them receive a thousand letters a week. The number of letters is apparently on
the increase, for many of the old certainties about life and morality have disappeared in
this age of permissiveness. In a nonreligious age people look to the therapist or the
agony aunt for their moral guidelines. But how much can the agony aunt help? She
can't resolve another person's problem; she can just listen with interest and attention
and encourage people in certain areas where they lack confidence.
What kind of problems give rise to agony letters? According to the agony aunts the
problems never really change, and it is still the women who write most of the letters.
New opportunities in education and work for women have not changed the situation
much. Most women still primarily yearn for Mr Right and for "happily ever after". It is
a surprising fact that in a materialistic age marriage for love is increasing. But some
agony aunts believe that „love“ is noy enough for a succesful marriage. „I think“, says
one of them, "there is only one thing more dangerous than getting married for money,
and that's getting married for love when you are eighteen or nineteen years old." And
another often says to people: "Hard luck, too bad, but who ever promised you a rose
garden? Yes, I'm sad for you, I sympathize, but what are you going to do? Sit there and
cry? Now get up and get on with living."
From the letters:

I am 25 years old and have never had a boyfriend. I am rather plump and my
complexion is not very good. What do you suggest?
I have been told that my husband is going out with his secretary. I don't know how to
tackle this problem. Can you help me?
I have an excellent job which I enjoy, but working with my boss is difficult; he keeps
asking me out and I know he is married. I am running out of excuses, and I .don't want
to jeopardize my job. Please help me.
My wife's mother is trying to run our lives. We've been married for a year and we're
both in our twenties, but she still dictates when and where to take her out. 'What can I
do?
_____________________________________________________________________
age of permissiveness [pE'misivnEs] věk volnosti (zejm.sexuální); agony aunt
['Ageni ,a:nt] (humorně) osoba odpovídající v časopise na problémy čtenářů;
apparently [E'pAsrEntli] zřejmě; guideline vodítko, zásada; happily ever after (a
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žili) šťastně až do smrti - (jako v pohádkách a románech); jeopardize [džepEdaiz]

ohrozit; morality [mE'rAslEti] morálka; Mr Right ten pravý; plump baculatý;
resolve [ri'zolv] rozřešit; run řídit; tackle a problem řešit problem, vyrovnat se s
problémem; therapist [SerEpist] psychiatr; twenties: I´m in my twenties. Je mi přes
dvacet; yearn [jE:n] for st toužit po něčem
_____________________________________________________________________
NEWS AND NEWSPAPERS 01
news item, news report, piece of news zpráva, novinka

present [pri´zent] the news uvádět zprávy
the main news items / points of the news hlavní body zpráv, hlavní novinky
report [riCpo:t] on an event podat zprávu / reportáž o události
cover all important events referovat o všech důležitých událostech
acquaint [ECkweint] the public with the situation obeznámit veřejnost se situací
give detailed news / reports přinášet podrobné zprávy

describe in detail podrobně popsat
deal with a new aspect zabývat se novým aspektem
analyse a complex situation analyzovat složitou situaci
summarize [samEraiz] past events podat přehled posledních událostí
provide some background (information) vylíčit pozadí
devote [diCvEut] the whole column [kolEm] to st věnovat něčemu celý sloupec
send a (newspaper) reporter vyslat reportéra
journalist [džE:nElist] , brit hovor též pressman novinář
station correspondents in all major capitals dopisovatelé v důlež. hlavních městech
The newsagency supplies [sECplaiz] news to newspapers, radio, and TV.
The newsagency … Tisková agentura zásobuje zprávami tisk, rozhlas a televizi.
A piece of important news has come in. Došla důležitá zpráva.
be newsworthy [nju:zCwE:Di] mít hodnotu důležité zprávy
write from first-band / direct observation psát na základě přímého pozorování

be on the spot být na místě události / činu
use reports of eyewitnesses [aiwitnEs] použít zprávy očitých svědků
according to a (usually) reliable source podle (obvykle) spolehlivého pramene
deserve special attention zasluhovat zvláštní pozornost
have a flair [fleE] for news mít čich / instinkt pro novinky
have a nose for scandal [skAndl] mít čich pro skandály
dig up facts odhalit / odkrýt fakta
cause a great sensation [sen´seišn] způsobit velkou senzaci
become headline news dostat se do titulků
furnish, provide, supply (sb with) inside information dodat, informace (ze zákulisí)
pay a handsome sum of money zaplatit pořádně vysokou sumu
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come / run up against censorship [sensECšip] narazit na cenzuru

freedom of the press svoboda tisku
press release tiskové prohlášení
scoop hovor. senzace (zveřejněna jedněmi novinami dříve než ostatními „sólokapr“')
press lord / baron hovor tiskový magnát (kontroluje více novin)
journalese [,džE: nE´li:z] novinářský žargon
NEWSPAPER LAY-OUT AND CONTENT

newspaper lay-out grafická úprava novin
headline in bold type tučně vytištěný titulek
the latest news j.č. poslední zprávy
stop-press news j.č zprávy před uzávěrkou
editorial, brit též leader, leading article úvodník
article [a:tikl] článek

commentary [komEntEri] komentář
sports news sportovní zpravodajství
obituary [E'bičuEri] nekrolog
cultural page [kalčerEl peidž] kulturní příloha / stránka
crossword puzzle [pazl] křížovka

theatre review [SietE ri'vju:] divadelní kritika
column [kolEm] rubrika, fejeton, sloupek
gossip column společenská rubrika
A QUALITY NEWSPAPER
quality newspaper seriózní noviny
keep the readers well informed všestranně čtenáře informovat
keep up to date stále informovat o všem novém
give an (1) intelligent / informative / authoritative / prompt / entertaining account
give an (2) … referovat inteligentně / informativně / zasvěceně / pohotově / zábavně
balanced and truthful account / picture vyvážený a pravdivý obraz
unbiased [an'baiEst] and frank [frANk] nepředpojatý / nezkreslený a otevřený

argue convincingly [a:gju: kEnCvinsiNgli] přesvědčivě argumentovat
condensed account stručné podání
learn all the essentials dovědět se vše podstatné
enable the reader to get a clear view of an issue [išu:, isju:] umožnit čtenáři …
enable the reader … umožnit čtenáři (učinit si) jasný názor na otázku
write truthfully [rait tru:SfEli] psát pravdivě

disclose sb's action odhalit něčí čin
make a disclosure [dis' klEužE] učinit odhalení
New facts are coming to light. Vycházejí najevo nové skutečnosti.
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attack and denounce [di'nauns] corruption [kE'rapšn] napadnout a odsoudit korupci

be involved in polemics vést polemiku, zaplést se do polemiky
not be afraid of controversial subjects / issues nebát se polemických námětů / otázek
reject an allegation [ri:džekt En ,Aligeišn] odmítnout obvinění
support a good cause podporovat dobrou věc
exercise a great influence over / upon / on sb mít / uplatňovat velký vliv na někoho
AN INFERIOR NEWSPAPER
The news is biased [baiEst] Zprávy jsou zkreslené.
distort [di'sto:t] zkreslit
These two reports are inconsistent [,inkEn'sistEnt] Tyto dvě zprávy nesouhlasí.
contradict [,kontrE'dikt] each other navzájem si odporovat, být protichůdný
publish unconfirmed rumours [ru:mEz] uveřejnit nepotvrzené pověsti
unconvincing argument nepřesvědčivý argument

avoid certain subjects vyhýbat se jistým tématům
exaggerate [ig'zAdžereit] přehánět
tell lies říkat nepravdy / lži
not be based on fact(s) nezakládat se na faktech
false statement nepravdivé tvrzení

write a downright / outright lie napsat vyslovenou lež
allege [ECledž] tvrdit
allegedly údajně
make up / fabricate a story vymyslet si historku
canard [kACna:d], a false piece of news novinářská kachna

spread fabrications šířit výmysly
deny [dińai] popřít, dementovat
be extremely guarded in one´s judgement být velmi obezřetný ve svém úsudku
read between the lines číst mezi řádky
restrict oneself to the dark side of the picture omezit se na rub / stinnou stránku věci
ignore the good sides ignorovat / opomíjet dobré / kladné stránky
spread dubious [dju:biEs] / questionable views šířit pochybné názory
stale news staré zprávy
concentrate on sensational news zaměřit se na senzace
use empty phrases psát frázovitě

withhold [wiD'hEuld, wiS'hEuld] information from sb zatajit informace před někým
deceive, hoodwink the public oklamat, obalamutit veřejnost
devote a lot of space to advertising věnovat mnoho místa reklamám / inzerci
tabloid [tAbloid] plátek - obrázky + málo seriozních zpráv
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NEWSPAPER READERS
widely read hojně čtený, rozšířený

have a wide / big circulation vycházet ve vysokém nákladu
reach a readership of two million mít dva miliony čtenářů
reach a small public být málo rozšířený
appeal to the average reader zaměřit se na průměrného čtenáře, líbit se průměru
read by an influential section of the public čtený vlivnými kruhy

speak for sb mluvit za někoho
take a morning paper odebírat (ranní) noviny, odebírat deník
subscribe to a magazine předplatit si časopis
yearly subscription (celo)roční předplatné
get a paper at one's local newsagent's kupovat si noviny v místní prodejně novin
newsboy, newsvendor ['nju:z,vendE] prodavač novin, kamelot
paperboy doručovatel novin (chlapec)
on display on the stall / newsstand vystavený v novinovém stánku
do a paper round, amer have a paper route [ru:t] roznášet tisk
deliver doručovat
glance at the page (zběžně) pohlédnout na stránku
pay special attention to st věnovat něčemu zvláštní pozornost
leaf through prolistovat
skim zběžně / letmo pročíst, proletět
catch sb's eye upoutat někoho, zaujmout něčí pozornost
The paper says .. V novinách stojí ...

cut st out of a magazine vystřihnout si něco z časopisu
press / newspaper / magazine cutting /am. clipping výstřižek tisku / novin / časopisu
appear / come out on Sunday vycházet v neděli
back copy staré číslo
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Topics for minitatks:

1. The range of topics found in letters to the editor.
2. An issue I feel strong enough about to make it the subject of a letter to the editor.
3. Thetfustory of Fleet Street journalism.
4. The mam types of British daily newspapers.
5. A description of one or two British regional or Sunday newspapers.
6. The range of British weekUes.
7. Can an "agony aunt" resolve another person's problems?
8. What makes a successful marriage
9. The main topics of letters addressed to agony aunts.
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2. Personal questions:
1. Does your family take a newspaper? Any magazines? 2. What news do you
concentrate on when you open a newspaper and what do you\only skim? 3. Are there
periods when you read a newspaper more eagerly than usual? 4. Do you think that
there are areas of the world which should be covered in greater detail? 5. Do you think
that some subjects (e. g. accounts of crimes and accidents) should be avoided in the
daily press? 6. Are you a regular or occasional reader of the Czech monthlies dealing
with Czech and world literatures? 7. How much of what is relevant to your field of
study can be found in the cultural weeklies or monthlies? 8 Three magazines published
in Prague deal with films; how do they differ? 9. What sort of reports could you
contribute to a local paper? 10. Would you like a foreign correspondent's job?
3. Translate:
pohotově referovat o důležitých událostech; hlavní bod zpráv; psát reportáž na základě
přímého pozorování; na místě vyslechnout očité svědky; odkrýt nová fakta, vycházejí
najevo nové skutečnosti; zprávy před uzávěrkou; přečíst celý deník od úvodníku až po
sportovní zpravodajství; podávat vyvážený a pravdivý obraz; psát pravdivě; učinit
odhalení; nevyhýbat se ožehavým námětům; vést polemiku; zkreslený obraz; přehánět
a vymýšlet si historky; šířit výmysly; nepravdivé tvrzení; zaměřit se na senzace;
zaměřit se na průměrného čtenáře; novinářská kachna; odebírat noviny, předplatit si
časopis; celoroční předplatné; novinový stánek; prodejna novin a časopisů.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
PŘEDLOŽKA „O"
about - on – of
Všechny tři předložky mají ve spojení se slovesy sdělování a myšlení „týkající se

námětu sdělení nebo diskuse". Zatímco about se dá užít vždy, ostatní dvě předložky
mají význam speciálnější.
On zdůrazňuje promyšlené soustředění na námět a implikuje formálnost projevu -jde o
přednášku, proslov, písemné sdělení. Proto se nemůže on vyskytnout např. v kontextu
se story (příběh), argue (dohadovat se), chat (povídat si), quarrel (hádat se), dream
(snít). Rozdíl mezi použitím about nebo on vyplyne z následujících příkladů:
write about a friend in a letter write on foreign affairs for a newspaper

a discussion about one's future plans a discussion on Darwin's theory of evolution
speak about one's private problems speak / lecture to a club on any subject
you like (o čemkoli)
a book about butterflies a book / broadcast on butterflies
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Příklady, kdy je možné about, nikoli on: argue about politics, chat about the weather;
a fatry tale about a princess; know about sb's problems; quarrel about money; a story
about cowboys and Indians, tell sb about one's experience; think about sb's problems
(přemýšlet o).
About kontrastuje i s předložkou of; taje na místě tehdy, jde-Ii o pouhé sdělení
riámětu. Rozdíl mezi about a of bude zřejmý z následuiících příkladů:
I´ve heard of him. Slyšel jsem o něm. I´ve heard about him. Slyšel jsem o něm.
(o jeho existenci) (různé podrobnosti)
I know of him. Vím o něm. I know a lot about him. (tj. jaký je)
(např. že existuje)
I'm thinking of it. Uvažuji o tom. I'm thinking about it. Přemýšlím o tom.
He thought of the problem. He thought about it for a while.
Uvědomil si problém. Chvíli o tom uvažoval.
Vzpomněl si na ten problém.
I can't think of any better solution. I can't think about anything else.
Nenapadá mě žádné lepší řešení. Nedovedu na nic jiného myslet.
Stále myslím jen na to.
He spoke to me of various matters. I'd like to speak to you about my idea.
(tj. i stručně se zmínil) (tj. podrobně popsat)
There's no rain to speak of.
Skoro neprší. Ten déšť nestojí za řeč.
I wouldn't dream of going there. In Australia you can only dream about
Ani ve snu by mě nenapadlo tam jít. a white Christmas. (snít o)
I informed him of the change. I informed him about where to
Informoval jsem ho o změně. how to get there, and what to do there.
I´ve just learned of your succes / At school we learned a lot about
good fortune. about revolutions. (učili jsme se o)
Právě jsem se dozvěděl o tvém
úspěchu / štěstí.
That's our latest news of him. News about film stars is eagerly read
To je naše poslední zpráva o něm.
(by film fans).
Novinky o filmových hvězdách
se horlivě čtou.
_____________________________________________________________________
at
Česká předložka „o" je variantou předložky „na". Užívá se jen o časových obdobích:
at Christmas o vánocích, at Easter o velikonocích, at harvest time o žních, at the
weekend (brit.) o víkendu.
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Vazby:
ask for (sb's advice / permission) žádat někoho o (radu, svolení)
(= ask sb's advice / permission)
call for help volat / volání o pomoc
win by two goals / points vyhrát o dvě branky / dva body
play for money hrát o peníze
a play in three acts (=a three-act play) hra o třech dějstvích
two years older o dva roky starší
two centimetres taller o dva centimetry vyšší
lose st přijít o něco
take care of st / sb starat se o něco / někoho
be interested in st zajímat se o něco
bet / wager (sb) one pound vsadit se (s někým) o libru
rob sb of st oloupit někoho o něco
be anxious / worried about st mít obavy o něco
lean on / against st; lean against opírat se o něco, opírat se někomu o rameno
sb's shoulder
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Fill in the prepositions:

1. They quarrelled … politics with us. 2. She writes a regular column . . fashion for a
women's magazine 3. How did the discussion . . the origin of the universe end ? 4. The
discussion ... our plans for tomorrow is sure to last for hours. 5. They were chatting ...
their schooldays. 6. Has my boss informed you ... the latest changes he wants to make?
7. This year we can only dream … a white Christmas – there´s no snow whatsoever. 8.
Children love stories …, water sprites and water nymphs.
2. Translate:
1. Jeho jméno vůbec neznám, nikdy jsem o něm neslyšel 2 Povím ti vše, co jsem o
něm slyšel. 3. Dověděl jsem se o nich zajímavou podrobnost 4. Znáš ho trochu? - Ne,
ale vím o něm. Ale John může o něm vědět víc. 5. Uvažujeme o tom přestěhovat se na
venkov. 6. Vzpomněl jsem si na loňské prázdniny. 7. Nikdy si to nebezpečí
neuvědomuji. 8. Přemýšlej o tom a pak mi dej vědět!
3. Fill in the prepositions where necessary:

1. Last year it rained a lot... harvest time. 2 What sport are you interest . . most? 3. I
bet you … ten pounds that our team will win …. two goals. 4 Take good care ….
the money. 5. Although John's …. two years older than his brother, he's … about
five centimetres shorter. 6. Is it a one-act play? - No, it's a play ... three acts. 7. Did
you hear a call ... help? 8. Don't lean ... the railing - it might break. 9. He's anxious ...
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the safety of his money. 10. He likes to play cards, but not ... money. 11. They robbed
her ... her inheritance.
________________________________________________________________
REVISION LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
Introduction
This section in Lessons 1-20 covers, under seventy-six headings, some of the ways
in which English people express various language functions. Most of the expressions
will be familiar to you but the revision aims at teaching you to use these expressions
appropriately. Many requests or replies or phrases or formulas are neutral, others are
informal, others again formal, to be used when speaking to someone in authority or
someone you don't know well In this respect there are few differences between Britain
and this country in situations and social relations.
You are advised to read first all the phrases under one heading and determine the
style (in some harder cases the textbook does this for you) The instruction often tells
you how many informal or formal phrases you are to find in the list (the rest are
usually neutral) - this may help you sometimes when you can't make up your mind
Then check with the key to be found at the end of each section Only after determining
which phrases are suitable for informal, formal, or neutral situations, can you proceed
to complete the sentences or fill in the gaps in them or do whatever else is required of
you.
► Asking for information

a) You are at a hotel reception desk. You want to know whether your friend has
already checked in. Which of the following questions are too informal (2), and
which rather formal (1)?
1. Could you tell me … (please)? 2. Excuse me. Do you know... ? 3. (Got) any idea ...?
4 I'd like to know ... (please). 5. (Do you) happen to know ...? 6. I wonder if you'd be
able to inform me whether ?
b) You are asking a fellow passenger about a change in the flight schedule. Which
of the following questions are too informal (3)?
1. (Can you help me?) Do you happen to know anything about . ? 2. What's this I hear
about . .? 3 Excuse me, (Sorry to bother you, but) d'you know whether ... ? 4 I wonder
if you could tell me … ? 5 Say - do you know if … ? 6. Have you got any idea …? 7.
Heard anything about ...? 8 Can / Could you give me any information about...?
◘ Saying you don't know
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a) Your friend's father asks you about the difference between two makes of tape
recorders. Which responses are too informal (4)?
1. No idea. 2. I'm afraid I don't know anything / much about that. 3. (I'm sorry,) I
(really) don't know. 4. I haven't got the faintest idea. 5. I'm afraid / I must confess I
know very little about anything like that. 6. Don't ask me. 7. I don't know the first
thing about it.
b) Reword the dialogues in such a way as to make them more polite or more
appropriate in the situation:
A: Where's the No 6 bus stop? - B: I don't know.
C: Where's the nearest post office? - D: What? - C: I said where's the nearest post
office. - D: I've no idea.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of modal verbs):

1. On to přece nemohl napsat - neumí anglicky. 2. Přece se mi to nemohlo zdát ve snu.
3. Možná, že si to vymyslel. 4. Možná, že do zítřka se to zlepší. 5. Možná, že to
nerozeznáš. 6. Mohu se o to pokusit podruhé? 7. Mohl ses zeptat, já na tvém místě
bych se byl zeptal. 8. Nemohl jsem věřit svým očím. 9. Zapomněls? - Jak bych mohl.
10 Mohla to všechno unést? - Ne, jsem si jist, že nemohla.
2. Fill in the infinitive with or without to

1. He wants (go) to the seaside 2. He promised (lend) me his bike. 3. She decided
(earn) some money. 4. In the end I made him (take) some. 5. We heard your brother
(praise) you. 6. I didn't see him (leave). 7. I didn't notice him (leave) either. 8. I felt
something (touch) my leg. 9. I helped him (clear) the table. 10 I watched him (break)
it.
Key
Asking for information a) I: 3,5, F: 6, b) I: 2, 5, 7
Saying you already know about it 1: 6, F: 5, 7
Saying you don't know, a) I: 1, 4, 6, 7
____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 02 PEOPLE, NATIONS AP2
CULTURE SHOCK
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People going abroad - to a distant country or a different continent – may experience

hat is called "culture shock". They are upset by the unfamilianty of the environment -
something like being a "fish out of water". Americans, for example, often find the
social life in Latin America and Asia rather puzzling, since the customs there are so
different from those of their own society.
1. People and time. Americans expect other fellow Americans to be on time and a
meeting or appointment to begin at the time for which it was scheduled. This concern
with time and its value is very acute in the U.S. (and many other parts of the world too,
of course). Being punctual is considered a mark of respect and also an indication of
efficiency. In Latin America waiting three quarters of an hour to see an important
official is routine. Latin Americans in general feel contempt for "watching the watch".
2. People and work. In North America, work m itself is honorable, and that includes
air kinds - physical work is not regarded as inferior. This respect for work is a legacy
from the early colonist, who knew that to survive in a harsh environment, he had to
work. Besides, it was regarded as essential to try to rise higher and higher, and earn
more and more, in any job and in any career. In many places in the world, however,
life and leisure time are regarded as being at least as important as work. Work should
only enable you to earn what you need to enjoy life according to the traditional norm
of your class. Other things are more important for self-respect than success at work:
first, the honor and dignity of one's family, and the courage with which one defends it,
and, second, sexual success. There is considerable contempt for physical work, a
situation very different from that in the U.S.A., where almost everybody has been in a
service position at some time in his life - as a waiter, waitress, gas station, attendant,
storeclerk, in one of the hundreds of summer jobs young Americans take. A very
popular phrase in the U.S.A. is: "Let's DO something about it " An older proverb says
"God helps those who help themselves". In short, accomplishment and success are the
goals in American life. And if someone fails in the competition, it is his fault.
3. View of human nature. In Asia and in Latin America there is more fatalism about
success or its lack. While Americans think that self-control is both possible and
necessary, and take a generally optimistic view of human nature, in Latin America it is
believed that man is primarily motivated by his biological needs and various external
forces, and little faith is put in efficiency of education and self-control. A woman
cannot be trusted and left alone among men, say both the Latinos and the Arabs,
adding that neither the woman nor the man can be blamed for their sexual behaviour
because biological drives are more powerful than social conventions.
4. Greetings. The American says a hurried "Hi" and is on his way. The Asian's style of
speech is more cordial and flowery, so that the American approach appears to him to
be brusque and curt. Men do not hug and kiss each other in North America. In Asia it
is quite common for people of the same sex to walk hand in hand. Such conduct,
however, is considered homosexual in the U.S.A.
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5. Business relations. In Asia and in Latin America, one must not get down to
business immediately. It is very important, both in commerce and in politics, to
develop personal relations. Business is concluded only after the partners have met and
found they can get along in a friendly way. There is a distrust of any institution or of
any people with whom you have no direct or.at least mediated personal relation. In the
U.S.A. the personality of the representative of a business firm does not matter - you
buy a car because you trust a particular make, not because the salesman is a nice
person. Only in U.S. politics is the personality becoming increasingly important: the
personality of the candidate for the U.S. presidency is usually more important than his
political allegiance.
6. Speaking directly to the point. The American habit of not "beating about the bush"
is a strong characteristic. When an American goes abroad, he is surprised and often
dismayed because all foreigners do not give a straightforward reply as he does - some
answer in a way that they think will flatter and please - and the American thinks the
foreigner is insincere and, possibly, somewhat questionable to deal with.
7. Eye movement. American eye movement might be characterized as polite

inattention. An individual will look long enough to make it clear to the other person
that he has seen him, then he will look away to avoid staring. On the other hand, when
an American wants to show that he is trustworthy and truthful, he looks the other
person square in the eye. But when an Asian youth does not avert his eyes when
talking to his superiors or any person of authority gazing on him, he will be regarded
as rude and arrogant: it is only proper to look away as a sign of respect.
8. Body posture and speaking distance. Hands on hips, an American relaxed posture,
is often interpreted by others as aggressive or at least arrogant, showing that you feel
superior. Placing one's feet up on the desk when sitting on a chair is regarded as rude
in Europe too. Latin Americans and Arabs tend to have a much closer conversational
distance than do Americans. A person from either of these two cultures will literally
back an American across the room - both sides unconsciously trying to maintain a
comfortable distance. Therefore Americans are thought to be cold, the other emotional
and pushy.
9. Men and women. In Asia the dominant figure in the family and in the society is the
male. Whatever the husband says is right. Besides, the male is not expected to perform
chivalrous gestures for women, such as opening the door for the woman he is escorting
or walking on the street side of the sidewalk of being presented to the woman and not
vice versa. In the U.S.A., whenever a woman enters a room where a man is sitting, he
rises and remains standing until she either sits down or leaves. Invitations are for
husband and wife together: it is rare for the wife to stay home and the husband to go
out alon as is the case in some Asian and African countries. If an American family
have small children who cannot be left by themselves, a babysitter is hired for several
hours so they can both go out. In North America and Europe women have great
freedom - to go to the movies, sit in parks, eat in restauran unescorted. If a girl holds
hands with a boy it does not imply they will get married. Kissing in the presence of
20 / 474
other people is not regarded as obscene. Marriage is thought of as a partnership,

household duties are more or less shared, husbands help with the cooking, washing,
and housecleaning and frequently go to the supermarket to shop for the groceries, and
they wash the family car. The husband is only the symbolic head of the house.
10. Parents and children. There is less discipline within an American family than
elsewhere. On the other hand, an Asian child, though he receives a stronger dose of
discipline, also gets more affection. If he falls, the parent will rush to pick him up. The
American parent, on seeing his child fall; will keep an eye on him to see that he is all
right, but he won't dash to pick him up. This helps the child develop self-confidence.
After marriage, the parents of the couple are usually careful not to interfere with the
new family, while in Asia the grandparents may have a large say in their married
children's affairs. And because American life is full of mobility, parents and children
and other relatives usually get together for reunions only on national holidays such as
Thanksgiving and Christmas.
_____________________________________________________________________
accomplishment dosažení něčeho (v životě); avert [E'vEt] odvrátit; beat about the
bush chodit kolem horké kaše; brusque [bru:sk, brusk], amer. [brask] strohý, příkrý;
case: as is the case jak je tomu; curt úsečný, strohý; dignity důstojnost; drive pud;
escort [i´sko:t] doprovázet; fatalism [feitElizm] fatalismus; honorable úctyhodný;
Latino [lA'tirnEu] Jihoameričan (též ze Střední Ameriky); legacy [legEsi] odkaz;
obscene [Eb'si:n] obscénní; political allegiance [E'li:džEns] politická příslušnost,
loajalita; posture [posčE] držení téla, pozice, pushy dotěrný; puzzling záhadný;
questionable pochybný; routine [ru: 'ti:n] běžný; say: have a large say in st mít v
něčem velké slovo; square rovnou, přímo; straightforward [,streiťfo:wEd] přímý;
trustworthy ['trast wE:Di] důvěryhodný; unfamiliarity [,anfEmili'ArEti] cizost,
neobvyklost
_____________________________________________________________________
BRITAIN'S SIKHS JUBILANT
Britain's Sikh community were jubilant over a historic decision by five law lords that
Sikhs constitute a racial group under the 1976 Race Relations Act. The ruling
recognizes the right of Sikh boys to wear turbans as part of their school uniform.
A private school headmaster was found guilty of racial discrimination in refusing

admission to a Sikh boy unless he removed his turban and cut his hair. The headmaster
said that he felt that the decision was a restriction of the traditional freedom of English
independent schools and that it gave special privileges to Sikhs. But the religious
leader of Britain's 350,000 Sikhs described the House of Lords decision as historic
"not only for the Sikh community but for the future of race relations in this country.
I've always believed that races can live together in peace and harmony. This decision
shows that the courts appreciate the changing racial and ethnic structure of Britain. I
hope that the decision will lead to a better understanding between different
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communities on the basis of each respecting the other's ethnic, cultural and religious
differences"
_____________________________________________________________________
community obec, společenství; jubilant jásající; law lords hovor. = Lords of Appeal
(členové horní sněmovny, kteří tvoří nejvyšší odvolací soud; teoreticky všichni lordi ve
sněmovně mají právo se soudního jednání účastnit); manifestation projev; ruling
rozhodnutí; turban [tE:bEn] turban
Sikh [si:k] Sikh (a member of monotheistic religion founded in India in the 16th
century); the Sikh community Sikhové
_____________________________________________________________________
INVITATION TO A RECEPTION
BP Chemicals requests the pleasure

of the company of
…
at a reception at
The Shakespeare Hotel, Chapel Street,
Stratford-upon-Avon,
on Wednesday, 16 September, 7 to 9 p.m.
Before the reception, there will be an optional guided tour of Shakespeare's Birthplace.
Transport from the National Exhibition Centre (NEC), outside Hall 6. will be
arranged. Please bring this invitation with you. RSVP on enclosed card.
_____________________________________________________________________
Enclosed card
I would like / I am unable* to visit Shakespeare's Birthplace - to attend the reception at
the Shakespeare Hotel.
* Delete where nonapphcable
Travel arrangements - please indicate your requirement with an x:

_____Please reserve a place on a coach leaving outside Hall 6 at 5 p.m. to visit
Shakespeare's Birthplace.
_____I shall make my own travel arrangements. Name
Company
_____________________________________________________________________
Delete [di'li:t] where nonapphcable. Nehodící se škrtnete R,S,V,P Prosím

odpovězte (na pozvání); zkratka z francouzského Répondcz s'il vous plait)
_____________________________________________________________________
PERSONAL NAMES
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(From the Guinness Book of Records)

Earliest. The earliest known name of any resident of Britain is Divitiacus, the Celtic
ruler of the Kent area about 75 BC.
Commonest surname. The commonest surname in the English-speaking world is
Smith The most recent published count showed 659,000 nationally insured Smiths in
Great Britain, of whom 10,102 were plain John Smith and another 19,502 John (plus
one or more given names) Smith. There was an estimated 2,380,000 Smiths in the
USA in the 1970s. There are estimated to be 1 6 million persons in Britain with M, Mc
or Mac (Gaelic "son or') as part of their surnames. The commonest ot these is
Macdonald (about 55,000) In China, at a low estimate, there are at least some 104
million Changs.
Commonest first name. The most popular first names of babies listed in the birth
columns of The Times in 1993 (2,029 girls, 2,247 boys): 1. Alexander 2. Thomas 3.
James 4. William 5. Charles 6. George 7. Henry 8. Edward 9. Oliver 10. Nicholas –
1. Sophie (tops the list in 1992 too) 2. Olivia 3. Emily 4. Alice 5. Charlotte 6. Eleanor
7. Lucy 8. Emma 9. Elizabeth 10. Georgina and Harriet.
- The 1993 Guinness Book of Names lists the following top 10 names for boys in
England and Wales: 1. Daniel 2. Matthews 3. James 4. Christopher 5. Thomas 6.
Joshua 7. Adam 8. Michael 9. Luke 10. Andrew. John, who from 1200 to 1925 was
first or second (with William) is now 37th.
_____________________________________________________________________
lead: with a slight lead over sb mírně vedoucí před někým; make the top fifty dostat
se mezi prvních padesát
_____________________________________________________________________
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 02
DETERIORATION
deteriorate [di' tiEriEreit], grow worse zhoršit se

worsen zhoršit (se)
strained relations napjaté vztahy
far from friendly všechno, jen ne přátelský
take a turn for the worse měnit se / obracet se k horšímu
go from bad to worse být čím dal horší, stále se zhoršovat

degenerate [di'dženEreit] further owing to zhoršit se / upadat ještě více následkem ..
be on bad terms špatně spolu vycházet
break off diplomatic relations přerušit diplomatické styky
A new area of conflict arose. Objevila se další oblast sporů.
disagreement on minor issues neshoda v méně důležitých otázkách

reject a proposal zamítnout návrh
adopt a strong anti-French policy zahájit silně protifrancouzskou politiku
23 / 474
an apparently irreconcilable [i,rekEn'sailEbl] division of opinion zřejmě …

an apparently … zřejmě nesmiřitelná rozdílnost názorů
frustrate peace efforts zmařit mírové úsilí

take a tough / hard line zahájit / přijmout ostrý kurs, zastávat tvrdou linu
negotiate from a position of strength jednat z pozice sily
dove - hawk [dav, ho:k] holubice - jestřáb
step up the conflict stupňovat spor
drive a wedge between the allies [Alaiz] vrazit klín mezi spojence
make allegations [,Ali'geišnz] of st obviňovat z něčeho
unsupported by the evidence nepotvrzený důkazy
accuse sb of not keeping the treaty obvinit někoho z nedodržení smlouvy
not to feel bound by the treaty necítit se vázán smlouvou
flare-up of animosity [,Ani'mosEti] vzplanutí nepřátelství

violate [vaiEleit] an agreement porušit dohodu
denounce [di'nauns] a treaty vypovědět smlouvu
border incident pohraniční incident
label / brand sb (as) an aggressor označit někoho za útočníka
violate sb's air space porušit něčí vzdušný prostor / vzdušnou svrchovanost
upset the international balance of power zvrátit rovnováhu sil ve světě
advocate bolder measures / steps zastávat / hlásat raznější opatření / kroky
have recourse [ri' ko:s] to violence [vaiElEns] uchýlit se k násilí
The talks broke down / foundered / failed. Rozhovory byly bezúspěšné
lead to no results nevést k výsledkům

The negotiations have reached a deadlock. Jednaní uvázlo na mrtvém bodě.
The talks are dragging (on). Jednání se vleče.
a way out of the impasse [Am' pa:s], amer. [impAs] cesta ze slepé uličky
walk out of a session odejít ze zasedání
break off a conference přerušit konferenci

lead ultimately to war vést posléze k válce
be on the brink of war být na pokraji války / válečného konfliktu
draw into a war zatáhnout do války
take retaliatory [ri' tAliEtEri] measures učinit odvetná opatření
refer the dispute to the UN předložit spor OSN

There is a remote possibility of war. Existuje vzdálená možnost války.
There's no reason to despair. Není důvodu k zoufalství.
ARMAMENTS
make / get ready / prepare for fighting připravovat se na boj

stir up war rozněcovat válku, podněcovat k válce
24 / 474
build up one's armaments zbrojit

build up one's armed forces budovat si armádu
buildup (of military forces) zbrojeni
embark on an armament(s) programme zahájit program zbrojení
spend large amounts on armaments věnovat / vydat velké částky na zbrojení

appropriate a sum přidělit / odhlasovat částku (v parlamentě)
expenditures on warfare výdaje na vedení války
start an arms drive začít usilovně zbrojit
arms race závod(y) ve zbrojení
burden on the national economy břemeno pro národní hospodářství
rearm znovu (se) vyzbrojit

raise an army postavit armádu
increase the nation's preparedness zvýšit připravenost
striking power bojová / úderná síla
expand defence production rozšířit výrobu pro potřeby obrany
mobilize all resources mobilizovat všechny zdroje
establish air and naval bases zřídit letecké a námořní základny

take measures vital for the country's safety učinit opatření důležitá pro bezp.země
take steps to ensure st podniknout kroky k zajištění něčeho
nuclear proliferation šíření nukleárních zbraní
try to get a war started snažit se rozpoutat válku
DISARMAMENT
present a plan for disarmament předložit návrh na odzbrojení

unilateral [ju:ni' lAtErEl] jednostranný
disarm [dis'a:m] by stages odzbrojit po etapách
limit / reduce / restrict / cut the defence budget omezit / snížit rozpočet na obranu
cut overall military expenditures to the level of 19.. snížit celkové vojenské výdaje
cut overall … na úroveň roku 19..
reduce conventional arms snížit počty konvenčních zbraní

undertake / make drastic arms cuts provést drastické snížení zbrojení
suggest / propose a reduction in armaments navrhnout omezené zbrojení
urge complete and immediate / partial and gradual disarmament
urge complete … naléhat na úplné a okamžité / částečné a postupné odzbrojení
limit military, air, and naval forces snížit počet vojenských, leteckých a námoř.sil
shorten / reduce / curtail [kE: 'teil] the period of military service zkrátit …
shorten / reduce … zkrátit dobu vojenského výcviku / vojenské služby
disband [dis' bAnd] the army rozpustit armádu
withdraw [wiD'dro:, wiS'dro:] one's troops from (Pakistan) stáhnout vojska z …
25 / 474
destroy fortifications zničit opevnění

stockpile of A-bombs ['ei bomz] zásoby atomových bomb
stockpile missiles [misailz], amer. [mislz] hromadit rakety
cut one's ties with a military pact přerušit sve svazky s vojenským paktem
denounce [di'nauns] war odsoudit válku
ban / prohibit nuclear armaments / weapons altogether úplný zakáz atom.zbraní
put a ban on st uvalit zákaz na něco

outlaw weapons of mass destruction postavit zbraně hromadného ničení mimo zákon
use in one's defence only užít jen na svou obranu
stop test explosions zastavit pokusné výbuchy
sign a test-ban treaty podepsat dohodu o zákazu pokusných výbuchů
halt [ho:lt] to the arms race zastavení závodů ve zbrojení

establish strict international control zřídit přísnou mezinárodní kontrolu
create an atom-free zone vytvořit bezatomové pásmo
demilitarized zone demilitarizované pásmo
NEGOTIATIONS, IMPROVING RELATIONS
call a (top-level / summit) conference svolat konferenci (na nejvyšší úrovni)

meet a statesman for discussions sejít se se státníkem k rozhovorům
establish personal contacts navázat osobní styky
have / hold talks mít rozhovory
interrupt - resume / reopen the talks přerušit - znovu zahájit / rozhovor(y)
negotiate jednat, vyjednávat

start negotiations zahájit jednání
new round of talks nové kolo rozhovorů
be on the agenda [E' džEndE] of the assembly být na programu shromáždění
take the initiative [i'nišEtiv] ujmout se iniciativy
settle a border dispute urovnat pohraniční spor

act as a mediator in the controversy [kontrEvE:si, kEn'trovEsi] zprostředkovatel
sporu
mediate between the two sides být zprostředkovatelem mezi oběma stranami
discuss a matter at a conference prodiskutovat záležitost na konferenci
at the conference table u konferenčního stolu
agree to a proposal souhlasit s návrhem

come to terms dohodnout se
reach a settlement on an issue dosáhnout dohody v jistém bodě
meet sb midway vyjít někomu na půl cesty vstříc
achieve success dosáhnout úspěchu
26 / 474
conclude a nonaggression pact uzavřít smlouvu o neutočení

treaty of friendship and mutual assistance smlouva o přátelství a vzájemné pomoci
multilateral treaty multilaterální / mnohostranná smlouva
ratify ratifikovat
keep dodržovat
bound by st vázán něčím
come into effect vstoupit v platnost
alignment [E'lainmEnt] sdružování v pakty

Unanimity [,junE'nimEti] prevails on most 1 points. Ve většině otázek jednomysln.
adopt a reasonable / sensible view of st zaujmout rozumné stanovisko v něčem
show a conciliatory [kEn 'siliEtEri] spirit projevit dobrou vůli / smířlivost
settle a dispute in a peaceful way urovnat spor pokojnou cestou
seek a solution acceptable to all hledat řešení přijatelné pro všechny
settle controversial issues by peaceful negotiations řeš.spor.ot.mírovým jednáním
make a concession učinit ústupek

reach / achieve a compromise dosáhnout kompromisu
yield to the pressure of world opinion podvolit se tlaku světového mínění
strengthen the alliance [E'laiEns] posílit / utužit svazek / spojenectví
normalize relations normalizovat vztahy
strengthen peace posílit mír
try to achieve peace usilovat o mír
abandon the use of force vzdát se používání síly
allay [E' lei] fears and apprehensions zmírnit / utišit strach a obavy
guarantee the frontiers garantovat hranice (dát slib ochrany)
give a feeling of security dát pocit bezpečí

International tension relaxed temporarily. Mezinárodní napětí dočasně polevilo.
lessen / diminish the threat / chances of a new war zmenšit nebezpečí nove války
avert war odvrátit válku
prevent bloodshed zabránit krveprolévání
ward off a conflict zažehnat konflikt

alleviate [E'li:vieit] the crisis zmírnit krizi
establish closer contacts navázat těsnější styky
recognize a regime [rei'ži:m] diplomatically uznat režim navázáním diplomat.styků
on the basis of equality [i'kwolEti] and noninterference [,nonintE'fiErEns]

on the basis … na základě rovnosti a nevměšování
non interfere in a country's internal / domestic affairs
non interfere … nevměšovat se do vnitřních záležitostí země
_____________________________________________________________________
27 / 474
1. Translate:
1. distrust of institutions, 2. avert one's eyes; 3. be dismayed when not getting a
straightforward reply; 4. beat about the bush; 5 be somewhat questionable to deal
with; 6. look away to avoid staring; 7. gaze on sb; 8. chivalrous gesture; 9. be rude and
pushy; 10. shop for the groceries; 11. RSVP on enclosed card; 12. Delete where
nonapphcable.
2. Sum up the different approaches and attitudes of people in markedly different

cultures to:
1. the passage of time; 2. physical work; 3. the work - leisure ratio; 4. human nature; 5.
the status of women; 6. hugging and kissing between friends of the same sex; 7. the
role of personality in the conduct of business; 8. flattery versus straightforward replies;
9. looking people square in the eye; 10. placing hands on hips while talking to other
people; 11. speaking distance; 12. performing chivalrous gestures for women; 13. joint
invitations for husband and wife; 14. sharing household duties; 15. holding hands and
kissing (between young people of the opposite sex); 16. the treatment of children
(discipline versus affection); 17. interference by parents in their married children's
affairs.
3. Comment on the following sayings:

1. Lend your money and lose your friend. 2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 3. A
woman never has a best friend. 4. Good fences make good neighbours. 5. Love your
neighbour as yourself. (Christianity) 6. Regard your neighbour's gain as your own gain
and your neighbour's loss as your own loss. (Taoism) 7. Do not to others that which, if
done to you, would cause you pain. (Islam)
4. Topics for minitalks:

1. The picture of the British people in Čapek's Letters from England.
2. A few observations from George Mikes's How to Be an Alien.
3. Loneliness - a modern social problem.
4. The commonest family names and first names in Britain and in this country.
1. How did you meet your best friend? Have you been friends for a long time? 2.
When you feel depressed about some personal problem, do you talk about it to your
friend? 3. Have you tried to "improve" or change your friend's character? Have you
yourself changed under his influence? 4. What are the limits of your friendship (for
what reasons would you terminate it; e.g. when your friend becomes involved with
someone you don't like, when he keeps borrowing money from you, changes his moral
views, etc.)? 5. Has your close friend any prejudices? 6. Do you feel bored when you
are alone? 7. Do you feel nervous when you are to meet new people? 8. A drunk is
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creating a disturbance in the train; would you get involved and try to restrain him or
would you just observe what was happening?
6. Translate:
napjaté vztahy; měnit se k horšímu; špatně spolu vycházet; přerušit diplomatické
styky; zamítnout návrh; názorový rozdíl; nesmiřitelný postoj; přijmout1 ostrý kurs;
jednat z pozice síly; stupňovat spor; být vázán smlouvou; vypovědět smlouvu; porušit
dohodu; uchýlit se k násilí; jednání uvízlé na mrtvém bodě; podněcovat k válce; učinit
odvetná opatření; zbrojit; podniknout kroky k zajištění míru; předložit návrh na
odzbrojení; snížit rozpočet na obranu; odsoudit válku; zakázat zbraně hromadného
ničení; zastavit pokusné výbuchy; zastavit závody ve zbrojení; vytvořit bezatomové
pásmo; svolat konferenci na nejvyšší úrovní; mít rozhovory; zahájit jednání; nové kolo
rozhovorů; ujmout se iniciativy; urovnat spor pokojnou cestou; dosáhnout dohody v
jistém bodě; být zprostředkovatelem ve sporných otázkách; projevit dobrou vůli; učinit
ústupek; sjednat smlouvu o neútočení; vstoupit v platnost po ratifikaci; zmenšit
nebezpečí války; zabránit krveprolévání.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR PŘEDLOŽKA „V"
in
1. místně; převažuje představa plochy nebo prostoru; proto např. velká města se
obvykle pojí s in (srovnejte at):
live / work in London; live in Concord Street; sit in the car; lie in bed; be in bed; with
(the) flu; swim in the sea; situated in the corner; sec st in the mirror; be in sb's way
2. časově; pojí se s obdobím:

in January; in winter; in my youth; in the 20th century; in the future; in the next two
days
3. pokud je in užito u instituce, bývá podstatné jméno bez členu:

be in prison být ve vězení; být vězněn; ale the cells in the prison cely v budově
věznice
at
1. místně; lokalita se vnímá jako bod na mapě abudova se chápe jako instituce:
at Stratford; at 46 Concord Street; at home; at a hotel; at the entrance
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Srovnání at - in:
stay at a hotel a murder in the hotel

have one's meals at a restaurant be sitting in a restaurant
The plane stops / refuels at London on We saw the main sights in London.
its way to New York.
(Londýn je zastávka -, bod na trati)
He's employed at the bank. He was a policeman at one time
but now he works in a bank.
( pracoviště – protiklad k druhému)
Tom's at school. a) Tom je ve škole. There were decorators / burglars in the
(má vyučování); b) Tom chodí do školy. school yesterday.
Tom's parents were at his school yesterday. (jejich přítomnost ve škole nesouvisí
(to ask how he was getting on). s vyučováním)
work at the hospital be in hospital být v nemocnici
(být hospitalizován)
the wards in the hospital nemoc.sály
study at Oxford (i.e at Oxford live in Oxford (nemá-li město pro nás
University) jiný význam než bydliště)
I saw it at Stratford. I lived at / in Stratford. Shakespeare's
(v divadle ve Stratfordu) house in Stratford.
2. časově; pro časový bod

at five; at noon; at midnight; at that moment / time (v tu chvíli / dobu); též však at
night (existuje i in the night, jež více zdůrazňuje průběh noci)
on pojí se s časovým obdobím (den nebo část dne):

on Sunday, on 30 September; on Sunday morning, on the morning of the first of
October
Vazby
beat sb at a game porazit někoho ve hře
win / lose at cards vyhrát / prohrát v kartách
be good at st (e.g. languages) být dobrý v něčem
be at a loss být v rozpacích (nevědět, co dělat)
be at war with sb být ve válce (ve válečném stavu) s někým
(but; He was in the war) (ale - Byl ve válce. Bojoval za války.)
war.)
in comparison with st (but: By com- ve srovnání s něčím
parison, A is much cheaper.)
on the first floor, on the ground floor v prvním poschodí; v přizemí
on television; on the radio v televizi, v rozhlase
30 / 474
on duty ve službě
on a small scale v malém měřítku
on (the) average v průměru
be one's guard být ve střehu
Have you been to England? Už jsi byl v Anglii?
under repair (= being repaired) v opravě

1. He works ... London but lives... the country. 2. Father is now ... John's school at a
PTA meeting. 3. How's John doing ... school? 4. There was a big robbery ... the post
office. 5. You can get stamps ... the post office over there. 6. There's some wonderful
art nouveau decor... that hotel. 7. They're full up... the Palace Hotel. 8. ... that moment
I didn't know what to do. 9. He's hopeless... games, at least ... comparison with Bob.
10. Between 1939 and 1945 Britain was .i. war with Nazi Germany. 11. Many
thousands of British subjects were killed ... the war. 12. Is nurse Macpherson... duty
today? 13. Have you ever been ... the USA? 14 His office is... the top floor.
2. Translate:
1. v malém měřítku; 2. v opravě; 3. v průměru dva dopisy týdně; 4. porazit ve fotbale
nejlepší mužstvo; 5. být na rozpacích, co dělat; 6. být ve střehu; 7. pořad v rozhlase.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 02
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
► Reminding
a) On leaving home for a holiday, you remind a friend to water the plants and
feed the pets while you are away. Which requests are too formal (3)?
1. You won't forget to ..., will you? 2. You will remember to ..., won't you? 3. Let me
remind you... 4. Please don't forget to... 5. I'm sure you won't forget, but just let me
remind you ... 6. Now don't forget about... 7. May I remind you... 8. I should like to
remind you ...
b) What would you remind a friend of yours of who is:

1. going to sit for a university entrance examination; 2. going to leave his flat for the
whole month; 3. going on a long car journey; 4. going to take his children to the
swimming pool on a hot day; 5. going to carry a lot of money on him?
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◘ Saying you remember
A lecturer asks you whether a friend of yours attended a seminar of his a month
ago. Complete the replies that are not too informal (2):
1. I remember (quite clearly) ... 2. I seem to remember ... 3. No - I can remember... 4.
Let me see. Sure. I remember... 5. If I'm not mistaken... 6. Hold on. Yes, now that I
think about it... 7. Unless I'm mixing it up with another time... 8. Oh yes. I have a very
clear picture of...
Saying you have forgotten
A friend asks you: "What was the title of the book?" Which response is too
formal (1)?
1.1 (really) can't / don't remember. 2. (I'm afraid) I forget now. 3. It's slipped my mind.
4. You know, I just can't remember right now. 5. Unfortunately, I'm unable to recall it
at the moment. 6. Let me think. No, it's no good. It's gone.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR

1. Mám se k nim přidat? 2. Měl bys to zaplatit. 3. Neměl sis to objednávat. 4. Vlak má
přijet před devátou. 5. Kde je? Měl nás čekat. 6. Mělo se to konat už v lednu, ale pak
to odložili. 7. Máš se o něj více starat. 8. Nemám to také zkusit?
2. Respond (revision of the verb + object case -f- infinitive construction):

Example: Will he find it out? - want
I want him to find it out.
1. Will they repeat the experiment? - ask 2. Will he apologize? - expect 3. Will she win
the race? - I'd like 4. Will the trip end badly? - I wouldn't like 5. Shall I wash the
dishes? - prefer 6. Do we need to go there? - want
Key
Reminding: a) F: 3, 7, 8
Saying you remember: I. 4, 6
Saying you have forgotten: F: 5
____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 03 WORK AND LABOUR AP2
INSTANT MUSCLE, INSTANT EMPLOYMENT
32 / 474
It all began with four school-leavers. They left school with failed A levels and no
prospect of a job. Looking around in the well-heeled part of Surrey where they lived,
they saw work to be done, though no actual jobs. They printed a leaflet and offered
their services under the title Instant Muscle. The list of unskilled services they offered
included mowing the lawn, painting the house, sweeping the leaves, papering the
bedroom, unblocking the drains, digging the garden, minding the baby - all the jobs
you meant to do but hadn't had time to do. Within two days they had been asked to do
seventy jobs in the area, charging a standard L 4.50 an hour. So they called in some
more unemployed friends, and soon forty of them were working full time.
The father of one of the boys became interested. He saw how Instant Muscle could
grow and spread all over the country. He set to work on it, for no pay, and now there
are some forty flourishing Instant Muscle cooperatives around the country. Inquiries
are pouring in from young people and youth leaders wanting to start a co-op of their
own. To get started each co-op needs a few hundred pounds in cash to acquire
premises, telephone, and a few tools. This is usually available from the local authority
or a local charity. Each group has a controller, also a co-op member, who sits by the
telephone and deploys people as jobs come in. There is a part-time treasurer who
keeps the books and deals with taxes, insurance, and VAT. His books are subject to the
members' approval.
The co-op operations now include house cleaning, curtain making, concreting, a
home hairdressing service, setting up a network for marketing craft and pottery
products where the producers are too small to have their own marketing systems, and
selling trout to local restaurants - again it wouldn't be worth the fish farm's while to
have its own sales force, and the members of the cooperative take the sales on part-
time on a regular basis. The young people have learned a lot of skills and they enjoy
the work - they say it's quite different from working for an employer. They all decide
how to spend the money and what to do next. "We've had no arguments, and it works
very well," they say. If someone wants, at some later stage, to buy out of the co-op and
set up his own business, he's free to do so. The British education system teaches
people to expect jobs, and not to think of how they might create their own work. The
value of Instant Muscle is, that the young people suddenly realize that they have
marketable skills and that they learn how to market them.
_____________________________________________________________________
charity dobročinná organizace; concrete [koNkri:t] betonovat; deploy [di'ploi]
rozmístit; flourish [flariš] vzkvétat, prosperovat; marketable zpeněžitelný, prodejný;
mind sb pečovat o někoho; pour in ['po:r 'in] hrnout se (hromadně docházet);
premises [premisiz] provozní, prostory, místnosti; sales force prodávající personál;
treasurer [trežErE] pokladník; trout [traut] pstruh; unblock pročistit (ucpané); VAT
[,vi::eí:ti:, vAt] zkratka z value-added tax (druh daně z prodeje zboží n. ze služeb);
well-heeled slang prachatý
_____________________________________________________________________
TRIBUTE TO BRITISH WORKERS
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Three stamps issued by the Post Office pay a tribute to British engineering skills.
They are in line with the theme "Works of human genius" chosen by the Conference
for European Posts and Telecommunications for this year.
The 16p stamp shows the Humber Bridge, which at 1,410 metres long is the biggest
single-span bridge in the world. The 20 l/2p stamp shows the Thames Flood Barrier,
now in service at Woolwich. This structure is a very eye-catching design and is one of
the world's largest flood defence schemes. The third stamp, at 28p, illustrates an off-
shore oil rig.
The Humber Bridge is seen daily by many people in that area, the Thames Flood
Barrier at times when weather conditions call for it to operate, and the oil rig only by
those working in North Sea oil development. But in the form of stamps, we can all
"put them in our collection".
_____________________________________________________________________
barrier [bAria] bariéra; eye-catching nápadný; line: in line with st ve shodě s něčím;
off-shore rig plovoucí věž pro těžbu nafty z mořského dna; span oblouk (rozpětí);
tribute: pay a tribute to sb složit hold někomu, uctít někoho
Woolwich [wulič, wulidž] předměstí Londýna blízko ústi Temže

_____________________________________________________________________
THE L100 WASHING MACHINE REPAIR THAT ACTUALLY COSTS L5
Readers' letters to the newspapers give an impression that the writers feel exploited
and helpless in the hands of those who service and repair washing machines, cars,
central heating, television sets, and lesser gadgets. Vast sums of money are apparently
paid out regularly and all the time people are asking themselves whether the work was
really necessary. Or, if it was necessary, was it really carried out?
One of our readers, Mr A. W, of London NW3, used to feel like that but always paid
up and silenced his doubts - until recently. With more time on his hands, and with
what he modestly describes as "a little engineering knowledge" he proved to his own
satisfaction that his longstanding doubts were fully justified. Those who feel unable to
follow his example can comfort themselves with the thought that, adopted on any
scale, it would throw many hundreds of repairmen and thousands of washing machine
factory workers out of work.
Mr W.'s problem concerned two washing machines. "One began to vibrate badly and
I saw, on removing the back, that the welded part holding the motor to the drum had
broken. I telephoned the agent and he said the engineer would call. The engineer told
me that the weld had failed and a new drum was needed at a cost of L100, plus labour.
That five minutes' worth of advice cost me the L 16 call-out fee. I decided to tackle
dismantling the washing machine myself, and I took the drum to the welder. He did
the job for L5 and I reassembled everything. That was months ago and everything, is
34 / 474
running well. Then a second washing machine stopped rotating. Obviously the motor
had failed. Again I telephoned the agent and five days later the engineer arrived and
told me that the motor had failed, and that a reconditioned motor was required at a cost
of L85. Had he had one in his van, I would probably have paid him to install it. He
could not, however, get one for a week. On his departure I removed the motor (five
minutes) and noticed a broken piece of carbon brush. The local repairers sold me a
new brush for L1.50, which I fitted, and the machine is now operating perfectly."
With labour charges at L16.40 an hour, Mr W. has now decided to pay no more
money to service engineers. Instead, he has gone to his local library and borrowed
some books - on plumbing, as two radiators in his central heating system have gone
cold.
_____________________________________________________________________
call-out fee poplatek za docházku do domu; carbon uhlík; dismantle [dis'mAntl]
rozmontovat; fit nasadit, namontovat; gadget přistroj; longstanding odedávný,
dlouhotrvající; pay up zaplatit (požadované); reassemble zvovu smontovat; service
engineer opravář; silence umlčet; vibrate [vai'breit] vibrovat; weld svařit; svar
_____________________________________________________________________
U.S. TURNS TO ROBOTS
Company managers in the U.S. are turning in greater numbers to robots in

manufacturing technology. They realize that more than half the world's industrial
robots work in Japanese factories. Some firms in the U.S., particularly the car and
electric corporations, are now showing increased interest in high output, greater
profits, and fewer workers, and are launching sweeping automation programs that may
eventually replace nearly half of their assembly workers with robots.
This rush to robotize is lowering the cost of today's robots to one quarter Companies
manufacturing robots, spurred by this soaring demand, are considering more versatile
machines than the simple robots of a few years ago. They are developing a new
generation of advanced robots that "see" and "feel" as well as give a faultless
performance. Their sensors can check the accuracy of an operation every second. The
assembly robot's controlling computer can also monitor the whole production process
and produce management reports. The growth of the market is starting to resemble
what happened to transistors and pocket calculators. But this new generation of smart
robots and increasing industrial automation are now seriously worrying organized
labour in the U.S., because hundreds of thousands of workers'jobs are at stake. One
robot-making firm claims that on a three-shift basis, a robot would cost less than one
half of what a worker costs per hour.
_____________________________________________________________________
accuracy [AkjErEsi] přesnost; faultless [fo:ltlEs] bezvadný, bezchybný; launch
zahájit spustit; monitor sledovat; robotize zavádět roboty; sensor čidlo; soar prudce
stoupat, spur (on) popohánět, stimulovat; stake: be at stake být v sázce, být ohrožen,
sweeping dalekosáhlý, rozsáhlý
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_____________________________________________________________________
WORK AND LABOUR 03
EMPLOYMENT
full employment plná zaměstnanost

great demand for skilled labour velká poptávka po kvalifikovaných (prac.) silách
shortage of labour / manpower nedostatek pracovních sil
look for a job, try find a job hledat práci / místo / zaměstnání
obtain a better job získat lepši místo
full-time employment / job celodenní zaměstnání
part-time job polodenní zaměstnaní, práce na částečný úvazek
occupied in / with st, engaged in st zaměstnán něčím

apply in writing for a post / position / appointment zažádat si písemně o místo
give brief details of one's qualifications and experience …
give brief … stručné uvést svou kvalifikaci a své zkušenosti
have a vacancy mít volné místo
interview sb mít pohovor s někým

personnel department [,pEsE'nel] osobní oddělení
personnel officer vedoucí osobního odděleni
accept an appointment / a position with sb přijmout zaměstnání u někoho
hire / take on an applicant přijmout žadatele
fill the position with sb obsadit místo někým

probation zkušební doba, on probation na zkoušku
reject, turn down odmítnout
prove one's worth osvědčit se
offer a promotion nabídnout povýšení
advance to a well-paid position postoupit na dobře placené místo

promote to a more responsible job povýšit na odpovědnější místo
replace nahradit
oust [aust] from a job vytlačit z místa
sign a contract podepsat smlouvu
do some casual work, do odd jobs dělat příležitostnou práci

work on st pracovat na něčem
work on a three-shift systém pracovat na tři směny
be on the night shift být na noční směně, dělat noční
go into in-service training nastoupit podnikové školeni
sandwich course nástavbový kurs (při zaměstnáni se střídáním výuky a práce)

study part-time studovat při zaměstnání
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learn a trade vyučit se řemeslu / profesi

work as an apprentice [E' prentis] pracovat jako učeň
be an apprentice / trainee být učněm, být v učňovském poměru
apprentice sb to an electrician vyučit někoho elektrikářem

master mistr (ne v oslovení, jen s názvem řemesla, př. master carpenter tesařský m.)
journeyman tovaryš (obvykle spojeni s názvem zaměstnání,př. journeyman printer)
foreman předák, mistr (dílenský)
be supervised by sb pracovat pod dohledem někoho
absenteeism [,AebsEn' ti:izm] absentérství
job-switching, high / large turnover fluktuace
goofing off ulejvání se
be handicapped, be partially disabled mít sníženou pracovní schopnost
be ill and unable to work mít pracovní neschopnost

professional occupations povolání pro lidi s vysokoškolským vzděláním
professional education odborné vzdělaní; (personal) services služby
PAY
wages [weidžiz] mn. č, wage mzda; work at a wage of L .. pracovat za mzdu . .

salary [sAlEri] plat (měsíční, roční);
at a starting salary of L8,000 p.a. (= per annum [pEr' AnEm]) nást.plat L8000/rok
income [inkam] příjem, live on a private income žít ze soukromého příjmu
pay due to sb plat, jaký někomu náleží
earnings mn. č výdělek

earn a bare [beE] living vydělat si na holé živobytí
make a living by st živit se něčím
It brings in L200 a week. Vynáší to 200 liber týdně.
paid by the hour / day placený na hodinu, den
hourly rate hodinová sazba

pay according to the amount of work done platit podle množství vykonané práce
wage egalitarianism [iCgAliCteEriEnizEm] mzdové rovnostářství
pay envelope, amer pay packet výplatní sáček
pay maintenance to one's wife and child platit výživné manželce a dítěti
be on the payroll of a firm být ve stavu zaměstnanců podniku

draw a pension pobírat penzi / důchod
charge a fee účtovat honorář
receive a commission dostávat procenta / provizi
freeze the wages zmrazit mzdy
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EXTRA PAY
extra pay plat / peníze navíc

for achievement za výkon
for loyal service za věrnou službu
give a reward [ri' wo:d] dát odměnu
money payment (peněžní) odměna
bonus [bEunEs] 1. příplatek 2. = premium premium [pri:miEm] prémie, zvl.odměna
for work in difficult conditions za práci ve ztížených podmínkách
rise, amer raise zvýšení platu
ask for / get a rise / raise žádat o zvýšeni, chtít dostat / dostat přidáno
across-the-board pay increase všeobecné zvýšení platů
incentive [in'sentiv] povzbuzení, motivace, prostředek hmotné zainteresovanosti
take on extra work přijmout práci navíc

augment [o:g'ment] one's income zvýšit si příjem, přivydělat si
soft job, hovor cushy job lehká práce
lucrative [lu:krEtiv] výnosný
good job výhodná práce
commendation čestné uznám
award [ECwo:d] vyznamenání
fringe benefits (of a job) výhody navíc k platu (např auto k disp., levný podn. byt)
perk hovor, obvykle perks mn.č výhoda
perk (1) One of the perks of this job is that you get Wednesday afternoons off.
perk (2) Jednou z výhod tohoto zaměstnání je, že ve středu odpoledne máte volno.
UNEMPLOYMENT
be out of work, be unemployed být bez práce, být nezaměstnaný

the unemployed, the jobless nezaměstnaní
an area struck / bit by unemployment oblast postižená nezaměstnaností
poverty-stricken region oblast postižená chudobou
depressed area oblast postižená krizí
A depression / slump has set in. Nastala krize. Došlo k hospodářskému poklesu.
suffer from heavy, prolonged unemployment trpět dlouhodobou nezaměstnaností
temporary joblessness přechodná / dočasná nezaměstnanost
put sb on short time převést někoho na práci se zkráceným pracovním týdnem
be on short time mít zkrácený pracovní týden n. denní pracovní dobu
work short hours mít zkrácenou pracovní dobu

be on welfare amer. pobírat veřejnou podporu
be on the dole brit hovor brát podporu v nezaměstnanosti
receive / draw unemployment benefit brit pobírat podporu v nezaměstnanosti
live on one's monthly Social Security check amer žít z měsíční sociální podpory
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alleviate [Eli:vieit] / relieve [ri'li:v] distress zmírnit nouzi

doom to a life of poverty odsoudit k chudobě
anti-poverty programme boj / program proti chudobě
labour exchange zprostředkovatelna práce
DISMISSALS
dismiss [dis'mis] a worker propustit dělníka z práce

sack [sAk] brit. hovor, fire hovor vyhodit (z práce)
dismissals, sackings mn č propouštění
get the sack brit hovor být vyhozen (propuštěn)
redundant [ri'dandEnt] přebytečný
on grounds of redundancy z důvodů přebytečnosti

cessation [se'seišn] of work, (work) stop page [stopidž] zastavení práce
lay off propustit z práce (dočasně)
be a victim of automation být obětí automatizace
victimize for (not) belonging to a union diskriminovat / pronásledovat
victimize … za to, není / je členem odborů (odborově organizován)
band in / give a month's / three month´s notice dát měsíční / tříměsíční výpověď
throw up a job pustit místo
terminate sb's employment ukončit něčí zaměstnanecký poměr
take back a dismissed person vzít propuštěného zpět
reinstate [,ri:in'steit] sb znovu dosadit někoho na jeho místo
LABOUR RELATIONS
make large wage claims / demands [diCma:ndz] mít velké mzdové požadavky
negotiate for a wage increase vyjednávat o zvýšeni mezd
pay negotiations [ni,gEušiCeišnz] jednaní o platech
complain of being driven too hard stěžovat si na přetěžování v práci
press for a betterment of conditions naléhat na zlepšení podmínek
agitate [Adžiteit] for equal pay agitovat za stejný plat

be fed up with / be sick of promises mít už dost slibovaní, mít slibů po klk
refuse - accept the demands odmítnout - přijmout požadavky
use delaying [di'leiN] tactics [tAktiks] použít oddalovací taktiku
a clash with the management srážka/spor s vedením
hold talks with the shop steward [stjuEd] mít jednání se zástupcem odborů
protest meeting protestní schůze
go on strike, walk out zahájit stávku
down tools zastavit práci (zahájit stávku)
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strike [straik] stávkovat
striker stávkující
spokesman [spEuksmEn] mluvčí
token strike symbolická, manifestačni stávka
come out in sympathy [simpESi] začít stávkovat ze solidarity
sit-down (strike) stávka s přítomností na pracovišti
go-slow, amer slow-down (strike) stávka se - zpomalením pracovního tempa
work-to-rule zpomalená práce (doslovným zachováváním předpisů)
break the strike zlomit stávku
hire strikebreakers najmout stávkokazy
blackleg brit. scab [skAb] stávkokaz
defer the settlement oddalovat řešení
restrain one's wage claims omezit své mzdové nároky
refuse to return to work odmítnout vrátit se do práce
grievance [gri:vEns] stížnost
voice (one's) discontent(ment) with st vyjádřit nespokojenost s něčím
set down one's justified demands sepsat své oprávněné požadavky

bargain [ba:gin] for st vyjednávat něco
picket stávková hlídka
picket the factory hlídkovat kolem továrny během stávky
come to / end in a deadlock, reach deadlock skončit na mrtvém bodě
fail to reach an agreement, settlement nedosáhnout dohody, řešení
adjourn [E'džE:n] the talks odložit rozhovory
make a concession učinit ústupek
see the struggle through [stragl Sru:] dovést boj do úspěšného konce
give in poddat se, vzdát se

come to terms dohodnout se
settle the labour dispute [leibE diCspju:t] vyřešit pracovní spor
redress [riCderes] a wrong, an injustice [inCdžastis] napravit křivdu, nespravedlnost
resume work [riCzju:m wE:k] znovu zahájit práci
unofficial strike, hovor wildcat strike neoficiální stávka

approved by the TUC schválený britskou odborovou radou
closed shop podnik zaměstnávající jen odborově organizované
open shop podnik zaměstnávající i nečleny odborů
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. acguire premises; 2. money avilable from a local charity; 3. part-time treasurer; 4.
set up a network for marketing craft and pottery products; 5. have one´s own sales
force; 6. a very eye-catching design; 7. a motor that failed; 8. dismantleand reassemble
a machine; 9. reconditioned machine; 10. a versatile robot; 11. spurred by a soaring
demand for robots.
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2. Fill in the blanks, choosing from: salary / salaries, wage(s), income, pay, take-
home pay, fee(s), royalties
1. This company pays better ... than yours; won't you join our export department? 2.
What's your weekly ...? 3. Low- ... families need government help. 4. After all taxes
and union payments, my is L120. 5. I can't afford foreign travel on my ... 6. Our ... day
is around the fifth of each month. 7. Doctors' ... in the US can be very high. 8. Authors
of bestsellers lead very comfortable lives thanks to their... 9. The steel workers went
on strike for a ... increase of L10 a week. 10. PAYE in Britain means a system by
which ... tax is taken away from wages before the wages are actually paid. 11. Gordon
won the lawsuit but the lawyer's... nearly ruined him. 12. This man is suspected of
being in the ... of the enemy. 13. An employee's ... is usually paid monthly straight into
his bank account. 14. ... are handed over weekly in an envelope containing the ... slip.
15. Americans say "... packet" instead of "... envelope".
3. Explain in English:
1. white-collar worker; 2. picket a factory; 3. closed shop; 4. understaffed; 5. shop
steward; 6. guest worker (Gastarbeiter); 7. self-employed; 8. moonlighting; 9. fill in a
personal history form; 10. employment history; 11. Social Security check; 12. workers
´ solidarity.
4. Topics for mini talks:

1. The services provided by the Instant Muscle co-op.
2. Engineering projects on British stamps.
3. Observing the working hours in this country.
4. Wage egalitarianism versus individual financial incentives.
5. Reasons for changing jobs.
6. How manufacturers can benefit from robotization.
7. Robots in science fiction.
1. Do you make a plan of work for every day? 2. Do you find it difficult to concentrate
on your work when you start? 3. Are you able to work on two things at the same time
or do you prefer doing one thing at a time? 4. Do you plan your work well ahead? 5.
What kind of tasks do you tend to put off until the very last moment? 6. Do you hate
catching up on work you have put off? 7. What are you able to repair yourself? 8.
What's your experience with the television man?
6. Translate:
nedostatek pracovních sil; celodenní zaměstnání; zažádat si písemně o místo; mít
volné místo; mít pohovor s vedoucím osobního oddělení; přijmout / zamítnout
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žadatele; podepsat smlouvu; postoupit na lépe placené místo; vytlačit někoho z místa;
čekat na povýšení; dělat příležitostnou práci; vyučit sej řemeslu; pracovat na tři směny;
učeň a mistr; absentérství; fluktuace; mít sníženou pracovní schopnost; mít pracovní
neschopnost; profese; vydělat si jen na holé živobytí; platit podle množství vykonané
práce; mzdové rovnostářství; dostat zálohu na plat; výplatní páska; plat po srážkách;
strhnout daň a pojištění; dostat odměnu (příplatek); pobírat penzi; systém odměňování;
chtí dostat přidáno; přivydělat si; zvýšení platu; odmítnout mzdové požadavky
výnosné zaměstnání; postižen nezaměstnaností; hospodářský pokles; zmírnit nouzi,
brát podporu; zprostředkovatelna práce; propustit přebytečné dělníky; zastavení práce;
dát výpověď; ukončit zaměstnanecký poměr; zahájit stávku; dohodnout se a zahájit
práci.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR PŘEDLOŽKA „Z"
from
1. místně, o výchozím bodu:

The train starts / comes from London; come from Wales, take st from one's pocket;
look down from a high place at st; from place to place (z místa na místo); from his
point of view (z jeho hlediska); from a distance; translate from English into Czech; a
character drawn (odpozorován) from real life; develop from st; rise from office boy to
be director of the firm.
2. ztratil-li výchozí materiál při zpracování svou původní podobu; srovnejte;

The plastic of which this dish is made is made from chemicals. Plastická hmota, z níž
je tato miska, je vyrobena z chemických látek. What is made from what: bread from
flour, jam from cherries and sugar, a drink from / of fruit, wine from grapes, beer from
barley and hops, a tool from / of steel
3. příčina, motiv:
from laziness z lenosti; from a sense of guilt z pocitu viny
4. Vazby:
from my (own) experience ze zkušenosti
_____________________________________________________________________
out of
1. zevnitř nebo z hloubi něčeho:
look out of the window; throw st out of the room; drink out of / from a glass; take
one's hands out of one's pockets, wake up out of a deep sleep
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2. z materiálu; šíří se jako synonymum k from / of:

out of wood
3. Vazby:
be out of practice vyjít z praxe

be out of danger být venku z nebezpečí
go out of fashion vyjít z módy
out of curiosity / duty / respect ze zvědavosti / z povinnosti / z úcty
lie out of fear lhát ze strachu
nine people out of ten devět osob z deseti
The town grew out of a village Město vyrostlo z vesnice.
of
1. Při výběru:
one / some / each of them jeden / někteří / každý z nich
2. pro označení výchozího materiálu, když při zpracování neztratil svou původní
podobu (srovnejte from)
a wall built of brick (z cihel); a table made of wood; made up (složen) of several
parts; make a fool of oneself; make a musician of sb; What will become od the boy?
Co z toho kluka bude ?
3. označení původu osob (z jakého rodu jsou):

Jiří of Poděbrady; ale: come from Wales; come from a village; come from a poor
family
Vazby:
at the beginning; at first ze začátku, zpočátku

rejoice at / over good news radovat se z dobré zprávy
by heart zpaměti
for fear [fiE] that ze strachu, že
for this reason, that is why z toho důvodu
one in a thousand jeden z tisíce
an examination in history, a history examination zkouška z historie
turn off the main road odbočit z hlavní silnice
accuse / convict of (robbery, stealing) obvinit / usvědčit z (loupeže, krádeže)
tax on tobacco [tECbAkEu] daň z tabáku
live on 1,000 crowns a month žit z tisíce korun měsíčně
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be delighted with the present mít velkou radost z dárku

wish with all one's heart přát z celého srdce

1. Take your hands... your pockets. 2. Folk customs change... place to place in this
region. 3. Do you think this hat will go ... fashion soon? 4. This jam is made ...
apricots. 5. Don't lean ... the window. 6. Why are you drinking ... my glass? 7. I only
looked ... curiosity. 8. Houses in the north of England are often built... stone. 9. He
managed to make a fool... himself. 10. Only two every three students passed the
exam . . maths. 11. I wish you the best of luck... all my heart. 12. He lives modestly...
1,000 crowns a month. 13. What's he accused ...? 14. I'm afraid this is the wrong way -
we should have turned ... the main road some time ago.
2. Translate:
1. Pivo se vyrábí z ječmene a chmele. 2. Z jeho hlediska je to nutné. 3. Šel jsem tam
jen z povinnosti. 4. Dosud tu báseň umím zpaměti. 5. Ze strachu, že zaspí, téměř
nespal. 6. Proč odešel z toho místa? 7. Daň z alkoholu je vysoká. 8. Radujeme se z
dobré zprávy. 9. Má z dárku velkou radost. 10. Nejde mi to - už jsem vyšel z praxe. 11.
Ze začátku si nemohl zvyknout na nový druh práce.
_____________________________________________________________________
► Asking if something is correct

You are not sure you have filled in a questionnaire properly and you ask the official who
has given it to you about this. Which questions are rather too informal (3) and which
rather formal (1)?
1. Is ... right, please? 2. Could you tell me if... is right / correct, (please) 3. Have I got
this right, (please)? 4. That right? 5. I'd like to check that ... is correct. 6. Would you
mind telling me if that's correct, please? 7. Anything wrong here? 8. Look - is ... OK?
9. I'd like to check that I've got ... right.
◘ Saying something is correct or incorrect
a) Which of the official's answers about the questionnaire are very informal (2)?
1. That's all right. 2 Yes, that's quite right. 3. That's fine. 4. Looks OK to me. 5. No, it
isn't actually. 6. I don't think this is (quite) right. 7. I'm afraid this is wrong. 8 No,
you've mucked it up completely.
44 / 474
b) Check, confirm or correct the following statements; use versions of the replies
"That's right" or "No it isn't, actually":
1. Edinburgh is the largest city in Scotland, isn't it? 2. Birmingham is by the sea, isn't
if? 3. It rains a lot in winter in Britain, doesn't it? 4. English people drink a lot of
instant coffee, don't they? 5. Scotland produces a lot of coal, doesn't it? 6. Czech TV
programmes run all night, don't they? 7. English policemen always carry guns, don't
they?
◘ Correcting someone
A clerk aks: "You're supposed to be given a single ticket, aren't you?" Which
introductory word or phrase in the reply. "... it should be a return ticket" is too
informal (1)?
1. As far as I know, ... 2. Well, actually, I think ... 3. (Well,) I was told ... 4. Where did
you get the idea . 5. Surely .. 6. But...
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR

1. Musel změnit termín, kolidoval s jinou schůzí. 2. Znal jsem cestu, takže jsem se
nemusel nikoho ptát. 3. To bys ho musel vidět, jak vypadal. 4. Nemusíme přestupovat?
5. Musel jsem to ztratit při přestupování v metru. 6, To muselo být pro vás zklamání.
7. Budu muset jít spát, je už skoro půlnoc. 8. Nemusíš se ničeho bát.
2. Translate, using the verbs believe, consider, prove + object case + complement:
1. Věříme, že je poctivý. 2. Nevěří, že byla nevinná. 3. Myslím, že je to omyl. 4. Věřil
jsem, že to dělal rád. 5. Dokázali mu, že se mýlí. 6. My jim dokázali, že se zmýlili
dvakrát. 7. Nevěřili jsme, že je to totéž. 8. Pokládá nás za příliš slabé.
Key
Asking if something is correct I: 4,7,8: F: 6
Saying something is correct or incorrect: a) I: 4, 8
Correcting someone I: 4
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 04 ADVERTISING AND PUBLICITY AP2
THE MUSIC BUSINESS
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The record charts in theory ought to be valuable source of information about the
market for recordsIn fact they often manipulate record buyers, especially in America.
Every teenager knows what is currently number one, but most be suprised to know
how how little being number one really means. Assume, for the moment, that those
charts are fairly accurate (a reasonable assumption for Britain for the past 8 years,
though not until 1991 in the USA). Not all are the same; in a bad week, a record can
reach number one by selling just 50,000 copies, at Christmas it will usually need to
sell over 300,000. And times have changed: the average sales of singles in Britain's top
25 are now 25% lower than they were 15 years ago. Even the silver, gold and
platinum discs – prized awarded by record-business trade associations for outstanding
sales - are not quite what they seem. In 1989 the British association noticed that there
had been no platinum singles for three years. It promptly lowered the treshold for them
by 40 % (from sales of 1 million to 600,000) and records started winning prizes again.
The charts are prominently displayed in record shops and constantly referred to in
broadcasts and the press. For the purposes of hype, it does not matter whether the
charts are genuinely informative. Merely being called number one is what helps and
record to sell. America's main charts have been based on a mixture of two factors:
"airplay", based on a sample of radio stations, and a smattering of information about
sales, based on a sample of shops. But the radio stations play records partly because
they are hits; and they are hits partly because they are played on the radio. Another
reason why records sometimes get played on radio stations, is bribery, or payola. It
came into being in the late 1950s, and has not died out yet although new laws were
passed against it in 1960. People in record companies have also rigged the charts, on
both sides of the Atlantic, by buying large numbers of records themselves in the shops
selected to supply sales information. Besides, there was little monitoring of how
accurately the shops kept their count of sales. They reported over the telephone, and
merely said which records sold more than which others, not by how much.
In 1991 Billboard magazine, which publishes the charts every week, published a new
sort of album chart, using information from a research company in New York called
Soundscan, which monitors record sales from electronic cash registers that read bar-
codes on records. The data are now collected from a wide sample of shops, amounting
to 55 % of the market. It now became clear that country-and-western, and heavy-metal
rock were much more popular than most people thought, and had unexpectedly diverse
audiences. Several albums that had been registered as great successes turned out to be
nowhere in the new chart. Also, records started suddenly appearing at the top of the
charts and then quickly dropping off them: the familiar slow climb up and gradual slip
down the charts had been an illusion created by bad information. Either that, or
America´s musical taste and way of buying records had changed overnight. Record
companies now can aim their advertising and promotion at the right people at the right
time.
(Adapted from The Economist)
_____________________________________________________________________
bar-code čárový kód (na výrobku); bribery podplácení; chart tabulka, žebříček
(nejprodávanějších desek); currently právě nyní; diverse [dai'vE:s] rozmanitý; hype
[haip] reklamní trik; monitor sledovat; payola amer. úplatek za dělání reklamy zejm.
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disk-žokejům; promotion propagace, reklama; promptly pohotově; rig zfalšovat,

podvodně zmanipulovat; scan (viz Soundscan) zběžně prohlédnout, přeletět, hledat
informaci (v počítači), smattering nepatrná dávka; a smattering of information /
knowledge povrchní / nedostatečné informace / vědomosti; threshold práh, hranice
_____________________________________________________________________
COMMERCIALIZATION OF SPORTS KIT
Yesterday the England rugby team came onto the pitch at Twickenham wearing, of
all things, white jerseys with a red rose on the left breast. Some of us breathed a sigh
of relief. During last year's World Cup, England wore a garish jersey, with coloured
collar and cuffs, and red and blue stripes on the right arm. This was the product of a
Manchester cotton company headed by three former England captains.
The commercialization of sports clothes is the development of the last twenty years.
Older people still remember when players at Wimbledon wore white and when racing
cars were not covered with the names of cigarettes and rubber goods, and soccer
players or cricketers had no logos or commercial emblems on their sweaters. Within
living memory also, football shirts and shorts were plainly coloured: red for Arsenal,
white for Spurs, blue for someone else. Now watching football on television you need
dark glasses to protect your eyes from the dazzle of the shimmering shirts, in colours
which seem to change every time they play. Why is this? The love of money is the root
of all sportswear. Not only do Arsenal spend large sums on their innumerable kits. So
do parents in north London, who find that they have to buy their small sons a new
uniform as soon as one from the last season became obsolete.
(Adapted from The Sunday Telegraph)

_____________________________________________________________________
breathe a sigh of relief [ri'li:f] vydechnout úlevou; garish [geEariš] křiklavý; kit
souprava; ports kit dres; logo emblém (firmy organizace); shimmer třpyt; spur
ostruha (Tottenham [totnEm] Spurs londýnský fotbalový klub); thing: of all things
představte si; within living memory pokud naše paměť sahá
_____________________________________________________________________
ADS
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47 / 474
Time International. Special offer

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Fair Prices at Heathrow

You can make substantial savings at Heathrow's Duty Free shops. Over two dozen
leading brands of spirits, including Scotch and Rye Whiskies (Bells, White Horse,
Ballantines, Johnnie Walker, Teachers, The Famous Grouse, J & B), Vodkas
(Smirnoff), Gins (Gordons, Beefeaters), Rums (Captain Morgan, Bacardi) are
available at half the average High Street price. The main Duty Free shops in Terminals
1 and 4 are found above the final Departure Lounge. The Shop catering for Business
and First Class passengers is located beside the British Airways lounge, opposite Gate
10, Terminal 4.
It's hard to beat the savings at Heathrow's Tax Free shops, with every item priced
exclusive of VAT; perfumes are at least 20 % cheaper than in chemist and druggist.
Heathrow offers an excellent choice of places to eat, from elegant waiter service
restaurants to quality fast food outlets.
My chickens eat better than you do (Frank Purdue)

The problem with you is that you're allowed to eat whatever you want. My chickens
don't have the same freedom. They eat what I give them. And I only give them the
best. Their diet consists mainly of pure yellow corn, soybean meal, mangold petals -
you'd call it health food. My chickens drink nothing but fresh, clear water from deep
wells.
The reason I'm so particular about what goes into my chickens is simple a chicken is
what it eats. And because they eat so well, Purdue chickens are always tender, juicy,
and delicious. And have a healthy golden-yellow glow that separates them from the
rest.
If you want to start eating as well as my chickens, take a tip from me. Eat my
chickens. Purdue
_____________________________________________________________________
48 / 474
cater for sb sloužit někomu (zásobovat ho potravinami); exclusive of VAT bez daní z
přidané hodnoty (VAT = value-added tax), fast food rychlé občerstvení; grouse
[graus] mn.č = j.č tetřívek, tetřev; health food zdravotní strava, in-depth coverage of
st podrobné zpravodajství o něčem; marigold petals [petlz] okvětní lístky měsíčku
zahradního; outlet prodejna; soybean meal sojová moučka; tax-free osvobozený od
daní; terminal terminál, odbavovací budova letiště; timely včasný; weird [wiEd]
podivný
Ballantines [bAlEntainz]; Beefeater [b: fi:tE] a soldier who acts as a ceremonial

guard in the Tower of London, he wears an ancient uniform, Captain Morgan
[mo:gEn]. Sir Henry Morgan (1635-88), British pirate, in 1674 knighted as a hero by
the British and made governor of Jamaica
____________________________________________________________________
TRAVEL ADVERTISEMENTS
Living the pioneer life. Three-day trips. Authentic wagon train. Up to thirty covered
wagons, stagecoach, horseback, campfire, fine food, original prairie trail. Be
surrounded by history, beauty, and your choice of solitude or company. A joyous
expenence for families and single adults. For reservations write ...
Wilderness ventures Backpacking on woodland trails, mountaineering, rafting. Eight-

week expeditions to the Rockies and the Northwest. Small coed student groups, ages
14 - 18 Write Box . .
Take a thrift trip to California's unspoiled lakes. Six carefree days, custom-made tour,
informal atmosphere, air-conditioned rooms, sun deck, luxurious beach side cabins.
Boating, diving, boat cruise. No extras - cheaper than staying home. Don't delay,
reserve now.
_____________________________________________________________________
authentic [o:'Sentik] pravý, autentický; backpacking pěší turistika s batohem;
beachside cabin chatka na pobřeží (u pláže); coed [,kau'ed] group smíšená skupina
(chlapci i dívky); cruise [kru:z] plavba; custom-made dělaný na míru, individuálně
upravený; joyous [džoiEs] radostný; rafting plavba na voru n. gumovém člunu,
solitude samota; stagecoach dostavník; sun deck terasa n. rovna střecha k opalování,
thrift úsporný, trail stezka, pěšina; venture [venčE] podnik, akce; wagon train
kolona vozů
_____________________________________________________________________
AN AD AND A LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Did you know that without the extra L11,500,000 tax smokers pay each day, we
could be faced with a VAT increase of nearly 5p in the pound on basic rate income
tax?
49 / 474
Issued by the Tobacco Advisory Council, speaking up for smokers.
An advertisement asked if 1 was aware that, without the L11 1/2 million extra tax
paid by smokers each day, we could face an increase in VAT of 5p in the pound.
Having spent most of the last year in hospital, I have just come home for a short
respite after my fourth operation - a series of efforts by the surgeons to lessen the
damage of cancer. I now know that I shall probably never be able to talk or eat
normally again. Perhaps the Tobacco Advisory Council could advise me what I should
do. And does the council know, or care, how much the NHS could save, if it had not to
deal with cases like mine and those of thousands of other ex-smokers?
Yours sincerely,
_____________________________________________________________________
advisory [Ed'vaizEri] poradní; respite [respit, respait] oddech
BR ADVERT "OVEREMOTIVE"
The British Rail advertisementwhich Showed an anxious woman waiting for her
husband to drive home was "overemotive" and should be withdrawn the Advertising
Standards Authority said in its report. BR said the advertisement was not meant to
frighten people but agreed to scrap it. Twelve people complained about the
advertisement, which appeared in newspapers under the headline "Worried from
Wimbledon. " It showed a young woman clutching a baby, and the advertisement said:
"He's said he'd be home by eight. It's nearly nine, he should have been home by now.
He's such a careful driver. Never takes chances. - Next time your husband has to take a
business trip, why not suggest the train?"
_____________________________________________________________________
anxious [ANkšEs] ustaraný, znepokojený, starostlivý; clutch svírat; emotive
emocionální, působící / zaměřený na city; scrap zlikvidovat; take chances riskovat
_____________________________________________________________________
NOVINÁŘSKÝ STYL
Jednotný novinářsky styl vlastně neexistuje - svůj styl mají úvodníky, zprávy a
reportáže, recenze, inzeráty, reklamy, titulky. Podstatu novin však tvoři zprávy a
titulky a na jejich charakteristiku se tedy zaměříme.
Dobrý novinářsky sloh ma blízko k slohu výkladovému, který usiluje o jasnost a
přehlednost a vyhýbá se výrazům příliš hovorovým a terminům příliš speciálním.
Titulky využívají různé dalši prostředky, neboť mají vyjadřovat námět článku
úspornou a přitom přitažlivou formou. Stylizace titulku nemusí tedy vždy být stylizaci
nejjednodušší - titulek má čtenáře upoutat neobvyklosti, obrazností nebo vtipností
vyjádření.
Lexikální prostředky titulků
50 / 474
K úspornému vyjádření, k sémantické kondenzaci vedou:
a) Krátká polysémní slova

back support
ban prohibit, prohibition
bar obstacle, barrier, not permit
beat overcome, surpass
bid offer, attempt
blaze explosion, a big fire
boost increase
cash money
chief head, manager, director, commander, supervisor
claim demand
curb restrict, suppress, restriction, suppression
cut decrease, dimmish
deal business agreement
drive campaign
drop decrease
envoy ambassador, representative, delegate, intermediary
face expect
gag silence
grant assistance, subsidy, financial aid
grouse complaint, complain
hike increase
hit affect
hunt pursue, pursuit
hurt injure
irk make angry, antagonize
jail prison, penitentiary, imprison
jolt surprise
kill murder, assassinate, cause st to finish or fail
killer murderer, assassin
lift cancel, call off, cancellation, revocation
mishap accident
mix-up mistake, misunderstanding, confusion, error
No. 1 first, No. 2 second
pact contract, agreement, treaty
pay peg pay restraint, wage freeze
plea appeal
poll election
probe investigate, investigation
quit leave, abandon
quiz question, questioning
race compete, competition
rap reprimand, rebuke, discussion
red Communist
51 / 474
row dispute, controversy

sack dismiss, dismissal
scrap abolish
slam fiercely attack
talk discussion, negotiation
Tory Conservative
b) Zkratky, a to inicialismy (US [,ju:'es]) i akronyma, jejichž písmena se jednotlivě

nehláskují, nýbrž vyslovují jako jedno slovo (NATO [neitEu]). Např.:
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
BR British Rail
EEC the European Economic Community
GNP gross national product
Hq headquarters
NASA [nAsE] National Aeronautics and Space Administration
OD overdose
SALT [so:lt] Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
SDI Strategic Defence Initiative
SAM [sAm] surface-to-air missile
Unicef [ju:nisef] United Nations (International) Children's (Emergency) Fund
ZPG zero population growth
c) Uvádění vlastních jmen bez titulů a imciálek. Např. Gandhi reshuffles party
(Dále v textu stojí: The Indian Prime Minister Mr Gandhi.) Naproti tomu v českém
tisku se uvádějí tituly, zkratky křestních jmen nebo celá křestní jména.
d) Zestručnění oficiálních názvů společenských organizací, institucí a firem. Když

není možná zkratka, použije se neplné znění Např. Teachers (místo The National
Union of Teachers), Lords (= the House of Lords), Labour (= the Labour Party),
Company (= určitá společnost)
Další lexikální prostředky se vyskytují v titulcích i textech.
e) Adjektivní kompozita, např: all-out strike všeobecná stávka, best-ever carnival

dosud nejlepší karneval, big-time politics vysoká politika, fault-free journey to
Jupiter bezporuchová cesta k Jupiteru, free-spending government šetrná vláda, fume-
free car auto nevydávající škodlivé zplodiny, first-strike plan plán prvního úderu,
high-cost project nákladný projekt, knock-down prices snížené ceny, low-price car
levné auto, mid-size army středně velká armáda, sky-high fares závratně vysoké
jízdné.
Citátová kompozita se vyskytují spíše v titulcích: back-to-the-lander stoupenec
návratu k přírodě, "Cool it"plea žádost o odemocionalizování sporu, "get out" move
návrh na propuštění, "Quit EC" plán plán na vystoupení z ES, "Brown must go" cry
volání po Brownově odstoupení.
52 / 474
f) Substantivní sdruženiny, např. Gun death inquiry. Vyšetřování smrti zastřelením.

Race-hate man jailed. Rasista uvězněn. Dále slovesa tvořená ze substantivních
kompozit: bestsell jít na odbyt jako bestseller, Christmas-shop dělat předvánoční
nákupy, firebomb a store dát do obchodu zápalnou bombu, network a play uvést hru
na všech stanicích, short-list for a job zařadit do užšího výběru uchazečů o místo.
g) Substantiva vzniklá konverzí z frázových sloves Např.: sell-out zrada, spin-off

vedlejší výsledek (ednání nebo výzkumu), splashdown přistání (kosmické lodi na
moři), write-up recenze, zmínka.
h) Řecko-latinské předpony pro slovesa a substantiva: anti (anti-Marketeer – odpůrce

ES); de (deescalate the bombing - postupně zmírnit bombardování, defund a project
zastavit finanční podporu projektu, defuse a crisis zbavit krizi rizika výbuchu;
denuclearize a zone učinit pásmo bezatomovým); non (non-aggression
neútočení, nonalignment neangažovanost, nezapojení se do paktů, noncombatant
nebojující, nonpayment neplacení, nonproliferation nešíření, nonviolence nenásilí,
pokojný způsob)
V menší míře se vyskytují předpony co (co-star hrát v druhé hlavní roli), mini (the
child looks like a mini-adult), multi (multiculturalism; multinational; multiracial,
multipurpose mnohoúčelový), re (rematch odvetné utkání, redeploy the missiles
přemístit rakety, rehouse přestěhovat), super (superfine; superstar), trans
(transnational nadnárodní, transoceanic zaoceánský, zámořský).
_____________________________________________________________________
Syntaktické rysy titulků
a) Anglický titulek má často formu slovesné věty, která v českých titulcích bývá jen
zřídka:
GLC wins court fight over fares. Chairman loses job. Military softens line. Owen
urges response to Russia. Deadlock threatens long fight in water dispute Immigration
numbers plummet ( = fall steeply). Hondas "Rover" goes on sale. Pay walk-out closes
Manchester's airport. Britain rallies to stop oil price collapse Tanzania charges 27
with bid to overthrow government Union leaders challenge pay curbs.
V českém tisku však existují dva typy slovesných titulků, které nejsou známy v
anglickém. Jsou to věty s nevyjádřeným podmětem (Splnili slib. Už mohli být na
cestě! Koho obhajují?) a věty výzvové (Zachovat rovnováhu sil. Využít energické
zdroje. Znát zájem kupujících.).
b) Anglické dvoučlenné věty jmenné (vzniklé vypuštěním be) jsou méně běžné než
české:
President asked to run again. Prezident vyzván, aby znovu kandidoval. Troublemakers
warned off. Výstraha podněcovatělům nepokojů.
53 / 474
c) Jediný čas, který se vyskytuje v anglické slovesné větě, je čas přítomný; označuje
nedávnou minulost jako předpřítomný čas. I v češtině je nejběžnější přítomný čas.
Místo budoucího času se v angličtině užívá infinitiv z vazby is to + infinitiv, tj.
vypouští se spona be:
Grand jury to probe Jackson killings. Dr Salk and Picasso ex-mistress to wed. Japan
to boost imports.
d) Vynechávání členů:
Four die in lorry crash. Martin caught in Tube. Scots ready to defend colliery. Strikers
win concession. Big freeze brings North to standstill.
e) Hlavní titulek může být provázen nadtitulkem. Tato praxe je v českém tisku
mnohem běžnější než v anglickém a kromě toho český nadtitulek je mnohdy tvořen i
více větami, dokonce může být užit i podtitulek. Ukázka anglickéh nadtitulku a
hlavního titulku: Escaped prisoner arrested after armed police ch in tunnel.
MARTIN CAUGHT IN TUBE.
Je-li článek dokončen na další straně, titulek pro toto dokončení není v angičtině stejný
jako titulek začátku, nýbrž je jeho variantou, obvykle poněku stručnější. Např. k
předchozímu citovanému titulku bylo dokončení nadepsáno:
Escapee Martin arrested in Tube.
Nebo další příklad: první titulek Bologna rail bomb suspect held in London; titulek
dokončení zní Suspect is held.
Podobně: Russia proposes 200-mile nuclear-free zone along European front. Russia
urg nuclear-free European zone.
Emocionální prvky v titulcích
a) Slovní hříčky:
Titulky někdy obsahují narážky, k jejichž pochopení je nutná znalost společensko-
kulturního kontextu, přísloví, rčení nebo citátu:
One woman one vote (the first woman candidate in the French Academy obtained only
one vote; allusion to the slogan "One man, one vote" from the days of the struggle for
universal franchise).
The brave new world of the decimal coin (transition to the decimal system is likened to
the changes in British society found in Aldous Huxley's Utopian novel "The Brave
New World")
All roads must lead to protest (a paraphrase of the proverb "All roads lead to Rome")
Resistance man who resisted de Gaulle (story of a member of the French resistance
who was opposed to de Gaulle, the leader of the movement)
54 / 474
Missile launches jobs battle (competition between American and British producers of
missiles)
Hopes of early water settlement evaporating (strike in the waterworks)
Can Trident survive or Nott? (John Nott, the British Minister of Defence, supported
the construction of Trident submarines)
Nothing rotten in Denmark any more (quotation from Shakespeare's Hamlet: There's
something rotten in the kingdom of Denmark)
Penny-wise, bomb foolish (criticism of the Government's economising in small matters
and spending heavily on armaments; the original proverb is "Penny-wise, pound-
foolish")
Poor Kiwis are put to flight (defeat of New Zealand cncket team; kiwi is a flightless
New Zealand bird)
Hanson is as Hanson does (description of the career of a politician, Mr Hanson; pun
on the proverb "Handsome is as handsome does", meaning "what you do is more
important than how you look")
Hobson's choice (report on an English book collector, Mr Hobson, the saying
"Hobson's choice" means that there's a seemingly free choice - with no alternatives)
All for none and none for all (difficulties in choosing new leaders in Russia;
paraphrase of "All for one and one for all" - the maxim of the Three Musketeers in
Dumas's novel)
Of war and peace (analysis of the foreign policy of the ex-Soviet Union; reference to
Lev Tolstoi's novel "War and Peace")
A good Read but a dull book (review of the biography of English art critic Sir Herbert
Read)
The Lady and the Trump (story of the divorce of American
multimillionaire \ ,i ,'Donald Trump; pun on "Lady is the Tramp", a popular prewar
song and the JjMiUe of a 1957 Walt Disney film)
Sad tale of the Beauty and the Beast (report on black boxing champion's rape of a Miss
Black America contestant)
b) Rým:
Fight the flight - Bojujte s nešvarem; Power to Gower Moc Gowerovi, Volte Govera;
Stop the Tory rot Zastavte toryovský úpadek; Farewell cartel Sbohem kartele; The
pill for every ill Pilulka pro každý neduh, From boom to doom Od konjunktury k
zániku; The success of excess Úspěch nestřídmosti; Spy in the sky Špion na obloze;
The comeback of the hardback Návrat vázaných knih.
c) Aliterace:
Bandits at the border Bandité na hranici; Boone buys a bunch oj Boeings Boone
kupuje několik Boeingů; Barriers to business Překážky obchodu; Bad boy Brown
Zlosyn Brown, Brighter for banks Jasnější perspektivy pro banky; Uranium, bane or
blessing? Uran' prokletí nebo požehnání?; Bold beginning Směly začátek; Destination
disaster Místo určení: záhuba; Fair deal delights commuters Dohoda o jízdném
potěšila dojíždějící; Family files fire Rodina prchá před požárem; Fear offundies
Strach z (muslimských) fundamentalistů; Guy gets girl Hoch ziská dívku; Gunfire
55 / 474
foils getaway Útěk zmařen střelbou; L-tutor loses his licence Učitel autoškoly přišel o
řídičský průkaz; Population as a pollutant Obyvatelstvo znečišťovatelem prostředí;
Out on the prowl for profit Honba za ziskem; Resistance on the right Odpor pravice;
Rags to riches rise Vzestup od chudoby k bohatství; Return of the ringmaster Mistrův
návrat do ringu; Sizing up the Senator Jaký asi je senátor?; Switzerland's slippery slope
Švýcarsko na šikmé ploše (inflationary tendency in the country); Thatcher's time of
troubles Období potíži paní Thatcherové; Tough time to take over Špatná doba pro
podnikovou fúzi.
d) Obrazná rčení:
Go forth and multiply Jděte a množte se (a governmental policy encouraging higher
birth rate; quotation from the Bible)
A bang-bang holiday Svátek s přestřelkou
Neck-and-neck in Cyprus elections Těsný výsledek voleb na Kypru (a phrase from
horse racing)
US envoy gets cold shoulder Americký vyslanec se setkal s chladným přijetím
Bureau turns blind eye FBI se tváří, že nic nevidí
Green light for rait strikers Zelená pro stávkující železničáře
Home Office digs in heels on fire pay Ministerstvo vnitra zatvrzele odmítá zvýšit platy
hasičů
Rank Xerox's axe falls again Opětné propouštění u firmy Xerox
K charakteristice stylu zpráv ještě možno doplnit jeden rys (který je však běžnější u
bulvárního než u seriózního tisku) - hromadění přívlastků a přístavku (apozic):
Mr John William Atkins, a 46-year-old plumber, his wife, Florence, aged 32, and their
son John, escaped unhurt in their mghtclothes after afire broke out at their 200-year-
old home, Rose Hill Cottage, at Gallows Hill, King's Langley, Herts This dark, slimly-
built young chemistry student from New South Wales is England-bound next April.
Said the owner, thirty-one-year-old Mrs Sheila Simmons, wife of a retired auctioneer
from Bournemouth: .. Blonde Linda Andrews, 17, the girl who heard the cry, said
yesterday ..
_____________________________________________________________________
1. weird things; 2. wagon train; 3 stagecoach; 4. thrift trip; 5. custom-madi tour; 6. no
extras; 1. VAT; 8. withdraw an advertisement as "overemotive"

1. The difference between a chicken and a delicious chicken.
2. Ads found in Czech newspapers.
3. The attractions I would stress when writing a travel advertisement for:
56 / 474
a) the Golden Sands beach; b) a holiday in the Tatra Mountains; c) a tour of the south
of Bohemia.
4. The US travel advertisement that appeals to me most.
5. Should some ads be banned from television and the press?
1. Has any advertisement tempted you to buy something? 2. What makes you decide to
buy a particular brand of toothpaste? 3. Do you think that the daily press gives greater
publicity to sports than to culture? 4. Is a TV advertisement more effective than an
advertisement in a newspaper? 5. How much do shopwin-dow displays affect your
purchases? 6. Are you ever seduced by the striking design on a book cover or a record
jacket into buying the book or record? 7. Do .you think advertisements exaggerate the
excellence of the products they are promoting? 8. Do you believe that good products
can do without praise?
4. Translate the headlines:

1. Gun death inquiry. 2. Pay walk-out closes Manchester's airport. 3. Tanzania charges
27 with bid to overthrow government. 4. Deadlock threatens water dispute. 5.
President asked to run again. 6. Japan to boost exports. 7. Troublemakers warned off.
8. Opposition slams arms build-up. 9. Ten slain in Brooklyn apartment. 10. Public
outcry over Spain plotters' mild sentence. 11. Insulin breakthrough. 12. Surprise
announcement by US envoy. 13. Police seek hit-and-run driver on A24. 14. Army-
style police blitz Wapping demo. 15. World Series Cup finals: Tough battle ahead.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
PŘEDLOŽKA „DO"
in místně:
arrive in a city / in London / in a country; look in the mirror; wrap st in paper; put st
in one's pocket; put st in the corner; put sb in prison; put sugar in one's tea; sit in the
shade of a tree
to
rovněž místně, ale cíl je chápán jako bod nebo jako věc, na jejíž prostorovosti v daném
případě nezáleží:
go to school; go to the theatre; a ticket to London, a long way to the village; take to
hospital; go to hospital for an eye operation; send to prison
into cíl je chápán jako uzavřený prostor:
57 / 474
go / come / get into the room; look into the mirror; change into old clothes, bite jptto
an apple, let (zasvětit) sb into a secret
at dosažení cíle:
arrive at a place / village / town
for vydání se za cílem:

leave / start / depart for London; make (namířit) for a place; run for shelter; a train /
ticket for Brighton
to, till, until

časově, když se období from ... to ... chápe jako jeden celek; till nebo formálnější until
více zdůrazňuje ukončení děje nebo stavu (viz tež výklad k by):
be gone from five to six, from sunset to sunrise; from June to / till August; be busy till
the end of the week; till late at night až dlouho do noci; to this day do dnešního dne,
dosud; stay till (ne *to) seven; any time till Friday; How long is it to j till dinner?
within v časovém rozmezí:

return within a week; within half an hour; within a year and a day do roka a do dne
by do určitého časového bodu, konečného časového termínu, ne později

než (nevylučuje dokončení děje před termínem):
by that time do té doby; by the time I come back; Be here by this time tomorrow. Buď
tu (nejpozději) zítra touto dobou.
through „do - včetně"; americká angličtina:

We camped there (from) June through August. (Britské up to August nevyjadřuje jasně,
zda je to do začátku srpna nebo včetně srpna; dvojznačnost by odstranil výraz
inclusive: to August inclusive.)
_____________________________________________________________________
Vazby:
leave for a place odjet do nějakého místa

translate into English přeložit do angličtiny
work / sit up late (into the night) pracovat j sedět dlouho do noci
up to now; up till now až do teď
to a certain extent do jisté míry
cut to the quick tít do živého
drink to one's heart's content pit do syta / do libosti
killed to a man pobíti do jednoho
beat sb black and blue / to within an zbít někoho do modra / do krve
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inch of his life

as to / as regards (quality) co do (kvality)
men under fifty muži do padesáti (let)
fall in love with sb zamilovat se do někoho
consult the timetable podívat se do jízdního řádu
walk uphill jít do kopce
go abroad jet do ciziny
twice a week / month / year dvakrát do týdne / měsíce / roka
cut one's finger říznout se do prstu
raincoat plášť do deště
shave (off) one's hair ostříhat se dohola

1. How much sugar do you put.. your tea? 2. It'll be dirty work. I'd better change ..
some old clothes. 3 The rain's getting heavier: let's run ... shelter. 4. I don't know
anything -1 wasn't let... the secret. 5. Which platform does the train . . Birmingham
leave from? 6. On fine days he works in the garden from sunrise .. sunset. 7. I'm
hungry - how long is it... lunch? 8. According to legend, Kozina prophesied that his
enemy would die ... a year and a day. 9. I won't be gone long - I'll be back ... this time
tomorrow. 10. I have to go through fifty pages for the exam tomorrow. I guess I´ll be
sitting up ... two or three in the morning tonight. 11. You're right... a certain extent. 12.
It's still a long way... Salisbury, and once we've arrived .. the town we'll still have to
find a hotel.
2. Translate:
1. do dnešního dne; 2. až do teď; 3, odjet do města; 4. podívat se do naučného
slovníku; 5. zamilovat se do sestřenice; 6. říznout se do prstu; 7. odjet do ciziny; 8.
ostříhat dohola; 9. jít do kopce; 10. Co do kvality je to stejné. 11. Byl to muž tak do
čtyřiceti let a kupoval si lístek do Portsmouthu. 12. Kam máš namířeno?
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
► Saying you are sure
Which responses to the question "Do you think this is the right road?" are
informal to the point of being impolite (2)?
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I. I'm quite sure ... 2. Only you would ask a question like that. 3. Oh yes, there's no
doubt... 4 I'm fairly sure... 5. I'm absolutely certain ... 6. Definitely .. .7. Of course -
look at... 8 That's obvious, isn't it? 9. I'm ninety-nine per cent certain ...
◘ Saving you are not sure

Complete the sentences (topic: studying for a degree in psychology):
1. I can't decide .. 2. I'm not really sure about .. 3. Sorry, I'm not sure how … 4. I'm in
two minds about... 5. I can't make up my mind whether to ... or … 6. I'm not too sure...
7. I couldn't say, really, when … 8. I can't say for certain where ... 9. It's not at all
certain that...
◘ Saying that something is possible or probable

Complete the statements (nos. 10 and 11 are quite informal); topic: winning an
award / competition / game / wager:
1. It's (quite) probable / likely . . 2. He may / might / could well... 3. That'll
probably ... 4. It seems quite possible … 5. I believe … 6. It looks as if …7. It looks
like … 8. I shouldn't be surprised if ... 9. There´s a good chance … 10. I bet … 11. I
reckon . .
◘ Saying something is impossible or improbable

A person stops you in the street and asks you whether the post office is still open.
Which two responses are rather too informal?
1. I think it´s unlikely to be open now. 2. I don´t expect it is, no. 3. I doubt it very
much. 4. At this hour? Hardly. 5. It´s not likely, I´m afraid. 6. Good heavens, no. 7.
Not much chance of that, I´d say. 8. Well, I don´t think it is, not now.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of had better, would rather):

1. Raději bych si dal kakao. 2. Měli bychom si raději dát čaj, než půjdeme. 3. Raději
bychom neměli dveře zamykat. 4. Fred by raději dostal kolo než lyže. 5. Jel jsem
stopem, ale raději jsem měl jet vlakem. 6. Vím, že by se raději nestěhovali.
2. Respond:
Example: I think iťs going to rain.
We'd better hurry up. We'd better not stop anywhere.
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1. There's somebody at the door. 2. It's very cold outside. 3. It's a long way to walk. 4.
I think that meat is bad. 5. This letter is badty typed.
3. Translate, using the verb + object case + present participle:

1. Cítím, že se něco pálí. 2. Díval jsem se, jak vaří. 3. Nechal mě stát přede dveřmi. 4.
Nedovedu si tě představit, jak vyučuješ. 5. Slyšíš, že někde kape voda? 6. Nejprve mě
nechal hádat. 7. Pozoroval jsem ho, jak zkouší otevřít dveře.
Key
Saying you are sure: Impolite: 2, 8
Saying something is impossible or improbable: I: 4, 6
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 05 TECHNOLOGY AP2
THE LIFE AND LEGEND OF THOMAS EDISON
Edison's inventions were marvels of science and technology. The French actress
Sarah Bernhardt addressed him as "the giver of light". At the Universal Exposition in
1889, Eiffel invited him to lunch at the top of his tower, and Charles Gounod
entertained them both at the piano afterwards. The king of Italy dispatched a special
envoy to Paris to make Edison a count. When Edison made a trip to Heidelberg, over a
thousand members of the German Association for the Advancement of Science turned
out for a dinner party in his honor. From around 1880 to 1905, Edison was the most
famous American alive and one of the best-known men in the world. Universities gave
him honorary degrees, Henry Ford gave him three quarters of a million dollars. A man
bet that a letter with nothing more than a picture of Edison on the envelope would be
delivered to him at his laboratory in New Jersey; he won the bet. Already in Edison's
own lifetime his birthplace became a shrine and his laboratory was taken to a museum.
His career was offered as a model to all schoolboys of the nation. Newspapers called
him the Man of the Century.
He had little formal education - after four years of grade school, at the age of eleven,
he got a job on the railroad, but always studied and experimented in this spare time.
When twenty-one, he took out his first patent for an electrical vote recorder, and
during the next few years he devised improved telegraph systems and the phonograph.
On October 21, 1879, after expending many thousands of dollars in fruitless
experiments, he succeeded in making the first light bulb; by the end of the century
there were millions of them in operation. He built one of the first X-ray machines in
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the U.S., invented the storage battery and the mimeograph, and developed a dynamo
which produced the steady current needed for the light bulb as well as light sockets
and safety fuses which are still used today. He also built electric automobiles but never
brought them to commerical success. In 1887 he patented his motion-picture machine,
having at the time no idea of its being used for anything except peep shows. He
conceived the guided torpedo, the concrete house, synthetic rubber; the list could go
on and on because he took out over one thousand patents. No one else has invented in
so many fields - around twenty - and probably no one will. Specialization has taken
over technology. Before his death his effort to produce rubber both synthetically and
from American plants gave promise of success. One of his rare failures was his
attempt to extract gold from sea sand.
Edison was not a profound scientist, but a genius at putting scientific principles into
practice. His private life was less successful. He worked at i night and slept by day, but
his wives (he was married twice) liked giving parties, and let his six children run wild.
Two of his sons struggled with igcoholism, one of them committed suicide. The
children sued each other and Edison's second wife over the will after his death in 1931.
Edison himself was probably happy. He was curious and determined and he lived in a
world where at that time nearly anything was possible if you fought for it - and if you
were lucky.
_____________________________________________________________________
conceive [kEn'si:v] vymyslet; dispatch [di'spAč] poslat; envoy [envoi]
posel,vyslanec;
extract [ik'strAkt] těžit, extrahovat; fruitless marný, bezúspěšný; grade school amer.
základní škola (6-8 tříd); guided torpedo [to:'pi:dEu] řízené torpédo; honorary
degree čestný doktorát; let sb run wild nechat zpustnout někoho (nedostatkem
výchovy); marvel div; mimeograph [mimiEgrAf] amer., rozmnožovací stroj (brit.
"duplicating machine"); peep show kukátková podívaná; phonograph [fEunEgrAf]
amer. zastarale gramofon (dnes "recordplayer"); safety fuse pojistka; shrine svatyně,
steady rovnoměrný, storage battery akumulátor; sue [su:], brit. též [sju:] sb žalovat
někoho, soudit se s někým; take out a patent [pAtE3nt], brit. též [peitEnt] přihlásit
patent; vote recorder počítač hlasů; will poslední vůle
_____________________________________________________________________
THE EXPLOSION OF SCIENCE
In the 19th century the United States, though industrially a big power, remained
scientifically backward as compared with Europe. After World War I many large
corporations established laboratories in which scientists were encouraged to seek
knowledge for its own sake without worrying about whether their work would be of
practical use. Most advances in more abstract fields such as physics, however,
continued to be made in universities. After World War II American science conquered
the government's reluctance to support basic research. Since then tremendous advances
have been made in such fields as nuclear science, space exploration, electronics and
computer technology, and in the understanding of living matter and heredity. While in
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earlier times the major advances had been made by individual scientists working alone
or in collaboration with a few colleagues, in the postwar years science became
increasingly a carefully organized team effort. Nowadays more money is invested in
research in the US in a single year than was spent for this purpose in the twenty-five
years between 1920 and 1945.
When scientists and inventors were asked in a recent questionnaire to name the ten
most outstanding technological inventions of the past thirty years, the replies varied
greatly, but there was almost unanimous agreement that the transistor, laser, and
integrated circuit were the three inventions that had had the greatest impact on
modern-day life. One of the reasons for their importance is that they can be applied in
so many fields. Take the laser, for example. A low-power laser can save your eyesight
by welding detached retinas in eye operations. An extra-powerful laser can be a deadly
weapon - a death ray able to destroy hostile aircraft and missiles. A laser can replace
the stylus in record players; it can measure distances very accurately in construction
work or in space research; it can guide an aircraft to its target; it may become a
painless drill for dentists and be used to help combat cancer.
Long-range ballistic missiles, orbiting satellites, satellite communication, space

travel, the ion rocket, rocket fuels, nuclear power, and the H-bomb all, represent major
technological breakthroughs. The same could be said of colour television, the birth-
control pill, the air-cushion vehicle (hovercraft), new high-strength, high-temperature
materials, oxygen steelmaking, electron welding, test-tube babies, genetic engineering.
Many important inventions have appeared in the field of photography. Holography is

a new kind of photography based on the use of a laser to produce three-dimensional
pictures; the image seems to float in midair and closely resembles the actual object.
Xerography is an almost instantaneous process for reproducing anything that is
printed, typed, written, or drawn; a marked advance over the photostat, it is now
widely used. The Polaroid camera, first marketed in 1948, is a revolutionary camera
that does away with the darkroom. The camera and film enable a finished black-and-
white or colour print to be produced within the camera itself almost immediately after
exposure; the instant movie is a more recent invention.
Machines do more and more of the work once performed by men and women.
Computers now available can perform up to one million operations per second;
medium-sized computers are installed in laboratories, business offices, government
agencies, and "push-button" factories, which are able to turn raw materials into
finished-products with only a handful of technicians to control the manufacturing
process Other equipment performs other operation far more quickly and efficiently
than individuals could hope to do. Britain's Seadog submersible is a remote-controlled
vehicle which can lay, inspect, and repair seabed cables; using high-pressure waterjets
it can cut a trench up to a meter deep all the way from Cornwall to the eastern seashore
of the USA.
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Science today, both pure and applied, is a producer of deadly weapons but it is also
our chief weapon in the battle to conserve declining resources, to end pollution, and to
find new sources of energy, a struggle that must be won if man is to live in harmony
with his environment and indeed if he is to survive on this planet.
_____________________________________________________________________
ballistic missile [bE,listik' misail], amer. [misl] balistická střela; combat [kombAt] st
bojovat s něčím; darkroom temná komora, deadly smrtící, smrtonosný; do away
with st skoncovat s něčím; genetic engineering genetické inženýrství, hostile
[hostail] nepřátelský; Impact vliv; integrated circuit [sE:kit] integrovaný obvod, ion
[aiEn] iont; low-power s malým výkonem; market uvést na trh, photostat fotokopie;
reluctance [ri'laktEns] zdráhání; retina [retinE] sítnice, stylus [stailEs] hrot (snímací);
submersible podmořské vozidlo, batyskaf; trench příkop
_____________________________________________________________________
THE COMPACT DISC
Several major electronic companies have developed a tiny disc that may make the
long-playing record as obsolete as the old 78. The disc, less than 12 cm in diameter,
can hold up to twice as much as the 33 rpm, 30 cm record because it does not rely on
grooves to transmit music. The disadvantage of normal vinyl records is that musical
information is stamped into grooves, which collect dust and fingerprints; these cause a
record player's stylus to pick up unwanted sounds. The new disc encodes sound in the
form of microscopic pits and flat areas along a 4 km track, which is sealed with a
transparent plastic that protects against dirt, scratches, and fingerprints. A laser beam
translates the microscopic "pits into "blips" that are translated into sound by
conventional amplifying systems, and because the laser does not touch the disc itself,
the disc will last longer. The sound distortion is only 0.05 per cent. The disc sells for
about the same price as a normal long-play album.
_____________________________________________________________________
amplify zesílit; blip signál (akustický), compact disc kompaktní deska, distortion
zkreslení; encode [in'kEaud] zakódovat; groove drážka, pit jamka, dolík; scratch
škrábnutí; stamp vytisknout (do něčeho); unwanted nežádoucí; vinyl [vainil] vinyl
(brit obchodní značka plastické hmoty)
_____________________________________________________________________
ENERGY 06
RESOURCES, COAL
immense resources [i´mens riCzo:siz]obrovské zdroje

have an abundance [eCbandEns] - a shortage [šo:tidž] mít hojnost - nedostatek
make a geological survey [sE:vei] podniknout / provést geologický průzkum
coal exploration hledání uhlí
detect, discover a new deposit / site odkrýt, objevit nové ložisko
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power industry energetický průmysl

main / primary source of power / energy hlavní zdroj energie
coal-bearing area uhelná pánev
coalfield uhelný revír
yield high-quality coal dávat vysoce kvalitní / vysokovýhřevné uhlí
give (oft) great heat dávat velké teplo, silně hřát
give off no smoke nevydávat žádný kouř, nekouřit
establish a smokeless zone zřídit bezkouřové pásmo

anthracite [AnSeEsait] antracit, hovor. hard coal černé uhlí
bituminous [bi'tju:minEs] coal, hovor. soft coal hnědé uhlí
convert coal into a liquid fuel přeměnit uhlí v tekuté palivo
get valuable by-products získat cenné vedlejší produkty
mine coal with modern machinery dolovat / dobýval uhlí moderními stroji
surface mine povrchový důl
coal mine, pit, brit. též colliery [koljEri] uhelný důl, šachta
go down, descend the mine sfárat, sestoupit šachtou
shaft těžní jáma
pithead těžní věž
cage [keidž] těžní klec
miner, brit. též collier [koliE] horník, havíř
coal seam [kEul si:m] uhelná sloj
coke [kEuk] koks
GAS, OIL
bring (natural) gas from a site přivést (zemni) plyn z naleziště

off-shore [of´šo:] (gas) field podmořské naleziště (plynu)
get gas from the seabed / sea floor získávat plyn z mořského dna
drill at a depth of 300 metres vrtat v hloubce 300 metrů
off-shore production těžba z moře
oil rig, production platform [plAtfo:m] věž pro těžbu v moři

drill for oil hledat naftu (pokusným vrtem), vrtat
strike oil narazit na naftu
crude oil [kru:d oil] ropa
fuel oil [flu:El oil] palivová nafta
petroleum [pi'trEuliEm] nafta

petrol [petrEl], amer. gas [gAs] benzín
paraffin (oil), amer. kerosene [kerEsi:n] petrolej
carry oil / gas by (submarine) pipeline vést naftu / plyn (podmořským) potrubím
land terminal [lAnd tE:minl] přístav, kam vede potrubí
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get... barrels [bArElz] per day těžit... barelů denně

oil refinery [oil riCfainEri] rafinérie ropy
use gas for (1) domestic cooking and heating and for industrial purposes …
use gas for (2) … užívat plyn pro domácí vaření a topení a pro potřeby průmyslu
replace coal / town gas nahradit svítiplyn
gas works [gAs wE:ks] plynárna
POWER STATION, GRID

generate power in a power station vyrábět energii v (tepelné) elektrárně
generate power in a power plant amer. vyrábět energii v (tepelné) elektrárně
burn poor quality coal in a furnace [fE:nis] spalovat nekvalitní uhlí v peci
make steam in a boiler vyrábět páru v kotli
drive a steam turbine [tE:bain] pohánět parní turbínu
coal-burning power plant tepelná elektrárna

electric generator elektrický generátor
supply power to the (national) grid, feed the grid dodávat energií do …
supply power (2) dodávat energií do (celostátní) rozvodné sítě
carry electricity vést elektřinu
network of overhead cables carried on pylons síť nadzem.el.vedení na stožárech

alternating / direct current střídavý / jednosměrný proud
blackout, power failure [pauE feiljE] výpadek, proudu
reduce / cut the electricity supply omezit / zastavit dodávku proudu
POWER IN WATER AND WIND
harness the power of running water spoutat energii tekoucí vody

The stream works the waterwheel. Proud pohání vodní kolo.
watermill vodní mlýn
dam (up) a river přehradit řeku hrází
store (up) water in a reservoir [rezEvwa:] zadržet vodu v přehradní nádrži
dam [dAm] přehradní hráz / nádrž

turn a mountain valley into an artificial lake / a dam
turn a mountain valley … přeměnit horské údolí v (přehradní) jezero
Windmills pump water out of wells. Pumpy na větrný pohon čerpají vodu ze studní.
windmill [windmil] větrný mlýn
blade lopatka (větrného mlýna nebo turbíny)
solar energy [sEulE enEdži] sluneční energie
tidal [taidl] energy energie z přílivu
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NUCLEAR POWER
exploit nuclear power využít atomovou energii

nuclear power station, amer. nuclear power plant, nuclear plant atom.elektrárna
atomic pile, atomic reactor atomový reaktor
burn uranium [ju' reiniEm] spalovat uran
fissile material štěpný materiál
release energy uvolňovat energii

split the atoms štěpit atomy
control the chain reaction řídit řetězovou reakci
put into operation, bring into service dát do provozu
fast-breeder reactor rychlý reaktor
prevent the escape of radiation zabránit unikání záření

contaminate with radioactive substances zamořit radioaktivními látkami
store and dispose of radioactive waste skladovat a odstranit radioaktivní odpad
harness thermonuclear energy spoutat termonukleární energii
High temperatures result from fusion. Vysoké teploty vznikají fúzí atomů.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
total energy consumption celková spotřeba energie

consume power spotřebovávat energii
energy user spotřebitel energie
energy conservation šetření energií
adopt conservation measures přijmout opatření k šetření energií
install efficient insulation instalovat účinnou izolaci

The remaining proven reserves (of oil) will run out …
The remaining proven … Zbývající prokázané rezervy (nafty) se vyčerpají.
research in the field of / research on solar and geothermal [džiECSe:ml] energy
research in the field … výzkum v oblasti sluneční a geotermální energie
development of cost-effective solar batteries vývoj rentabilních slunečních baterii

use solar-heating technology for water and space heating in booses …
use solar- … užívat technologii slunečního ohřevu pro ohřívání vody a vytápění bytů
renewable energy resources obnovitelné zdroje energie
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Replace the words in Italics by those used in the text:

1. during Edison´s life; 2. invent a telegraph; 3. the fight against alcoholism; 4. One of
his sons killed himself. 5. the government's unwillingness to support research; 6. work
in cooperation with sb; 7. the greatest influence on modern-day life; 8. a weapon that
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brings death; 9. enemy aircraft; 10. fight cancer; 11. conserve diminishing resources;
12. make the 33 rpm record out of date.
2. Translate:
1. Edison took out over one thousand patents. 2. His birthplace became a shrine. 3.
Edison's children sued each other over his will. 4. The laser will replace the stylus. 5.
The Polaroid camera does away with the darkroom. 6. marvel of science; 7. steady
current; 8. mimeograph; 9. light socket; 10. safety fuse; 11. test-tube baby; 12. sound
distortion due to dirt in the grooves.

1. Edison's inventions.
2. The honours showered on Edison.
3. Are scientists happier than other people?
4. The explosion of science in the US.
5. The inventions that have had the greatest impact on mankind.
6. What I would like to be invented.
7. The importance for mankind of the invention of writing.
8. Push-button factories - are they feasible?
9. The difference between a compact disc and the ordinary long-playing record.
10. What man can do in order to survive on the Earth.
1. How much has technology advanced since your parents were young? 2. Which
inventions have changed people's lives most? 3. Could the efficiency of language
learning be increased by some technological means? 4. Have you come across any new
technology in your summer jobs? 5. Were Jules Verne's novels your favourite reading
when you were young? Which of his technological and scientific predictions have
come true? 6. What kinds of inventions can still be found in sci-fi only? 7. What would
you like to be discovered, invented, thought out, or designed?
5. Translate:
obrovské zdroje; hojnost surovin; odkrýt nové ložisko rudy; provádět geologický
výzkum; černé a hnědé uhlí; povrchový důl; sfárat do dolu; těžní věž, naleziště
zemního plynu; vrtat na mořském dně; narazit na naftu; ropa; petrolej, plynárna;
dodávat energii do rozvodné sítě; energetický průmysl; tepelná elektrárna; dodávka
proudu; výpadek proudu; spoutat energii tekoucí vody; pohánět turbínu; přehradit řeku
hrází; zadržet vodu v přehradní nádrži; lopatky větrného mlýna; sluneční energie;
využít atomovou energii; dát do provozu atomovou elektrárnu; uvolňovat energii;
zamořit radioaktivitou; přijmout opatření k šetření energií.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
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PŘEDLOŽKA „OD"
from
1. počínaje od (místně i časově):
far from here; wait from five to / till six; work from morning to night; left over from
yesterday; go from house to house; winds blowing from the sea; get better from play to
play lepšit se od jedné hry k druhé; from head to heel; Things are going from bad to
worse. Jde to od deseti k pěti.
2. lišit od:
differ from everybody else; distinguish right from wrong; tell (rozeznat) John from his
twin brother
since od ... až doposud:

He has lived here since 1945.
of o průvodci, po predikativním adjektivu:

That's good / kind / nice / rude of him.
Vazby:
That's what he's here for. Od toho tu je.
east / west / south / north of na východ / západ / jih / sever od
be from somewhere near Prague být od Prahy
improve lesson by lesšon (též; from lesson to lesson) lepšit se od hodiny k hodině
get prettier year by year být rok od roku hezčí
leave one's wife odejít od (své) ženy
Remember me to Mary. Pozdravuj ode mne Mary.
front door key klíč od domu
beer bottle láhev od piva
PŘEDLOŽKA „K"
to l. místně na otázku „kam?":

return to one's family; go to the seaside; walk to the window
2. určený k něčemu:
a key to the lock
3. o vztahu k něčemu; následuje po přísudkovém adjektivu a po substantivu

odvozeném od adjektiva:
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be just / good / indifferent / polite / rude / cruel / friendly / hostile to sb;

take a fancy to sb pojmout náklonnost k někomu; kindness to everybody
towards / toward [tE'wo:d(z)],amer.[tord(z)] směrem k (místně); okolo, asi

(časově):
walk towards the village / window; towards the end of one's life; towards six o'clock,
towards the evening
for 1. za účelem nebo záměrem:

have st for dinner / lunch; buy st for sb's birthday; a car / boat for hire (k pronajmuti);
What is it for? K čemu je to? It's not fit for eating. Není to k jídlu. For example /
instance. Kupříkladu.
2. o objektu citového vztahu:

love / dislike / hatred / respect for sb / st
Vazby:
at your service k vašim službám
a change for the better / worse změna k lepšímu / horšímu
congratulate sb on an achievement gratulovat někomu k úspěchu
to my (great) surprise k mému (velkému) překvapení
House to let. Dům k pronajmutí.
I'd like to have something to eat. Chtěl bych něco k jídlu.
as far as až k
join sb připojit se k někomu
dead tired k smrti unavený
It's stifling hot. Je horko k udušeni.
on top of it all k tomu všemu
surprisingly kupodivu

1. I've been attending this school ... the age of ten. 2. He didn't apologize. Don't you
think that was rather rude ,.. him? 3. His acting improves ... play to play. 4. He was
rather ill... the end of his life. 5.1 can't say for sure when I'll come back -:.. six I
suppose. 6. What shall we have ...lunch? 7. The key... this old lock is pretty heavy. 8.
I'm"... your service. 9. Will it be a change... the better or ... the worse? 10. I feel great
respect,... anybody who's brave.
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2. Translate:
1. rozeznat australskou angličtinu od britské; 2. postříkaný blátem od hlavy k patě; 3.
rozlišovat dobré od zlého; 4. klíč od domu; 5. Chtěl bych něco k jídlu 6. Pozdravuj ode
mne sestru. 7. K čemu je to? 8. Není to k jídlu. 9. A k tomu všemu pršelo. 10. Dům k
pronajmutí. 11. k smrtí unaven; 12. připojit se ke skupině; 13. pojmout náklonnost ke
kolegyni; 14. být (get) rok od roku hezčí, 15. být od Ostravy.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
Talking about what might happen

Improvise a dialogue about a hike you are planning and use each of the following
phrasen.
1. I wonder whether ... 2. Supposing it rains. 3. What if we don't find it. 4. Let's
assume ... 5. Unless ... 6. If...
○ Saying you are curious
Complete the statements (topics: success or failure, a decision, the truth, a type of
person what really happened). One opening is rather formal, and one quite
informal:
1. Can someone tell me ...? 2. Does anyone know ...? 3. I wonder what 4. I'd like to
find out... 5. I'd give a lot to know ... 6.1 should like to know in particular ... 7. I'd be
very interested to know ... 8. I'd dearly love to know. 9. I'm very curious about... 10.
I'm dying to know ...
○ Saying what you want
Which of the following openings are appropriate for buying various garden tools in
a shop (4) and which are quite informal and could be used to ask a friend for a coke
(4)? Complete the sentences:
1. I'm looking for ... 2. What I need is... 3.1 could do with ... 4. May I...? 5. ... would
go down well. 6. I could use ... 7. I want ... 8. I'm dying for ...
○ Saying you are looking forward to something
Complete the statements (no. 6 is fairly informal); topic: holidays at the seaside:
1. I'm really looking forward to ... 2. It'll be nice ... 3. It's going to be wonderful ... 4.
Iťll be marvellous ... 5. I can't wait... 6. It should be super /great ..
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○ Saying you are optimistic
What preceded the following informal phrases?

1. It'll turn out OK / fine. 2. (Wait and see.) It's all going to 3, Everything'll be fine. 4.
Things'll work out fine / all right. 5. It can't go wrong 6. It's bound to be a success.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of tenses):

1. Přijdu za chvíli. 2. Ještě nepřišel? 3. Už jsem ho viděl. 4. Kdys ho viděl? 5.
Seznámili jsme se, když jsme byli na exkurzi. 6. Ještě nikdy jsem se s něčím takovým
nesetkal. 7. Tento týden jsem ho několikrát propásl. 8. Zítra ráno odjíždím. 9. Hodlám
se vrátit do večera. 10. Stihli jsme to.
2. Translate, using the gerund:

1. Místo, aby šli domů, seděli dál. 2. Skončili jsem tím, že jsme si zazpívali. 3. Nikdy
neodešel, aniž by se se všemi nerozloučil. 4. Navíc k tomu, že nám nepomohl, k nám
byl nezdvořilý. 5. Místo aby připustil, že se zmýlil, trval na tvém. 6. Odešel, aniž by
uznal, že máme pravdu.
3. Respond, using the gerund:

Example: I threw him out. (hate) - He hates being thrown out.
1. I photographed Barbara, (enjoy) 2. Julian beat Rod at tennis, (not like) 3. Linda
called Harry a fool, (not like) 4. They interviewed Kate on television, (like) 5 Patrick
phoned his parents at midnight. (not like)
KEY Saying you are curious: I: 10; F: 6

Saying what you want: I: 3, 5, 6, 8
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 06 GOVERNMENT AP2
HOW WILL THEY VOTE IN THE GENERAL ELECTION?
A poll one week before the general election sought to explore the trends in British
public opinion. Besides being asked to state whether they were men or women,
whether age group 18-24,25-44,45-64,654-, and whether their voting intention was
Con, Lab, LD, the voters in the sample were also faced with the following questions:
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1. Which of these issues do you think will be most important in this general election:
defence and disarmament; education; the EC; health and social service; housing;
immigration and race relations; inflation; law and order; Northern Ireland, public
ownership; unemployment. (Respondents can name as many issues as they wish.)
2. Which of these descriptions do you think might be applied to (the names of four
leading politicians from various parties follow): trustworthy - sincere - competent -
tough - stubborn - imaginative - caring - resolute - extreme – in touch with ordinary
people.
3. When you finally make up your mind how to vote, which of these do you think will
influence you most: the policies of the parties, the personalities of the leaders; the
candidates in your constituency; your traditional loyalty to the party of your choice;
none / don't know / no information.
_____________________________________________________________________
Con = Conservative, Lab = Labour, LD = Liberal Democrats, poll průzkum
veřejného mínění; resolute [rezEalu:t] rozhodný, energický, trustworthy
důvěryhodný
THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT
Saturday is an open day and you can tour the building, which was built between
1840 and 1852, after the old Houses of Parliament burnt down; the only part that
escaped the fire is Westminster Hall. It can be seen to the right of the entrance to the
House or Commons. On weekdays you can see people queueing at the entrance; they
may be waiting to lobby their member on some political issue or they may be waiting
for a seat in the Public Gallery. The House of Commons has been in existence for
many centuries, though only with the coming of universal suffrage has it become
representative of the people (voting is not compulsory, though). Each of the 635
members of Parliament (MPs) represents one electoral district (constituency) of the
UK. Members are elected for a maximum period of five years, though the Government
can dissolve the Parliament and order a general election at any time within that period.
The stronger party forms the Government, and the weaker the Opposition; it
criticizes the Government's policy, exposing its weak points and suggesting
amendments, and drawing attention to matters which the Government ignores. The
two main parties are ranged opposite each other, with the two red lines in front of the
front benches set two sword's lengths apart to avoid fighting between members. The
benches are green. "Question Time", which is held for one hour every day while the
House is in session, gives the MPs a chance to ask questions like "Is the Minister
aware that...?" and "Does the Minister agree that.. .?" when they think there is
something not quite as it should be. The work of each Minister is always kept under
observation by an unofficial "Shadow Cabinet" organized by the Opposition.
The life of a Parliament begins most often in October or November; on the first day
(the Opening of Parliament) the Queen reads a speech to Parliament that outlines the
Government's policy and proposed programme. This opening ceremony takes place,
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however, in the House of Lords, where there is standing room only for the MPs. The
average number of "sitting days" in the House of Commons is about 175. The Speaker,
in black knee-breeches, gown and wig, presides over the House. He never speaks
except in his official capacity, e.g. when he gives the floor to an MP Permanent
officers in the House of Commons (who are not MPs) include the Clerk of the House,
who is the principal adviser to the Speaker, and the Serjeant-at-Arms, who waits upon
the Speaker and is responsible for the security of the House. MPs are paid an annual
salary and travel allowances, plus an allowance for secretarial and research expenses.
When an MP dies or resigns or is given a peerage, a by-election takes place. An MP
can resign, however, only by applying for an office under the Crown, i.e. to become
the Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds, an ancient office which disqualifies the holder
from membership of the House but which carries no salary and has no responsibilities.
The business in the House of Lords can be watched from the Strangers' Gallery, but
the Lords sit less diligently - Tuesday to Thursday only. In the House of Lords you
will notice the red benches where the peers sit, the Queen's throne, and the woolsack,
on which the Lord Chancellor presides over the House, with the mace behind him. The
tradition of the woolsack goes back to the days when the wealth of England rested on
wool. The Lords were originally the King's counsellors or his representatives in
different localities. They have retained their titles, many privileges, often even their
land, but they have little authority over people. On certain state occasions they all
assemble in their magnificent robes, in order of rank: Dukes, Marquesses, Earls,
Viscounts, Barons. All of these peers are members of the House of Lords. "Baronet" is
an inherited title; "Knight", an individual title, not hereditary, is given as a mark of
special favour. Baronets and knights are not peers and do not qualify for membership
of the House of Lords. Neither do the Princes - "Prince" is not a rank, but a title given
to members of the royal family.
No Bill of Parliament can become law unless the House of Lords has been consulted,
but the Lords can only delay a bill for up to one year; after that the bill is passed
whether they agree or not. Nowadays virtually all of the new peerages are peerages
which are not hereditary. There are nearly 1,200 members of the House of Lords
(including two archbishops and twenty-four bishops) and of them over 300 are life
peers, but the average daily attendance is only about three hundred. The House also
provides a place in Parliament for men and women whose advice is useful to the state,
but who do not wish to be involved in party politics. Lords receive no salary for their
parliamentary work, but canrecover expenses for attending the House and certain
travelling expenses.
The minutes from the proceedings of both Houses and the speeches are published
daily as The Official Report of Parliamentary Debates, or Hansard.
_____________________________________________________________________
amendment doplněk (vylepšení původní verze); Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds
[bEilif, čiltEn] správce korunního panství Chiltern Hundreds' (v Buckinghamshire);
capacity funkce; Clerk [kla:k] of the House písař sněmovny; constituency
[kEan'stitjuEnsi] volební obvod; counsellor [kaunsElE] rádce; Hansard [hAsnsa:d]
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brit. protokol z jednání parlamentu (named after the first printer of the reports of the
proceedings of the British parliament; the series began in 1803); knee-breeches ('ni:
[bričiz] kalhoty pod kolena (sepnuté); lobby an MP intervenovat u poslance; mace
žezlo; minutes mn. č. zápis (z jednání); peerage šlechtický titul; proceedings
[prE'si:diNz] mn. č. jednání; qualify for st mít nárok na něco; range seřadit,
uspořádat; recover expenses dostat proplacené výlohy; robe roucho; Serjeant-at-
Arms [,sa:džEnt Et 'a:mz] strážce sněmovny; Shadow Cabinet opoziční / stínový
kabinet; sitting day zasedací den; Strangers' Gallery galérie pro návštěvníky; tour
sf vykonat prohlídku něčeho; universal suffrage [safridž] všeobecné volební právo;
woolsack vlněný žok
_____________________________________________________________________
THE U.S. CONGRESS
The Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. Federal Government. It is

composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is
represented in the Senate by two senators - the smallest state, Rhode Island, the same
as Texas, over two hundred times larger, Wyoming with half a million inhabitants and
the state of California with a population of twenty-five million. The one hundred
senators are chosen at the election held in the November of each even-numbered year,
but only one third of them are elected in any one election. In this way the Senate can
never be made up entirely of new senators, but will always have at least a two-thirds
majority of experienced members (because senators are elected for a term of six
years). The U.S. Vice-President is the President of the Senate, but the actual presiding
officer is the President Pro Tempore of the Senate.
In the House of Representatives, each state has at least one representative and
additional representatives are apportioned according to its population. There were
sixty-five representatives in the First Congress, convened in 1790. If representatives
nowadays were still on the same basis, there would be over four thousand
representatives in the Congress. But since 1910, the House of Representatives has
consisted of 435 members; after each census this number is then redivided among the
states according to their populations. Members of the House of Representatives are
chosen for two-year terms (in the November of even-numbered years). There are also
six nonvoting delegates, from the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands
(two from each). The House is presided over by the Speaker; he is always a member of
the political party which has the most members in the House.
_____________________________________________________________________
apportion [E'po:šn] přidělit, rozdělit; census [sensEs] sčítání obyvatelstva; convent
[kEn'vi:n] svolat; even-numbered sudý; presiding [pri 'zaidiN] officer předseda; pro
tempore [prEu 'tempEri] dočasný
_____________________________________________________________________
GOVERNMENT 06
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PARTY
join a party vstoupit do nějaké strany

leave a party vystoupit ze strany
admit to a party přijmout do strany
expel [ik'spel] vyloučit
local party organization místní stranická organizace
party leader stranický předák
party leadership [li:dEšip] vedení strany

general secretary [dženrEl sekrEtri] generální tajemník
secretariat [,sekrE'teEriEt] sekretariát
rank and file [rANk And fail] řádoví členové
formulate the policy formulovat politickou linii
stick to / keep the line dodržovat / zachovávat linii

pursue [pECsju:] a line sledovat linií
adopt and approve [ECdopt And ECpru:v] přijmout a schválit
deviation [,di:viéišn] úchylka
internal rift vnitřní roztržka
splinter group, faction [fAkšn] frakce

two-party system systém dvou stran
major / main party hlavní strana
middle-of-the-road parties strany středu
left-wing, leftist levicový
right-wing, rightist pravicový
hold a party congress pořádat sjezd strany
Scottish National Party skotská nacionalistická strana
Plaid Cyraru [,plaid 'kamri] velšská nacioinalisticka strana
Official Unionist; Democratic Unionist; United Ulster Unionist; Ulster Unionist
Official … příslušníci hlavních loajalistických stran Severního Irska
Social Democratic sociálně demokratická (strana) utvořená 1981
ELECTIONS: CAMPAIGN AND PROGRAMME
election campaign [kAmCpein] volební kampaň

electioneer [i,lekšeCniE] canvas [kAnvEs] agitovat před volbami, shánět hlasy
call a general election vypsat všeobecné volby
preelection meeting předvolení schůze
bold a convention amer. pořádat sjezd strany (za účelem nominace kandidáta)
name / nominate / appoint a candidate jmenovat / nominovat / návrh za kandidáta

put up a candidate [kAndidEt] postavit kandidáta
confirm [kEnCfE:m] the nomination potvrdit jmenování
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contender for the nomination uchazeč o nominaci

contest a seat (un)successfully bojovat (ne)úspěšně o poslanecký mandát
stand for Parliament kandidovat do parlamentu
seek reelection usilovat o opětné zvolení
launch an election campaign zahájit volební kampaň
organize a rally organizovat veřejné shromáždění
make broadcasts and appear on TV mít rozhlasové projevy a vystoupit v televizi

outline / formulate / state the election programme nástin / vyhlásit volební program
have a clearly defined policy mít ujasněnou politickou linii
argue with opponent debatovat s protivníkem
well equipped for the debate dobře vyzbrojen pro diskusí
refute [ri'fju:t] an argument vyvrátit argument

criticize sb's approach to an issue kritizovat něčí přístup k otázce
attack napadnout
be in agreement on domestic issues být zajedno ve vnitropolitických otázkách
be opposed on foreign policy být v opozici v otázkách zahraniční politiky
acceptable to (the) moderates as well as (the) extremists [ik'stri:mists] přijatelný ..

acceptable to (the) … přijatelný pro umírněné i radikály
representative of the liberal wing (of a party) představitel liberálního křídla
have a deep understanding of world affairs dobře se vyznat ve svět.událostech
make an impromptu [im'promptju:] speech pronést nepřipravenou řeč
appear with a well-prepared speech vystoupit s dobře připraveným projevem

The speech was endless. Řeč neměla konce. Projev byl nekonečný.
speak like a true orator [orEtEa] mluvit jako opravdový řečník
quick-witted debater [di'beitE] pohotový debatér
persuade the voters with a convincing argument přesv.voliče pádným argumentem
appeal to national pride apelovat na národní hrdost

appeal to public opinion odvolat se na veřejné mínění
stir / rouse [rauz] the public conscience [konšEns] vyburcovat svědomí veřejnosti
persuade the public of the merits of one's programme …
persuade the public … přesvědčit veřejnost o záslužnosti svého programu
convince sb of the defects přesvědčit někoho o nedostatcích
be evasive [i' veisiv] on an issue [išu:] v jisté otázce odpovídat vyhýbavě
get enthusiastic support [inCSju:ziCAstik sECpo:t] dostat nadšenou podporu
the backing of influential circles podpora vlivných kruhů
give sb a warm / cool reception přijmout někoho vřele / chladně
applaud a speaker tleskat řečníkovi

approval of the policy of a party schválení politiky strany
meet with distrust [dis' trast] setkat se s nedůvěrou
be at the height of one's popularity být na vrcholu popularity
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accomplish a great deal mnohého dosáhnout, mnoho vykonat
ELECTIONS: POLLING
universal franchise [frAnčaiz] všeobecné volební právo

register as a voter [veutE] zapsat se jako volič
electorate [i'lektErEt] voličstvo, voliči
electoral register / roll seznam voličů
qualify for voting být oprávněn volit
have the vote, have the right to vote mít právo volit / hlasovat
go to the polls [polz] jít volit
polling volení, průběh volby
go to the polling station dostavit se do volební místnosti
polling day den voleb
heavy or light poll / turnout velká nebo malá účast při volbách
I've voted. I've cast my vote. Už jsem odvolil.
the women's vote hlasy žen
vote for a popular candidate hlasovat pro oblíbeného kandidáta
ballot [bAlEt] box urna; put one's ballot in the ballot box vhodit vol.lístek do urny
electoral system volební systém
by-election doplňkové / náhradní volby
election day den voleb
high proportion of abstentions vysoké procento absence
political apathy [pEClitikl ,ApESi] politická lhostejnost
OUTCOME OF ELECTIONS
know the election results znát výsledky voleb

lose (in) the election(s) prohrát ve volbách, prohrát volby
win the contest vyhrát boj
gain - lose a seat získat - ztratit mandát
win / achieve a sweeping / overwhelming [,EuvECwelmiN] - marginal victory …
win / achieve … dosáhnout drtivého - těsného vítězství
suffer defeat utrpět porážku
a Democratic landslide (victory) velký přesun / drtivé vítězství demokratů
receive a majority of the votes získat většiny hlasů
by a majority of ... většinou ...
slight / large / substantial / decisive majority těsná / velká / podstatná / rozh.většina

put a party (back) in power / office přívést stranu (zpět) k moci
bring to power přivést k moci
restore to power přivést zpět k moci |
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elect for a term of office zvolit na jedno (funkční) období

be in office být ve funkci
PARLIAMENT - CONGRESS
representation of the people zastoupení lidu

voting district volební obvod
divide each county into constituencies [kEn'stitjuEnsiz]
divide each county … brit. rozdělit každé hrabství na volební obvody
deputy [depjuti] poslanec (v naši zemi)
send two senators [senEtEz] to the Senate [senit] vysílat dva senátory do senátu
convene [kEn'vi:n] sejít se, svolat
adjourn [E' džE:n] odročit (se)
summon [samEn], convene svolat
dissolve [di'zolv] rozpustit
be in session zasedat
call a special session svolat zvláštní zasedání
appoint a committee jmenovat výbor
introduce a bill relating to ... navrhnout zákon týkající se ...
approve, carry, pass schválit
send / refer the bill to a committee for study předat návrh zákona k prostudování
oppose st být proti něčemu
reject zamítnout
A pressure group is trying to influence government action in its own interests.
A pressure … Nátlaková skupina se pokouší ovlivnit činnost vlády ve svůj prospěch.
bargain [ba:gin] vyjednávat (za ústupky získat výhody)

kill / veto a bill zamítnout / vetovat návrh zákona
The bill became an Act. Návrh se stal zákonem.
pass an Act vydat zákon
inact [i' nAekt] uzákonit
pass in an amended form schválit v pozměněné podobě
propose an amendment to st navrhnout pozměnění něčeho / dodatek k něčemu
make a few minor alterations provést několik menších změn
accept a compromise přijmout kompromis
wen to arguments for and against vyslechnout důvody pro i proti
meet with sb´s approval setkat se se souhlasem někoho

A two-thirds majority is required. Vyžaduje se dvoutřetinová většina.
arouse [E´rauz] bitter opposition vzbudit prudký odpor
the DaiI(Eirean) [,dail 'eErEn, ,doil 'eirEn] poslan.sněmovna irského parlamentu
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PRESIDENCY, PREMIERSHIP, SOVEREIGNTY
The office of President is elective. Úřad prezidenta je volitelný.

run for the presidency / the President's office kandidovat na úřad prezidenta
He's running for President. Uchází se o prezidenství.
attain national prominence stát se jednou z předních osob ve státě
be in office úřadovat, zastávat funkci
eminent statesman vynikající státník

resign [ri'zain] from office podat demisi, odstoupit
abdicate abdikovat; abdicate (from) the throne odstoupit z trůnu
give up one's office vzdát se funkce
stand for a second (presidential) term kandidovat na druhé (prezidentské) období
take one's oath [EuS] of office vykonat přísahu (při nastoupení úřadu)
make an inaugural [i'no:gjurEl] address [E'dres] pronést inaugurační projev
swear allegiance [E'li:džEans] to the flag přísahat věrnost vlajce
confer [kEn'fE] power on sb udělit moc někomu, přenést moc na někoho
put power into the hands of sb vložit moc do něčích rukou
head the Government stát v čele vlády

administration amer. vláda (=prezident, kabinet ministrů a nejv.složky stát.aparátu)
exercise power mít moc
wield [wi:ld] enormous power(s) vládnout obrovskou mocí
name the Cabinet jmenovat členy vlády
hand in one's resignation podat demisi
exert [ig'zE:t] an influence mít / vykonávat vliv
rule vládnout
ruler vládce
reign [rein] panovat
sovereign [sovrin], monarch [monEk] panovník
emperor [empErE] císař
heir [eE] to the throne následník trůnu
the Prince of Wales princ waleský (titul udílí panovník britskému násl.trůnu)
_____________________________________________________________________
1. convention; 2. faction; 3. constituency; 4. question time (in Parliament); 5. shadow
cabinet; 6. by-election; 7. the difference between a baron, baronet, and knight; 8. the
nonvoting delegates in the US Congress; 9. universal suffrage.
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1. The main election issues.

2. Factors (other than party policies) that influence voters.
3. The opening of the British Parliament.
4. The differences between the Commons and the Lords.
5. The apportionment of Representatives and Senators in the US Congress.
3. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the minimum ages for voting and for standing for election in this country?
2. What is the average turnout at the general elections? 3. Do you know a deputy in
person? 4. Which body in the system of government approves the budget? 5 By whom
and for how long a term is the Czech President elected?
4. Translate:
Vstoupit do strany; přijmout do strany; přijmout, schválit a dodržovat linii; vnitřní
roztržka; úchylka; řadoví členové; vypsat všeobecné volby; zahájit volební kampaň;
předvolební schůze; navrhnout za kandidáta; usilovat o znovuzvolení; organizovat
veřejné shromáždění; kandidát přijatelný pro umírněné i pro radikály; vyvrátit v debatě
argument protivníka; pronést nepřipravenou řeč; přesvědčit voliče; vyburcovat veřejné
mínění; mít podporu vlivných kruhů; přivést k moci; setkat se s nedůvěrou; být na
vrcholu popularity; jít volit; velká účast při volbách; doplňkové volby; volební okrsek
(brit.); získat mandát; svolat; odročit; rozpustit parlament; zasedat; vydat zákon;
zastávat funkci; kandidovat na úřad prezidenta; odstoupit; složit přísahu (při
nastoupení úřadu).
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
PŘEDLOŽKA „NA" I
on 1. na povrchu (v některých případech formálnější varianta je upon):

a carpet on the floor; lie down on one's bed; sit on the grass, sit on a chair; a bird on
a branch; a cloth on the table; a place on a map; a name on a list; on the programme,
on the edge; a car on the road, act on the stage; on board a ship; a stain on sb's
reputation, a smile on a face; live on island; travel on the Continent; arrive on the
scene; write on paper; put a hat on one's head; knock / bang on the door, work on a
farm; go on horseback
2. na základě; zaměřený na něco:

based on facts; depend on circumstances; be dependent on sb's help; be an expert on
st (ale expert at doing st); stand on one's head; get down on one's knees; be on one 's
feet, exercise on the horizontal bar (na hrazdě); rely on help; concentrate on one's
work; have a bad influence / effect on sb / st; make a good impression on sb; make an
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attack on sb; the train arrived on time; the drug acts on the pain; insist on st; on sb's
advice; be on sb's track; on both / all sides; promise on one's honour; on the other
hand na druhé straně (naproti tomu)
3. na okraji:
on the frontier / border (ale at the border / frontier na hraničním přechodu); a town on
the Thames, a house on the main road; keep the dog on the chain j lead
4. časově, „kdy":
on holiday, amer. on vacation, on one's holidays; on the second day; on St George's
Day
in 1. o ohraničeném prostoru:
in the picture (v češtině převládá představa plochy; v angličtině umístění na povrchu
vyjadřuje předložka on: There's some dust on that picture.); work in the field; a cloud
in the sky; lie in the sun; in the world; live in a village / castle bydlet na vesnici /
zámku; in the country na venkově; in the street / square (amer. převážně on the street);
be in the mountains; have st in mind; the sun rises in the east
2. časově:
in autumn / spring, in the beginning / end
at 1. cíl:
look at a picture; look at the watch, point at a landmark; aim / shoot at a target; shout
st at sb; knock at the door (srovnejte on); get angry at sb '
2. bodové urč.místa nebo času; děj s lokalitou spjat funkčně (viz před.ka „v"):
at the corner (též on); at the crossroads; at the bus stop; at the airport; teach at a
school učit na škole; spend the weekend at one's summer cottage (na chatě); be at
university, amer. be at college být na univerzitě; work at the post office; leave one´s /
purse at / in the post office; be present at a funeral; at a concert; at a wedding; at the
border / frontier (na hranicích, tj. na přechodu); at a distance of one mile; be at the
beginning / end of st (ale in the beginning zpočátku); I put her age at thirty. Odhaduji
ji na třicet; at the last moment; at dawn na úsvitu
3. Vazby:
be at a loss what to do být na rozpacích, co dělat
at our own risk na vlastní nebezpečí
be an expert at doing st být odborník na něco
(e.g. placing the blame on others) (např. jak svalit vinu na druhé)
see at a glance vidět na první pohled
love at first sight láska na první pohled
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At first sight, it was hard to understand why ...

Na první pohled bylo těžké pochopit proč...
into, to místo jako cíl pohybu, přibližování, dotyku; cíl činnosti:

go into the street j square; go into afield; come into the world; go into a castle; go to a
concert I performance; go. to Slovakia; go to university; travel to the north; invite to
dinner j a feast / a meeting; point to a landmark; run into a friend (narazit na někoho,
tj. nečekaně potkat); fall to the ground; come to the throne; put the enemy to flight
zahnat nepřítele na útěk; reduce to st omezit na něco; wet to the skin promočený na
kůži; postpone / put off to / until the I5th; divide into two parts; cut the price / weight
to ...; raise sb's wages / salary to ...; drink to sb's health; be / get accustomed / used to
danger; have a right to a share mít právo na podíl; come to sb's help; a ticket to a
concert; look forward to st; be entitled to a reward
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Make sentences of the phrases listed above involving the preposition to:
Example: be entitled to a reward

I'm entitled to a reward of £20 for bringing the bulldog back to its owner
2. Fill in prepositions:
1. This drug acts... all sorts of pains. 2. He can hit the target... a distance of 100 metres.
3. What exactly have you got... mind? 4. The accident took place.. the crossroads. 5.
Tonight the evening star could be seen shining. .. the west. 6. His illness has had little
effect... his vitality. 7. I'd put his income ... £8,000 a year. 8. Look at those black
clouds... the sky: we're sure to get wet... the skin. 9. He,'s an expert... solar energy. 10.
Let's drink ... the bride's health. 11. His mother told him never to point... people. 12.
We'll have to get up... dawn if we want to reach Prague by 10 a.m. 13. The customs
officers got on the train ... the frontier.
3. Translate:
1. být na špatné stopě; 2. názory na problém; 3. na jeho radu; 4. na druhé straně
(naproti tomu); 5. cvičit na hrazdě; 6. vidět chybu na první pohled; 7. být na rozpacích,
kam jít; 8. mířit na cíl; 9. skvrny na Slunci; 10. ležet na slunci, 11. první člověk na
Měsíci; 12. na palubě kosmické lodi; 13. na mou čest, 14. narazit na známého; 15.
nárok na odměnu; 16. zahnat na útěk; 17. zvýšit mzdu na sto liber týdně; 18. nastoupit
na trůn; 19. přilepit plakát na zeď, 20. přijít na svět.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION
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LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
♠ Saying you are pessimistic

Complete the sentences identifying three fairly formal openings; topic: discovery of
a treatment for cancer, arteriosclerosis or other serious diseases:
1. I'm not sure ... 2. I rather,doubt that... 3. I'm not at all sure ... 4. To be honest,
experience has taught me to be fairly pessimistic about... 5. Actually, I'm no longer
very optimistic ... 6. I don't really believe ... 7. I don't think … 8. I must say I tend to
be rather sceptical about ... 9. I don't think they're likely ... 10. I don't see much hope...
11. I don't want to sound too pessimistic, but... 12. I think it's bound to fail, because ...
♠ Saying you are worried or afraid
Complete the sentences, identifying those that are quite informal (3) and fairly
formal (2); topics: the future, danger of a nuclear war, an air crash, someone's
health, pollution of the environment:
1. I'm worried sick ... 2. I'm very uneasy about... 3. I find .;. very worrying. 4. I'm
scared (stiff). 5. I'm concerned about... 6. I'm (very) worried about... 7. I'm afraid ... 8.
I'm very anxious about ... 9. I fear ... 10. I should have thought everyone would have
(serious) misgivings about... 11.... gives me the creeps / jitters.
♠ Expressing surprise
a) What preceded the exclamations? Topics: cheating, going back on one's promise,
bribery and other forms of dishonesty:
1. Really? 2. Is he? (or any similar echo question) 3. That is a surprise! 4. What a
surprise! 5. Oh, that's amazing! 6. Isn't that extraordinary! 7. What? 8. Oh, no! 9. No!
I don't believe it 10. Well, I never! 11. You don't say! 12. Fantastic! 13. Who'd have
thought it? 14. Fancy that! 15. You're kidding! 16. Are you serious? 17. Good Lord!
18. My goodness! 19. Good heavens!
b) Continue the following friendly dialogue, using various exclamations of surprise:

A: Hi there. What a surprise! Fancy meeting you here!
B: It's great to see you! I thought you were in ...
♠ Saying you're pleased

What preceded the exclamations (four of which are informal and two fairly formal)?
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Topics: a promotion, passing an exam, getting a grant, your friend's marriage, a rise
in salary:
I. (Oh,) how marvellous! 2. Oh, that is good news! 3. Great! 4. That's wonderful /
splendid news! 5. Terrific! 6. Super! 7. Hey, that's great! 8. That pleases me
immensely. 9.1 can't say how pleased / delighted I am. 10. It gave me great pleasure /
statisfaction to learn ... 11. I'm delighted to hear that.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of the sequence of tenses):

1. Šeptal, že mu není dobře. 2. Rozhodl jsem se, že to vzdám. 3. Souhlasili, že je
nejvyšší čas, 4. Křičel, že ho oloupili. 5. Slíbila, že dodrží lhůtu. 6. Vysvětlil jsem, že
nebudu moci přijít. 7. Předpokládal, že jsme jeli jiným vlakem, než jsme původně
oznámili. 8. Počítal Jsem, že by to mohlo být hotové do svátků, ale nevěřil jsem, že to
skutečně bude. 9. Rozhodla se, že mu to musím půjčit. 10. Řekl, že den předtím je
zahlédl na ulici. 11. Pochopil jsem, že už čeká od dvou hodin.
2. Use a gerund or infinitive in each sentence:

1. The only thing that can be done is (try) again later. 2. It's no fun (get) wet. 3. It
seemed pointless (go) any farther. 4. There's nothing like (be) single. 5. I'm used to
(be) alone. 6. As soon as the storm ended, we set about (repair) the damage. 7. It's no
use (repeat) it once more. 8. He was in danger of (be) run over. 9. He happens (be) my
friend. 10. He always complains about (be) hard up.
_____________________________________________________________________
Key Saying you are pessimistic: F: 4, 5. 8
Saying you are worried or afraid: I: J, 4, 11; F: 9, 10
Saying you are pleased: I: 3, 5, 6, 7; F:9, 10
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 7 ECONOMY AP2
THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
The history of economic thought in the western world begins with the ancient
Greeks. The Greek philosophers condemned interest-taking and were prejudiced
against trade and commerce. The Romans failed to establish a dominant system of
economic thought. Christianity subordinated economics to ethics. The early Christians,
in their condemnation of avarice and their praise of fraternal love, were also against
private property - but this was only an ideal, and private property was early accepted
as a necessity from the fall of man. The ideal of communism appears in the accepted
doctrine that the maintenance of the poor was not a matter of philanthropy, but an
obligation. The early writers believed in the moral superiority of agriculture and
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handiwork over trade and commerce as a means of earning a livelihood and believed
that what the seller made by the trade the buyer necessarily lost, whereas later
economists would argue that in an exchange beween free and equal parties both sides
gain.
The Church prohibited usury but the growing commerce of the Middle Ages
increased the need for capital. While ethical considerations dominated medieval
economic theory, political necessities dominated the early modern period. The new
national governments needed greater revenue - money was needed for instance for the
upkeep of armies and navies. It was necessary to find or create some better sources of
revenue than the backward agriculture of the time. This led to the development of a
mercantile system, with restrictive regulations, discriminating laws and state
interference (later criticised by Adam Smith). The problem of poverty continued to
occupy the attention of the best thinkers of the time, e.g. Sir Thomas More in his
Utopia, Men like Hobbes, Locke and Hume developed economics into an essential part
of a general political philosophy.
The 18th-century physiocratic school developed the first complete system of

economics. It believed that all wealth came from land and that taxation should be on
land alone. But it also discovered the theory of surplus value: each product of industry
contains a certain value above the production costs.
Adam Smith, in his Wealth of the Nations in 1776 expressed the idea that wealth is
most effectually secured by industrial liberty and that the state should remove
restrictions and monopolies and thus promote the public good. He actually developed
the science of political economy.
Karl Marx came with the idea that profit originates in the appropriation of part of this
value by capitalists. In the 20th century, though Marx's teaching was mostly rejected,
many economists preferred planned government intervention in economy. Keynes in
The General Theory of Employment (1936) made an analysis of the role of savings
and investment and suggested the ways in which governments could deal with mass
unemployment. Though the socialist countries after WW II achieved high rates of
growth by means of planning, and promised its peoples to overtake America, in tne
end they lagged far behind the non-socialist countries. After 1989, the old way of
planned economy mostly economy.
_____________________________________________________________________
appropriation [E,prEupri'eišn] přivlastňování; avarice [AvEris] lakomství;
commerce [komEs(:)s] obchod; effectual [i'fekčuEl] účinný; ethics [eSíks] etika;
handiwork práce lidských rukou; maintenance podpora; obligation povinnost (zejm.
nepříjemná); prejudiced: be p. mít předsudek; revenue [revinju:] příjem; superiority
[sju(:)piEri'orEti] nadřazenost; surplus value nadhodnota; usury [ju:žEri] lichva
_____________________________________________________________________
TOMORROW WILL BE DIFFERENT
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Remember the paperless office predicted ten years ago? George Orwell´s nightmare
of 1984? The world famines of the 1980s foreseen in the 1970s? The personal
helicopters for all and holiday trips to the moon predicted by science fiction writers of
the 1950s? The returning ice age so in vogue in the 1970s ? Predictions now being
made about the future and based on extrapolation will be as wrong as those made in
the past.
Especially the U.S. has many gloomy prognosticians. On the present trend trade
deficits will grow for ever. Japanese domination of the aerospace industry is
enevitable. Health care.will eat the budget. Productivity will never rise again.
Indebtedness will continue to grow. Environmentalists watching the trends of the
1970s predicted ever scarcer food, water, metal and other resources. Economists said
the high commodity prices lead to a search for new supplies and alternatives; and they
were right. But doomsters compare the optimistic economers with the man falling off
the Empire State Building who says as he passes the 10th floor, "so far, so good".
Pity those who need prediction for a living. Because power stations take so long to
build, it's necessary to forecast demand a decade or more ahead. Twice in recent years
the predictions were wrong. In the 1970s a steadily rising demand was expected, as in
the 1960s. Instead, the rising price of energy, slow economic growth and the rise in
importance of low-energy industries meant that energy demand levelled off and the
Americans found that too many cosily power plants were built that were not needed.
They cancelled plans for more just as the falling price of oil led to an extravagant use
of energy and a rising demand for electricity. So today Americans have been buying
power from Canada.
Three things disrupt prediction: politics, technology, and self-correction. When the
price of oil quadrupled due to Arab politics, productivity, which had grown steadily
since WW II, halted for more than a decade. If the 1970s were the decade of
unexpected politics, the 1980s were the decade of unexpected technology. The fall in
the price of computing power made it possible for all sorts of industries - from banks
to travel agents - to use the same amount of electricity to process vastly more
information much quicker. The 1990s will be the decade of the self-correcting trend.
The growth of health spending, an increasing obsession of politicians and
businessmen, will surely correct itself- in recent years health has improved fast largely
because of prevention: less smoking, less cholesterol, more jogging.
The god economic progress is now so much worshipped that it is something of a

shock to discover that something is getting worse: e.g. the speed of traffic in Los
Angeles, the scheduled length of flight from New York to Washington, or the delivery
of the average first-class letter (it now takes 22 % longer to reach its destination than it
did 22 years ago, although the Postal Service is more bossy about how addresses
should be written). On the other hand, the cost of computing and telephoning has
fallen as fast as the quahty has risen. If cars had grown more efficient at the same rate
as computers, they could now travel once round the world on a gallon of petrol.
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_____________________________________________________________________
bossy pánovitý; doomster hlasatel zkázy; extrapolation extrapolace, přibližné určení;
famine [fAmin] hladomor; hait [ho:lt] zastavit; indebtedness [in'detidnEs]
zadluženost; level off vyrovnat se; nightmare noční můra; prognostician prognostik;
quadruple [kwodrupl] zčtvernásobit; steadily neustále; vastly more daleko víc; in
vogue v módě
_____________________________________________________________________
ECONOMICS 07
economics [,ikE'nomiks] ekonomie (obor);

economy [i' konEmi] ekonomie, hospodářství
economic strength based on manufacturing hospodář.síla založená na prům.výrobě
emergence of new industries objevení se nových průmyslových odvětví
switch to a different / civilian production 'přejít na jinou / civilní výrobu
achieve notable successes dosáhnou pozoruhodných úspěchů

be self-sufficient být soběstačný
restructure one's economy restrukturovat hospodářství
renewal of the infrastructure obnova infrastruktury
there is no prospect of an early recovery from the recession …
there is no prospect … není vyhlídka na brzké zotavení se z krize
support international investment [inCvestmEnt] podporovat mezinárodní investice

be in business = have one's own firm / business podnikat
businessman podnikatel (obchodní)
industrialist podnikatel (průmyslový), průmyslník
U.S. multinationals make huge investments overseas
U.S. multinationals … americké nadnárodní společ.silně investují v zahraničí
restrictive and preferential policy to control foreign investment …

restrictive and … restriktivní a preferenční politika na kontr.zahran. investic
introduce market economy zavést tržní hospodářství
rely on market forces spoléhat na působení trhu, tržní síly
the law of supply and demand zákon nabídky a poptávky
enterpreneurial [,antrEprE' neEriEl] risktaking podnikatelské riskování

the public sector faces serious problems veřejný sektor stojí před váž. problémy
unable to conform to global standards neschopen přizpůsobit se svět.měřítkům
produce innovations produkovat inovované výrobky
The rate of growth and expansion is slowing down. Tempo růstu se zpomaluje.
accuse the government of not doing enough to promote economic growth
accuse the … obvinit vládu, že nedělá dost pro podporu hospodářského růstu
The rise in exports is more than offset by the rise of imports.
The rise in … Vzrůst vyvozuje více než vyvážen vzrůstem dovozu.
reciprocity in trade reciprocita v obchodě
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bilateral trade deal dvoustranný obchod

adopt rules against the dumping of cheap imports opatření proti damping.dovozu
gain access to the global market získat přístup na světový trh
impose restraints uložit omezení

have adverse effects on competitiveness mít nepříznivý účinek na soutěživost
Commodity prices rise / fall. Ceny zboží stoupají / klesají.
merger, acquisition or takeover of companies splynutí, získání / převzetí společností
return a property expropriated without payment to its lawful owner …
return a property … vrátit majetek vyvlastněný bez náhrady zákonitému majiteli
reduce money supply and money spending snížit zásobu oběživa a peněžní výdaje
The annual rate of inflation has accelerated. Ročni přírůstek inflace se zrychlil.
depreciation [di,pri:ší'eišn] of the crown znehodnocení koruny

sound currency pevná měna
Foreign investors have a 51 % stake in this plant …
Foreign investors … Zahraniční investoři mají 51% podíl v tomto závodě.
voucher [vaučE] privatisation kupónová privatizace
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. They condemned interest-taking and avarice. 2. Handiwork was a major means of
earning a livelihood. 3. The predictions of the doomsters went wrong. 4. It's more than
offset by gaining access to the global market. 5. Merger of two corporations
headquartered in London. 6. They can't afford keeping all their office staff on their
payroll.
1. impose restraints; 2. depreciation of the crown; 3. international investment; 4. be
self-sufficient; 5. public sector; 6. market economy; 7. expropriate a property; 8. class
struggle; 9. state interference; 10. usury.

1. The main stages in the development of human society.
2. Can or should people be reeducated? What's the difference between reeducation and
brainwashing?
3. Can there be absolute equality in a society?
4. Which economic measures would you suggest for your country?
4. Translate:
obnova hospodářství založená na soukromé iniciativě; rušit státní vlastnictví;
propagovat (promote) tržní hospodářství a soutěživost podniků; nebýt konkurence
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schopný a stát před bankrotem; rozšířit privatizaci na telefonní služby; zavést

pronikavé (far-reaching) změny v maloobchodní síti (in retail); vyvlastnit majetek bez
náhrady; fungování zákona o nabídce a poptávce; snížit množství oběživa; učinit
protiinflační opatření; zabránit znehodnocení koruny.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
PŘEDLOŽKA „NA" II
for 1. bližší určení (času, místa, účelu apod.):

go for one's holiday / vacation; go for a visit; come for lunch / tea j dinner; invite / ask
sb for a drink pozvat někoho na skleničku; borrow money for a car; stop in / at a pub
for a beer; buy some material for clothes; a house for sale; invite sb for five o'clock;
wait for sb; come for Christmas / the holiday; go away for two weeks; come for the
weekend / the day on Sunday přijet na víkend / neděli (tj. strávit celý víkend nebo
neděli); stay for the night; send to prison for life (na doživotí); What is it for? Na co to
je?
2. srovnávání:
It's warm for March. He's too tall for an Italian. He's heavy for a small boy. It's not a
bad piece of work for such a young person. I'm too old for that. He's nimble for his
age. For a doctor he writes quite legibly.
of, about o námětu nebo předmětu činnosti (srovnejte s předložkou „o"):

think of st vzpomenout si na něco; think about silly things myslet na hlouposti; ask
about the details; an opinion of sb / on the situation názor na někoho / situaci;
complain of / about st; be jealous of st; That's what I like about you. To se mi na tobě
líbí.
Vazby 1. v angličtině s předložkou:
excuse oneself by saying říci na omluvu

as a proof of st na důkaz něčeho
keep st as a memento of st schovat si něco na památku něčeho
go at full speed jet na plný plyn
be at sb's mercy být někomu vydán na milost
go by / ride on a bicycle jet na kole
all except / but one všichni až na jednoho
for example, for instance například
Watch out / Be on the lookout for the dog / pickpockets. Pozor na psa / kapsáře.
a lot to choose from mnoho na výběr
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be in doubt (about st) být na pochybách (o něčem)

(a deposit account / papers) in the name of... (vkladní knížka / doklady) na jméno.
in explanation (= by way of explanation) na vysvětlenou
nod in greeting přikývnout na pozdrav
be in charge of st mít na starosti něco
shake hand in reconciliation podat si ruce na usmířenou
go blind in one eye oslepnout najedno oko

have st in stock mít něco na skladě
rich in (minerals) bohatý na (nerosty)
be interested in st mít zájem na něčem, zajímat se o něco
deposit £100 in one's bank account uložit sto liber na knížku
(= put £100 in the bank)
be fond of good food potrpět si na dobré jídlo
take care of sb vzít si na starost někoho (péči)
see to st vzít si na starost něco (zařídit)
take st on an empty stomach vzít si / sníst / vypít něco na lačný žaludek
It gets on my nerves. Jde mi to na nervy.
put the men on three shifts; zavést práci na tři směny;
I work three shifts / the morning and afternoon shifts. Pracuji na tři / dvě směny.
keep an eye on the children dohlížet na děti
a quarter to two tři čtvrtě na dvě
a door leading to the yard dveře na dvůr
contribute to the support of one's children platit na děti (u rozvedeného)
be situated (to the) north / south of London ležet na sever / jih od Londýna
made-to-measure clothes, brit. též bespoke clothes šaty na míru
It's up to you to decide. Je na tobě rozhodnout to.
see with one's own eyes vidět na vlastní oči
be angry / furious with sb / amer. at sb (hrozně) se zlobit na někoho
within sb's reach na něčí dosah, na dosah něčí ruky
chicken with paprika kuře na paprice
chicken in cream sauce kuře na smetaně
be at large být na svobodě (po úniku z vězení, zoo apod.)
animals in the wild zvířata žijící na svobodě (v přírodě)
Vazby 2. v angličtině bez předložky:
play the piano / guitar hrát na klavír / kytaru

play hide-and-seek hrát si na schovávanou
ring the bell zvonit na zvonek
send st COD (= Cash on Delivery) poslat na dobírku
go mushroom picking / mushrooming jít / chodit na houby
hurry to help spěchat na pomoc
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wave goodbye mávat na rozloučenou

have the choice of / be able to choose mít na vybranou (dělat to nebo něco jiného)
between (doing this or something else) mít na vybranou (dělat to nebo něco jiného)
mind the stairs / steps pozor na schody
remember st pamatovat si (na) něco; vzít na vědomí něco
forget st zapomenout na něco
point out (the defects / shortcomings) ukázat na (chyby / nedostatky)
be mistaken být na omylu, mýlit se
discover st přijít na něco (zjistit)
face south být obrácen na jih
join up (= join the army) dát se na vojnu
be doing one's military service být na vojně
It was packed there. Byla tam hlava na hlavě.
be about to leave (= be on the point of leaving) být na odchodu
lose one´s courage klesat na mysli
pleasant to look at příjemný na pohled
type psát na stroji
surrender unconditionally vzdát se na milost a nemilost
soft-boiled / hard-boiled eggs vejce naměkko / natvrdo
serialized novel román na pokračování
libel [laibl] urážka na cti
go out for / and get some air vyjít na vzduch
begin to like / enjoy st přijít něčemu na chuť
have a lodger mít někoho na bytě
not leave a stone standing nenechat kámen na kameni
They can't fool me. Na mě si nepřijdou.
Goodbye. See you tomorrow. Na shledanou. Na shledanou zítra.
have a gas stove vařit na plynu
use butter vařit na másle
He keeps the place / his things tidy. Dbá na pořádek. (je pořádkumilovný)
There aren't enough of you. Na počet je vás málo.
He didn't react / answer. Neřekl na to nic.
1. Fill in the prepositions where necessary.

1. He's sincere - that's what I like ... him. 2. Women are more interested ... fashion than
men. 3. I can't afford made-.. -measure clothes. 4. It's... you to decide where we'll go 5.
The firm was supposed to book a room here ... the name of Moore. 6. He was late and
I was furious... him, but he excused himself ... saying that the tram had been delayed.
7. Let's stop in at this pub ... a beer. 8. How many are you expecting to come... dinner?
9. On Monday I'm going ... my holiday. 10 It's rather cold ... June. 11. As a child I was
fond of playing... hide-and-seek. 12. Leeds is situated... north of Sheffield. 13. We
don't have this text book ... stock any more, and in fact it's out of print 14. I'm... doubt
about what to do next. 15. Our balcony faces... south. 16. Ring... the bell. 17. What are
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you complaining...? 18. I hear he's very jealous ... his new wife. 19. What's your
opinion ... the latest developments ...? 20. I´ll have chicken ... paprika.
2. Translate:
1. Všichni až na jednoho mi přispěchali na pomoc. 2. Moc na výběr toho není. 3. Co
můžeš říct na vysvětlenou? 4. Bude zatáčka, nemůžeš jet na plný plyn. 5. Podali jsme
si ruce na usmířenou. 6. Aljaška je bohatá na nerosty. 7. Výhru uložil na knížku. 8. Jde
mi to na nervy. 9. Dohlédni chvíli na děti. 10. Vítězství už bylo na dosah ruky. 11.
Pošlete to na dobírku. 12. Chodíš rád na houby? 13. Schovala si jeho dopis na
památku. 14. Neklesej na mysli. 15. Byl už na odchodu, když jsem přišel. 16. V těch
letech jsem byl na vojně. 17. Je tu dusno, půjdu trochu na vzduch. 18. Přišel jsi už na
to, co tomu je? 19. Časopisy pro ženy uveřejňují sentimentální romány na
pokračování. 20. Dám si vejce naměkko. 21. Na důkaz toho předložil fotografii. 22.
Měl bys na ty nedostatky poukázat. 23. Zamávej jim na rozloučenou. 24. Jeho ošidili,
ale na mne si nepřijdou. 25. Hraje pěkně na kytaru. 26. Aby splnili plán, pracují teď na
dvě směny. 27. Na chatě vaříme na plynu. 28. Můžeš ten pokoj mít, nikoho teď na bytě
nemáme. 29. Vypij to na lačný žaludek. 30. Na začátečníka to není zlé.
_____________________________________________________________________
♣ Saving you are displeased or angry
a) Fill in various activities which you find annoying in other people (e.g. being late,
not keeping one's word, etc.); numbers 8-12 are increasingly informal:
1. ... really makes me cross / angry. 2. ... annoys / irritates me. 3. There's nothing I like
less than ... 4. I think it really unpleasant... 5. I really hate ... 6. I can't stand ... 7. I can't
bear ... 8. What on earth makes him ... 9. ... (really) drives me mad. 10. I'm fed up with
... 11. I'm sick and tired of ... 12. Why in God's name / Why the hell doesn't he ...
b) Think of statements that might provoke you to the following angry responses:
1. Ohno! 2. Ohdear! 3. Ohbother! 4. What a nuisance! 5. How infuriating! 6. Oh

damn! 7. Oh hell, no! 8. Oh no, what next? 9. What an idiot / fool!
♣ Saying yon are relieved
A friend tells you that your lost purse / wallet has been found; say how relieved .you
are and explain why. Which of the following responses iš too formal (1)?
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1. What a relief! 2. I'm (so) relieved to hear that. 2. Thank heavens / goodness. (Oh,)
good / marvellous / wonderful! 5. Oh, that's a great relief. 6. Well, that's a load off my
mind. 7. I'm very / extremely pleased to hear that.
♣ Saying you are dissatisfied

Complete the responses to some bad news, identifying'the informal openings (6):
1. Oh, what a shame. I wanted ... 2. That's very disappointing,! must say - ... 3. I'm
rather / very disappointed about... 4. That's just like him – always ... 5. Oh, too bad. I
thought... 6. What a pity he didn't... 7. Oh dear, I've / I'd been looking forward to ... 8.
Just our luck,... 9. And I was / I've been hoping ... 10. I'm sorry to hear (about)... 11.
What a letdown - …
♣ Calming or reassuring someone

a) Identify the responses that are quite informal (5) and rather formal (3):
1. (Please) don't worry. 2. There's nothing to worry .about. 3. Now, now, take it easy.
4. Now, don't get upset about it. 5. You (really) needn't worry. 6. Don't let it worry
you. 7. I shouldn't worry /get upset ifl were you. 8. There, there. 9. Relax. 10. I'm sure
things will turn out all right. 11. I'm sure things will turn out fine in the end. 12. It
doesn't matter one little bit. 13. I don't think it matters. 14. It doesn't (really) make any
difference. 15. I can assure you that ... 16. everything'll be OK / all right. 17. There's
really no reason /cause to be worried / alarmed. 18. No need to get so worked up about
it. 19. You need have no fears. 20. It isn't so bad as all that. 21. Try and look on the
bright side.
b) Bill, a student, tells his friends that he has failed a test. Which of the replies he
gets is too formal (1)?
Bill: God, Vm fed up! Failed my test again.
A: Don't get so worked up about it, Bill. You're sure to pass when you try it again.
B: Cheer up! You'll do it next time.
C: I should think you'll pass next time.
c) Reassure your friend / wife / husband / parents:

1. you've gone through a list of reminders of things to do before you leave; 2. you'll
remember to order the seat reservations; 3. you won't forget to put the travellers'
cheques in your wallet; 4. you'll remember to post his / her letters; 5. you won't leave
the cancellation of the newspaper delivery to your home till the last moment; 6. you
aren't going to forget to leave behind the address of the guest house where you're
planning to stay.
_____________________________________________________________________
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GRAMMAR
1. Change the following sentences into indirect statements and questions (revision of
the sequence of tenses):
1. I was in Bristol a couple of years ago. 2. Can you stay overnight? 3. Is there any
money left? 4. I don't want to go anywhere this week. 5. I was surprised that it was
there where I had left it. 6. I could get it ready for you today. 7. The Earth is round. 8.
I'm arriving on Friday the thirteenth. 9. World War II broke out twenty-five years after
World War I. 10. You must lend me a couple of pounds. 11. Have you finished? I've
been waiting for you since two. 12 Did Stanley marry Muriel? 13. Which chair shall I
sit in?
2. Translate, using the gerund or infinitive:

1. Nemohl jsem si pomoci, abych ho neopravil. 2. Nemohl jsem se udržet, abych se
nesmál. 3. Už se přestal chlubit tím svým novým autem? 4. Rád (enjoy) chodím na
vycházky do přírody. 5. Přestal jsem ho sledovat. 6. Nestojím o televizi, dávám
přednost tomu vidět filmy v kině. 7. To vyžaduje usilovně cvičit. 8. Nemohu se
vyhnout tomu, abych ho nepotkával. 9. Popřel, že ji zná. 10. Nesnáším, když (vidím,
že) se krutě zachází se zvířaty.
Key Saying you are relieved: F: 7

Saying you are dissatisfied: I: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11
Calming or reassuring someone: a) I: 3. 8, 9. 12, 16; F: 7, 15, 19; b) F: C.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 08 POPULATION AND RACE AP2
THE POPULATION OF THE UK
The birthrate in the UK at present is relatively low. Several factors seem to have
contributed to this. The trend of the 1960s towards earlier marriage was reversed in the
1970s, and owing to later marriages the average age at which women have their first
child is now higher. There is a preference for smaller families, especially two-child
families. Contraception has become more widespread and effective, making it easier to
plan families. A considerable percentage of pregnancies, especially those conceived
outside marriage, are ended by legal abortion.
Although the total population has remained relatively stable, there have been
noticeable changes in the age and sex structures, including an increase in the
proportion of elderly people, especially those aged 85 and over. Some 18 per cent of
the population is over the normal retirement age.
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There is both an inflow of people into Britain and an outflow of people to the rest of
the world. The greatest number of people leave for Australia, Canada, and New
Zealand; fewer go to the US and European Community countries. The immigrants
mostly come from Pakistan and the New Commonwealth countries, i.e. all the
Commonwealth countries except Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, but a certain
percentage comes from the three latter countries as well and approximately as many
come from the European Community countries. Immigration into Britain is controlled
by various Immigration Acts.
The Irish form the largest single minority group. In the 1930s and after 1945 large
numbers of Europeans settled in Britain. The large communities from the West Indies
and the South Asian subcontinent date from the 1950s and early 1960s. The population
of New Commonwealth and Pakistani ethnic origin is estimated at 2.2 million (over 4
per cent of the total population of Britain), of whom over 40 per cent were born in
Britain. Many of them still have an insufficient grasp of English. There are also
sizeable groups of Americans, Australians, Chinese, Greek and Turkish Cypriots,
Italians, Spaniards, and people from Indochina.
For naturalization, which is at the Home Secretary's discretion, five years' residence,
good character, and a sufficient knowledge of English, Welsh or Scottish Gaelic are
required, except for the spouse of a British citizen, who needs only three years'
residence and no language qualification. Under the British Nationality Act 1981,
which took effect from 1 January 1983, the former citizenship of the United Kingdom
and Colonies was replaced by three citizenships: British citizenship for people closely
connected with the UK, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man; British Dependent
Territories citizenship for people connected with the dependencies; and British
Overseas citizenship. The Race Relations Act 1976 makes discrimination unlawful on
grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origin.
_____________________________________________________________________
abortion [E'bo:šn] potrat; contraception antikoncepce; Cypriot [sipriEt] Kypřan;
dependency [di' pendEnsi] závislé území; discretion [di'skrešn]: at sb's discretion
podle uvážení někoho; grasp: have a grasp of English ovládat angličtinu; inflow
přiliv, přibýváni; naturalization naturalizace; outflow odliv, úbytek; preference for
st obliba něčeho; pregnancy conceived ... těhotenství počaté ...; reverse [ri'vE:s]
obrátit; spouse [spaus] manžel, manželka
_____________________________________________________________________
AMERICAN INDIANS
The Indian of the past lived in America for thousands of years before the rest of the
world knew there was such a continent. Though some Indians in the Southwest lived
as farmers, the image most people now have of the Indians is of the Plains Indians,
who lived on the treeless prairies, moving from place to place, often following the
buffalo (or bison) herds. This animal was their main source of food and supplies; its
skin provided material for clothing, tepees, shoes, blankets.
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For some time, Indians and whites lived in friendly contact, exchanging goods. But
as allies of France and England, they became involved in the struggle between the two
countries for the possession of America. When the French eventually lost, the Indian
tribes who had been friendly with them suffered as well. Only twenty years later, the
Indians who were loyal to Britain found themselves in turn on the losing side, when
they supported the British against the rebellious colonists. But the main conflict with
the Indians did not come until farmers, ranchers, and miners began to move into the
West, where they seized Indian lands and limited Indian hunting rights. The Indians of
course fought back and bands of Indians often raided homes, murdering the settlers
and shooting their livestock; they also attacked stagecoaches. This again led to
reprisals by the American settlers and the US Army.
The Colt revolver, the railroads, which made possible quick troop transport, and the
telegraph, which immediately reported the movement of hostile bands, helped to
defeat the Indian. But the main factor in breaking down Indian resistance was the
intensive hunting of the buffalo by professional white hunters, which went on until
very few buffalo survived and the Indians were starving. The white man's most
dangerous gift - liquor - also helped to demoralize the Indians.
There was Indian fighting on the frontier from the sixties to the eighties. Defeated,
the Indians agreed to accept reservations on bad land. The argument of the whites was
that the Indian would not farm, so he did not need good land. And even this Indian
territory was later often invaded by the whites. The government wanted to assimilate
the Indians to white culture. But Indian resistance was not yet at an end - for instance
at the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) a whole cavalry unit led by General Custer
was killed. Yet the power of the Indian was broken and most Indian leaders, such as
Crazy. Horse and Sitting Bull, were killed. The last Indians to continue fighting were
the Apaches and the Sioux. The massacre of the Sioux at a creek called Wounded
Knee took place as late as 1890.
In 1924 full rights of citizenship were given to all Indians and since the 1930s the
government has been attempting to protect Indian tribal culture. Indian folklore,
customs, and beliefs and Indian languages are now studied by scholars. Earlier, the
white man rarely understood the Indian mind. The Indian was thought to be inferior -
lazy, childish, superstitious, cruel. On the other hand, to the Indian way of thinking,
the white man was rude, selfish, intolerant of Indian beliefs in the unseen powers of
nature, and above all false, because he broke many treaties and agreements. Though
many people still imagine the reservation Red Indian in moccasins, a buckskin shirt
with beads, and a feathered headdress sitting gravely in a tepee, his way of life is more
like that of poor people anywhere. Poverty, lack of education, and alcoholism are the
main problems. Moreover, the Indians are divided in their view of the future: some
wish to preserve their identity, others do not. The Indians continued to die out until
1900, since when their numbers have been increasing, due to a drop in their death rate
and to their high birthrate. The last census registered one million US Indians or Native
Americans (the term they prefer).
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_____________________________________________________________________
band tlupa; bead korálek; buckskin jelenice; creek amer. říčka, potok; false [fo:ls]
proradný; fight back bránit se; headdress čelenka; herd stádo; raid přepadnout;
reprisal [ri'praizl] represálie; tepee (ti:pi:] stan (indiánský); tribal kmenový
Apache [E'pAči], mn. č. Apache, Apaches Apač (Indian people of US Southwest,

divided into many groups; chiefly known for fierce opposition to white intrusion into
New Mexico and Arizona; notable leader; Geronimo); Sioux [su:], mn. č. Sioux [su:,
su:z] Sioux (Siouan languages were formerly spoken in west central US)
_____________________________________________________________________
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES
The Aborigines have been called stone-age men. Literally speaking this is true, in
that they never reached the stage of using metals. And yet this primitive existence had
a complex social organization and a rich spiritual life.
All Aborigines looked on themselves as the descendants of the same ancestors, who
were mysterious beings, half spirits, half men whose reality and constant presence they
took for granted. For instance, having a child was freeing the soul of future human
being from its totem and sending it into the womb of its mother. Man's role in this was
merely to prepare the way for the coming of an already existing spirit. After a person's
death the spirit remained present but invisible and forever indestructible.
Each tribe consisted of a few hundred individuals sharing a common language and the
same beliefs and customs, and the territory they saw as theirs was related o its fertility.
In the less arid regions it would be no more than a few hundred square kilometres; in
other parts it might be a few thousand. Within the tribe there was no clearly defined
leader, but the authority of the elders was recognized by all. Marriages were arranged;
both monogamy and polygamy were common. No marriage was necessarily a once-
and-for-all arrangement, and women could belong to a series of husbands. The life of
children was spent in play; punishments or beatings were unheard of. When the boys
reached the age of fourteen they had to undergo initiation ceremonies. They were
admitted to the secrets which had been handed down for thousands of years. Pain was
part of the ceremony because it was believed that pain would quicken the boys'
understanding of the mystery of man's origin and destiny. Each man's duty was to
ensure the survival of the tribe. In this he was watched over by his totem - his protector
and his link with the world of the spirits; it would warn him of imminent danger
through dreams. From time to time, communal ceremonies - corroborees - were held,
with dances and singing. The usual percussion instruments were sticks or boomerangs,
struck against one another. The songs, which had very few words, told of the totems,
whereas most legends were animal stories, though some had explanations for the
major stars. The two brightest stars in the Southern Cross, for example, were said to be
actually two brothers who had got cut off by a bushfire while out hunting and managed
to take refuge up in the sky.
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This mythology and its rituals were not transmitted by oral tradition only. There
were artists who did drawings in red, yellow, white, and black (they had no blues,
greens, or greys). Many of their rock paintings have been preserved; they depict
lifelike or stylized humans, spirits, and animals from their legends - kangaroos, lizards,
emus, all those unique animals of the Australian continent. Australians for a long time
took no interest in the Aborigines; they grabbed their lands and predicted the
inevitable extinction of the race. Then, about 1930, things began to change and the
first scientific journal was founded to help study them. Much research was done in the
fields of archaeology and sociology. Recently there has been a marked improvement in
official treatment of the Aborigines. The first solution was to concentrate them in
reserves, based on their old tribal homelands. The later policy of assimilation was an
attempt to break down the isolation that resulted from life in the outback. The aim or
this policy has been to make all Aborigines, full-bloods as well as part-Aborigines,
accept the general Australian lifestyle. Nowadays, before the law, the first Australians
are as equal as anyone. But the problem of land rights remains. As luck would have it,
some of the regions where the Aborigines live are particulary rich in mineral wealth
and the Aborigines claim that it belongs to them. The government decisions so far
have been somewhat vague on the question of mining rights.
Another problem is connected with the new way of life of the 80,000-odd
Aborigines. They realize that they are tolerated rather than accepted, and not all of
them manage to adapt to contemporary Western civilization; Australians are one of the
most urbanized populations in the worlds The greatest danger is, the demoralization
that comes from cultural uprooting. Very few Aborigines, however, continue to live
the wandering desert life of their ancestors.
_____________________________________________________________________
Aborigines [,AebE'ridžiniz] původní domorodé obyvatelstvo Austrálie, Aborigine
australský domorodec; arid [Arid] vyprahlý; boomerang [bu:mErAN] bumerang;
bushfire požár v buši; corroboree [kE'robEri:] obřadní tanec (australských
domorodců); emu [i:mju:] emu (pták); full-blood čistokrevný; grab uchvátit;
indestructible nezničitelný; initiation ceremony zasvěcovací obřad; kangaroo
[,kANgE'ru:] klokan; tifelike realistický; lizard [lizEd] ještěrka; odd: 80,000-odd
něco přes 80 000; once-snd-for-all definitivní; outback pustina (v Austrálii území
daleko od měst); refuge [rifju:dž] útočiště; take refuge in a place uchýlit se někam;
reserve [ri' zE:v] brit., australsky a kanadsky (= reservation amer.) rezervace; totem
[tEutEm] totem; up-rooting vykořenění; wandering toulavý, nomádský
_____________________________________________________________________
AFRO-AMERICANS
Until 1940, 75 per cent of US Negroes lived in the South, but the great industrial
activity brought on in the North by World War II started a migration of Negroes to the
North and West. This continued during the postwar boom, and now only one half of all
blacks, as the Negroes began to call themselves in the 1960s, live in the South. Due to
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their high birthrate, and the migration of whites to the suburbs, blacks became the
majority in several major US cities. There they have met with both success and failure.
Perhaps the most striking success of the blacks has been the increase in both their
prestige and their actual political power. After the war liberal American opinion
condemned the long-standing inequalities between black and white, and many whites
joined the increasingly militant blacks in struggling against segregation in housing,
public transport, places of recreation and entertainment, and the educational system.
A series of Supreme Court decisions declared segregation illegal and over the years
racism in the sense of a belief in the superiority of the white race has declined sharply.
At the same time, as the number of black residents in the cities rose, blacks became
judges and mayors; large numbers of young blacks are now enrolled in college; blacks
have reached top positions in US government service; and many prestigious writers are
black.
But there is much failure and poverty too. As a matter of fact, every big city has two
black communities: one that is beginning to achieve success and lives - like the whites
- in new suburban homes with green lawns, and another that lives in the inner-city
ghetto - in the city's slums. There is a great deal of unemployment there because many
of the heavy jobs the blacks used to work at - in the steel mills and packing houses and
at the assembly lines - have become scarce because of increasing automation. The
jobless rate for blacks is double that for whites, and among black teenagers
unemployment is even worse; this leads to drug addiction and crime and family
breakups, to revolt against authority, discipline, and society in general.
_____________________________________________________________________
boom konjunktura, rozkvět ekonomie; drug addiction narkomanstvi; inner city
centrum města (implikuje zchátralost); militant radikální, bojovný; packing house
amer. konzervárna (na masné výrobky); steel mills ocelárny; superiority
[su:,piEri'orEti] nadřazenost; Supreme Court (su(:)´pri:m 'ko:t] Nejvyšší soud (USA)
_____________________________________________________________________
POPULATION 08
POPULATION CHANGES
The population is growing at the rate of one million a year.

The population is growing … Obyvatelstva přibývá ročně o milión.
double, triple, quadruple zdvojnásobit se, ztrojnásobit se, zečtyřnásobit se
reach a total of ... dosáhnout celkového počtu ...
The total is approaching .. Celkový počet se blíží ...
rate of increase přírůstek

high birthrate vysoká porodnost
low death rate, low mortality nízká úmrtnost
present population trend nynější populační trend
The census is taken every ten years. Sčítání lidu se koná každých deset let.
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average population density průměrná hustota obyvatelstva

per square mile na čtvereční míli
densely - thinly settled hustě - řídce osídlený
rank fifth být na pátém místě
overpopulated – underpopulated přelidněný - málo zalidněný
evenly populated rovnoměrně zalidněn
great stretches of territory with no people rozsáhlá neosídlená území
ZPG = zero population growth nulový přírůstek obyvatelstva
settled by a wave of immigrants osídlen vlnou přistěhovalců
leave the mother country in large numbers odcházet hromadně z vlasti
drive out of the country vyhnat / vypudit ze země

settlement osídlení; osada
settler [setlE] osadník
migration from, the south stěhováni z jihu
surplus population [sE:plEes ,popjuCleišn] přebytek obyvatelstva
population shift / redistribution přesun / přeskupení obyvatelstva
general exodus [eksEdEs] from rural to urban areas odchod z venkova do měst
RACE RELATIONS
whites – nonwhites běloši - jiné rasy

prejudice [predžudis] against coloured people předsudky vůči barevným
avoid contact with sb vyhýbat se styku s někým
tension in the relations between... napětí ve vztazích mezi ...
practise racial descrimination provádět rasovou diskriminaci
racist [reisist], brit. též racialist [reišElist] rasista

racism, brit. též racialism rasismus
segregationist stoupenec segregace
subject to (all kinds of) indignities / intimidation vystaven ponižování / zastrašování
feel the hatred of sb pociťovat něčí nenávist
feel contempt for sb cítit pohrdáni k někomu

despise / treat sb as inferior pohrdat / zacházet s někým jako s méněcenným
commit acts of violence dopouštět se násilností
terrorize the community terorizovat občany
threat of lynching hrozba lynčování (Colonel Charles Lynch (1736-96))
be mobbed být napaden sroceným davem
shout abuse vykřikovat nadávky
treat sb decently chovat se slušně k někomu
be entitled to equal rights mít nárok na stejná práva
equality of treatment stejné zacházení
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protest against unequal treatment protestovat proti nerovnému zacházení

civil liberties občanské svobody
the civil rights movement hnutí za občanská práva
moderates - militants umírnění - radikálové
full citizenship plné občanství
sit-in protest v podobě obsazení veřejné budoby n. instituce
nonviolent protest protestní hnutí neužívající násilí
support the underprivileged minorities podporovat neplnoprávné menšiny
desegregation zrušení rasové segregace
achieve racial integration dosáhnout rasové integrace

The Race Relations Act (1968) made discrimination illegal in the US.
The Race … Zákon o rasových vztazích učinil diskriminaci v USA protizákonnou.
anti-apartheid movement hnutí proti apartheidu (jihoafrické politice segregace)
abolitionist [AbE'lišEnist] abolicíonista (stoupenec zrušení otroctví)
The Emancipation Proclamation Prohlášení o zrušení otroctví (1863)

join the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
join the National … vstoupit do Národního sdr. pro povznesení barev.obyvatelstva
have ethnic pride mít národnostní hrdost
courses in Black Studies předn. o historii, kultuře, postavení černochů (v.. USA)
Afro-Americans = Black Americans, Blacks
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. reverse the trend; 2. pregnancy outside marriage; 3. at the Home Secretary's
discretion; 4. have an insufficient grasp of English; 5. racist graffiti; 6. evict as a
nuisance; 7. lead to reprisals;.8. a superstitious Indian; 9. condemn longstanding
inequalities; 10. demoralization coming from cultural uprooting.
1. Scottish Gaelic; .2. the Channel Islands; 3. the nuclear family; 4. tepee; 5. feathered
headdress; 6. initiation ceremony; 7. totem; 8. corroboree; 9. outback; 10. full-blood;
11. segregation.
3. Name:
1. two Indian tribes; 2. two battles with Amencan Indians; 3. the words of Indian
origin for "tent", "shoes", "hatchet"; 4. three unique Australian animals.

1. The inflow of people into Bntain and the outflow from Britain.
2. The problems of ethnic immigrants to Britain from the New Commonwealth and
Pakistan
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3. The rise of blacks in American society.

4. Ways in which racial discrimination or harassing is practised.
5. A novel dealing with race relations (e.g. by Caldwell, Faulkner, Ellison, Baldwin,
Kittens, Styron).
6. How Indian resistance in the US was finally broken.
7. Companson of Native Amencans and Australian aborigines.
8. Black ghettoes.
5. Translate:
K základním informacím o každé zemi patří také údaje týkající se jejího obyvatelstva,
např. na kolik miliónů se obyvatelstvo nyní odhaduje, kolik obyvatelstva bylo při
posledním sčítání, o kolik ho od té doby přibylo. lidstvo není rozmístěno na zeměkouli
rovnoměrně. Některé oblasti jsou přelidněné, jiné mají nedostatek obyvatelstva. Např.
v Austrálii je osídlení soustředěno v úzkém pobřežním pásu, kdežto vnitrozemí je
liduprázdné. Naproti tomu Čína se řadí k nejhustěji zalidněným zemím na světě; má
asi čtyřikrát více lidí na čtvereční kilometr než Čechy. Malthusovy-pesimistické
předpovědi, že lidstvo bude hladovět, se sice nesplnily, ale jedním z hlavních
problémů Asie je stále skutečnost, že zdokonalení zemědělství je vyváženo (offset)
populační explozí, takže životní úroveň zůstává stejně nízká. Bylo vypočteno, že
kdyby lidí přibývalo stejnou měrou jako doposud, za šest set let by na zeměkouli
připadal na jednoho člověka jeden metr čtvereční; na naší planetě by tedy byla pouze
„místa k stání" .
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
PŘEDLOŽKA „PO"
after následnost.
after the war; after years of effort, one after another, feel sick after the salami; after
him it's my turn; name a square after sb, he takes after his mother (je po matce)
for 1. časové rozpětí; během:

sleep for hours, for generations; (for) the whole time
2. hledání něčeho, touha po něčem.

long / crave for adventure toužit po dobrodružství: crave for a cup of tea dychtit po
šálku čaje; thirst for excitement, search for the missing person
about, round (amer. around) místně, sem a tam

walk about / round the house / garden, walk about the town chodit po městě
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along místně, podél, po délce walk along the road / street / shore
(up)to mez, hranice:

snow up to the knees, stripped to the know everything up to the eighth lesson
Vazby: 1. rozčleněnost
enter two by two vstoupit po dvou
take two steps at a time brát schody po dvou
take medicine a spoonful at a time brát lék po lžičce
give the children a chocolate each; dát dětem po čokoládovém bonbónu
give each of the children a chocolate;
give the children each a chocolate
search one's pockets hledat po kapsách
2. následnost
I can't read your handwriting. Nemohu to po tobě přečíst.
a doctor's widow vdova po lékaři
a widow's pension penze po manželovi
wear mourning after one's mother has nosit smutek po matce
died / after one's mother's death
The fun's over. Je po legraci.
spring up; (be) mushroo(ing) růst jak houby po dešti
There´s not a living soul here. Je tu jak po vymření.
The wedding is off. Je po svatbě, (nekoná se)
He´s dead. Je po něm.
The season´s over. Je po sezóně.
I´ve been ill. Jsem po nemoci.
There´s no trace of him. Není po něm ani stopy.
3. podle:
ape the grown-ups opičit se po dospělých
He doesn't like it. Není mu to po chuti.
(in) the old way postaru, po starém způsobu
Do it your own way. Udělej to po svém.
disappear, leave without being noticed zmizet po anglicku
cook Italian food(s) / meals / dishes; cook Italian-style vařit po italsku
4. prostředek.
creep (about) on all fours lézt po čtyřech
walk on one's hands chodit po rukou
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(walk) on tiptoe (jít) po špičkách

jump on one leg skákat po jedné noze
dive skočit po hlavě
send by messenger poslat po poslovi
railway journey cesta po železnici
5. směr nebo blízkost:

go down / up the river jet po řece dolů ( nahoru)
swim downstream plavat po proudu
on one's left / right; on the lefthand / right-hand side po levici / pravici
by sb's side po něčím boku
have st handy, have st at hand mít něco po ruce
6. co se týká:
ask about the details dotazovat se po podrobnostech
ask about sb's health poptávat se po něčím zdraví
It's none of your business. Po tom ti nic není.
What's that to you? Co je ti po tom?
die out in both the male and the female line vymřít po meči i po přeslici
7. řazení:
(for) the first, second time poprvé, podruhé
each time pokaždé
twice podvakrát
8. dění na povrchu:
walk on the lawn / grass šlapat / chodit po trávníku / trávě
The water is running down the glass. Voda stéká po skle.
caress sb's hair / face hladit někoho po vlasech / tváři
She slapped him. Dostal od ní po hubě.
9. míra:
be head over heels in love být zamilován až po uši
heavily armed, armed to the teeth po zuby ozbrojený
1. Translate:
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1. Není po něm ani stopy. 2. Po mně jsi na řade ty. 3. Veslovat po proudu je lehčí než
proti proudu. 4. O prázdninách jsme se toulali po kopcích. 5. Neboj se, je tu vody jen
po pás. 6. Vstupujte po dvou. 7. Lék je nutno brát po lžičce. 8. Je tu jak po vymření. 9.
Jsi bledý, nejsi po nemoci? 10. Udělej si to po svém, 11. Co je ti po tom? 12. Šel po
špičkách, aby ho neslyšeli. 13. Na každém večírku zmizel po anglicku už před desátou
hodinou. 14. Skočil po hlavě do vody, aby ho zachránil. 15. Postaru se žít nedá. 16.
Není mu to po chutí. 17. Poptával se po tvém zdraví. 18. Dal dětem po bonbónu. 19.
Jako vdova po důstojníkovi bere velkou penzi. 20. České pnslpví zní: „Neštěstí
nechodí po horách, ale po lidech.
2. Translate:
1. die out on both the male and the female side; 2. caress sb's hair; 3. have st handy; 4.
crave for wealth; 5. wear mourning after one's mother's death; 6. be head over heels in
love; 7. There is no trace of him. 8. There's not a living soul here. 9. Nothing to worry
about any more. 10. After him it's my turn. 11. Oriental restaurants are mushrooming
in Britain.
_____________________________________________________________________
► Asking and saying what someone prefers
a) Complete the questions and suggestions on the topic of holiday travel (nos. 7 and
8 rather informal, no. 9 somewhat formal):
1. Do you prefer ... or ...? 2. Would you rather ... or ...? 3. Do you like ... better / more
than ... ? 4. Which would you prefer:... or ... ? 5. Which seems better to you - ...? 6.
What's your favourite ...? 7. We can ... or ... Any preference? 8. We can go ... or wait...
Which'll it be? 9. We might... or perhaps ...; I'll leave the decision to you.
b) Find appropriate responses to the questions and suggestions above (including

two informal and two" formal responses):
1. I'd rather ... (myself). 2.1 like ... more / better than ... 3. Since it's up to me, I'm all
for ... 4.1 (tend to) prefer... 5. I'd choose ... any time. 6. I find ... more interesting /
enjoyable. 7. I (usually / generally) find ... much more satisfying / enjoyable than ... 8.
(As far as I'm concerned)... is more pleasant. 9. I think on the whole I should prefer ...
♦ Asking if someone approves, saying that you approve
a) Fill in the gaps in the questions; topic; improvements in the house that you're
going to make. Identify three formal questions:
1. Do you think ... is all right? 2. Do you think ... will work? 3. Do you think ... is a
good idea? 4. Do you approve ... ? 5. Is ... all right, do you think? 6. You are in favour
of..., aren't you? 7. Do you reckon .. .'s all right? 8. Could I ask you if you approve
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of ...? 9. Would you say that ... was acceptable / satisfactory? 10. Is ... OK now? 11.
Are you for ...?
b) Match the replies (three are formal) and the questions above:
1. It's quite / absolutely right. 2. I'm very much in favour of it. 3. Yes, that's very good.
4.1 can thoroughly recommend it. 5. I'm very pleased / happy about it. 6 That's the
way it should be. 7. (Personally,) I entirely approve of it. 8. What a good / excellent
arrangement. 9. It seems / sounds just right / fine. 10. Actually I find it quite
satisfying / acceptable. 11. It's just what I wanted / hoped for / had in mind.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of tenses):

1. Neruš ho, učí se. 2. Učí se ten jazyk už tři roky. 3. Už tu čekám čtvrt hodiny. 4
Slibuje to už celé týdny. 5. Čekal jsem na tebe půl hodiny. 6. Tenhle týden pořád něco
ztrácím. 7. Přisel právě, když jsem opravoval zvonek. 8, Promiň, že jsem se včera s
tebou na ulici nezastavil, hrozně jsem spěchal. 9. Čekali jsme vás včera. 10. Zatímco
vařila, on uklízel. 11. Pořád jsem doufal, že. se to změní. 12. Hodně se o tom mluvilo.
13. Neviděl jsem ho od té doby, co jsem vychodil školu.
2. Fill In the blanks with suitable gerunds and say if Infinitives are also possible:
1. There's no chance... - there's a long queue at the box office. 2. For fear... he took a
taxi. 3. There's a slight opportunity ..., because this train is usually delayed. 4. He's got
into the habit... i although it's prohibited. 5. The idea ... a holiday in Greece is thrilling.
6. There's a danger ... the ring - it's very loose on my finger. 7. Have you any reason...
one day earlier? 8. My only objection... the night there is that it will be rather
expensive.
_____________________________________________________________________
Key Asking and saying what someone prefers: b) 1: 3, 5; F: 7, 9
Asking if someone approves, saying that you approve: a) F: 4, 8, 9; b) F: 2, 4, 7
____________________________________________________________
LESSON 09 POLITICS AP2
A VICTORY OF CULTURE OVER POWER
The revolution began in the late afternoon of Friday, November 17th. A mass
meeting of students in memory of the student uprising against the Nazis in 1939 - fifty
years ago - was just ending. The students were slowly making their way down Národní
toward Wenceslas Square, waving national flags and calling for the right of free
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speech and assembly. Suddenly, a squad of riot police with tear gas, wooden clubs and
attack dogs fell on the students, who started chanting "We have empty hands". Several
hundred people were injured. This massacre, as the assault was dubbed by students
and human rights activists, triggered a chain of events. Two opposition groups were
formed, Civíc Forum and the Society Against Violence. Students went on a nationwide
strike. Actors, musicians, filmmakers and artists joined them. In the Czech lands, the
world of culture had often been a breeding ground for liberal reform, from the time of
Magister Jan Hus down to the days of Professor Masaryk in this century.
At four sharp every afternoon, a protest meeting took place in Wenceslas Square.
News of it spread byword of mouth and over Radio Free Europe. Every day, the
choruses of "Svobodu! Svobodu!" echoed through the dusk. On the first Sunday after
the massacre, some fifty thousand came and gathered around the equestrian statue of
St Wenceslas, the Czech patron saint. Speeches were made over improvised
amplifiers. The next day, more than two hundred thousand cheered speakers
demanding resignation of the Communist Party leaders, free elections, and an end to
the one-party rule. On the fifth day, TV reporters rebelled, and forced government TV
stations to cover the protest rallies live. By Saturday, despite snow and sharp wind,
there were so many people eager to come to the rally that the meeting place had to be
shifted to Letná Plain, where the Communist May Day parades had been held in the
past. Pressed in the vast crowd (estimated at eight hundred thousand, which meant that
every third person in Prague and its environs must have been there) that afternoon, I
reflected that I was seeing a historical event - a genuine mass revolt from below. This
was people power.
All the mass protests were marked by eerie calm. Sometimes one had the feeling of
attending a prayer meeting. I never saw anyone push in the crowd. Day alter day,
people thronged into Wenceslas Square, but the young trees planted there recently
were never damaged. Not a single store window was broken. Day and night, people
stood around, arguing in small groups in the square: I never heard anybody raise his
voice. In the thickest of crowds lanes were always left open for ambulances to pass
through. Given what many Czechs have had to endure for most of this century, it was
hard to see how there could be so much clam, so much orderliness, so much good-
natured politeness towards the oppressors. The protesters were constantly reminding
themselves and others to avoid violence, to be responsible, to maintain order. In
Prague one had the impression of being in the midst of one of the most civilized,
gentle peoples on earth. After each mass rally, the crowd intoned the national anthem,
with its slow, wistfull tune, that sounds rather like a lullaby: "Where is my home,
where is my home? Streams are rushing through the meadows, orchards decked in
spring's array scenes of paradise portray."
It was common to see hundreds of people in the freezing cold waiting patiently in a
line two blocks long to receive copies of leaflet or put their signatures to a human-
rights manifesto. A nineteenth-century politeness prevailed through this revolution.
Even the general strike was gentle: it was scheduled for the lunch break. The uprising
in Czechoslovakia coincided with the uprising in East Germany, where furious crowds
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were storming government offices and the headquarters of secret police. Everything in
Central and Eastern Europe was confused: Germans were acting like Poles, and
Czechoslovaks like Germans - who, Lenin once said, would never storm a railway
station without first buying a ticket.
And yet, at the end of little more than three weeks, the protesters in Prague had
secured the fulfillment of all their demands: The parliament passed constitutional
amendments abolishing marxism as the official state ideology and eliminating the
Communist Party's leading role. The way to a multi-party state and to an interim
coalition Cabinet with a majority of non-Communist ministers was open. The
government granted amnesty to political prisoners. The people's militia were first
disarmed and then disbanded, the dreaded, secret police was abolished. The Party
bosses were made to resign in disgrace. The Prague Autumn of 1989 became a victory
of culture over power.
(Adapted from The New Yorker, Jan. 22, 1990)

_____________________________________________________________________
act chovat se; amplifier amplión; assault [E' so:lt] útok; breeding ground živná
půda; chorus [ko:rEs] sborové volání; decked in Spring's array [E'rei] básnicky
přioděn do jarního hávu; disband [dis' bAnd] rozpustit; disgrace [dis' greis] ostuda,
hanba; dreaded [dredid] obávaný; dub nazvat (dát přezdívku); eerie zvláštní,
neskutečný; endure [in'djuE] snášet, vydržet; equestrian [i' kwestriEn] jízdní; fall on
sb vrhnout se na někoho; given what uváží-li se co; interim prozatímní; intone
zanotovat; lullaby [lalEbai] ukolébavka; Magister [mAdžistE] Mistr (= Master);
manifesto [,mAniC festEu] manifest; orderliness spořádanost; right of assembly
právo shromažďovací; shift přesunout; storm st zaútočit na něco; thick: in the
thickest of crowds v nejhustším davu; throng natlačit se (někam); trigger dát do
pohybu, spustit; way: make one's way ubírat se; wistful melancholický; word
of mouth: by word of mouth ústně

_____________________________________________________________________
RESHOOTING KENNEDY
Oliver Stone's docudrama, JFK, contends that John F. Kennedy was the victim of a
grand conspiracy involving virtually everyone then in the American government. The
film has been attacked by reviewers as an irresponsible distortion of history and an
attempt to exploit a national tragedy; and, not least, as plain crazy.
Mr Stone's previous political films, including Platoon and Born on the Fourth of
July, both about Vietnam, were attacked both by the right and the left wing. Mr Stone
now accusesthe journalists who disagree with him of being (although unwittingly) part
of the conspiracy that JFK uncovers - a conspiracy involving the CIA, the FBI, the
army and navy, anti-Castro Cubans, and the whole of the "military-industrial complex"
(acting via the Mafia).
109 / 474
The criticisms will not stop people flocking to see the film. Americans have a
fascination with conspiracy theories, especially those that surround the assassinations
of the 1960s. A survey in the Washington Post in 1991 found that 56 % thought there
was some sort of conspiracy behind the presidenťs murder. Only 19 % agreed with the
Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. In the preface
to a new book by James Earl Ray, the convicted assassin of Martin Luther King, the
black political Rev. Jesse Jackson calls for a special prosecutor to reopen Ray's case
and look for a government conspiracy. But to claim that Kennedy was ordered to be
killed by hawks within his own government because he was about to withdraw all
Americans from Vietnam is at once impossibly paranoid and hopelessly naive. Mr
Stone's theory is that had Kennedy not been killed, everything would have been
different. No Vietnam: No race riots. No drug culture. Instead, Camelot. If the
assassination changed so much, he argues, it seems all the more implausible that it
could have been the work of a lonely fool like Oswald: an event so big surely deserves
a big villain, such as the military-industrial complex.
It is true that people learnt from the 1960s and 1970s that the Establishment did
some wrong things: the CIA did infiltrate the student anti- war movement; the FBI did
spy on civil-rights leaders; a President covered up the Watergate burglary, another
agreed to sell arms to Iran as ransom and use the profits to circumvent laws against
arming Nicaraguan contras.
But the fact that these scandals are now public proves the relative opennes of
America's government. With American press, lack of anything like Britain's Official
Secrets Act, and a crowd of leakers, the American system makes it hard to keep a big
conspiracy secret. And would not at least one of the secret servicemen swarming
around the plaza in Dallas as the fatal shots were fired have decided to make a fortune
by selling his story some time in the last quarter of a century?
Oswald, according to Mr Stone, is a fall guy, who is then killed by the mafioso Ruby
to stop him proving his innocence. Would so efficient a conspiracy have had Oswald
shot by a local nightclub owner whose criminal links were already known? Would not
another of those super-marksmen who had been efficient from the grassy knoll been
used?
And was Kennedy all that much of a dove? The film does not mention his hawkish
pronouncements oh Vietnam just before his death. His Secretary of State and Secretary
of Defence continued in the same offices for years under Johnson. Even Mr Stone
shrinks from including them in the conspiracy.
Does it matter that the film is no more to do with history than Mr Kevin Costner's
previous film role - Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves? But it does, Mr Stone's generation
relies on the screen, not books, for its understanding of the world. That generation's
theory of history is moralistic; liberal presidents and decent district attorneys opposed
by greedy corporations and bloodthirsty generals. Film makes fewer demands on the
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mind than print. Film is the ideal medium for conspiracy theorists. And Hollywood
filmmakers tend to find conspiracy only on the Right.

_____________________________________________________________________
all that much of a dove hovor., taková holubice (umírněnec); circumvent
[,sE:kEm'vent] obejít; contend [kEn'tend] tvrdit; contra kontra revolucionář; convict
[kEn'vikt] usvědčit; docudrana dokumentární drama; Establishment j. č. vládnoucí
kruhy; fall guy nastrčená figura; hawk jestřáb (stoupenec války n. tvrdé linie); knoll
[nEul] pahorek; leaker osoba prozrazující utajovanou informaci; markman střelec;
plain crazy hovor, načisto/vysloveně šílený; pronouncement výrok; shrink from a t.
vyhnout se něčemu; unwittingly nechtě, aniž by o tom věděl; villain [vilEn] zlosyn
Camelot [kAmElot] the seat of King Arthur's court in the Arthurian legend
(connotation of peace and harmony)
_____________________________________________________________________
SCOTLAND THE FREE
Suppose it happened ... Let's go forward in time to 2002 to see what may be in store.
It was a fairly amicable divorce. In the British general election of 1996 all the major
parties were committed to some form of devolution for Scotland. The declaration of
independence was fittingly made on New Year's Eve, 1898, when a crowd of 500,000
sang "Scotland the Brave" under the shadow of Edinburgh Castle and cheered as a
spotlight picked out the Cross of St Andrew climbing the flagstaff.
In those early months there was much confusion. The new Scottish parliament
fought England and Wales over rights to the billions of oil revenue from the North
Sea. Both sides demanded the lion's share and Royal Navy frigates tried to intimidate
Scottish offshore patrol boats patroling among the rigs. Attempts by Whitehall to
disrupt trade into Scotland were matched in kind by Edinburgh. Huge queues of lorries
carrying whisky and lorries loaded with chilled beef waited on the two sides of the
border. Border officials conducted an ostentatious show of examining documents and
vehicles arriving from the south. Only if motorists showed a burgundy-coloured
European Community passport, they were waved through with a dismissive nod.
In Westminster, the Prime Minister called an election. All but a handful of the
Scottish Labour MPs decided to run for new seats north of the border. It became clear
that the Conservatives would rule what remained of the U.K. for generations to come.
In Edinburgh, six weeks later, the victorious Scottish Labour Party joined the Scottish
National Party in a Government of National Unity.
First even though the English and Scottish pounds were given parity within the
European Monetary System, shops and banks refused to accept English money, as the
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dispute over oil began to escalate. For a few weeks there was the absurdity of English
and Scottish banknotes being swapped one for one at the banks and exchange bureaus
(which deducted their usual commission charge). In the end Edinburgh and London
bowed to the inevitable E.C. compromise and split the oil fifty-fifty. Shetland and
Orkney were granted a form of home rule within Scotland and their own slice of the
riches. Whitehall ordered the Trident nuclear submarines to move from their base on
the Clyde to a base in the south. Several thousand jobs were lost at the Scottish base
and the giant refitting dock on the Firth of Forth.
The new Scottish government then slashed duty on Scottish whisky by half Huge
whisky superstores sprang up along the border as English shoppers seized the
opportunity to carry south up to 10-litre bottles of Scotch each trip under new E.C.
regulations. In the three weeks before Christmas 2000, more than 11 million
Sassenachs crossed the border. Their English banknotes were happily accepted. The
annual flow of American visitors, however, was badly affected by the oil dispute -
many Americans appeared to believe the war was not just of words.
Many Scots were facing a patriotic dilemma. Hundreds of thousands had made their
lives south of the Border. Many had English wives and children. Some went home for
jobs, others preferred getting into the Scottish civil service and the rapidly expanding
public sector. A new National Defence Force was created round the existing Scottish
Regiments. Balmoral Was put under dustcovers, but a new regiment, the Queen's Own
Loyal Scots, was formed.
The Edinburgh government discovered the truth in London's claims that the average
Scotland citizen had received nearly a quarter more in public expenditure than his
English counterpart. Scottish public expenditure began to rocket. Projects such as the
new Glasgow international airport and the Edinburgh - Inverness fast rail link were put
on ice. English companies began to recruit the best and the brightest from Scottish
industry as a new wave of Scottish migrants headed south for better tax breaks. The
prices of weekend cottages in England rose.
In the Scottish election of April 2002 there was a surprisingly strong vote for the
Unionist Party, which took a dozen seats under Scotland's system of proportional
representation. And there was a massive No vote on the referendum to replace the
Queen with an elected president as Head of State. Three weeks after the election, the
Prime Minister's office announced that Her Majesty would be visiting Balmoral for the
first time since the declaration of independence. The newspaper headlines said it all:
"Welcome Hame, Ma'am!"
_____________________________________________________________________
amicable přátelský, burgundy-coloured vínové barvy; commit oneself to st
angažovat se pro něco; dilemma [di'lemE] těžké rozhodování; dismissive nod
pokynutí projevující nezájem; escalate stupňovat (se); flagstaff vlajková žerď, frigate
[frigEt] fregata, hame [he:m] skot. = home; intimidate zastrašovat; migrant
[maigrEnt] vystěhovalec; monetary peněžní, ostentatious [,ostEn'teišEs] ostentativní;
112 / 474
proportionate representation poměrné zastoupení; put on ice dát k ledu (odložit na

neurčito); refitting dock opravárenský dok; rig plovoucí těžební věž, Sassenach
[sAsEnAak] skot (hanlivě) Angličan; slash prudce snížit; swap [swop] vyměňovat;
tax break hovor daňová úleva
Balmoral [bAl'morl] Castle residence of the British sovereign in Scotland

_____________________________________________________________________
VIOLENT POLITICS 09
POLITICAL CRISIS, RIOTING, CONSPIRACY
growing dissatisfaction among broad sections of the population

growing … rostoucí nespokojenost mezi širokými vrstvami obyvatelstva
lack of confidence in the government nedostatek důvěry k vládě
precipitate a crisis urychlit / vyvolat krizi
contain a crisis zvládnout krizi (zadržet její šíření)
turn the government over to the military předat vládu armádě

political manoeuvres [mE'nu:vEz] politické manévrování
proclamation of a republic vyhlášení republiky
attain one's independence dosáhnout nezávislosti
unstable, chaotic [kei'otik] economic situation labilní, chaotická hospodářská situace
drift slowly towards bankruptcy pomalu směřovat k hospodářskému zhroucení

The whole economy is disintegrating. Celé hospodářství se rozpadá.
corruption in government circles korupce ve vládních kruzích
corruption scandal korupční aféra
back-marketeering šmelinaření (černý obchod s nedostatkovým zbožím)
profiteering hromadění zisků (zejm. za války)
bid-rigging zadávání zakázek za úplatky
The regime is foundering. Režim se hroutí.
collapse [kE'lAps] zhroutit se
disseminate anti-government propaganda rozšiřovat protivládní propagandu
spread, foment, incite, instigate unrest šířit, rozněcovat, vyvolávat neklid
incite [in´sait] to disobedience [,disE'bi:diEns] podněcovat k neposlušnosti
be misled být sveden
outbreak of anti-French agitation vypuknutí protifrancouzské nálady
outburst of violence výbuch násilí
riot [raiEt] dělat výtržnosti
loot [lu:t] drancovat
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plunder loupit a pustošit

The situation is getting out of hand. Situace se vymyká z rukou.
ask the crowd to disperse vyzvat dav, aby se rozešel
calm down uklidnit (se)
troublemaker podněcovatel nepokojů

call in / out troops povolat vojsko
make a swoop on the hideout of a gang provést zátah v místě úkrytu tlupy
round up obklíčit
seal off /cordon [ko:dEn] off an area uzavřít oblast (policií, vojskem, kordonem)
detain zadržet
rioter [raiEtE] výtržník, vzbouřenec
insurgent [in'sE:džEnt] vzbouřenec, povstalec
demonstrator demonstrant
open fire on sb zahájit palbu na někoho
fire teargas shells střílet granáty se slzotvorným plynem
charge with batons [bAtonz] zaútočit s obušky
disperse the crowd rozehnat dav
search a house for hidden arms prohledat dům kvůli zbraním
make a raid on sb's house provést razii v něčím domě
quell the rioting potlačit nepokoje / výtržnosti

impose a dusk-to-dawn curfew [kE:fju:] vyhlásit zákaz vycházení po setmění
The city under curfew. Ve městě platí zákaz vycházení z domu.
lift the curfew zrušit zákaz vycházení
patrol the streets hlídkovat v ulicích
challenge sb to stop vyzvat někoho, aby se zastavil
point a gun at sb namířit na někoho zbraň
keep a watch on sb sledovat někoho
Rebel officers sought asylum [E' sailEam] in...
Rebel officers … Povstalečtí důstojníci vyhledali politický azyl v ...
set up a govenunent-in-exile ustavit exilovou vládu

conspire / plot against the government připravovat spiknutí proti vládě
plan a coup [ku:] plánovat převrat
scheme / plot to overthrow the government plánovat svržení vlády
plotter, conspirator spiklenec
conspiratorial group spiklenecká skupina
support / further the plot podporovat spiknutí
give financial aid poskytnout finanční pomoc
indulge in subversive activities zabývat se podvratnou činností
reveal a conspiracy odhalit spiknutí
foil zmařit
render harmless zneškodnit
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PERSECUTION
establish a military dictatorship nastolit vojenskou diktaturu

persecute pronásledovat
persecution of political opponents pronásledování politických odpůrců / protivníků
silence all critics umlčet všechny kritiky
curtail [kE:teil] human rights oklestit lidská práva
suppress (the) basic freedoms potlačit základní svobody

ban a party zakázat stranu
make a party illegal postavit stranu mimo zákon
dispose / get rid of one's opponents zbavit se protivníků
take one's revenge on sb pomstít se někomu
make harmless zneškodnit
brand / label sb a traitor označit někoho za zrádce
political offender politický provinilec
stamp out / eradicate opposition vyhladit opozicí
start a witch-hunt zahájit hon na čarodějnice (pronásledováni odpůrců)
screen civil servants prověřovat státní zaměstnance

carry out a purge provést čistku
eliminate subversive elements odstranit podvratné živly
remove from a post odstranit z místa (zaměstnání)
put unreliable people under police supervision nespolehlivé pod policejní dozor
police state policejní stát

make reprisals [ri'praizlz] provádět' represálie; odvetná opatření
put in prison dát do vězení
make widespread arrests provádět hromadná zatýkání
arrest human rights activists / civil libertarians zatýkat zastánce obč.svobod
treat sb without mercy zacházet s někým nemilosrdně
lenient [li:niEnt] approach shovívavý přístup
intern in an internment / detention camp intemovat v internačním táboře
exile / banish, send into exile poslat do exilu / vyhnanství
SECURITY-SPYING
endanger the security of the state ohrozit bezpečnost státu
act for a foreign power být ve službách cizí mocnosti
obtain / extract information from a spy získat informace od špióna
pass (on) vital information to sb předávat důležité informace někomu
be charged with spying for sb být obviněn ze špionáže pro někoho
spy on sb / act as a spy on sb špehovat někoho

be engaged in espionage activities zabývat se špionážní činností
betray zradit
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He turned out to be a traitor. Ukázalo se, že je zrádce.

double-cross sb hovor. pracovat pro obě strany (jako agent), zradit (společníka)
turn informer stát se udavačem / konfidentem

act on sb's information jednat na základě něčího udání
tighten security surveillance [sEr'veilEns] of foreigners bezpeč.dozor nad cizinci
gather political intelligence sbírat výzvědný materiál politického charakteru
divulge [dai'valdž, di'-] secrets vyzradit tajemství
mole slang agent (nasazený do špionážní centrály nebo sítě druhého státu)
confidential důvěrný
classified information tajný materiál
top secret přísně tajné
place a hidden microphone / hovor. a bug in a room …
place a hidden … dát do místnosti skrytý mikrofon, hovor. štěnici
listening device odposlouchávací zařízení
bug a place odposlouchávat místo skrytým mikrofonem
tap telephone talks odposlouchávat telefonní hovory
electronic surveillance sledování pomocí skrytých kamer a mikrofonů
investigate vyšetřovat
intelligence service zpravodajská / výzvědná služba

intelligence gathering sbíráni zpravodajských informací
counterintelligence unit protizpravodajský oddíl, kontrarozvědka
on a secret assignment s tajným úkolem
agent 007 with a secret mission agent 007 s tajným posláním
____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate.
1. A squad of riot police with clubs fell on the students. 2. The assault triggered a
chain of events. 3, The television stations covered the protest rally live. 4. People
thronged into the square. 5. Given what they had to endure from their oppressors, I
admire their calm and orderliness. 6. Orchards decked in spring's array scenes of
paradise portray. 7. The dreaded police was disbanded and abolished, the Party bosses
were made to resign in disgrace. 8. A conspiracy (the military-industrial complex the
main villain) is highly implausible. 9. His hawkish pronouncements are still
remembered. 10. Was Lee Oswald a fall guy? 11. E.C. motorists were waved through
the customs with a dismissive nod. 12. The castle was put under dust covers, big
projects were put on ice.

1. The story of three "eights" in our recent history: 1938, 1948, 1968.
2. The role of intellectuals in modern history of Czechoslovakia.
3. As others see us: November 1989 through the eyes of American journalists.
4. Relations between England and Scotland. A split-up in the future?
5. No man is good enough to govern another man without the other's consent
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(Abraham Lincoln)
3. Translate:
dosáhnout nezávislosti; vyhlášení republiky, labilní hospodářská situace; korupční
aféra; šmelinaření a přijímáni úplatků; rozpad hospodářství; nedostatek důvěry k
vládě; rostoucí nespokojenost mezi širokými vrstvami; zhroucení režimu; zahájit palbu
na demonstranty; rozehnat dav; drancovat a pustošit, vyhlásit zákaz vycházení z domu
po setmění; potlačit nepokoje, zadržet podněcovatele nepokojů; uklidnit obyvatelstvo,
plánovat převrat, odhalit spiknutí, zabývat se podvratnou činností; zneškodnit
spikleneckou skupinu; cil svržení vlády; potlačit základní svobody, zakázat stranu;
provést čistku; označit za zrádce; pronásledovat disidenty.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR PŘEDLOŽKA „S"
with 1. společně:
come with sb, man with a dog, disappear with the money, agree / fight with sb
2. průvodní okolnost
speak about st with respect; say with a sigh; with pleasure, watch with astonishment,
expect st with fear, receive the news with mixed feelings, with your permission, people
with courage, a woman with two children, a child with a dirty face; a girl with
sunglasses; a man with brown eyes, go with a letter to the post office; come with a
message
3. týkající se někoho / něčeho:

What do you want do to with it? Co s tím chceš dělat? It's getting worse and worse
with him. Je to s ním pořád horší. What's the matter with you? Co je s tebou? It has
nothing to do with you. To nemá s tebou co dělat. He's had no luck with his choice.
Neměl s výběrem štěstí. He has trouble with his children. Má s dětmi starosti.
4 souběžnost.
I get up with the sun. With his arrival there were changes With autumn comes bad
weather Experience grows with age.
and v názvech jídel a nápojů.

bread and butter, gin and tome, ham and eggs, strawberries and cream
Vazby:
117 / 474
He's serious about her. Myslí to s ní vážně.

Leave me alone. Dej mi (s tím) pokoj!
He doesn't know to handle him. Neumí to s ním.
You're no fun. S tebou nic není.
He won't listen to / hear reason. Není s ním řeč.
You can't talk to him today. Dnes s nim není žádná řeč.
It's impossible to talk to him today. Dnes s nim není žádná řeč.
Honesty is the best policy. S poctivostí nejdál dojdeš.
in all probability se vší / s největší pravděpodobností
He's in a bad way. Je to s nim špatné (zdravotně)
deal in st (e.g. cars) obchodovat s něčím (např. s auty)
It looks bad for him. Je to s ním špatně (situace)
tell sb how to do st poradit někomu s prací
treat sb / st well dobře zacházet s někým / něčím
neighbour on st sousedit s něčím
make both ends meet vyjít s platem
meet / marry sb seznámit se / oženit se s někým
see a dentist about one's tooth být se zubem u lékaře
come off unscathed [an'skeiDd] vyváznout se zdravou kůží
I failed I didn't succeed. Vrátil jsem se s nepořízenou.
Sincerely, … S pozdravem . .
on condition that s podmínkou, že
1. Translate:
1. Co je s tebou? 2. Je to s ním špatné - už sotva chodí. 3 S vaším svolením. 4 Myslí to
s ní vážně 5. Půjčím ti s podmínkou, že peníze do roka vrátíš. 6 Byl jsem se zubem -
velice bolel. 7. Dám si chléb s máslem. 8 To nemá s tebou nic společného. 9 Zacházej
s mým kolem opatrně 10. Má plno starostí se svými dětmi. 11 Jeho farma sousedí s
lesem 12. S poctivostí nejdál dojdeš. 13 Nemůže vyjít s platem. 14 Není s ním řeč.
_____________________________________________________________________
ČESKÝ 7. PÁD
by 1. prostředek:
earn money by writing novels, go by bus j train j car Iplane, let sb know by telegram,
find st by chance, enter a room by mistake; defeat sb by treachery, win by force,
answer by return of post, divide twelve by three; leave by the back door; surrounded
by trees
2. původce:
118 / 474
delighted / pleased / satisfied / excited / disgusted / annoyed by sb j st; be woken up by

some noise
3. vazby:
a doctor / lawyer by profession povoláním lékař / právník
a Czech by birth rodem Čech
By that time he was dead. Tou dobou už byl mrtev.
with 1. prostředek, nástroj: type with two fingers; eat with a spoon; do st
with one's left hand; draw a line with a ruler; cut a piece of paper with scissors; write
with a pen; be stiff with cold; infected with (cholera) germs
Srovnejme užití with a by:

The car window was broken with The car window was broken by
a stone. (kámen byl někým hozen) a stone, (kámen je agens, např. byl
vržen jiným autem)
He was killed with a piece of glass. He was killed by flying glass in an
( = někdo ho zabil) explosion.
2. materiál, látka:
paved with brick; filled with water; loaded with hay; covered with dirt
through prostřednictvím, skrz:

send st through the post; get through a book prokousat se knihou; look through a
telescope; speak through the nose; a path that leads through the forest
Vazby:
go at full speed jet plnou rychlostí
at a / one blow jednou ranou
travel (at a speed of) sixty kilometres an hour cestovat rychlostí 60 km za hodinu
alarmed / surprised / angry at st polekán / překvapen / rozzloben něčím
write in ink psát inkoustem
die of hunger zemřít hladem
be certain / sure of st být si něčím jist
be tired of st. být unaven něčím
taste / smell of st chutnat / vonět něčím
on my way here cestou sem
feed a dog on meat krmit psa masem
119 / 474

1. I was woken up ... some strange noise. 2. … mistake I took your textbook. 3. I'm
stiff... cold. 4. She's Slovak ... birth. 5. Let's write it... red ink. 6. That hotel was
destroyed ... fire a few years ago. 7. How much is 100 divided ... 3? 8. I think you
should cut that material... scissors rather than a knife. 9. Don't drop it, take hold of it…
both hands. 10. The floor is covered ... dirt. 11. The climber was killed ... a falling
rock. 12. It was a terrible crime - his skull was crushed in ... a stone. 13. Are you
sure ... that?
2. Translate:
1. povoláním právník; 2. mýtina obklopená stromy; 3. potkat někoho cestou; 4. příkop
naplněný vodou; 5. vonět růžemi; 6. zemřít hladem; 7. jednou ranou; 8. dobýt hradu
zradou; 9. vydělávat si opisováním na stroji; 10. vzbudit se hlukem; 11. cestovat
rychlostí 70 mil za hodinu; 12. dům zničený požárem; 13. Kdo je unaven Londýnem,
je unaven životem. (Dr Johnson)
_____________________________________________________________________
♥ Giving your opinion
Complete the statements (all of them are fairly neutral); topics: changing one's job,
moving to another town.
1. I think ... 2. (Personally,) I believe / feel ... 3. The way I see it... 4. I'm convinced ...
5. It seems to me ... 6. As I see it... 7. In my opinion ... 8. Well, to my mind ... 9. My
own view on the question / problem is ... 10. I'm of the opinion ... 11. As far as I'm
concerned ... 12. I'd say... 13. The point is this:... 14. I suppose it depends on one's
point of view - ... 15. To be quite frank / honest,... 16. I'm against it, because ...
♥ Saying you have no opinion

Use the responses below to questions such as "And what do you think about.,.?",
"You don't really think they'll..., do you?", "What do you say to ...?", "What's your
opinion / view of...?" Topics: a change in someone's behaviour, a reform of the
school system, presidential elections in the USA, a theatre performance.
♥ Trying to change someone's opinion

Use counterarguments to the opinions listed below; responses 7-10 are fairly
Informal.
1. Watching TV is such a waste of time. 2. Nigel is a fool. 3. Motor racing should be
banned. 4. Nuclear power stations are dangerous. 5. Simpson's last novel is a flop. 6.
120 / 474
Alistair should get a promotion. 7. To sack Harry wasn't right. 8 The new project is too
expensive. 9. This new fashion isridiculous. 10. Formal dinners are a bore.
1. But don't you think ...? 2. (Yes, but) surely you don't believe ...? 3. (Yes, but) isn't it
possible that...? 4. (Yes, but) on the other hand ... 5. That may be true, but... 6. But
look at it like this: ... 7. But look here: ... 8. Well, think of it this way: ... 9. That's what
I thought. And then ... 10, Alright. Granted. But what about...?
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of used to, will, would):

1. Kouříval, ale už přestal. 2. Nebýval tak netrpělivý. 3. Bydlíval jsi tady? 4. Jako děti
jsme chodili do stejné školky. 5. Sedí tam a pije už celé hodiny. 6. Nikdy za sebou
nezavře dveře. 7. Občas přišel a přinesl nějaké zprávy. 8. Někdy se opil.
2. Transform the following sentences into simple statements on the model:

I'm pleased to hear ...:
1.I heard of your loss; I was sorry. 2. She heard of the team's victory; she was
delighted. 3. We heard that you had returned; we were immensely pleased. 4. They
learned that you couldn't come; they were so disappointed. 5. I heard that John failed
his French exam; I was rather surprised.
____________________________________________________________
LESSON 10 WAR AND ARMAMENTS AP2
ON THE ROAD TO BERLIN
I took a walk along the historic coast of Normandy. It was a lovely day for strolling
along the seashore. Men were sleeping on the sand, some of them sleeping forever.
Men were floating in the water, but they didn't know they were in water, for they were
dead. I walked for a mile and a half along the water's edge of our manymiled invasion
beach. I walked slowly, for the detail on that beach was infinite. The wreckage was
vast and startling. The awful waste and destruction of war, even aside from the loss of
human life, has always been one of the outstanding features to those who are in it.
For a mile out from the beach there were scores of tanks and trucks and boats that
were not visible, for they were at the bottom of the water - due to overloading or being
hit by shells or sunk by mines. Most of their crews were lost. There were trucks tipped
half over, partly sunken jeeps, and small landing craft half submerged. And at low tide
you could still see those iron snares that helped wreck them. On the beach itself, high
and dry, were all kinds of wrecked vehicles. There were tanks that had only just made
the beach before being knocked out. There were jeeps that had burned to a dull grey.
121 / 474
There were big derricks on caterpillar treads. There were half-tracks carrying office
equipment that had been made into a shambles by a single shell hit, their interiors still
holding the useless smashed typewriters, telephones, office files. There were boats
stacked on top of each other, their sides caved in..
In this shoreline museum of carnage there were abandoned rolls of barbed wire and
smashed bulldozers and big stacks of thrown-away life belts and piles of shells still
waiting to be moved. In the water floated empty life rafts and soldiers' packs arid
ration boxes. On the beach lay sufficient men and things for a small war. They were
gone forever now. And yet we could afford it. We could afford it because behind us
there were enormous replacements for this wreckage on the beach. Men and equipment
were flowing from England in.such a gigantic stream that it made the waste on the
beachhead seem like nothing at all.
But there was another and more human litter. It extended in a thin little line, just like
a high-water mark, for miles along the beach. This was the strewn personal gear, gear
that would never be needed again by those who fought and died to give us our entrance
into Europe.
There for mile on mile were soldiers' packs. There were socks and shoe polish,
sewing kits, diaries, Bibles, hand grenades. There were the latest letters from home,
with the address on each one neatly razored out - one of the security precautions
enforced before the boys embarked. There were toothbrushes and razors, and
snapshots of families back home staring at you from the sand. There were pocket
books, metal mirrors, extra trousers, and. bloody, abandoned shoes. Soldiers carry
strange things ashore with them. In every invasion there is at least one soldier hitting
the beach at H-hour with a banjo slung over his shoulder. The most ironic piece of
equipment marking our beach was a tennis racket that some soldier had brought along.
It lay lonesomely on the sand, not a string broken. Two of the most dominant items in
the beach refuse were cigarettes and writing paper. Each soldier was issued a carton of
cigarettes just before he started. The boys had intended to do a lot of writing in France.
The letters that might have filled those blank abandoned pages!
(Ernie Pyle: G. I. Joe)
_____________________________________________________________________
barbed wire ostnatý drát; carnage [ka:nidž] masakr; caterpillar tread [,kAtEpilE
´tred] housenkový pás; cave in promáčknout, prolomit; derrick jeřáb; embark
[im'ba:k] nalodit se; gear [giE] výstroj; half-track transportér, polopásové vozidlo; H-
hour hodina H; high-water mark čára přílivu; landing craft vyloďovací plavidlo; life
belt záchranný pás; life raft záchranný gumový člun; litter j.č. odpadky; mine mina;
razor out odstranit žiletkou; refuse [refju:s] j.č. odpadky; replacement nahrazení,
rezerva; sewing [sEuiN] kit j.č. šicí potřeby; snare past; stack stoh; poskládat;
startling děsivý; submerge [sEb'mE:dž] potopit; tip naklonit; wreckage [rekidž] j.č.
trosky
Normandy [no:mEndi] Normandie; Ernie Pyle=popular American war

correspondent, killed in the Pacific in 1945
122 / 474
_____________________________________________________________________
HIROSHIMA
On August 6, 1945, at exactly fifteen minutes past eight in the morning, Japanese
time, at the moment when the atomic bomb flashed above Hiroshima, the Reverend
Mr Kioyshi Tanimoto, pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist church, paused at the door
of a house in the city's western suburb, and prepared to unload a handcart full of things
he had evacuated from town in fear of the massive B-29 raid which everyone expected
Hiroshima to suffer. At the same time, Dr Sasaki, a young member of the surgical staff
of the city's large, modern Red Cross Hospital, was walking along one of the hospital
corridors with a bottle of blood for a test...
A hundred thousand people were killed by the atomic bomb, and these two were
among the survivors. They still wonder why they lived when so many others died.
Each of them counts many small items of change - the decision to go indoors, catching
one streetcar instead of the next - that spared him.
In front of the house, Mr Tanimoto, tired from pushing the handcart, paused to rest
awhile. The morning was still; the place was cool and pleasant. There was no sound of
planes. Then a tremendous flash of light cut across the sky, traveling from east to west,
from the city toward the hills. It seemed a shot of sun. Both he and the owner of the
house reacted in terror - and both had time to react (for they were three kilometers
from the center of the explosion). The landlord dashed up the front steps into the house
and dived among the bedrolls and buried himself there. Mr Tanimoto took four or five
steps and threw himself between two big rocks in the garden. As his face was against
the stone, he did not see what happened. He felt a sudden pressure, and then splinters
and pieces of board and fragments of tile fell on him. He heard no roar. (Almost no
one in Hiroshima recalls hearing any noise of the bomb. But a fisherman in his
sampan, thirty kilometers from Hiroshima, saw the flash and heard a tremendous
explosion.)
When he dared, Mr Tanimoto raised his head and saw the house had collapsed. He
thought a bomb had fallen directly on it. Such clouds of dust had risen that there was a
sort of twilight around. In panic, not thinking for the moment of the landlord under the
ruins, he dashed out into the street. In the street, the first thing he saw was a squad of
soldiers who had been burrowing into the hillside opposite, making one of the
thousands of dugouts in which the Japanese apparently intended to resist invasion, hill
by hill, life for life; the soldiers were coming out of the hole, where they should have
been safe, and blood was coming from their heads, chests, and backs They were silent
and dazed. Under what seemed to be local dust cloud, the day grew darker and darker.
Dr Sasaki was one step beyond an open window of the corridor when the light of the
bomb was reflected, like a gigantic photographic flash, in the corridor. He ducked
down on one knee and said to himself, as only a Japanese would, "Sasaki, be brave!"
123 / 474
Just then - the building was Some 1,500 meters from the center - the blast ripped
through the hospital The glasses he was wearing flew off his face; the bottle of blood
crashed against one wall, his slippers zipped out form under his feet - but- otherwise,
thanks to where he stood, he was untouched.
He shouted the name of the chief surgeon and rushed around to the man's office and
found him. terribly cut by glass. The hospital was in horrible confusion; heavy
partitions and ceilings had fallen on patients, beds had overturned; windows had blown
in and cut people, blood was spattered on the walls and floor, instruments were
everywhere, many of the patients were running about screaming, many more lay dead.
Dr Sasaki found himself the only doctor in the hospital who was unhurt. He believed
that the enemy had hit only the building he was in. So he got bandages and began to
bind the wounds of those inside the hospital; while outside, all over Hiroshima,
maimed and dying citizens turned their unsteady steps toward the Red Cross Hospital.
Dr Sasaki worked without method, taking those who were nearest him first. He
blundered so without glasses that he took a pair off the face of a wounded nurse. He
soon noticed that the corridor seemed to be getting more and more crowded. Mixed in
with the abrasions and lacerations which most people in the hospital had suffered, he
began to find dreadful burns. He realized that casualties were pouring in from
outdoors. There were so many that he began to pass up the lightly wounded; he
decided that all he could hope to do was to stop people from bleeding to death. Before
long, patients lay and crouched on the floor of the wards and the laboratories and all
the other rooms, and in the corridors, and on the stairs, and in the front hall, and on the
stone front steps, and in the driveway and courtyard, and for a block each way in the
street outside. Wounded people supported maimed people. Many people were
vomiting. In a city of 240,000 nearly a hundred thousand people had been killed or
doomed at one blow; a hundred thousand were hurt. At least ten thousand of the
wounded made their way to the Red Cross Hospital, which had only six hundred beds,
and they had all been occupied. The people in the suffocating crowd inside the hospital
wept and cried "Doctor!", and the less seriously wounded came and pulled at Dr
Sasaki's sleeve and begged him to go to the aid of the worse wounded. In his stocking
feet, bewildered by the numbers, staggered by so much raw flesh, Dr Sasaki lost all
sense of profession and stopped working as a skillful surgeon and a sympathetic man;
he became an automaton, mechanically wiping, daubing, winding, wiping, daubing,
winding.
Dr Sasaki had not looked outside the hospital all day; the scene inside was so
terrible that it had not occurred to him to ask any questions about what had happened
beyond the windows and doors. Patients were dying by the hundreds, but there was
nobody to carry away the corpses. Some.of the hospital staff distributed biscuits and
rice balls, but the charnelhouse smell was so strong that few were hungry. By three
o'clock the next morning, after nineteen straight hours of gruesome work, Dr Sasaki
was incapable of dressing another wound. He and some other survivors of the hospital
staff got straw mats and went outdoors and hurried around behind the hospital and lay
down in hiding to snatch some sleep. But within an hour wounded people had found
124 / 474
them, a complaining circle formed around them: "Doctor, help us! How can you
sleep?" Dr Sasaki got up again and went back to work.
(John Hersey: Hiroshima)
_____________________________________________________________________
abrasion [E'breižn] odřenina; automation [o:'tomEtEn] automat; B-29 typ
amerického
bombardéru; bedroll j.č. stočené lužkoviny; bewilder [bi'wildE] ohromit; blast
prudký závan, výbuch; blow in vletět dovnitř; burrow [barEu] zavrtat se;
charnelhouse márnice, corpse [ko:ps] mrtvola; crouch [krauč] dřepnout si, choulit se;
daub [do:b] mazat; driveway příjezdová cesta; duck skrčit se; dugout zákop, kryt,
zemljanka; gruesome hrůzný; handcart vozík; laceration tržná rána; maim zmrzačit;
partition [pa:'tišn] přepážka; pass up míjet, nezastavit se (u někoho); pastor [pa:stE],
amer. [pAtEr] pastor; raw flesh otevřená rána; rip through st proletět něčím; sampan
[sAmpAn] sampan (druh člunu); snatch uchvátit; spare ušetřit; spatter postříkat;
splinter tříska; stagger vrávorat; stocking: in his stocking feet jen v ponožkách;
streetcar amer. tramvaj; suffocate dusit se; sympathetic soucitný; unsteady vratký;
wind [waind] ovinovat (obvazovat); zip out vyklouznout
Hersey, John (1914) American journalist and writer
_____________________________________________________________________
THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
The end came quickly in 1945. The Nazi leaders decided to make the final stand in
the built-up area of Berlin, probably hoping to hold out sufficiently long to induce the
Allies to grant more favourable terms than those of unconditional surrender or, still
more probably, to divide the western Allies and the USSR. At all events, in the last
week of April, Himmler (it was assumed that Hitler had perished irr the ruins of his
Chancellery) offered Germany's surrender to the western Powers only; but the reply
was that the Allies stood together. On the 28th April, Mussolini was captured by
partisans when trying to escape into Switzerland and executed. On 2 May Berlin
surrenderee to the Russians. On 5 May all German forces surrendered to Field Marshal
Montgomery. On 7 May the final capitulation took place at Reims (in France),
effective from midnight of 8-9 May.
The Japanese policy was to resist desperately in the belief that the losses they might
inflict would induce the Allies not to insist on unconditional surrender. After the fall of
Okinawa, defended to the death by 100,000 Japanese (the Americans had 40,000
casualties), the defeat of Japan became more certain. On 6 August the first atomic
bomb exploded over Hiroshima, destroying 10 km of the city. On 8 August Russia
declared war on Japan. On 9 August a second atomic bomb laid Nagasaki in ruins.
This proved enough; that day the Japanese government accepted the Allied terms,
provided that Japan could keep its Emperor. The official surrender in south-east Asia
took place on 12 September at Singapore.
_____________________________________________________________________
125 / 474
Chancellery [ča:nslEri] kancléřství; effective platný; hold out vydržet; induce

přimět; inflict losses způsobit ztráty; stand: make the final stand klást poslední
odpor
_____________________________________________________________________
THE WORLD'S WARS
East and West had not fought each other directly during the previous forty years, but
the competition between them had often taken the form of fighting on the distant
battlefields of the third world. The sudden outbreak of peace between the U.S.A. and
the Soviet Union meant an end to such disputes, the silencing of guns. But war shows
no sign of going out of fashion.
Yugoslavia has brought civil war back to Europe for the first time since the 1940s
(Greece) and 1930s (Spain). Yugoslavia's may well be the war of the future: one
waged between different "tribes", who have centuries-old grudges about language,
religion and territory. In their details, conflicts like these vary from place to place, but
the main ingredient is the same: hatred of the neighbour.
The war in the Gulf was a very different affair. It was short: six weeks of aerial
bombardment, 100 hours of fighting on the ground. These features, plus the
dramatically successful use of high.technology, made the Gulf war seem an ultra-
modern affair. It was also new in another sense: never before had an international force
been put together on such a scale under the banner of the United Nations and with the
blessing (or acquiescence, as fas as China was concerned) of the world's great powers.
But in one sense the Gulf conflict, too, was an old-fashioned war. It was all started by
one man, the latest member of a line of aggressive megalomaniacs that goes back to
Genghiskhan. The Gulf war was cautionary in two ways. The message the Allies
wanted to deliver was that aggression will be resisted, if need be with force. But it also
became plain that if a despot eager to gobble up a neighbouring country had acquired
nuclear weapons, or at least potent chemical or biological ones, he might get away
with his invasion. High-tech conventional weapons are not a match even for low-tech
nuclear ones.
There are still plenty of wars going on round the world. The good news is that most
of them are fairly small. For the time being, the pursuit of peace consists of three main
activities: removing the left-overs from the cold war; mediating in tribal squabbles and
ensuring that local conflict do not escalate into regional wars; and trying to limit the
spread of nuclear weapons. Each of these tasks now falls to international peacemaking
bodies, notably the United Nations, because the days when nation-states, acting alone,
could impose peace on others are on their way out.

_____________________________________________________________________
126 / 474
acquiescence [,Akwi'esns] tichý souhlas; bombardment bombardování; cautionary

[ko:šEnEari] varovný; get away: he. got away with it prošlo mu to (beztrestně);
gobble up zhltnout; grudge zášť (s pocitem křivdy); high-tech technicky důmyslný,
ultramoderní; match: be a match for st vyrovnat se něčemu: mediate [mi:dieit]
zprostředkovat; potent [pEutEant] účinný; squable [skwobl] malicherný spor,
hašteření se
Genghiskhan, Jenghiz Khan ['džeNgis ,kAn] Džingischán (Mongol ruler, 1167-

1227)
_____________________________________________________________________
ARMED FORCES AND WAR 10
MILITARY SERVICE
introduce conscription [kEn' skripšEn] / amer. the draft zavést povinnou voj.službu
start one's military service jít na vojnu
do military service konat vojenskou službu
conscript [kEn'skript] (into the army) odvést (na vojnu)
call up hovor, draft amer. povolat (k vojenské službě)
conscript [kEnskript], amer. draftee [drAf'ti:] branec, nováček

call-up papers, amer. draft notice povolávací rozkaz
draft board amer. odvodní komise
(national) serviceman [sE:vismEn] voják základní služby
grant deferment on the grounds of... udělit odklad z důvodů ...
unfit for military service neschopen vojenské služby

go into / enlist / hovor, join up the army vstoupit do armády
serve in the army, navy, air force sloužit: pozemní armáda, námořnictvo, letectvo
volunteer [,volEn'tiE] dobrovolník
on active duty v aktivní službě
ex-serviceman, amer. veteran [vetEarEsn] (soldier) vysloužilý voják,vysloužilec

discharge from the army propustit z armády
GI [,dži:' aj] hovor, americký voják
regular soldier voják z povolání
career officer [kECriE ofisE] amer. důstojník z povolání
mercenary [mE:si:nEri] námezdní voják, žoldnéř
conscientious objector [konši,ensEs Eb'džektE] z přesv.odmítat brannou povinnost

draft dodger amer. osoba vyhýbající se vojenské povinnosti
deserter zběh
127 / 474
DUTIES
be stationed / garrisoned in a place být posádkou někde

garrison [gArisn] posádka
do / undergo basic training prodělat základní výcvik
salute [sE'lu:t] salutovat, zdravit
reveille [ri'vAli], amer. [revEli] budíček
sound (the) reveille vyhlásit budíček

after lights-out po večerce
post sentries [pEust sentriz] rozestavět stráže
stand sentry stát / být na stráži
guard [ga:d] hlídat, střežit
know the password znát heslo
be on duty - be off duty být ve službě - nebýt ve službě
routine duty [ru:Cti:n du:ti] běžný úkol, běžná služba
fatigue [fE'ti:g] pracovní úkol; do fatigues mít službu (úklid rajónů / služba v
kuchyni)
put sb on fatigue (duty) dát někomu službu
pass a kit inspection prodělat prohlídku výstroje
drill in the barrack(s) [bArEks] yard / training ground cvičit (pořad.výcvik)

kasárna
do shooting practice [du: šu:tiN prAktis] cvičit se ve střelbě
mess hall amer. mess jídelna (společná)
confine sb to barracks zakázat někomu vycházky
go on leave / furlough [fE:lEu] jít na dovolenku
pass vycházka
RANKS
What's his rank? Jakou má hodnost?

rank and file / common soldiers prostí vojáci
private vojín
corporal [ko:pEarEl] desátník
sergeant [sa:džEnt] četař
noncommissioned officer poddůstojník
commissioned officer důstojník
high-ranking officer vysoký důstojník
men and officers mužstvo a důstojníci
promote to major [prECmEut tu meidžE] povýšit na majora

lieutenant colonel [lefCtenEnt 'kE:nl] podplukovník
colonel [kE:nl] plukovník
128 / 474
command [keCma:nd] the army velet armádě

Who's in command here? Kdo tu velí?
commanding officer velící důstojník

commander-in-chief, zkratka C-in-C vrchní velitel
Supreme Command [sE,pri:m kE'ma: nd] vrchní velení
headquarters command centre velitelství
staff štáb
TROOPS
troops [tru:ps] oddíly, vojsko

ground forces [graund fo:siz] pozemní síly
infantry [infEntri] pěchota
mobile [mEubail] unit motorizovaná jednotka
artillery [a:' tilEri] dělostřelectvo
tank corps [tANk ko:] tankový sbor
engineer [,endži'niE] ženista
medic amer. zdravotník
signals corps [signElz ko:] j.č. spojaři
reconnaissance [ri' konisEns] unit průzkumná jednotka
satellite reconnaissance [sAtElait riCkonisEns] průzkum pomocí družice

combat [kombAt] - noncombat unit bojová - nebojová jednotka
combattant [kombEtEnt], amer. [kEm'bAtEnt] bojující
detachment [di' tAčmEant] oddíl
platoon [plE,' tu:n] četa
squad [skwod], section družstvo

company [kampEni] rota
battallion [bE' tAliEan] prapor
regiment [redžimEnt] pluk
brigade [bri'geid] brigáda
division [di'vižn] divize
army corps [a:mi ko:] armádní sbor
patrol [pE'trEul] hlídka; hlídkovat
commando [kE'ma:ndEu] přepadový oddíl, oddil se zvláštním úkolem
task force speciální jednotka
EQUIPMENT
wear a khaki [ka:ki] uniform nosit stejnokroj barvy khaki

tunic [tju:nik] sako, blůza (uniformy)
cap [kAp] čapka
129 / 474
regulation army boots [,regjuCleišn a:mi bu:ts] předpisové vojenské boty

kit výstroj
knapsack [nApsAk] torna
gas mask plynová maska
mess kit / tin jídelní souprava / miska
flask, canteen [fla:sk, kAn'ti:n] polní láhev
ARMS
infantry firearms [infEntri faiEra:mz] pěchotní zbraně

submachine gun automat, poloautomatická zbraň
machine gun [mECši:n gan] kulomet
gun zejm. amer. pistole, revolver
rifle [raifEl] puška
load nabít
take careful aim pečlivě zamířit / zacílit
pull the trigger zmáčknout kohoutek
firing at a target [faiEriN At E ta:git] střelba na cíl
excellent shot výtečný střelec
cartridge [ka:tridž] náboj
hit by a stray bullet [bulit] zasažen zbloudilou kulkou
shell dělostřelecký granát; ostřelovat
throw a (hand) grenade [grE'neid] hodit (ruční) granát
splinter střepina
heavy artillery fire těžká dělostřelecká palba

armour [a:mE] j.č. tanky, obrněná vozidla; pancíř
tank tank
armoured track vehicle obrněné pásové vozidlo
deploy [di'ploi] long / intermediate-range rockets rozm.rakety dl. / střední dolet
guided missile [misail], amer. [misl] řízená střela
IBM = intercontinental ballistic missile mezikontinentální střela
cruise [kru:z] missile raketa s plochou dráhou letu

first-strike weapon zbraň prvního úderu, útočná zbraň
nuclear / atomic bomb [bom], A-bomb atomová bomba
hydrogen [haidrEdžin] bomb, H-bomb vodíková bomba
neutron [nju:tron] bomb neutronová bomba
station in a silo [sailEu] umístit na podzemní odpalovací rampě
BATTLE
battlefield bojiště
combat [kombAt] area bojová oblast
130 / 474
skirmish [skE:miš] šarvátka, přestřelka

fight, win, lose the decisive battle vybojovat, vyhrát, prohrát rozhodnou bitvu
campaign [kAm'pein] tažení
protracted fighting j.č. vleklé / dlouhotrvající boje

have military superiority mít vojenskou převahu
shift and regroup the forces přesunout a přeskupit síly
bring in reinforcements přivést posily
launch an attack zahájit útok
storm a fort zaútočit na pevnost

attack regardless of casualties útočit bez ohledu na ztráty
inflict heavy losses způsobit těžké ztráty
advance, make headway postoupit
break through the line prolomit linii
counterattack protiútok; protiútočit
strike at the enemy udeřit na nepřítele
set up a new defence line zřídit / vybudovat novou obrannou linii
fort pevnost, pevnůstka
bunker [baNkE] betonový bunkr
dig a trench vykopat zákop

lay / plant, detect, clear a mine položit, odkrýt, odklidit minu
be outnumbered two to one mít proti sobě dvojnásobnou přesilu
repulse [ri'pals] / beat back an attack odrazit útok
Ammunition [,Amju:'nišn] is running short. Dochází munice.
besiege [bi'si:dž] in vain marně obléhat

shoot from ambush [Ambuš], snipe střílet ze zálohy
sniper záškodník (střelec), odstřelovač
guerilla warfare [gE,rilE 'wo:feE] partyzánská válka
guerilla, partisan [,pa:ti'zAn] partyzán
barricade fighter barikádník
act of heroism [Akt Ev herEuizm] hrdinský čin
crush all resistance rozdrtit všechen odpor

put to flight zahnat na útěk
flee [fli:] prchat, dát se na útěk
pursue [pE'sju:] pronásledovat
retreat in disorder ustoupit v nepořádku
withdraw [wiD'dro:] stáhnout (se)
collapse [kE'lAps] zhroutit se
wound [wu:nd] zranit (střelná / bodná rána)
disable zmrzačit
lose one's life přijít o život
131 / 474
fall into enemy hands padnout do rukou nepřítele

recapture / recover / regain a hill znovu dobýt pahorek
capture 1,000 troops zajmout tisíc mužů
force to surrender přimět vzdát se / kapitulovat
unconditional surrender bezpodmínečná kapitulace

hand over / surrender one's weapons odevzdat zbraně
take sb prisoner zajmout někoho
missing (in action) pohřešovaný
give, oneself up vzdát se
put into a POW (= prisoner of war) camp dát do zajateckého tábora
take sb hostage vzít někoho jako rukojmího
escape from captivity uniknout ze zajetí
RAVAGES OF WAR
ravages of war ničivé následky války

bomb a house vybombardovat dům
make an air raid podniknout nálet
raze / level to the ground srovnat se zemi
make people homeless zbavit lidi přístřeší
ruins and heaps of rubble trosky a hromady sutin
plunder loupit, pustošit
loot plenil
contamination by fallout zamoření radioaktivním spadem
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Choose the right words:

1. I strolled along the (coast, shore) of the lake. 2. Dead men were (swimming,
floating) in the river. 3. The atomic bomb (flashed, lit) over Hiroshima. 4. The doctor
bound the gunshot (injury, wound). 5. The patient died but no one carried the (corps,
corpse) away. 6. The doctor could only give first (aid, assistance, help) to the
casualties. 7. The people made (the, their) way to the hospital. 8. Satellite cameras
(broadcast, transmit) photographs and other data to earth stations.
2. Translate:
1. Soldiers embarked on the landing craft. 2. I could see submerged boats, trucks
tipped half over. 3. Personál gear was strewn about. 4. They hit the beach at H-hour. 5.
It reached up to the high-water mark. 6. Various security precautions were taken. 7.
Splinters of wood and fragments of tile fell on him. 8. The blast ripped through the
hospital 9. The doctor was continually wiping, daubing, winding. 10. They hoped to
hold out sufficiently long ,to induce the Allies to grant more favourable terms. 11. The
United Nations and the great powers should mediate in local squabbles and ensure that
tribal conflicts don't escalate into major wars.
132 / 474

1. An invasion beach.
2. War correspondents.
3. The story of Dr Sasaki of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945.
4. The use of satellites.
5. How the Hussites defeated their enemies, (flail cep, waggon vůz, ruse lest)
6. The difference in warfare in WW I and WW II.
7. "Those who have no known graves'" (inscription on a war memorial).
Who are they?
8. The assassination of Heydrich and the extermination of Lidice.
9. The emergence of two major world powers in WW II and the weakening of Britain
and France.
10. High-tech weapons: reality is catching up with the deadly rays of sci-fi.
1. How much have you heard about WW II from your parents or grandparents (their
personal experience)? 2. What war memorials have you seen and who do they
commemorate? 3. Have you visited any historical battlefield? 4. Should Napoleon be
regarded as a hero or as a mass killer? 5. What are your views on the following three
sayings: a) If you want peace, prepare for war. (Si vis pacem para bellum. A Latin
proverb.); b) There never was a good war or a bad peace. (Benjamin Franklin); c) Old
men declare wars but young men have to fight them. 6. Which of the following works
on the subject of war have you read?
Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms (1929)
John Steinbeck: Once There Was a War (1943, 1958)
H. E. Bates: Fair Stood the Wind for France (1944)
John Hersey: A Bell for Adano (1944), Hiroshima (1946), The War Lover (1959)
Irwin Shaw: The Young Lions (1948)
Norman Mailer: The Naked and the Dead (1948)
James Jones: From Here to Eternity (1951), The Thin Red Line (1962)
Evelyn Waugh: Men at Arms (1952), Officers and Gentlemen (1955), Unconditional
Surrender (1961)
Joseph Heller: Catch 22 (1961)
William Eastlake: Castle Keep (1965)
Kurt Vonnegut: Slaughterhouse-Five (1969)
Tim O'Brien: If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home (1973),
Going After Cacciato (1975)
____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR SLOŽENÉ PŘEDLOŽKY
along with spolu s
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apart from, amer. aside from nehledě k, nepřihliáíme-li k; stranou od

at the expense of na úkor
because of následkem, v důsledku
but for nebýt (něčeho)
by means of pomocí
due to díky, následkem
except for až na, nebýt (něčeho)
for the sake of kvůli
in addition to navíc k
in accordance with ve shodě s
in case of v případě
in the event of v případě
in common with společně s, podobně jako
in line with ve shodě s
in relation to ve vztahu k
in respect of vzhledem k, pokud jde o
in return for náhradou za
in spite of navzdory, přes
in view of vzhledem k
on account of vzhledem, kvůli, následkem
on behalf of jménem
on sb's behalf jménem někoho; ve prospěch někoho
on top of navíc k
owing to díky, následkem
thanks to díky (něčemu)
together with spolu s
up to až do
with regard / respect to pokud jde o, vzhledem k
with a view to (+ gerundium) s úmyslem (aby)
without respect to, irrespective of bez ohledu na
V administrativní a novinářské češtině se vyskytují další, ne plně gramatikalizované

předložkové výrazy jako: v oboru, ve sféře, na poli, na úseku, v oblasti, v rámci, v
podmínkách, v souvislosti s, směrem k. Při překladu do angličtiny vystačíme s
jednoduchými předložkami; např. „Tyto problémy mohou být řešeny jen v rámci
odborové organizace." "These problems can only be dealt with by the trade unions
themselves." (Ne *within the framework of the trade unions) Podobně „v oboru
jazykovědy" in linguistics.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Make a sentence for each complex preposition.
2. List all English equivalents of the Czech prepositions kvůli, vzhledem k,

následkem, pokud jde o.
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3. Translate:
1. Let's consider the advantages along with the disadvantages. 2. The house stands
apart from the village, 3. Aside from a few slight mistakes, your home work is
excellent. 4. You can have a bed, but as for the children, they'll have to sleep on
inflatable mattresses. ,5. As to your other complaint, I haven't decided yet what to do.
6. Except for one old lady, the bus was empty. 7. Except for you, I should be dead by
now. 8. His'absence was due to illness. 9. He arrived late owing to the storm. 10. I
went back because of the rain. 11. What will you do in the event of his death? 12. In
view of his youth, the court has decided to be lenient. 13. His work is good in respect
of quality but bad in respect of quantity. 14. With respect to the recent flood, please
report how many sheep were drowned. 15. Everybody can join, without respect to
class, race, or sex. 16. We must give him something in return for his kindness. 17. He
was unable to go to college on account of his poverty. 18. Just for argument's sake,
let's suppose he's wrong. 19. He likes to talk just for the sake of hearing himself. 20.
He finished the task at the expense of his health. 21. I'm going to speak on his behalf.
22. This isn't in line with my ideas. 23. In accordance with your orders I've sold the
boat. 24. With a view to improving my English, I read a lot of English novels. 25. He
lost his job and on top of that his wife left him. 26. In common with many other young
men, he's fond of sports.
_____________________________________________________________________
☺ Giving reasons
a) Give various reasons for having a season ticket for public transport, for having a
telephone,in one's home, for buying a video, a tent, etc. Identify two rather informal
openings:
1. Well, you see ... 2. The main reason is that... 3. .:. and so I decided ... 4. Well, I
suddenly realized ... 5. Look, it's like this: ... 6. Let me explain. ... 7. The point is, ... 8.
No choice - ...
b) Make excuses (giving reasons) for being unable to meet a friend. Use the
openings listed below the invitations:
1. Couldn't I come round for a chat? 2. But what about later? 3. What about having a
meal together? 4. Are you free tomorrow evening, then ... 5. All right. But couldn't you
come round just for a few minutes -just for a chat, you know? 6 Will you be busy the
whole week? 7. Oh, come on! You can do that next week. 8. You mean to say you
haven't even got half an hour to spare?
1. Sorry, but I've got to / ought to ... 2. I'm sorry, but I'd like to ... 3. Well, actually, I'm
just... 4. You see, I'm in the middle of... 5. It's a bad time, I'm afraid,...
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☺ Saying you agree
Person A gives his opinion of someone known to person B. The latter agrees,
responding with the phrases below and adding some evidence confirming person A's
opinion:
1. Yes, I agree. 2. True enough. 3. That's (quite) right / true. 4. I can't help thinking the
same. 5. That's (just) what I think. 6.1 couldn't agree more. 7. How right you are. 8. I
agree with you there. 9. That's exactly the way I feel (about him). 10. You're
absolutely right.
☺ Saving you disagree
Person A is speaking about a film he has enjoyed. Person B disagrees with his
comments - Use the phrases below to Introduce the reasons for his disagreement.
Identify the three responses that are so informal as to be rather impolite:
1. I can't agree. 2. (Oh) I don't agree. 3. No, I don't think that's true 4. Nonsense! 5.
Rubbish! 6. (Oh,) I don't know (about that). 7. I don't see why (not). 8. I'm not (so)
sure, actually. 9. (Oh,) surely not! 10. You can't mean that' 11. I can't help thinking...
12. I think that's nonsense, (I'm afraid). 13. You can't really mean that, surely. 14. You
must be joking!
☺ Saying you partly agree
Student A suggests various improvements in the curriculum; student B agrees only

partly and says why:
1. I don't entirely agree with ... 2.1 see your point, but... 3.1 see what you mean, but...
4. To a certain extent, yes, but ... 5. Yes, up to a point, but 6. There's a lot in what you
say, but..:!. Yes, perhaps, but ... 8. Agreed, but ... 9. I couldn't agree more but... 10.
That's one way of looking at it, but 11. Yes,.but on the other hand ... 12. Yes, but we
shouldn't forget... 13. Yes, but don't you think ... 14. That's all very well, but... 15. I
agree with a lot of / most of what you say, but... 16. Mm, but... 17. OK / Yes, but... 18.
Could be, but ... 19, Perhaps I'm wrong but ... 20. You may have a point there, but ...
21. But you seem to have overlooked ... 22. Yes, but you must take into account...
☺ Saying you have reached an agreement
Which one phrase is rather formal?
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1. (Good,) that's agreed then. 2. Well, that's settled, (then / isn't it?) 3. So we're agreed,
(then / aren't we?) 4. We seem to be in complete agreement on this 5. That's it, then. 6.
Looks like we're agreed.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of interrogative pronouns):

1. Čí je ten deštník? 2. Na co / k čemu je ten přístroj? 3. Na koho myslíš? 4. Jaké to
bylo? 5. V kterém státě je Denver? 6. Kterého z těch dvou myslíš? 7. Co si dáš - čaj
nebo kávu? 8. Kdo z vás se přihlásí dobrovolně? 9. Jaký má smysl učit se to zpaměti?
10. Což abychom ho pozvali? 11. Kdo je to? - Pan Bell - A čím je?
2. Rewrite the following sentences, creating statements on the model of' „It's good of
you to do it":
1. They must decide every little detail, (necessary) 2. She can't leave her children
alone, (impossible) 3. They shouldn't quarrel about trifles, (absurd). 4. You can't vote
against him. (madness) 5. Usually I can't get home as early as I want to. (difficult) 6.
We should finish it by Saturday, (important) 7. You ignore it, but... (all very well)
Key Giving reasons: a) I: 5, 8

Saying you disagree: I: 4, 5, 14
Saying you have reached an agreement: F: 4
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 11 THEATRE AP2
THE CZECH THEATRE
The continuous development of Czech drama, beginning with the earliest extant
Czech play, The Quack, essentially a folk drama with social criticism, was interrupted
by the Thirty Years' War and the exile of the Czech nobility and the opression of the
peasantry that went with it. There arose very few original plays based on secular
motifs. One of the better known of these was the Comedy about Frances, daughter of
the King of England, as well as Jack, son of a London merchant. The new nobility,
mostly of foreign origin, did not encourage the stage art, nor was there as yet a native
bourgeoisie which would act as the new patron of the theatre.
In 1783 the Nostitz Theatre was founded in Prague. Three years later this German
theatre became available in the afternoons for performances in Czech. At the same
time a translation of Macbeth was pubUshed and an independent Czech theatre was
opened, the Royal Imperial Patriotic Theatre, popularly known as the Shanty. It was a
great success. In his age of enlightenment serfdom had been abolished by Emperor
137 / 474
Joseph II, and the country folk, no longer bound to the soil, now streamed into Prague
and formed a grateful new theatre audience. Within a generation Klicpera and Tyl
were able to rely for support on the rising national consciousness of the new middle
class and on the democratic tendencies of progressive intellectuals identifying
themselves with the masses. Their plays depicted the manners of the village and town
people. Both dramatists showed that Czech was a rich language, suitable for drama.
In 1862 the Provisional Theatre was opened in Prague with the aim of preparing the
ground for a real National Theatre by forming and training a dramatic and operatic
ensemble and building up a repertoire. The laying of the foundation stone of the
National Theatre in 1868 offered the occasion for a great ceremony reflecting the
aspirations of the Slavs in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The building of the
National Theatre was financed by the voluntary gifts of ordinary Czechs. After a fire
in 1881 it was rebuilt, again thanks to their help, and opened with an opera written
especially for this festive occassion - Smetana's Libuše. But the repertoire in the
following years was rather uneven, often reflecting the low standard in taste of the
bourgeois theatregoers. Later a number of native critical realists wrote plays having
village settings. Soon another theatre was set up on the left bank of the Vltava, and
Chekhov's The Seagull was presented there only nine days after its premiere in
Moscow (1898). Around the turn of the century the theatregoing public began to
become acquainted with works of leading contemporary foreign dramatists, staged in
several new theatres. In 1906 the Moscow Art Theatre visited Prague. In 1916 a cycle
of Shakespearean plays was staged in the National Theatre to commemorate the 300th
anniversary of Shakespeare's death. The 50th anniversary of the laying of the
foundation stone of the National Theatre was celebrated with a festive performance of
Libuše; the closing prophesy that the Czech nation "will never perish" was sung by the
world-famous Czech soprano Ema Destinnová.
With the achievement of national independence in 1918 the theatre began to play an
important part in the nation's life. Besides numerous great actors the Czech theatres
now had good stage designers and dramaturges. The repertoires now included classical
and contemporary works by native playwrights and composers as well as by
Europeans and Americans (O'Neill). Outside the stateendowed theatres, a young avant-
garde generation of actors and producers grew up and evolved a distinctive style. The
Liberated Theatre staged works expressing a revolt against conventions and stressing
the social functions of art, including the struggle against fascism. This movement was
in contact with the Soviet theatre avant-garde. The war years brought a severe
limitation of the repertoire as well as the persecution of many theatre people. Several
leading figures lost their lives.
After 1945, a dense nationwide theatre network has been built. Plays by native and
foreign, classical and contemporary authors are produced.
_____________________________________________________________________
consciousness [konšEsnEs] uvědomění, distinctive charakteristický, svůj vlastní;
dramaturge [drAmEtE:dž] dramaturg; enlightenment osvícenství; evolve [i'volv]
vyvinout (se); extant [ik'stAnt] dochovaný; motif [mEu'ti:f] motiv; nationwide
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celostátní; peasantry [pezEntri] selský stav, rolnictvo; perish zahynout, prophesy

proroctví; provisional [prE'vižEnl] prozatímní; quack mastičkař; rely for support on
st opírat se o něco (něčí podporu); seagull [si:gal] racek; shanty bouda, soprano
[sE'pra:nEu] sopranistka; stateendowed [steit in'daud] podporovaný státem
_____________________________________________________________________
CELEBRATING THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA
On 12th October 1992,500 years to the day after Columbus landed in the New
World, a new opera had its premiere at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, The
Voyage, however, is not about Columbus the man Rather it is a celebration of the spirit
of exploration which he represents. The composer, Philip Glass, asked the American
playwright D. H. Hwang, a second-generation Chinese American, to write the libretto,
this was to guarantee that the story would not have a white European point of view
The opera opens with a scene of confrontation between two alien cultures It is set not
in the Caribbean in 1492 but at the end of the Ice Age, when a spaceship from beyond
this galaxy lands Earth The commander of the space ship has an ana in which she
speculates what the people on Earth expect from her and what they will mean to her.
Then you hear the natives, the chorus, sing exactly the same text The point of view is
that the Other is always the primitive culture Act II presents Columbus himself, with
scenes at the court of Queen Isabella and then aboard his flagship Santa Maria. Act III
takes place in the future, at a space station The prologue is sung by a wheelchair-
bound scientist; this is based upon Stephen Hawking whose bestseller book A Brief
History of Time made him one of the best-know scientists of our time. The idea is that
the great discoveries are not just mad by „Indiana Jones" type of people but that artists
and scientists are on voyages of discovery too.
Previously, Glass wrote a trilogy of operas about remarkable men, three archetypes:
the pharaoh Akhnaten as the Religious Man (who invented a monotheistic religion),
Gandhi as the Political Man, and Einstein as the Man of Science.
_____________________________________________________________________
flagship vlajková / admirálská loď; pharaoh [feErEu] faraón; wheel chair-bound
odkázaný na invalidní vozíček
Akh(e)naten, Akhenaton pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (died about 1362 BC), who
declared that there was only one god, manifested in the sun's disk; Glass, Philip (19-)
an avantgardist composer in the style called minimalism (short repetitive melodies,
steady rhythms); Indiana Jones name of an adventurous explorer featuring in several
Americal films
_____________________________________________________________________
THE BARBICAN CENTRE
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I walked from the theatre into an exhibition of French art; then to a different gallery
to look at some Canadian tapestries. After that, I visited a cinema and another theatre,
and stopped by a lake to have a cup of coffee. And all the time I was in the same
building.
The Barbican Centre for Arts and Conferences was built in 1972-82, just outside the
line of the defensive wall which encircled the City from Roman times, in an area
devastated by bombing. It is an enormous complex built on thirteen levels, four of
which are underground. The total floor area measures over eight hectares. It contains
two theatres - the 1,150-seat Barbican Theatre and the RSC's 200-seat studio theatre,
the Pit - and a 2,000-seat concert hall, the Barbican Hall. There are two resident
companies - the Royal Shakespeare Company and the London Symphony Orchestra.
There are also three cinemas and a library here.
On the fifth level is the lake, with forty-five fountains, and the Lakeside Terrace,
where you can have a meal in the Waterside Café, a self-service restaurant. From the
terrace you get a view of the new building of the Guildhall School of Music and
Drama and the church of St Giles, where Oliver Cromwell was married and which
Shakespeare also attended. Other famous residents of the area have icluded Sir
Thomas More, John Milton, Ben Jonson, John Bunyon, William Blake, and William
Turner. Many of these are commemorated in the names chosen for the residential
terraces and towers.
The terrace foyer is used at lunchtimes, in the early evening, and at weekends for
informal performances On another level you will find the art gallery and, on the roof
of the Barbican Hall, the sculpture court, which can be used for the display of outdoor
sculpture and for open-air performances. Surrounding it is the Crescent its three floors
contain the centre's smaller conference facilities and offices. On another level you will
find a large conservatory - a kind of greenhouse, with high glass walls and tropical
plants growing up them. It is a private function space available for hire for dinners,
receptions, and parties.
The size of the centre can best be seen from these two statistics: the centre contains
enough concrete to build thirty kilometres of a six-lane motorway, and its electric
boilers provide heating equivalent to the heating requirements of over one thousand
three-bedroom semidetached houses.
_____________________________________________________________________
conservatory [kEnCsE:vEtEri] zimní zahrada; crescent [kresEnt] srpek, půlměsíc;
foyer [foiei] foyer; function společenská příležitost (zasedání, banket); terrace:
lakeside terrace terasa u jezírka; residential terraces terasovité obytné domy
Barbican [ba:bikEn] a 'barbican" is a watchtower or gateway forming part of the
outer defence of a city or castle; St Giles [sen ' džailz] sv.Jiljí; the Guildhall School
of Music and Drama guildhallska konzervatoř (the Guildhall is the building m which
the body that governs the City of London meets, especially for social occasions)
_____________________________________________________________________
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PROFESSIONAL FOUL
Anderson, a Cambridge professor, is travelling to attend a conference on ethics in

Prague His real rea son for going is to see a football match between England and
Czechoslovakia, being played at the same time. But he never sees his football match.
A former student, Pavel Hollar, now a cleaner, asks him to smuggle out a thesis on the
ethics of the state. Anderson first refuses, saying such an action would be bad manners
to the host government, a professional foul. Then Hollar is arrested and Anderson
meets his young son, who in halting English explains what the state has done to his
father. The English professor realizes that a totalitarian state commits a number of
professional fouls every day and replaces his lecture on "Ethical Fact in Ethical
Fiction" by a speech on human rights, which is hastily suppressed.
The inspiration for this play came to the author during his visit in the USSR, where
he met several Russians concerned with human rights. At that time he also learned of
the arrest of the playwright Václav Havel. During rehearsals Stoppard visited Prague
for the first time since his childhood - he was born in Czechoslovakia and his mother
was English.
_____________________________________________________________________
halting English lámaná angličtina; Stoppard, Tom [stopEd] (1937-)
_____________________________________________________________________
THEATRE 11
ACTING (ON THE STAGE, IN FILMS)
cast sb in film / play dát někomu roli ve filmu / hře

cast sb as a madman svěřit někomu roli šílence, obsadit roli šílence někým
část j. č. osoby a obsazeni, all-star cast obsazení samými hvězdami
put st on with a new cast dávat v novém obsazení
be miscast [mis' ka:st] být špatně obsazen, dostat nevhodnou roli
star hrát hlavni roli
co-star (with sb) hrát druhou hlavní roli (po někom)
supporting role / part vedlejší role
play (Romeo) / the role of (Romeo) hrát / vystupovat v úloze / roli (Romea)
leading character, lead hlavní postava / role
in the title role v titulní roh

minor / small role bezvýznamná / podřadná / malá role
central figure ústřední postava
crowd [kraud] kompars
engage 1,000 extras for crowd scenes najmout tisíc statistů pro davové scény
stuntman [stantmAn] kaskadér

act in / with an amateur theatre / company působit v ochotnickém souboru
a comeback vrátit se (po delší přestávce) na jeviště / k filmu
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The play is very well acted. Ve hře jsou velice dobré herecké výkony.
The acting in the play is very good. Ve hře jsou velice dobré herecké výkony.
a film with superb acting [su:' pE:b AktiN] film se skvělými hereckými výkony
be superb as the king být skvěly jako král
a good performance podat dobrý výkon
dominate the stage ovládat scénu
a novel interpretation of a character nová interpretace postavy
an astonishing physical transformation into a hunchback proměna v hrbáče

voice, gait, and gestures hlas, chůze (a držení těla) a gestikulace
play with ease, assurance, and grace hrát uvolněně, sebejistě a s půvabem
That role is made for him. Ta role je pro něj stvořená.
His most perfect creation. jeho nejdokonalejší ztělesnění postavy
a convincing, flawless performance by sb něčí přesvědčivý, bezvadný výkon
box-office draw táhnout diváky, být divácky přitažlivý
a good cast wasted on a silly play dobří herci, kterých je škoda na takový hloupý kus
The critics voted him the best actor of 19.. Kritikové vyhlásili nejlep.hercem 19..
get heavy, wild, prolonged, enthusiastic applause sklidit silný,dlouhý,nadšený potl.
An actor took / was given a curtain call / five curtain calls. Herec vyvolán 5x.
The audience interrupted the action with applause. Potlesk při otevřené scéně.
REVIEWING A PLAY
☻Favourable criticism
one of the most impressive plays for years jedna z nejpůsobiv.her za mnoho let
speak highly of sb / st mluvit s velkým uznáním o někom / něčem
praise st highly vysoce si cenit něčeho, velice chválit / vyzvedat něco
be enthusiastic about st být nadšený něčím
enchant okouzlit
achieve worldwide recognition dosáhnout světového uznání
bring sb fame přinést někomu slávu
go down in the history of the theatre vejít do dějin divadla
tremendous success [triCmendEs sEkCses] ohromný / obrovský úspěch
full of amusing moments plný zábavných momentů
brilliant [briliEnt] set vynikající scéna
effective / striking sets and costumes efektní výprava
with never a dull moment ani s jediným nudným místem
witty dialogue vtipný dialog

gripping story poutavý příběh
You will be moved. Zapůsobí (to) na vás. (silným dojmem)
After the first act it livens up and gets better. Po prv.jednaní (hra) ožije a zlepší se.
done soberly and without sensationalism provedený střídmě a bez senzačnosti
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sensitively and intelligently made provedený citlivě a inteligentně

with a social message společensky angažovaný
avoid propaganda vyhnout se (úskalí) propagandy
The dialogues ring true. Dialogy zní životně.
The characters have (no) depth. Postavy (ne)jsou propracovány.
for discriminating audiences pro náročného diváka
perceptive spectator vnímavý divák
I´ll take your tip and go and see it. Dám na tvé doporučení a půjdu na to.
☻Unfavourable criticism
be overpraised být přeceňován
mediocre [,mi:di'EukE], second-rate podprůměrný, slabý
It can't be compared with ... Nesnese to srovnání s ...
be below average nedosahovat průměru
It was a disappointment. Bylo to zklamání.
receive with mixed feelings přijmout se smíšenými pocity
give st a cold / lukewarm reception přijmout něco chladně / vlažně
It leaves me cold. Nechává mě to chladným. Nepůsobí to na mě.
It's not up to much. Nestojí to za moc.

It's not to my taste. It's not ray cup of tea. Není to podle mého vkusu.
reserve one's judgement zdržet se úsudku / názoru
recall st similar vzpomínat si na něco podobného
The critics disagree. Názory kritiků se rozcházejí.
cliched [kli:šeid], hackneyed theme / subject otřepaný námět
_____________________________________________________________________
1. serfdom; 2. theatre avant-garde; 3. mainstream theatre; 4. fringe company; 5.
conservatory; 6. inn.

1. Theatregoing versus cinemagoing.
2. The early years of the Czech theatre (before 1868).
3. The story of the Czech National Theatre.
4. The Liberated Theatre.
5. The network of theatres in the Czech lands.
6. A review of a play I have seen recently.
7. A brief outline of the plot of Romeo and Juliet.
8. "The world is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel.''
(Horace Walpole, 1722)
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1. Have you been to the theatre recently? 2. Are you satisfied with the plays that are
put on? 3. Do you know any group that performs for smaller audiences? How many
people does its theatre seat? 4. Inside a theatre, do you like to sit in the stalls or in the
gallery? 5. Do you prefer new plays or revivals of successful older plays? 6. Does
close contact with the audience (e.g. on the arena-type stage) improve the actors'
performances? 7. What recent theatre production has attracted a great deal of
attention? 8, Have you ever seen a play in the National Theatre in Prague? 9. Would
you be willing to take part in amateur dramatics? Would you have stage fright?
4. Translate:
obsadit roli Romea Smithem; hrát roli Julie; dávat hru v novém obsazení; vedlejší role;
kompars; statisté v davových scénách; kaskadéry působit v ochotnickěm souboru;
skvělé herecké výkony; podat bezvadný výícon; ta role je pro něj jak stvořená; být
divácky přitažlivý; odměnit dlouhotrvajícím potleskem; být pětkrát vyvolán před
oponu; recenze s příznivou kritikou; vysoce si cenit; přinést slávu; efektní výprava;
společensky angažovaná hra; dosáhnout světového uznání; pro náročného diváka;
propracovat postavu; být přeceňován; nedosahovat průměru; pnjmout se smíšenými
pocity; zdržet se úsudku.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS GET I
get about • pohybovat se; cestovat (z místa na místo):

He hasn't been able to get about since he had a stroke. His job allows
him to get about quite a lot.
• chodit ven (do společnosti, za kulturou):
She's been getting about much more since her family moved to the city.
• rozšířit se (o zprávě; = get round):
It was supposed to be a secret, but it somehow got about.
get across • mít odezvu (o projevu):

Do you think my speech got across (to the audience)?
get ahead • dostat se kupředu (být úspěšný):

He got ahead by hard work. You won't get ahead in business if you trust everybody.
get ahead of • předhonit:

In the second term Simon got ahead of the rest of the class. By cutting the price we
can get ahead of our competitors.
get along • dařit se, postupovat ( = get on):
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He's getting along in his job fairly well, considerling it's his first job. His work's
getting along very nicely.
get along (with) • postupovat kupředu:

I'm not getting along with niy dissertation / thesis very fast.
• vycházet (s někým, jak):
How do you get along with your brothers? We manage to get along.
get along without • obejít se bez:

Muriel is a very good secretary: her boss can´t get along without her.
around viz get round
get at • dostat se k: I can't get at the tools - they're locked up.

• narážet na (dělat narážky): I know what you're getting at.
get way • uniknout:

The thief got away (with all our jewellery). I'm usually able to get away jom the
office early on Friday.
get away with • vyváznout, ujít trestu:

You'll never get away with it. To ti nikdy neprojde. Get away with you. Koukej
zmizet! I hope I'll get away with a fine. Doufám, že vyváznu s pokutou.
He got away with his cheating. Podvádění mu prošlo.
get back • dostat zpět:

I wonder whether I'll ever get back the money I lent to Ronald.
• vrátit se:
I got back late last night. Don't come near. Get back. Nepřibližuj se. Zpátky!
Will the Democrats get back at the next elections? Dostanou se Demokraté opět k
moci v příštích volbách?
get behind • opozdit se: When he lost his job, he got behind with the payments on
his car.
get by(with) •projít (bez následků):

It will get by. To projde. He´ll get by with it. Projde mu to.
• projít (u zkoušky): He thought he could get by with the minimum of
work. I suppose that essay will get by, but it could be a lot better.
get by without • obejít se bez: I can't get by without a car any more.
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get by (on) • vystačit, vyjít s:

She can't get by on such a small pension. He doesn't work for a living but somehow
he gets by all right. Nepracuje, ale jaksi může docela dobře existovat.
get down • sundat: Will you help me get this bag down?
• slézt: Johnny's mother told him to get down from the tree at once.
• skličovat, deprimovat:
Nothing gets me down as much as a common cold. Don't let the failure
get you down.
• zaznamenat: I got down every word of his. The policeman got down the
number of the suspect's car.
• sestoupit, slézt po: Get down the ladder. (též „Sundej žebřík." Ale: Get
the ladder down, jen „Sundej žebřík.")
get down on • kleknout (klesnout na kolena):

He got down on his knees. The child got down all fours.
get down to • přejít k, dostat se k.

Let's get down to business. Přejděme k věci. When finally going to get
down to doing your homework?
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a get idiom in each sentence:

1. I can't reach the books - the shelf is too high. 2. What are you trying to say? 3. We
should be able to survive on five dollars a day. 4. Dick felt that an hour of studying a
day would be enough. 5. Though he's an invalid, he managed to move around in a
wheelchair. 6. He kneeled to have a better look at the plant. 7. Do you travel much in
your job? 8. His French is good enough for him to manage in France. 9. I'm afraid my
ideas weren't understood by the audience. 10. I managed to note the main points. 11. I
hope to find time to read all these books in the summer holidays.
2. Translate:
uniknout s cennými věcmi; udělat pokrok; vycházet se sourozenci; pokračovyat rychle
s prací; kleknout si; vyjít s malým platem; sestoupit po žebříku; oopozdit se; sundat
avazadlo; být ochrnut a nemoci se pohybovat; hodně cestovat; dostat se konečně k
pořádné práci; Neobejde se bez její pomoci. Přejděme k věci! Řeč měla u posluchačů
odezvu. To mu neprojde. Slez z té židle! Nemohu se k tomu dostat
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
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◄ Saying you are (not) interested
a) Complete the statements by filling in the names of various sports and games;
identify two fairly informal openings:
1. I'm interested in... 2. I find... (quite / extremely) fascinating. 3. … interests me a lot /
a great deal. 4. I'm (really) keen on ... 5.1 have a passion for... 6. My main interest is ...
7. I enjoy ... very much. 8. I'm a ... fan.
b) Complete the statements by filling in various leisure activities; identify six rather
informal possibilities:
♪ Offering help
Supplement your offer of help with some specification of your experience in that
particular field. Which offers are rather formal (two) and which fairly informal
(three)?
1. Can I help? 2. Here, let me help you (out). 3. Shall I help? 4. Need some help? 5. If
you like I could help. 6. Can I be of any assistance? 7. Can I do anything to help? 8.
Can I help out in any way? 9. Would you like some help? 10. If I can (ever) assist in
any way, please don't hesitate to ask. 11. Want a hand? 12. Is there anything I can do?
13. You look like you could do with some help. 14. I´ll do it for you, if you like.
♪ Accepting or refusing an offer of help
Person A offers his help in some particular activity. Person B accepts it, person C
refuses it; in each set below there is one rather formal response:
B: 1. Thank you. 2. I'd be delighted. 3. That's very kind (of you). 4. That's extremely
good / kind / thoughtful of you. 5 If you're sure it's no trouble (for you). 6. Thanks very
much 7. Yes - that'd be a big help. 8. (Oh,) yes please.
C: 1. No, really, I can manage, (thanks). 2. That's very kind of you, but... 3. I don't
think so, thank you. 4. No, don't bother (really). 5. I'm very grateful for your offer.
However,... 6. Oh, don't trouble yourself about it. 7. No, it's all right, really. 8. No,
don't worry about it. 9. It's very good of you to offer to help, but... 10. ... but thanks
just the same (for offering).
♪ Saying you are (not) able to do something
a) Specify what you are able to do; topics: iHHisehold repairs, garden work. Four of
the following are fairly informal:
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1.I might be able ... 2. Yes, no problem. I... 3. It's all right. I can ... 4. It shouldn't be
too difficult to ... 5. (Yes,) I'm pretty good at... 6. I'm not too bad at... 7.1 know how
to... 8.1 have some experience of... 9. Yes, I'll ... in a jiffy.
b) Specify what you are not able to do; topics: cooking, dress-making, knitting. All
responses are informal:
1. I've no idea how .. 2. I haven't the faintest idea how ... 3. I'm hopeless at ... 4. I'm no
good at... 5. Sorry, ... just isn't my thing.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (revision of demonstrative pronouns):
1. Toto nebude stačit 2. Tato knížka se mi nelíbí, raději si vezmu tamtu. 3. To jsou
krásné hrušky! 4. Ten, kdo přijde první, bude na tom nejlépe. 5. Ti, kdo berou drogy,
špatně skončí. 6. Stalo se to v týž den. 7. Nic takového jsem neřekl. 8. Řeknu ti tolik:
na tvém místě ... 9. Dnes odpoledne to budou vysílat na druhém programu. 10. Letos je
u nás mírná zima. 11. Ty jeho „zásluhy"!
2. Use present of perfect participles instead of the clauses:

1. When he saw the light in our windows he rang the bell. 2. When I finished the book
I switched on the radio. 3. While he was talking to us he managed to answer several
calls. 4. As I had overslept I arrived late at work. 5. As he was an outstanding pupil, he
didn't have to sit for the entrance examination. 6. When they made up their minds they
never changed their decision. 7. He sat on a bench and watched the kids playing.
Key Saying you are (not) interested a) I: 4, 5, b) I: 1, 4, 6-9

Offering help: F: 6, 10; I: 4, 11. 13
Accepting or refusing an offer of help. B F: 4. C F: 5
Saying you are (not) able to do something a) I: 2. 5, 6, 9
____________________________________________________________
LESSON 12 CINEMA AP2
THE WESTERN
The western, the gangster film, and the cartoon are the three great contributions of
American cinema to the world. The first two have something in common - a
preoccupation with the individual, with violence, and with law and order. These
problems have a special urgency in a huge country with so short a history.
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One of the earliest story films was The Great Train Robbery, made in 1903. This tale
of banditry featured Bronco Billy Anderson, who, once he had learned to ride, went on
to play the chief role in some four hundred western one-reelers issued weekly
thereafter. Why are the westerns so popular? Sociologists speculate that, with the
contemporary world becoming increasingly complex and urbanized, the western offers
escape to a freer kind of life, where men are men. Psychologists speculate that the
violence in the westerns satisfies a repressed need in all of us. Until recently, little
critical attention had been given in the U.S.A. to the western. But after 1950 Europe
began to praise the vitality of American action movies; the Hollywood movie had to be
discovered by Europe before it could become respectable in its own country. Of
course, one reason why Americans are perhaps hostile toward the western is that they
may feel it distorts the historical and social reality it draws on. The extermination of
the Indians by settlers becomes an epic struggle against savages. Western badmen -
moronic, bestial - become heroes of legend. Looked at in political terms, the western
can surely appear a racist, male chauvinist, nationalist myth.
On the other hand, it is doubtful whether any classical western exists. It may be an
epic about the building of the railroads, it may be a tragic story of the passing of the
frontier, it may be a morality play, a revenge story, an action film. The genre swings
between comedy and seriousness, between romance and realism, between the logic of
narrative and the appeal of spectacle. The western basically springs from the romance,
in particular the 19th-century pulp novel, which in turn drew on Cooper's
Leatherstocking Tales, the basic formula of which was a backwoods hero (evidently
modeled on Daniel Boone) saving an Eastern young lady from the Indians, only to lose
her to a refined upper-class rival. Early westerns also drew on the melodrama of the
stage as well as the rodeos and Wild West shows of the period. The actual movement
west by settlers lasted well over a century, but the great majority of western movies are
set in the tumultuous period between 1865 and 1890, just before the American frontier
closed. This period covers the closing days of the Civil War, the mining boom, the
building of the railroads, the cavalry and Indian wars, the great cattle drives, the
coming of the farmer and the sheepmen, the exploits of the western badman.
The common language remains the characters, themes, action, and setting of the
western. First there are the gunfighters, townspeople, cavalry, Indians, weak sheríffs,
tough Indian scouts and delicate Eastern ladies, corrupt businessmen, Eastern dudes,
and comical drunks. Then there are the traditional costumes and weapons (the earliest
hero was a clean-shaven man, all in white, opposed by the dark, mustachioed villain),
horses, stagecoaches, and trains. Countless western movies begin with the image of a
lone figure riding through desert or prairie, over hills or mountains. Often a cavalry
troop is silhouetted against the horizon. Or there is the simple funeral service in the
rough cemetery, the poker game, the Indian attack, the journey of the covered wagons,
and of course, the gunfight. But in spite of the constant repetition of the form, the
western has not been exhausted, because each generation of artists reinterprets it.
_____________________________________________________________________
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backwoods hero hrdina zálesák; badman zlosyn; banditry banditství, lupičstvi,

bestial bestiální, krutý, zvířecký; bronco [broNkEu] polodivoký kůň; cattle drive
hnaní stáda (z ranče k železnici); cavalry [kAvElri] jízda, kavalerie; clean-shaven
hladce oholený; distort [di' sto:t] zkreslit; draw on st inspirovat se něčím, čerpat z
něčeho; dude [du:d] amer. člověk z východních států bez zkušeností na západě USA,
exploit [eksploit] (hrdinský) čin; extermination vyhlazení; frontier [frantiE], amer.
[fran'tiEr] hranice osídlení/civilizace; gunfight přestřelka, gunfighter pistolník;
Indian scout [skaut] zvěd proti Indiánům; male chauvinist [šEuvinist] zastánce
nadřazenosti mužů; mining boom prosperita dolů; model on st použít něco jako vzor,
moronic [mE'ronik] slabomyslý; mustachioed [mECsta:šiEud] s hustým knírem; myth
[miS] mýtus; one-reeler jednocívkový film (kratši než půl hodiny); passing mizení,
zánik; preoccupation with st zabývání se něčím; pulp novel brakový román; repress
[ri'pres] potlačit; rodeo [rEudiEu] rodeo; savage [sAvidž] divoch; sheepman chovatel
ovcí; be silhouetted [,silu:'etid] rýsovat se; story film film s příběhem, tumultuous
[tju:'malčuEs], amer. [tu:'malčuEs] bouřlivý, neklidný; urbanize: become urbanized
nabýt městského charakteru; urgency naléhavost, villain [vilEn] padouch, zlosyn;
Wild West show cirkusové představení z Divokého západu
Boone Daniel (1734-1820) American frontiersman and fighter against the Indians in
Kentucky and Missouri; Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851) American author,
remembered for his "Leatherstocking Tales", a series of five novels, including "The
Last of the Mohicans", Leatherstocking Kožená punčocha (one of the nicknames of
Natty Bumppo, a frontiersman)
_____________________________________________________________________
CHARLIE CHAPLIN
Charlie Chaplin was born in Lambeth, in South London. His parents were music-hall
entertainers, though not particularly successful; his father died while Charlie was a
child. He made his first stage appearance at the age of five, singing one of his mother's
songs. When he was seventeen, he joined a theatrical company and became one of its
leading comedians. While on tour in the U.S.A. in 1910-13 he was invited to join an
American film company, where he made one- and two-reelers. Having settled in the
U.S.A., he soon began to write and direct his own films. The Tramp (1915) was his
first masterpiece, followed by The Immigrant and The Kid; the latter was more
profitable than any movie made up to that time, with the exception of The Birth of a
Nation by Griffith. In the twenties Chaplin formed the United Artists company, with
Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks. The Gold Rush and The Circus were still silent
films, but City Lights (1931) had a sound track. It is ChapUn's most sentimental film –
the Tramp has a crush on a blind girl, pays for her operation, and is rejected by her
when she is cured - but it has some funny sequences with a millionaire whi is friendly
with the Tramp when drunk, and does not know him at all when not. In The Great
Dictator (1940), an anti-Nazi film, Chaplin played a dual role, as a Jewish barber and
as a dictator (who was clearly based on Hitler). The New York critics voted Chaplin
the year's best actor. After the war he made a comedy about murder, Monsieur
Verdoux, based on a Freeh mass-murderer. It did better in Europe than in the U.S. He
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himself said: "There are three films I want to be remembered by - The Gold Rush, The
Kid, and Monsieur Verdoux." His next picture, Limelight, was a portrait of an ageing
clown. In Europe the film was a big box-office success, but it did only so-so in the
U.S. When Chaplin refused to take out American citizenship and announced his
intention of going to Europe with Limelight to premiere it there, he was informed by
the State Department that he might not be permitted a reentry visa. In the event, he did
not apply for one, but settled in Switzerland with his family and his fourth wife, Oona,
daughter of Eugene O'Neill. He never returned to the U.S A., and he refused to allow
his next film, A King in New York, to be shown there. This film poked some fun at
American advertising and commercialism, but it was a disappointment. In the 1960s
many of Chaplin's old films began to be reissued, and they have kept people laughing
and admiring his genius for the comic - a sense of simple and spontaneous fun, with
profound melancholy behind it. Buster Keaton, the only rival of Chaplin in the Silent
Era, said of him: "At his best and Chaplin remained at his best for a long time, he was
the greatest comedian who ever lived."
_____________________________________________________________________
crush: have a crush on sb slang být zamilován do někoho; dual role dvojrole, gold
rush zlatá horečka; limelight karbidové světlo (dříve užívané k osvětlení jeviště),
přeneseně vysluní slávy; film měl český název „Světla ramp", music-hall entertainer
varietní umělec; poke fun at sb dělat si legraci z někoho; reentry visa zpětné vízum,
sequence [si:kwEns] scéna, záběr; Silent Era [iErE] období němého filmu; State
Department americké ministerstvo zahraničí; take out American citizenship zažádat
si a dostat americké občanství
Chaplin [čAplin], Charlie (1889-1977), Fairbanks, Douglas [,daglEs 'feEbANks]
1883-1939) American film actor, after 1915 he made such films as "The Mark of Zorro
„Robin Hood", and "The Thief of Baghdad", he was married (1920-35) to Mary
Pickford; Keaton Buster (1895-1966) American film actor; created the comic
character Frigo; OŃeil, Eugene [,ju:džin Eu'ni:l] (1888-1953) American dramatist;
Pickford [pikfEd], Mary (1893-1979) American film actress, whose real name was
Gladys Smith, known for simple, sentimental roles
_____________________________________________________________________
DISNEY AND THE BEAST
Beauty and the Beast is the fifth film the Disney company has made of a classic fairy
tale. The first was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937, followed by Cinderella,
Sleeping Beauty and The Little Mermaid. Can it stand the comparison? It can. It is full
of breathtaking art work, entertaining characters and morality. That morality, for once,
was not imported by Disney; it is there in the original story.
To save her father, Belle, a beautiful girl living in a French village, moves into an
enchanted castle wherein resides a beast. The beast, a handsome prince under a spell,
will die unless he loves and is loved by the time he reaches 21. Gradually, the girl
overcomes her disgust and learns to see humanity in the beast, at which point she
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sheds his ugliness. The story has never been done better than by Jean Coctau in La
Belle et la Bete in 1946.
Disney's story differs from previous versions in the fact that not only the castle is
enchanted, but everything in it. Thus the cook is a teapot. Her son Chip is a cup
(chipped, of course). The castle is run by Lumiere, a candelabra, and Cogsworth, a
rather fussy clock. Unlike past Disney heroines (up to the Little Mermaid), Belle is an
intelligent, independent woman. No husband-seeker this, she reads books, dreams of
travel and pines for something more worthwhile than the provincial life she has. To the
disbelief of most townsfolk, she rejects the advances of the handsome,
Schwarzeneggeresque Gaston. In traditional fantasyland a woman like Belle would
swoon in Gaston's presence, not dismiss him as a yahoo.
The film is aimed as much at adults (one reviewer has recommended it as a "date
movie") as at children.
_____________________________________________________________________
candelabra [,kAndE'la:brE] (velký) svícen; chipped otlučený; date movie film pro
milence; disbelief: to the disbelief of X X nemůže uvěřit; dismiss pustit z hlavy,
odmítnout; do a story zpracovat příběh; husband-seeker žena chtějící ulovit manžela;
pine for st toužit po něčem; reside bydlet; shed st zbavit se něčeho; swoon knižně a
poeticky omdlít; yahoo [ja:hu:] hovado, zvířecký člověk (v Gulliverových cestách
Jonathana Swifta yahoos jsou zvláštní rasa, zvířata v (lidskě podobě)
_____________________________________________________________________
FILM 12
FILM MAKING
film, zejm. amer. movie film

film maker, amer. movie maker filmař, filmový tvůrce
think out a subject vymyslet námět
write the script / screenplay napsat scénář
scriptwriter scenárista, autor scénáře
film a novel, make a novel into a film zfilmovat román

adapt for the cinema upravit pro film
screen version of a play filmová verze divadelní hry
make a film based on a story natočit film podle literární předlohy
make minor changes provést menši změny
abridge zkrátit (vynecháváním)
cut / leave out a minor scene vypustit / vynechat nedůležitou scénu
direct [di´rekt, dai'rekt] režírovat
director režisér; assistant director druhý / pomocný režisér
produce a film být producentem filmu
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producer producent
coproduction of / involving three countries koprodukce tří států
cameraman [kAmErEmAn] kameraman
director of photography hlavní kameraman (v titulcích)
shoot a scene natočit scénu
make a shot / a close-up udělat záběr / detail(ní záběr)
shoot in colour natáčet v barvách

made on location / in exotic locations natočen v reálu / v exotických exteriérech
studio ateliér; Barrandov studios barrandovské ateliéry
costume designer návrhář kostýmů, kostýmář
design the costumes and set navrhnou kostýmy a scénu (tj. výpravu)
make-up artist, make-up man / woman maskér

technical staff technický personál, technické síly
sound engineer zvukový technik, zvukař
develop in a laboratory vyvolat v 1aboratoři
edit the film sestřihat filmový materiál
compose the music složit hudbu

soundtrack zvuková stopa
dub a film into Czech dabovat film do češtiny
provide with subtitles opatřit titulky
footage [futidž] délka filmu
reel civka (filmu)
two-part film dvoudílný film
CINEMA PROGRAMME
cinema amer. (movie) theater, movie-house, motion-picture theater kino

flicks am. movies hov. kino; Let's go to to the flicks tonight. Pojďme večer do kina.
drive-in cinema autokino (kino v přírodě, diváci sleduji film ze svých aut)
see a film showing at the Odeon [EudiEn] shlédnout film, který běží v Odeonu
go to a film jít na film
What are they showing? What's on? Co dávají ?

open at the Apollo (cinema) mít premiéru v kině Apollo
show a film to club audiences promítat film pro členy filmových klubů
present uvádět
screen / show an English version promítat anglickou verzi
a new film ready for screening nový film připravený pro promítání
trailer [treilE] ukázka z příštího programu
advertisng film reklamní / propagační film
newsreel zpravodajský týdeník
documentary film dokumentární film
short (film) krátký film
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cartoon [ka:'tu:n] kreslený film

animated film animovaný snímek / film
pupped [papit] film loutkový film

full-length / medium-length film celovečerní / středometrážní film
two-feature programme, double bill dvojprogram
The main feature is preceded by ... Před hlavím filmem běží ...
project [prE'džekt] promítat (odborný termín)
projectionist promítač
on room promítací kabina
It has been running for two weeks. Běží už dva týdny.
have a long run být dlouho na programu
continuous performance nepřetržité promítání
offer first-run films nabízet premiérové filmy

return, reissue repríza
withdraw and ban a film stáhnout a zakázat film
film certification klasifikace filmů (z hlediska přístupnosti)
U (Universal) Mládeži přístupno
PG (Parental guidance), (dříve) AA Přístupný mládeži v doprovodu rodičů

cert 15 Přístupný mládeži od 15 let.
cert 18, (dříve) X Mládeži do 18 let nepřístupný.
subscribe to a film magazine odebírat filmový časopis
CINEMA ATTENDANCE
regular cinemagoer pravidelný filmový návštěvník

advance booking office předprodejní pokladna
box office pokladna
join the queue stoupnout si do fronty
queue stát ve frontě; queue up postavit se do fronty
booked up for a week ahead vyprodán na týden dopředu

sold out vyprodáno
book / amer. reserve a seat rezervovat si místo
sit next to the gangway / amer. aisle [ail] sedět hned vedle uličky
collect-return the ticket vyzvednout - vrátit vstupenku
cancel a reservation zrušit rezervaci
admission [EdCmišn] vstupné
charge sb a booking fee započítat / účtovat někomu předprodejní přirážku

The cinema is packed. Kino je nabité.
draw large audiences mít velkou návštěvnost
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be a box-office success mít finanční úspěch, být trhák

Attendance [ECtEndEns] has declined. Návštěvnost poklesla.
launch a publicity campaign zahájit / spustit reklamní kampaň
exhibit / display stills vystavit fotografie s filmovými záběry
film poster filmový plakát
FILM STORY
The basic story is about... Základní děj / Děj v základě pojednává o ...
We get the story in a series of flashbacks. Příběh se post.dovídáme v retrosp.
Stock situations: Základní situace
a thrilling adventure story with chases, escapes, last-minute rescues, kidnappings
a thrilling …napínavý dobrodr. příběh s honičkami, útěky, zachr.na posl.chvíli, únosy
a lighthearted comedy about marital infidelity lehká komedie o manželské nevěře
a ribald [ribEld], tarce about a pretty temptress lechtivá fraška o hezké po kušitelce
a macabre [mE' ka:brE] tragedy about the eternal triangle …

a macabre … ponurá tragédie o věčném trojúhelníku, osudové ženě a zločinu z vášně
a magnificent spectacle with gorgeous costumes velkolep.podívaná s nádh.kostýmy
an epic western [westEn] starting with a stagecoach [steidžkEuč] robbery …
an epic western … western s bohatým dčjem, začínající přepadením dostavníku
an entrancing [in' tra:nsiN] story of budding adolescent love [,AdElesnt lav] …
an entrancing … úchvatný příběh rodící se mladé lásky
a grim story of envy and spite chmurný příběh závisti a zášti
a serious-minded investigation of social problems vážná studie sociálních problémů

a thought-provoking film about the abuse [E'bju:s] of power
a thought-provoking film … myšlenkově podnětný film o zneužití moci
a spine-chilling horror film děsivý horor
an atmosphere of mounting tension atmosféra vzrůstajícího napětí
an ingenious new version of an old theme důmyslné nové zprac.starého námětu
distort history zkreslit historii

be reminiscent [, remi' nisEnt] of st / sb připomínat něco / někoho
a true, restrained portrayal [po:'treiEl] of prison life pravdivý obraz vězeň.života
slapstick comedy [slApstik komEdi] groteska
tearjerker [tiE,džE:kE], weepy [wi:pi] doják
AWARDS [ECwo:dz] CENY

enter a film in a film festival poslat / přihlásit film na festival
accept – reject přijmout - zamítnout
impress the jury / the jurors [džuErEz] udělat dojem na porotu / porotce
attract general / deserved attention vzbudit všeobecnou / zaslouženou pozornost
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award [ECwo:d] a prize for st udělit cenu za něco, odměnit / vyznamenat něco
cenou
bestow [bi' stEu] - win an award přiznat / udělit - dostat cenu

honourable mention, commendation, amer. citation [saiCteišn] čestné uznání
Grand Prix [,grAnd 'pri] Velká cena
hors concours [,o:- koN'kuE] mimo soutěž
be highly regarded abroad být vysoce oceňován v zahraničí
nomination for an Oscar / an Emmy nominace na Oskara / na Emmy

win a prize in category of... vyhrát / získat cenu v kategorii
prize-winner, prize-winning film vítězný film, jemuž byla udělena cena
The festival is a glamorous event. Festival je slavná / velká událost
competitive film festival soutěžní přehlídka filmů
ask film celebrities for their autographs žádat filmové herce o autogram
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. repressed need; 2. the backwoods hero of the pulp novel; 3. mining boom; 4. the
exploits of the bad man; 5. a tumultuous period; 6 a mustachioed villain; 7. State
Department; 8 a panel of speakers; 9 Limelight. 10 a gala opening; 11. an
internationally acclaimed director.
1. rodeo, 2 Indian scout; 3. music-hall entertainer, 4. have a crush on a girl; 5. the
Gold Rush; 6. the Silent Era.
3. Correct the mistakes (Czechisms) in the English translation:

1. Film se dává. A film is given. 2. Film se točí. A film is shot. 3. Filmaři najímají
statisty. Filmers hire statists. 4. Film se promítá. A film is projected. 5. Mládeži
nepřístupný. Inaccessible to youth.

1. The stock characters and situations in westerns.
2. Do westerns distort historic reality?
3. Chaplin's movie career.
4. Films of the Silent Era.
5. The best-known international film festivals.
6. Do film versions of books stimulate people to read them?
7. The extent to which film versions of books accord with the books, (simplified
story, minor episodes left out, a character added or changed, a different ending)
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1. Do you find film reviews useful? 2. Do you subscribe to a film magazine? 3. Have
you ever walked out of the cmema halfway through a film? 4, Should violence be
shown in films? 5. What are the five best films you've ever seen? 6. What do you
think of collecting the autographs of film stars? 7. Can you name a recent box-office
success? 8 What film deserves greater popularity than it has had? 9. How many times a
month on average do you go to the cinema? 10. "A cinema is the best place to see a
film." Do you agree with this advertisement? 11. Do you prefer dubbed films? 12.
Have you ever seen the same film two or more times?
6. Quiz. Identify the authors of the following works all of which have been made
into films:
Tom Jones; Far from the Madding Crowd, Jane Eyre; Murder in the Orient Express;
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolp; Saturday Night and Sunday Morning; Goodbye Mr
Chips, The Mayor of Casterbridge; The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner,
Gone with the Wind; The Great Gatsby; I, Claudius; A Streetcar Named Desire,
Women in Love, Lohta; The Grapes of Wrath; Sophie's Choice; Cesar and Cleopatra,
My Fair Lady; The French Lieutenant's Woman; One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest,
The Godfather, Lord Jim; Room at the Top; Tess (of the dÚrbervilles); The
Clockwork Orange; Moby Dick; The Midwich Cuckoos; Fahrenheit 451°; A Passage
to India; Amadeus; The Witches of Eastwick.
7. Translate:
vymyslet námět a napsat scénář; zfilmovat román; natočit film podle literární
předlohy; zkrátit nebo vypustit nedůležité scény; natáčet barevně, navrhnout kostýmy
a scénu; natáčet v exteriéru i v ateliérech; sestříhat film; složit hudbu; zvuková stopa;
opatřit titulky; dvoudílný film; mít premiéru, ukázka z příštího programu; spustit
reklamní kampaň; vylepit filmové plakáty; vystavit filmové fotografie; kreslený
snímek; celovečerní a středometrážní filmy; promítač; být dlouho na programu;
repríza; stáhnout film; mládeži nepnstupný / do 18 let nepřístupný; základní dějové
situace; myšlenkově podnětný film; úchvatný příběh; velkolepá podívaná; důmyslné
nové zpracování starého námětu; příběh se postupně dovídáme v retrospektivě;
přihlásit film na festival; udělat dojem na porotu; vzbudit zaslouženou pozornost
porotců i novinářů; vyznamenat cenou.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS GET II
get in • nastoupit, nasednout (do vozidla): Get in and we'll go.

• přijet, dojet, dorazit: They both got in on the same train.
• dostat se na školu (být přijat ke studiu):
Ted passed the entrance examination but he didn't get in.
• dostat pod střechu, sklidit:
It looks like rain - we should get in the hay / crops / washing right away.
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• zavolat, pozvat (odborníka):

Let's get in a doctor / plumber / electrician / specialist.
• dostat se k moci (volbami jako vládní stranai):
Labour / The Conservatives got in (at the last election) with a small majority / by
more than 5,000 votes.
get a word in • dostat se ke slovu:

You have no chance to get a word in when she starts talking.
get in contact / touch • spojit se, navázat styk (s někým):

You should get in touch with Graham - he knows all about it.
get into • nasednout do: I was the last to get into the taxi.
• vjet do (někoho):
I don't know what got into him (to say a thing like that)
Nechápu, co to do něho vjelo. (že něco takového řekl).
get into a fix • dostat se do pěkné kaše:

I got (myself) into a fix - being in a strange town with no money.
get into a fury / rage / temper • rozlítit se, rozběsnit se, rozzuřit se, rozčílit se:
When I refused, he got into a rage.
get into the habit • navyknout si:

He got into the habit of having j taking a nap after lunch.
get it into one's head • vzít si do hlavy:

Somehow Roger got it into his head that we wanted to cheat him.
get off
• sestoupit, slézt (z kola, z koně): He got off from the horse. He got off (from bicycle).
• vystoupit (z dopravního prostředku): Don't forget to get off (the train) at next stop.
• vyrazit (na cestu), vyjet, odjet:
He got off on the noon train. We should get off early tomorrow morning before it
gets hot.
• vypravit: Her husband gets the children off to school when she's ill. The children are
old enough now to get themselves off to school.
• sundat (dát pryč):
Get your dirty shirt / hands off. His feet were so swollen that he couldn't get his
shoes off. (zout boty) Get off your clothes. Svleč se.
končit (pracovní dobu): What time do you get off?
• odeslat: I'd like to get this letter off by the morning post.
Chtěl bych, aby dopis šel ranní poštou.
• vyváznout, dostat se z toho (ze špatné situace)
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He was tried for theft but he got off - the evidence wasn't strong enough He got off
relatively lightly – with nothing worse than a warning / fine / bad fright.
• dostat někoho z toho:
A good lawyer might get you off with a fine / six-month sentence.
get off • odejít, opustit: Get off the grass. Opusťte trávník.
get off with • začít si něco (s někým, milostný vztah):

I saw him get off with that nice-looking girl at John's party.
get on
• nasednout do (veřejného dopravního prostředku):
Did you get on the No 6 bus outside the town hall or at the market hall? The terrorist
got on (the plane) at Shannon Airport I got on the boat at Folkestone.
Let's get on our horses. Nasedněme (na koně).
• dařit se (= get along), dělat pokroky:
How did you get on in your exam? Jak se ti vedlo u zkoušky?
Howe's he getting on (in his new job) ? - Fine. William is clever and he's sure to get
on in life / the world. I wonder how he'll get on without his wife - he can't even boil an
egg. Jsem zvědav, jak to zvládne bez manželky …
• pokročit, ubíhat. Time's getting on - we must go soon. Čas běží - .
I'm getting on in years - I'll be forty soon. Léta mi ubíhají - . .
get on with • pokračovat (v něčem): Get on with your work and don't gossip.
• vycházet s (někým = get along):
How are you getting on with your boss / mother-in-law?
get on for schylovat se, blížit se: It's getting on for six. Jde už na šestou.
Father's getting for seventy. Otci už táhne sedmdesátka.
get on the move dát se do pohybu:

It was several hours before the traffic got on the move again.
get on sb's nerves jít někomu na nervy: I don't know why Sarah gets on my nerves.
_____________________________________________________________________

1. We should bring the washing indoors - it may rain. 2. I don't know what made him
suddently do a thing like that. 3. The Liberals have no chance of being elected. 4.
Mollie created problems for herself by promising a date to two boys at the same time.
5. I wasn't able to say anything when Paul was talking. 6. Stephen was very angry
when Bill said no. 7. Roger wants to start before 7 a.m. 8. The years are passing -
Grandma will be seventy soon. 9. What's the relationship like between his children and
his new wife? 10. The kids have to get ready and set out for school themselves. 11.
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Continue with your work and stop chatting. 12. Sharon escaped with minor injuries.
13. We ought to dispatch a cable to Carol. 14. Time's passing - we must leave. 15.
Ben's work is going quite nicely. 16. Wilson nearly escaped punishment - he only got a
suspended sentence. 17. At dawn the army began to move.
2. Translate:
1. Úrodu už jsme sklidili (dostali pod střechu). 2. Jim se nedostal na školu. 3. Která
strana se dostala k moci? 4. Zvykl si mluvit tak dlouho, že se ostatní vůbec nedostanou
ke slovu 5. Výprava nasedla do autobusu. 6. Nasedni do auta. 7. Spojte se s dalším
odborníkem. 8. Jde mi to hrozně na nervy 9. Proč se tak rozlítil? 10. Vzal si do hlavy,
že to musí mít. 11. Vozidla se dala do pohybu. 12. Úspěch mu stoupl do hlavy 13. Co
to do něho vjelo? 14. Nerozuměl jsem, na co narážel. 15. Jde už na devátou. 16. Čas
ubíhá. 17. Jak vycházíš s příbuznými? 18. Pohni už s tou prací. 19. Raději vyrazíme
včas. 20. Kdo u vás vypravuje děti do školy? 21. Zuj si ty mokré boty! 22. Jak se ti
vedlo u zkoušky? 23. Kde mám vystoupit? 24. Rád bych ten dopis vypravil ranní
poštou. 25. Prý vyvázla jen s leknutím. 26. Nenechte se rušit, pokračujte v práci.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 12 LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
♫ Asking for permission
a) Ask your friend and another passenger on the train for something, choosing
requests and responses from the following two sets of phrases (each containing three
informal phrases):
1. Can I...,please? 2. Excuse me, do you think I could .. ? 3. Mind (if) I ... ? 4. Would it
be possible ...? 5. Could I...? 6 OK / All right if...? 7. I wonder / I was wondering if I
could ...? 8. Do you mind if.. ? Give me ..., would you?
1. (Yes,) certainly. 2. Go (right) ahead. 3. By all means.. 4. Sure. 5 (It's) OK / Fine /
All right (with me). 6. Of course (not). 7. (Yes,) of course you can. 8. Here you go. 9.
Yes, that's fine / all right.
b) Complete the formal requests a teacher is making to the headmaster. For the
replies use neutral expressions of permission from the list above:
1. With your permission I should like to . 2. Do you have any objection to …? 3.
Would there be any objection if...? 4. If you have no objection, it might be useful ... 5.
Would you mind if...?
c) Complete the gaps in the dialogue, using the phrases "Can I.. .!*' (plus giving a
reason), "Yes sure!" "Yes, but..., Sorry but...":
A: Barbara! How nice to see you! Come in!
B: Thanks, Anne. Phew! I'm tired! ...?
A: ... That's the most comfortable chair over there.
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B: Great! Thanks. Oh, what's the time, by the way?

A: Quarter past six.
B: Oh, is it? I must ring Terry ...?
A: ... Iťs in the hall.
B: Thanks. (A few minutes later:) Terry sends his regards.
A: Oh, thanks. By the way, what's that book you've got?
B: It's the latest bestseller. A spy story. Very exciting.
A: …
B: ... I promised to lend it to Pat.
A: Oh, that's all right.
B: Anne, I'd love a cup of coffee. ...?
A: ... I'll make one for myself too, while I'm at it.
♫ Refusing permission
a) Person A wants to use some equipment or facility that person B, whom he knows
only slightly, is responsible for. Which replies are too informal (2)?
1. I'm afraid not. 2. I'm really sorry, but I don't think you / I can ... 3. I'm afraid no one
is allowed / permitted to ... 4. That won't be possible, I'm afraid. 5. No way. 6. I'm not
really supposed to ... 7. Out of the question. 8. I don't really think I should / ought to ...
b) Find various reasons for refusing someone permission to:
1. open the window; 2. play your new record; 3. telephone you at work; 4. come and
see you this evening; 5. smoke; 6 turn on the television; 7. borrow your keys.
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Fill in the relative pronoun (where necessary):

1.He's the man to ... I spoke yesterday. 2. He wasn't delighted with ... he heard. 3.
Nothing ... he does can please his boss. 4. He's the greatest dramatist has ever written
about this subject. 5. We came to a door ... was half-open. 6. Your dog ... bit me - no, I
mean the black one - should be kept on a lead. 7. Who's the girl... lives next door? 8.
The keys ... you've been looking for are over there. 9. I came to the office at five, by ...
time it was already closed. 10. All … I know is that it was Angus .. had the book
yesterday, not Malcolm.
2. Translate, using participial condensation of clauses:

1. Když byly podrobnosti vyřešeny, byla podepsána smlouva. 2. Když bylo ovoce
konečně otrháno, sedl jsem si a odpočíval. 3. Protože nebylo nic jiného na práci, šel
161 / 474
jsem na procházku. 4. Protože televizor byl pokažen,, šel jsem se dívat k sousedům. 5.
Až skončí tato etapa, začneme postupovat rychleji. 6. Dovoli-li to počasí, budeme na
zahradě sázet zeleninu.
Key Asking for permission a) requests: I: 3, 6, 9; responses. I: 4, 5, 8

Refusing permission: a) I: 5, 7
LESSON 13 RADIO AND TELEVISION AP2
RADIO AND TELEVISION IN BRITAIN
BBC Radio has four national channels. Radio 1 broadcasts almost continuous pop
music. Radio 2 provides light entertainment and music and covers sport. Radio 3
provides mainly classical music, and in the evening also offers adlult education
programmes and talks on serious subjects and plays of a classical nature. Radio 4
concentrates on the spoken word, providing the principal news and information service
and a wide range of drama, music, talks, and school broadcasts; it also beams regional
programmes for Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and certain parts of England. In
addition to Radios 1-4 there is the BBC World Service, which broadcasts on short and
medium waves for twenty-four hours a day in English. The recorded lessons of the
BBC's English by Radio are supplied to stations in ninety countries. The schedule of
all programmes on all channels appears in the daily newspapers and in the weekly
Radio Times.
There are four television channels available to British viewers: BBC-1 and its more
attractive alternative, BBC-2, and two independent channels. BBC-1 presents more
programmes of general interest, such as light entertainment, sport, current affairs, and
children's programmes, while BBC-2 places greater emphasis on minority interests
(documentaries, travel programmes, serious drama, music, programmes on pastimes,
international films), as well as an early morning television service providing two hours
of news and information. The BBC´s English by Television programmes are shown in
some sixty countries.
The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) controls and supervises the operation
of the two TV channels (Channel 4 and ITV) whose programmes are provided by a
number of private companies operating on a commercial basis.
There is no advertising on BBC radio or television; the BBC gets most of its money
from the sale of TV licences. No licence is needed for the possession of a radio. The
commercial television gets most of its money from firms that use its channels for
advertising. Unlike the USA, Britain allows no sponsoring of individual programmes
through advertising: advertisements must be clearly separate from programmes and
must not be included in broadcasts to schools. Promoting cigarettes or betting is
prohibited.
162 / 474
Recent technical developments include satellite channels, teletext systems that allow
the broadcasting of pages of written information on the TV screen on sets fitted with
special adapters, the sending of television pictures in digital form over the telephone
network to a distant TV screen, and the use of cable systems for the reception of
programmes. This system helps to improve reception quality, gets round the problem
of "screening" by buildings or the local topography, and is sometimes used when
external aerials are not allowed on residential buildings.
_____________________________________________________________________
beam vysílat; screening stínění
_____________________________________________________________________
VIEWING TASTES
It is difficult to please everybody and many people choose their programmes

carefully. Sometimes they object to some light programmes as having no cultural or
statistic value whatsoever, offering trivialities and too much violence. The majority of
people, however, seek entertainment on the TV screen, relief from their routine work.
For some of them television becomes a form of escapism, a sort of drug to which they
become addicted; they keep the TV set switched on even during a visit of friends, so
accustomed are they to this background noise.
A great many people regularly watch plays in series and serials. There is a difference
between the two. Each play in a series is complete in itself, but the same main
characters appear each week and the setting (e.g. the world of a police detective)
remains the same. Serials, on the other hand, are continuous stones which break off at
an exciting moment, leaving the viewer waiting and guessing until they are continued
at the same time the following week.
Some parents are concerned about their children spending too much of their free
time watching TV. They are right in their belief that children should get outside and
play - both for the physical exercise it provides and for the change it gives them to
learn about getting along with other children. Children should also read in their spare
time and use their imagination to create all sorts of fun games, and if they do watch
television, they should watch some educational programmes too, not just cartoons and
fairy tales and children's stories.
_____________________________________________________________________
addict [E'dikt]: become addicted to a drug stát se závislým na droze; concern: be
concerned about st dělat si starosti kvůli něčemu; escapism útěk od reality; relief [ri´
li: f] oddech, úleva; triviality triviálnost
_____________________________________________________________________
SOAP OPERAS
163 / 474
Soap opera" is the name for the kind of TV and radio serial that is concerned with
the everyday lives of ordinary people. The story centres on a particular home or
family, or takes place in a hospital or a hotel or some similar place and may be about a
very poor or about a very rich family. And it goes on and on. Lots of dramatic things
happen. People fall in love with the wrong person, they win a lot of money, they get
killed - and they always do it at the end of the programme, which makes you want to
know what's going to happen in the next episode.
The oldest soap opera on British television is Coronation Street, which has been
appearing since 1960 in Britain and in many parts of the world. It is a story about the
people who live in Coronation Street, somewhere in the North of England, and
millions of people watch the programme. There are nine writers on the programme, as
well as the story-line writers, the producers, and a historian. They all meet every three
weeks for a script conference. This is when they think up new ideas for the
progiamme. Then the story-line writers take the ideas and write the story for each
episode. The stories get sent to the writers who write the dialogue. The scripts are then
read by the story-line writers, the producer, and the histonan — the person who keeps
an eye on all the details, such as when the characters have birthdays or wedding
anniversaries and what each character likes to eat.
The Archers, described as "an everyday story of country folk", is broadcast five
nights a week (in 15-minute instalments) on Radio 4. It is about the life in Ambridge,
an imaginary village in the Midlands, and is very popular. When it reached its four-
thousandth edition, the occasion was marked by a broadcast by the Ministrer of
Agriculture. Although The Archers is a story about country people, their loves and
hates, the disasters that befall them and the delights, their experience, about a tenth of
the programme consists of agricultural information which is cunningly woven into the
story and much appreciated by the many farmers who listen. When the radio serial
began in 1951, Dan Archer had a small farm with two horses and hens running round
the yard. Today everything is mechanized, livestock is housed in line with factory
farming methods, and the small farmers in the area are banding together in groups for
greater economy and efficiency.
_____________________________________________________________________
band sdružovat se; befall [bi´ fo:]] knižně přihodit se; episode díl (část příběhu);
instalment [in'sto:lmEnt] pokračování, díl; line: in line with ve shodě s; script scénář,
story line příběh, (kostra příběhu)
____________________________________________________________________
SAMPLES OF RADIO AND TELEVISION PROGRAMMES
RADIO 4 (Saturday)
6.25 Shipping Forecast

6.30 News
6.32 Farming Today
6.50 In Perspective (Religious affairs)
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7.00 News, Today's Papers

7.15 Yesterday in Parliament
7.45 It's a Bargain
8.00 News, Today's Papers
8.15 Sport on 4
9.00 News
9.05 Breakaway (Holiday, travel and leisure scene)
9.50 Newsstand (Review of weekly magazines)
10.30 The Daily Service
10.40 Pick of the Week
11.35 From Our Own Correspondent
12.00 News
12.02 Charlie (Part I of a serial adapted from Roald Dahl's novej)
12.30 The Instruments of Jazz
1.00 News
1.10 Any Questions?
2.00 News
2.05 Thirty-Minute Theatre: Dreams Remembered
2.35 Medicine Now
3.05 Wildlife
3.30 Scenes from Village Life (Poetry, prose…
…..
_____________________________________________________________________
cop hovor, policajt; disabled invalidní; file spis; grandstand tribuna (na sportovišti);
ice dance championship mistrovství v tancích na ledě; lute [lu:t] loutna; prosecutor
prokurátor, veřejný žalobce; Queen of Spades Piková dáma; shipping forecast
předpověď počasí pro námořní plavbu; undercover tajný (zejm. o agentovi v boji se
zločinem); v zkratka z versus kontra
_____________________________________________________________________
RADIO AND TELEVISION 13
BROADCASTING
broadcast [bro:d ka:st] on television vysílat televizí / v televizi

transmitt [trAnz'mit] vysílat přenos
transmitter vysílač
transmission přenos
studio [stju:diEu] nahrávací studio
beam [bi:m] programmes to South Asia vysílat pro Jižní Asii

The match will be televised. Utkání bude vysílat televize.
rebroadcast a programme / amer, program vysílat reprízu pořadu
be on the air být vysílaný (rozhlasem); vysílat
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newscaster, brit. též newsreader hlasatel čtoucí zprávy

announcer hlasatel (obecně)
on long / medium [mi:diEm] / short wave bands na dlouhých / středních /

krát.vlnách
in the 31 metre band v pásmu 31 metrů
on VHF [,vi:eičéf] (= very high frequency) na VKV (velmi krátkých vlnách)
relay [ri:lei] via a satellite přenášet družicí
relay station retranslační stanice
mast [ma:st] stožár
closed circuit [sEa:kit] television uzavřený televizní okruh, průmyslová televize
supply newsfilm to foreign television organizations via the Eurovision network
supply … and by satellite
supply … poskytovat televizní noviny zahraničním televizním společnostem pomoci
supply … sítě Eurovize a přes družici
RECEIVING THE TRANSMISSION

listen to the radio poslouchat rozhlas
listen in poslouchat (s určitým cílem):
I missed the broadcast. Zmeškal jsem pořad.
I forgot to listen in. Zapomněl jsem poslouchat.
Listen in to the World Service next week at 9.30.
Listen in to … Poslouchejte zahraniční vysílání BBC příští týden v 9.30.
interference [,intE'fiErEns] from other stations rušení poslechu vysílání jinými st.
have clear / undisturbed - unsatisfactory reception příj. čistý / nerušený – nevyhov.
jam [džAm] a programme rušit pořad (záměrně)
jamming station rušička, vysílač k rušení příjmu
monitor a foreign station odposlouchávat / monitorovat zahraniční stanici
reach audiences numbering millions mít mnohamilionové posluchačstvo
pick up a station chytit stanici
tune in at 10 o'clock to hear the news pustit urč.stanici v 10 hodin kvůli zprávám
tune in (the radio) to Radio Prague vyladit (rádio) na rozhlasovou stanici Praha
hear st on the radio slyšet něco v rozhlase
licence holder majitel licence / povolení, (televizní, rozhlasový) koncesionář
watch TV [woč ,ti:vi:] dívat se na televizi, sledovat televizi
listener [lisnE] posluchač
viewer [vju:E] divák
be a TV addict / maniac [meiniAk] být posedlý televizi, být televizní maniak
peak [pi:k] viewing time hlavní doba sledování televize
RADIO, TV SET
receiver přijímač
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radio rádio
TV set televizor
the box brit. hovor, televizor; show old films on the box dávat v televizi staré filmy
battery set bateriový přijímač
put batteries in vložit baterie do
loudspeaker reproduktor
wavelength / frequency indicator ukazatel vlnové délky (na stupnici)
telescopic aerial [eEriEl] vysouvací anténa
valve, amer. tube elektronka, „lampa"
portable transistor (radio) přenosné tranzistorové rádio .^
earth, amer. ground uzemnit; uzemnění (drát)

flex, amer., cord (přívodová) šňůra
lead přívod, spojovací kabel
control [kEnCkrEul] knob (otáčecí) knoflík
switch on / turn on the set zapnout / pustit přijímač
switch off / turn off vypnout / zhasnout

plug in the set připojit přijímač
adapter rozdvojka
turn up - turn / tone down zesílit – ztlumit (zvuk)
volume control (knoflík) nastavení hlasitosti
loud – low hlasitý - tichý
bass [beis] - treble control ladění basů - výšek
The picture flickers. Obraz kmitá.
PROGRAMME
be on television být (na programu) v televizi
be on the radio být v rozhlase
speak to the nation on television promluvit v televizi k národu
work in television as a reporter pracovat v televizi jako reporter
schedule for Sunday zařadit na neděli
Here are the main points again. A nakonec znovu přehled zpráv.
digest [daidžest] of the week's news týdenní přehled zpráv
home news zprávy z domova
foreign news zprávy ze zahraničí
press review přehled denního tisku
comment(ary) on st komentář k něčemu

coverage of an event referování o události, způsob a míra informování o události
cover every kind of subject zabývat se všemi možnými náměty
cover an event referovat o události
running commentary on a match přímá reportáž z utkání
panel discussion diskusní tribuna
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unscripted discussion nepřipravená diskuse

candid camera skrytá kamera
recorder music reprodukovaná hudba
current affairs programme pořad o současných událostech
programme for the general public pořad pro širokou veřejnost
on-the-spot report přímá reportáž
hold a competition with the audience participating pořádat soutěž s účastí publika
phone-in, amer. call-in pořad, během se vysílají dotazy, n. odpovědi diváků
present a talk uvést přednášku

give a lecture on st pronést přednášku o něčem
feature a well-known personality uvádět známou osobnost
light entertainment programme zábavný pořad
request programme pořad na přání posluchačů
hit parade [pE' reid] hitparáda
act as the moderator in a discussion působit jako vedoucí diskuse, řídit a usměrňovat
question master, amer. quizmaster osoba řídící kvíz
disc jockey [džoki], zkratka DJ [,di:'džei] diskžokej
commercial reklama (vysílaná)
master of ceremonies, (brit. zkr.) MC [,em'si:], amer. emcee [,em'si:] konferenciér
emcee a show konferovat zábavný pořad
cater for minority interests / all age groups (pořady pro úzký okruh / pro všechny)
TV rating průzkum poslechu televizních pořadů
highbrow audience intelektuálské, náročné publikum
signature tune znělka (pořadu n. stanice)

time signal časové znamení;
set one's watch by the time signal nařídit si hodinky podle rádia
pip pípnutí (časového signálu)
perceive the radio only as a background noise rádio jen jako zvuková kulisa
live [laiv] broadcast přímý přenos
select an educational programme vybrat si vzdělávací pořad
(video)tape a programme nahrát si pořad (na videokazetu)
follow / listen to regional broadcasts sledovat krajová vysílání
home service brit. vysílání pro Británii
world (dříve overseas) service brit. vysílání pro zahraničí
_____________________________________________________________________
1 escapism; 2. radio and TV as a background noise; 3. cartoon; 4. script; 5. story-line
writer; 6. soap opera; 7. instalment; 8. high-brow audiences; 9. quizmaster; 10. TV
rating.
168 / 474

1. A comparison of BBC television and the Czech TV channels.
2. TV addiction.
3. Television contributes to the nation's education.
4. Life would be boring without television.
1. Do you switch on the TV in the evening out of habit or do you look at the TV guide
first? 2. How does TV influence the behaviour of your family and of you? 3. Has any
programme ever interfered with your study habits? 4. Do you aprove of children (let's
say twelve-year-olds) watching TV for two or three hourd at a stretch? 5. Do you
oppose TV on principle? 6. How long can you last out without TV? 7. You realize that
the programme is trash; do you switch the TV off immediately or do you continue
watching, out of laziness? 8. What sports events do you like watching on TV? 9. Do
you often switch over to another channel? 10. What kind of programmes aren't to your
liking? 11. Can people benefit from programmes on wildlife and conservation? 12. Do
you care for popular science programmes? 13. Will television oust reading from some
families? l4. Do you watch current affairs programmes to keep up with events? 15. Do
you prefer serials or series? 16. Can you suggest some topics for a TV discussion? 17.
Did you watch the bedtime stories on TV when you were a child or did your parents
read bedtime stories to you? 18. Do you think that some actors are seen too often on
TV? 19. Have you tried to learn something with the help of educational programmes
on TV? 20. Do you get your information on current affairs from radio and TV news or
from the daily press? 21. What's the peak viewing time? 22. How often are plays
presented on TV? 23. Do you like on-the-spot reports and live broadcasts? Why? 24.
What are the subjects of regional broadcasts? 25. What foreign-language courses are
shown on TV in this country? 26. Do you sometimes have the radio or TV on at full
blast? Do you turn down the sound when it gets late? Do the sets of other people
around your flat make a lot of noise? 27. Would you care to buy a portable TV set? 28.
What make is your TV set? Is it a colour or black-and-white set? 29. What kind of TV
aerial have you got? 30. Is there any advantage in hiring a TV set rather than buying
one?
4. Translate:
vysílat na středních vlnách; VKV; přenášet družicí; průmyslová televize; rušení
poslechu jinými stanicemi; chytit stanici; špičková doba sledování televize, mít
miliónové posluchačstvo; televizní divák; přenosný televizor; bateriový přijímač;
reproduktor; anténa; otáčecí knoflík; zapnout a zase vypnout; zesílit-ztlumit zvuk;
rozdvojka; přímý přenos z utkání; pustit si rozhlas kvůli zprávám; týdenní přehled
zpráv; přehled denního tisku; pořad o současných událostech; zprávy z domova;
diskusní tribuna; nepřipravená diskuse; pořádat soutěž s účastí publika; zábavný pořad;
konferenciér; uvést program; reprodukovaná hudba; znělka; nařídit si hodinky podle
rádia.
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_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS GET III
get out • vyjít najevo, vyjit na veřejnost, dostat se ven (o zprávě):

If the news gets out, there'll be a general panic. If it ever gets out that we did it ...
• utéci, uniknout: Two prisoners got out yesterday and they're still at large.
• vypadnout (odejít): Get out at once. I don't want to see you.
get out a word • vypravit ze sebe slovo:

I was so upset / frightened that I couldn't get a word out.
get out of • vyhnout se (nějaké povinnosti):

He usually gets out of every task / all the dirty work.
• dostat z: I'll get the truth out of him. He refuses to tell us where he was - we can
get anything out of him. He got £1,000 out of that shady deal. Ten pochybný kšeft
mu vynesl tisíc liber.
get a kick out of • mít potěšení / vzrušení z něčeho:

He gets a big kick out of the risks involved. Ta riskantnost věci ho příjemně vzrušuje.
get out of bed • vstát z postele:

He got out of bed on the wrong side. Vstal z postele levou nohou.
get out of hand • vymknout se z rukou: The boys got quite out of hand while
Father was ill. Chlapci začali být nezvládnutelní ...
get out sto's sight • zmizet / ztratit se někomu z očí:

I've had enough! Just get out of my sight. Už toho mám dost - kliď se mi z očí!
get out of the / sb's way • jít / uhnout (někomu) z cesty:

Get out of the / my way - I'm carrying a heavy load.
get over • překonat, přemoci, dostat se z (skončit něco):

Have you got over your illness / disappointment?
Už ses dostal / vzpamatoval ze své nemoci / svého zklamání?
He was very upset by the loss, but he soon got over it. … ale brzy se s tím smířil.
He can't get over his nervousness.
get over with • skončit (s něčím nutným, ale nepříjemným):

I wonder when I'll get this work over with. Jsem zvědav, kdy s tou prací budu hotov.
Let's get the introductions / formalities over with and get down to real work. Let's
get the goodbyes over with and go.
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get round • rozšířit se (dostat se do oběhu): The story got round and
everybody knows the truth by now.
• obejít (předpis; = get around): Is there way of getting round the regulation?
• přemluvit (přesvědčit lichotkami): At first her father said no but she soon managed
to get round him and get his permission to go to the dance. Tom is only seven but he
already knows how to get round his parents.
get round to • dostat se k (mít na něco čas; = get around to):

I never get round to watering the garden.
get through
• spojit (telefonicky): The switchboard operator got me through.
• prosadit: The government got a new law / controversial bill through (Parliament).
• skončit (práci): I can't get through this work tonight. Nemohu být s tou prací hotov
dnes večer.
• spotřebovat (peníze, jídlo): He got through all his money / his fortune in five years.
Všechny své peníze / celé své jmění utratil během pěti let.
• projít (u zkoušky): I wonder whether I'll get through (the examination).
get through to • proniknout k: It finally got through to him that I wasn't joking.
Konečně mu došlo, že nežertuji.
• dostat spojení s: How can I get through to the police? - Dial 999.
• spojit (telefonicky): The switchboard operator got me through to Brown's hotel
room.
get through with • být hotov s: By the time you get through with the formalities it'll
be 6 o'clock.
get up
• vstávat, vstát: I don't like to get up early. He got up (from the chair) to ask a
question.
• (vzniknout a) zesílit (o živlech): The wind was getting up when we set out. Začal se
zvedat vítr ...
• vzbudit (zařídit, aby vstal): Get the children up .
• naparádit (se) (obléci a upravit): She certainly knows how to get herself up,
doesn't she?
• připravovat, chystat: We 're getting up a party for her birthday. They 're getting up
a play for Christmas. Some young people got up a countrywide campaign against
industrial pollution.
_____________________________________________________________________
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1. Let's finish with the social chat and start serious discussions. 2. I never find time to
send Christmas cards. 3. As soon as I finish one job I start another one. 4. The operator
connected me with New York in two minutes. 5. We're organizing a petition against
abolishing this line. 6. It's impossible to find out anything from Linda. 7. The storm is
growing more violent. 8. The new teacher was inexperienced, and the class soon
became uncontrollable. 9. She's an expert at making herself beautiful. 10. Paul usually
has an excuse ready for avoiding his obligations. 11. The Tories felt there would be no
trouble in getting the Local Government Bill passed by Parliament. 12. Geoffrey
enjoys hang-gliding. 13. I wish you'd take those children away for an hour or two. 14. I
doubt that Karen will pass the driving test. 15. Lynne never quite recovered from being
jilted by Ben. 16. Edith spent enough money in a month for two people. 17. Philip
can't overcome his shyness. 18. You can't have finished the required reading already!
19 Alan couldn't believe how easy the exam had been. 20. How Jenny ever finished
college is a mystery.
2. Translate:
1. vysednout z vlaku; 2. ustoupit (udělat místo) někomu; 3. mít potěšení a vzrušení z
něčeho; 4. vstát (z postele): 5. skoncovat s tím co nejrychleji; 6. vymknout se z rukou;
7. přemoci svůj ostych; 8. rozházet jmění; 9. vzpamatovat se z úleku; 10. spojit se
(telefonicky) s první pomocí; 11. skončit s formalitami; 12. chystat večírek; 13. zmizet
z dohledu; 14. pustit se do práce; 15. vyhnout se povinnosti; 16. nastudovat
(připravovat) divadelní hru; 17. zvládnout to bez pomoci; 18. Zpráva se dostala na
veřejnost. 19. Nic z něho nelze dostat. 20. Vítr zesílí. 21. Žena se musí upravit, než jde
ven. 22. Řeč měla dobrou odezvu. 23. Kdy budeš s tou prací hotov? 24. Zmiz! 25.
Zpráva se rozšířila. 26. Nemůže ze sebe dostat ani slovo.
_____________________________________________________________________
◘ Telling someone he has two courses of action to choose between
Fill in the gaps in the sentences by specifying the kind of choice involved. Nos. 7 and
8 are fairly informal:
1. You don't have / need to choose right away between ... and ... 2. There´s (really) no
need to ... when ... 3 There's no reason why you should .. instead of ... 4. It's for you to
decide whether to ... or ... 5. (You can) decide for yourself:... or ... 6. I'll leave it / the
choice up to you. We can either ... or ... 7. Take ... or ... - it's up to you. 8. Well - make
up your mind; either ... or ...
◘ Telling someone to do something

Fill in the objects. Nos. 1 and 2 are fairly informal, nos. 5 and 8 somewhat formal:
172 / 474
1. Have a quick look at... 2. Just take a look at... 3. Could you look at... (please). 4. I'd
like you to look at... 5. I'd certainly appreciate it very much if you could ... 6. Would
you mind looking... (please). 7. Look at..., would you? 8. I wonder if I could ask you
to look at...
◘ Telling someone how to do something

Tell someone how to use a camera, identifying four fairly informal openings:
1. If I were you, I'd ... 2. First you ..., then you ... 3. Look, all you have to do is ... 4. It's
up to you but I'd suggest... 5. Do it like this:... 6. Just watch what I do. (First) I... 7.
(First) you should ... 8. Your best bet... 9. Make sure you ... 10. It's quite easy. (First)
(you)... 11. Here, I´ll show you what to do:...
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate (indefinite pronouns):

1. všichni mojí přátelé; 2. my všichni; 3. oba moji rodiče; 4. ani jeden z mých učitelů;
5. V této větě nelze užít obojí čas. 6. Byl tam jak Andrew, tak Philip. 7. Nebyl tam ani
Tony, ani Gerald. 8. Ani jeden z těchto obrazů není nijak příliš vzácný. 9. Trvalo mi to
nějakých pět minut. 10. Žádná odpověď? 11. Nikdo z nich to neudělal. 12. Za dveřmi
nikdo není. 13. Nemám žádného lepšího přítele.
2. Change the following into conditional clauses:

Example: He isn't here; he won't help. - If he were here, he'd help.
He wasn't there; he didn't help. - If he had been there, he'd have helped.
1.I didn't post the letter; he won't get it tomorrow. 2. We didn't go to the pictures; we
didn't miss his visit. 3. He doesn't enjoy crime stories; he doesn't buy any. 4. He
doesn't keep us informed of new developments; we can't make much headway. 5. He
wasn't careful, he caught a cold. 6. I took an umbrella with me; I didn´t get wet. 7. We
had a row; we didn't go to the dance. 8. I must stay here; I can't go on the trip. 9. I
went by car; I got there in time. 10. We've won a couple of thousand pounds in the
pools; we can afford to stay at the Ritz Hotel.
Key: Telling someone how to do something: I: 3, 6, 8, 11

_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 14 MUSIC AP2
THE PRAGUE STRING QUARTET
Everyone knows about German and Austrian music, and Italian and French music.
They're all big musical countries, and hardly a concert passes without something
French or Austro-German or Russian or Italian on the program. But hidden away in
Central Europe is a little country with its own proud but less famous musical heritage.
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I'm thinking of the Czechs. On October 27, one of the world's best chamber groups,
the Prague String Quartet, arrives in Dallas to present a concert made up largely of
music by Czech composers. After opening with Beethoven's Quartet No. 1 in F, the
ensemble will present the rarely-heard (in this corner of the world, at least) Third
String Quartet of the 20th-century Czech composer Bohuslav Martinu, and later a
quartet by the perennial Bohemian favorite, Antonin Dvorak.
Although he remains relatively unknown to American concertgoers, Martinu was a

very prolific composer, producing not only the standard concert fare - numerous
symphonies, concertos, operas, and chamber pieces - but a good deal of radio and film
music as well. Born in 1890, he moved to Paris after World War I like so many other
young artists of Europe and America, and eventually developed his own distinctive
style of composition in the late 1920s. Among the many works for chamber ensemble
produced during this period, the String Quartet No. 3 ranks as one of the most
significant. Martinu's biographers find the work optimistic in mood, Bohemian in
flavor, French in influence, and experimental in conception.
While the music of Martinu provides a somewhat new item on the program,
Dvorak's style as represented by the Quartet No. 14 in Arflat, Opus 105 is familliar to
American music-lovers. Dvorak has always stood as a special link between the
musical cultures of Americans and Czechs. Because he lived and worked in New York
and Iowa forbrief but significant periods in the 1890s, we Americans have always
wanted to claim Dvorak as one of our own. The composer of the New World
Symphony loved Bohemia with the stubborness that native Texans display in their
love for Texas and the A-flat Quartet is solid evidence of the fact. Returning from New
York in 1895 to the fields and woodlands of his fatherland. Dvorak wrote the quartet
in a spirit of nostalgia and thanksgiving. The inclusion of Dvorak's Opus 105 on the
program privides a particularly interesting live performance for audiophiles, since the
Prague String Quartet is in the process of recording, for Deutsche Grammophon, the
entire body of string quartets by Dvorak.
The program, the first in the Dallas Chamber Music Society's 35th season, thus
presents music from the classical, romantic, and modern periods. It begins at 8.15 in
the city auditorium.
_____________________________________________________________________
A-flat As dur; audiophile [o:diEufail] milovník zvuku; body soubor; fare: standard
concwrt fare obvyklý koncertní repertoár; perennial [pE´reniEl] věčný;
stubbornness [stabEnEs] tvrdošíjnost
_____________________________________________________________________
THE ENGLISH NATIONAL ANTHEM
The first known performance of "God Save the King" was at Drury Lane Theatre on
28 September 1745, when the Young Pretender was campaigning against George II.
After a performance of Johnson's The Alchemist the audience was surprised by three
174 / 474
vocalists coming forward and singing "God Save the King", which was "encored with
repeated Huzzahs", repeated every night and soon taken up at Covent Garden and
elsewhere. The anthem was sung in the interests of the Protestant succession and
against the Stuarts. To avoid any ambiguity, the version found in a collection of songs
had the words "our noble King" changed into "great George our King". The anthem
was thus a turncoat: half a century earlier it had been sung in the interests of the Stuart
king James II. Its first accompaniment to a coronation was to that of George IV, in
1821.
_____________________________________________________________________
accompaniment doprovod; alchemist[AlkEmist] alchymista;
ambiguity[Ambi'gju:Eti] dvojznačnost; huzzah [hu'za:] interjekce hurá (zastarale);
pretender nápadník trůnu, pretendcnt; succession nástupnictvi; take up přijmout;
turncoat přebčhlík, odpadlík (kdo změnil přesvědčení); vocalist zpěvák
_____________________________________________________________________
MY AMERICAN MUSICAL SUMMER

(The festival scene in America)
For nearly three months I have been traveling back and forth across this continent in
search of music. Í have covered very nearjy twenty thousand miles- I have been from
Rhode Island on the eastern coast to Los Angeles, Seattle, and Vancouver on the
western. I have heard music in auditoriums surrounded by the deserts of New Mexico
and the Rocky Mountains of California and in the ballrooms of the great palaces in
Newport. With a vast audience, I have sung the American national anthem opening the
program at the Hollywood Bowl. I have heard Wagner's Ring in a modern seaport and
a Mozart symphony in a village in the hills of California, La Bohéme in a freezing
downpour and Romeo and Juliet in a heatwave. The last place I visited was
Anchorage in Alaska.
One would expect programs here would consist entirely of such works as the
Antarctic Symphony of Vaughan Williams or Mussorgsky's Night on the Bare
Mountain. The first Anchorage building more solid than a tent was put up in 1915, and
much of the land around it is still virgin soil in permafrost; half the world glaciers are
in Alaska. Anchorage is on the same longitude as Hawaii but it is most decidedly not
on the same latitude. The shortest day in Anchorage has five and a half hours of light.
But since 1955 there has been an annual festival of music held here. It has a homespun
air. Concerts are given not in a performing arts center but in a high school auditorium,
the corridors lined with the glass cases containing the school trophies. Within these
limitations, Anchorage works wonders. The auditorium is acoustically excellent and
can house a thousand. The final concert of the festival included a Mozart violin
concerto and Prokofiev's Alexandr Nevsky Cantata (originally written as the score for
Eisenstein's film). The latter work was given a beautiful performance by the festival
orchestra (well over half of its musicians are women, incidentally) and an outstanding
local chorus. I shall remember the programs as well as the Turneresque sunsets of
Alaska.
175 / 474
_____________________________________________________________________
auditorium [,o:di'to(:)riEm] sál; back and forth sem a tam; ballroom plesový sál;
bowl [bEul] amfiteátr; glass case vitrína; homespun air domácí atmosféra;
incidentally mimochodem; latitude zeměpisná šířka; longitude [londžitju:d], amer.
[londžitu:d] zeměpisná délka; permafrost: soil in permafrost věčně zmrzlá půda;
trophy trofej; Turncresque [,tEnE'resk] turnerovský (jako od Williama Turnera)
Anchorage [ANkEridž] the largest town of Alaska, population 24,000; Bare

Mountain Lysá hora; Hawaii [hECwaii] Havaj; Rhode Island [rEud 'ailEnd] the
smallest state of the USA; Seattle [si'Atl] the chief city and port of the northwestern
USA, population 600.000; Vancouver [vAn'ku:vE] the chief Pacific port of Canada,
in British Columbia; Vaughan Williams [,vo:n 'wiliEmz], Ralph (1872-1958) British
composer
_____________________________________________________________________
MUSIC 14 ORCHESTRA
A twenty-member orchestra [o:kistrE], an orchestra of twenty 20-členný orchestr
stringed [striNd] instrument smyčcový nástroj
string [striN] struna; tighten [taitn] the string napnout strunu
bow [bEu] smyčec
bridge [bridž] kobylka
neck hmatnik
violin [,vaiE'lin] j. č. housle
viola [vi' EulE] viola
(violon)cello [(,vaiElEn)'čelEu] violoncello, cello
(double) bass [(,dabl)'beis] basa
harp [ha:p] harfa

cimbalom [simbElEm] cimbál
wind instrument [wind / waind instrumEnt] dechový nástroj
woodwind j. č. dechové nástroje
clarinet [,klAri' net] klarinet
flute [flu:t] flétna
bassoon [bE'su:n] fagot
oboe [EubEu] hoboj
recorder [riCko:dE] zobcová flétna
bagpipes [bAgpaips] dudy
piper [paipE] dudák
pipe píšťala
whistle [wisl] píšťalka

brass [bra:s] instrument žesťový nástroj, zastarale plech
trombone [trom'bEun] trombón
French horn [ho:n] lesní roh
flugelhorn [flu:glho:n] křídlovka
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trumpet [trampit] trubka

bugle [bju:gl] polnice, trubka
blow [blEu] st troubit na něco
percussion [pECkašn] instrument bicí nástroj

percussionist hráč na bicí
kettledrum [ketldram] tympán; kettledrums kotle, tympány
drumstick palička
beat the drum tlouci na buben
snare drum bubínek

cymbals [simblz] činely
keyboard instrument [ki:bo:d instrumEnts] klávesový nástroj
grand piano [pi'AnEu] koncertní křídlo, klavír
upright (piano) pianino
organ [o:gEn] j. č. varhany
organist varhaník
electric organ elektrofonické varhany
harmonium [ha:CmEuniEm] harmonium
accordion [ECko:diEn] harmonika
mouthorgan [mauD o:gEn] foukací harmonika
chamber orchestra [čeimbE o:kistrE] komorní orchestr
jazz band [džAz bAnd] džezový orchestr
brass [bra:s] band dechovka, dechová kapela
gipsy band [džipsi bAnd] cikánská kapela
band leader kapelník

conductor [kEn' daktE] dirigent
conduct [kEn'dakt] dirigovat, řídit
seating arrangement rozsazení hráčů (podle nástrojů)
place the soloists [sEulEuist] next to the conductor umístit sólisty vedle dirigenta
philharmonie [filE' monik ,filha:'monik] (orchestra) filharmonie, symfonický orch.
under the baton [bAton] of ... pod taktovkou ...
wave the baton [weiv DE bAtEn] mávnout taktovkou
podium [pEudiEm]: on the podium u dirigentského pultu
music j.č. hudebniny
music stand stojan na noty
sheet music [ši:t mju:zik] noty (nevázaný svazek)
a piece of music paper notový list
glance at the score [gla:ns At DE sko:] pohlédnout do partitury
lead the musicians [li:d DE mju:'zišnz] řídit hudebníky
be able to play (music) at sight / sight-read (music) umět hrát z listu

rehearse [ri'hE:s] zkoušet
rehearsal zkouška
play an instrument hrát na nástroj
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tune up naladit, vyladit

beat time udávat takt
play / be out of tune hrát falešně
not keep time, not play in time nehrát v taktu
be out of practice vyjít ze cviku
VOCAL, CHORAL, AND ORCHESTRAL MUSIC

serius / classical music vážná hudba
classical music lover milovník vážné hudby
bring into the repertoire [repEtwa:] zařadit do repertoáru
in the repertoire mít na repertoáru
withdraw [wiD'dro:] stáhnout
light music lehká hudba, zábavná hudba

occasional [ECkeižEnl] music příležitostná hudba (k určité události)
incidental music doprovodná scénická hudba (k divadelní hře)
sympphony [simfEni] in four movements symfonie o čtyřech větách
concerto [kEn'čE:tEu] koncert (skladba)
kwartet [kwo:'tet] kvartet; kvarteto

trio [triEu] trio
chamber [čeimbE] music komorní hudba
oratorio [,orE'to:riEu] oratorium
cantata [kAn'ta:tE, kEn'ta:tE] kantáta
church [čE:č] music církevní / duchovní hudba
hymn [him] duchovní píseň
mass [mAs] mše
secular [sekjulE] music světská hudba
piece of music hudební skladba
operetta [,opE'retE] opereta

musical [mju:zikl] muzikál
aria [a:riE] árie
folk song lidová píseň
duet [dju:'et] dueto
lyric písnička; lyrics slova, text (populární písně)

hit šlágr, hit, úspěch
pop (music) druh zábavné hudby (vzniklý v 50. letech)
pop song píseň ve stylu pop music
Top of the Pops píseň na prvním místě žebříčku
film music filmová hudba, hudba k filmu

lullaby [lalEbai], cradlesong ukolébavka
fanfare [fAnfEa] fanfára, tuš
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funeral march smuteční pochod

dance music taneční hudba
songwriter, lyricist [lirisist] autor písni, textař

singer [siNE] zpěvák, zpěvačka, pěvec, pěvkyně
sing in a choir [kwaiE] zpívat v pěveckém sboru
male / men's, female / women's, children's, mixed choir mužský,žen,dět,smíš.sbor
for male voice [vois] pro mužský hlas
accompanied by / to the accompaniment of an orchestra s doprovodem orchestru
piano accompaniment [piCAnEu EkampEnimEnt] klavírní doprovod
accompany the song at / on the piano doprovázet zpěv na klavíru

choirmaster [kwaiEma:stE] sbormistr
sing (in) the part of... zpívat (v) roli ...
join in the chorus [ko:rEs] připojit se v refrénu
How does that song go? Jak je ta písnička?
tune nápěv; Do you know the tune to this song? Víš. jak se zpívá tahle píseň?
melody melodie
croon zpívat polohlasem
sing to oneself softly tiše si prozpěvovat
have no ear for music nemít hudební sluch
a good, fine, hoarse, sonorous [sonerEs, sE' no:res] voice
a good, fine … dobrý, lahodný, chraptivý, zvučný hlas
soprano [sE'pra:nEu] soprán, sopranistka
tenor [tenE] tenor, tenorista
alto [AltEu] 1. = contralto alt (nejnižší ženský hlas);
alto [AltEu] 2. = countertenor [kauntEtenE] kontraterior (nejvyšší mužský hlas)
baritone [bAritEun] baryton; barytonista
COMPOSITION
composition skladba
compose at an early age skládat v raném věku
composer skladatel
infant prodigy [prodidži] zázračné dítě
(man of) genius [dži:niEs] génius, geniální člověk
have (great) musical talent být hudebně (vysoce / velmi) nadaný
show / reveal a versatile [vE:sEtail] talent projevit všestranné nadáni
reach maturity vyzrát, dosáhnout zralosti
be very inventive mít velkou invenci
unique creative talent ojedinělý tvůrčí talent
handle large forms zvládnout velké formy

imitate another style napodobit jiný sloh
influenced by folk songs ovlivněn lidovou písní
staff notová osnova
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key [ki:] tónina

sharp křížek; C sharp cis; F sharp fis; flat bé; E flat es, A flat as, B flat bé
major – minor [meidžE – mainE] dur - moll
scale [skeil] stupnice
B: the 7th tone of the C major scale H: sedmý tón stupnice C dur
pitch [pič] výška tónu
piano arrangement klavírní úprava

rhythm [riDm] rytmus
set to music zhudebnit
set (the scene of) the opera in ... umístit děj opery do ...
central and secondary themes ústřední a vedlejší téma
develop a-motif rozvinout motiv
libretto [li'bretEu] based on a poem libreto podle básně
spring from national sources vyrůst z národní tradice
work of great emotional intensity silně emocionální skladba
draw inspiration from st čerpat inspiraci z něčeho
work of art umělecké dílo
masterpiece mistrovské dílo
find, win recognition in one's lifetime dojít, získat uznání ještě za života
noted musician významný hudebník
achieve popularity dosáhnout popularity
a work commissioned for an occasion dílo na zakázku pro určitou příležitost
PERFORMANCE
give a concert, a piano recital uspořádat koncert, dávat klavírní koncert / recitál
have ... in one's repertoire / repertory [repEwa:, repEtri] mít... ve svém repertoáru
a programme devoted to classics and contemporary music …
a programme devoted … program věnovaný klasikům a současné hudbě
open with an overture [EvEtjue, euvečue] zahájit předehrou
prepare sonatas [sE'na:tEz] by Beethoven [beitheuvn] for a tour of the US

prepare sonatas … nastudovat Beethovenovy sonáty pro americké turné
have its first performance být prvně proveden
his rendering of Mozart [mEutsa:t] jeho podání Mozarta
execution provedení
interpretation, rendering interpretace, přednes, podání
give a sensitive performance podat procítěný výkon
play to / for a discriminating audience hrát pro náročné publikum
ardent admirer nadšený obdivovatel
encore [oNko:] sb žádat někoho o přídavek
The pop fans screamed and shouted in ecstasy. …

The pop fans … Fanoušci pop music u vytržení ječeli a křičeli.
It was a real pleasure. Byl to požitek.
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played excellently – badly zahrán výborně - špatně

be indisposed být (hlasově) indisponován
RECORDED MUSIC
record player gramofon
gramophone [grAmEfEun] brit. zastarale gramofon
phonograph [fEunEgra:f] amer. zastarale gramofon
play back přehrát (vyslechnout nahrávku)
record [reko:d], amer. [rekErd]; disc (gramo-)deska
pick-up přenoska
stylus [stailEs] hrot (snímací)
dust in the grooves [gru:vz] prach v drážkách
static charge on a record statická elektřina na desce
crackle práskot (statické elektřiny)

use a cleaning device použít čisticí prostředek
LP = long-playing record, album [AlbEm] dlouhohrající deska
single singl
stereo [steriEu] stereo;
This recording is only available in mono [monEu], not in stereo.
record with two separate microphones snímat dvěma samostatnými mikrofony
spatial [speišl] effect dojem prostoru
CD = compact disc kompaktní deska
sound reproduced by a laser beam zvuk snímaný laserovým paprskem
hear an undistorted version slyšet nezkreslené podání
tape recorder magnetofon
cassette [kE'set] recorder / player kazetový magnetofon
go over to cassettes přejít na kazety
put on a reel / cassette nasadit cívku / kazetu
rewind [,ri:'waind] přetočit
switch to another speed přepnout na jinou rychlost
erase [i'reiz], amer. [i'reis] the recording smazat záznam
splice a torn tape slepit přetrženou pásku
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Explain the differences in English:.

1. concert - concerto; 2. lyric - lyrics; 3. tenor - baritone; 4. repeat a song - encore a
song; 5. a virtuous man - a virtuoso; 6. audience - auditorium; 7. national anthem -
hymn; 8. the conductor looked at the score - the player looked at the score on the score
board.

1. Why Antonín Dvořák is popular in America.
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2. The history of the English national anthem.

3. The history of the Czech national anthem.
4. The origins of jazz (African rhythms, work songs, spirituals, blues, European
music; classical New Orleans jazz, dixieland, swing, bebop, cool jazz).
5. The surprising presence of an annual music festival in Anchorage;
1. Do you like music? 2. Have you a good ear for music, e.g. could you tune a violin or
could you at least tell a false note? 3. Have you ever learnt to play a musical
instrument? If not, are you sorry now? 4. Did any of your schoolmates show a talent
for music? 5. Do any of your friends sing in choirs? 6. Do you prefer pop music to folk
songs? 7. Who is your favourite pop singer; why do you like him / her? 8. Has any
Czech pop singer earned an international reputation? 9. What type of classical music
appeals to you (large orchestral compositions, chamber music, operas, choral works,
organ pieces)? 10. Is there a concert hall in your town? 11. Have you been to a concert
or recital lately? 12. Who conducted the orchestra? 13. Which works were on the
programme? 14. Are they often found in the repertoire of Czech orchestras? 15. Do
you enjoy contemporary music? 16. Do you feel that more music should be taught at
secondary schools? 17. Do you believe that the saying about the Czechs being a
musical nation is correct? 18. Have you got a record player and a collection of
records?
4. Music quiz. Who composed:

1. Dido and Aeneas; 2. The Antarctic Symphony; 3. Let's Make an Opera; 4. Water
Music; 5. West Side Story; 6. Porgy [po:gi] and Bess; 7. the St Louis Blues?
What is: 8. the Royal Festival Hall; 9 Yankee Doodle, 10. Britannia Rule the Waves;
11. the Glyndebourne [glaindbo.n] Festival, 12. a Prom Concert, 13. the Star-spangled
Banner; 14 the Royal Albert Hall?
Who is: 15. Charlie Parker, 16. King Oliver, 17 Edward Elgar; 18. Charles Ives; 19.
William Walton; 20. Aaron Copland; 21. Michael Tippett?
5. Translate:
smyčcový nástroj, smyčec; basa, cimbál, dechové nástroje, flétna, fagot; dudy; troubit
na trombón, lesní roh, trubku, krídlovku; bicí nástroj; tlouci na buben; činely, klávesy;
koncertní křídlo; pianino, varhany, hrát na harmoniku; foukací harmonika; dechovka,
kapelník, komorní orchestr; pod taktovkou dirigenta; stojan na noty, notová osnova,
partitura, naladit nástroj, udávat takt; mít smysl pro rytmus; hrát falešně, dur - moll,
vyjit ze cviku; zkoušet, sopranistka zpívající árii; dueto; prozpěvovat si melodii;
nevědět, jak se to zpívá; přidat se v refrénu; být hlasově indisponován, ukolébavka;
smuteční pochod; být milovníkem vážné hudby, všestranné nadání, zázračné dítě;
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zhudebnit báseň, čerpat inspiraci z lidového umění, umístit děj opery na vesnici; dílo
vytvořené na zakázku; zařadit do repertoáru, nastudovat kvartet pro zahraniční turné;
dojít uznání ještě za života, obdivovat něčí podání Mozarta, žádat komorní orchestr o
přídavek.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS PUT I
put above / before • cenit si víc než: They put freedom above / before everything
else.
put aside • dát stranou, odložit:

I've put aside several thousand pounds; it'll come in handy when I retire When the
doorbell rang, I put aside my book and went to answer the door.
put at • odhadovat na (kolik): I put this fish at four pounds.
put at ease • uklidnit (aby se někdo cítil dobře, jako doma, uvolněně):
I was worried / nervous / uneasy / ill at ease but they soon put me at my ease.
put away
• odklidit: Kids, put your toys away.
• našetřit si: He managed to put away a nice sum of money for his retirement.
• dát do ústavu / vězení: After her suicide attempt her relatives decided to put her
away. What did they put him away for? - Shoplifting.
• utratit (usmrtit; = put down): The dog was old and ill and had to be put away.
put back • vrátit: Put the book back in its place, please.
For Summer Time do we put the clocks back or forward one hour?
• zpozdit: The problems with the new machinery have put back ourpoduction targets
by three weeks.
put behind bars • dát / poslat za mříže. At last the rapist has been put behind bars.
put by • odložit (schovat, dát stranou): Has she any money put by?
put down
• sundat, stáhnout: Put the window / blind down, please.
• položit: Put down your luggage over there.
• nechat vystoupit (z dopravního prostředku):
The bus stopped at the request stop to put down a passenger.
• potlačit: The rebels were put down with a firm hand. Gambling should be put down.
• zapsat: Here's my telephone number - put it down before you forget it.
Put down your name and address. Put me down for five pounds.
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Zapiš, že dávám pět liber (na fond).

• přistát: We put down at Heathrow at five.
put down to • připisovat: I put his failure down to his laziness.
put forward • předložit, navrhnout:

I'd like to put forward a suggestion / change / better plan / new theory.
• posunout: Put the clock forward five minutes - it's slow.
The committee meeting was put forward from Friday to Thursday.
put in • věnovat čas: I put in an hour's work before breakfast.

Před snídaní jsem věnoval jednu hodinu práci.
• instalovat: We 've had new pipes / plumbing / central heating put in in our house.
• strčit dovnitř: Some stranger just put his head in at the window.
put in an appearance • ukázat se: He put in an appearance at the party just to

show he wasn't angry with her.
put in a word for • přimluvit se za: He would have failed if the form master hadn't
put in a word for him.
put in mind of • připomínat: All this fuss puts me tn mind of Aunt Peggy.
put in order • dát do pořádku: Before I retire I'll put my things in order.
put oneself in sb's place • vcítit se do něčí situace, představit si sebe v něčí situaci:
Try to put yourself in my place.
put in difficult position • uvést do nesnází / těžké situace.

His absence would put us in a difficult position - we might be outvoted.
put in prison • dát do vězení, zavřít: Drug pushers should be put in prison for life.
put in touch with • spojit s (zprostředkovat spojení):

I'll put you in touch with Norman - he can tell you more.
put into • věnovat, vložit, investovat do: Ted seems to have put a lot of thought
and energy into that scheme.
put into effect • uvést v platnost.

When will the new measures / regulations be put into effect?
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put into words • vyjádřit slovo:

I can't put into words how grateful I am to you for all that.
put the blame on • svalit vinu na: He likes to put the blame on others.
put an end to • ukončit:

Someone should put an end to the armaments race / to Mafia activities.
put one's heart into • vložit své srdce do: Jill put her whole heart into that charity
project.
put the idea into sb's head • vnuknout někomu nějakou představu, nápad:
I wonder who put the idea into Frank's head - he's too stupid to think of a thing like
that himself.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a put idiom in each sentence:

1. How much did you manage to save for the summer holidays? 2.I estimate his weight
at about 150 pounds. 3. The rebellion was cruelly suppressed. 4. Why was she placed
in a mental home? 5. They believe the air crash was due to engine failure. 6. He was
sent to prison for stealing. 7. Make a note of my telephone number. 8. The vet killed
the dog to spare it further suffering. 9. Are you prepared to support me? 10 I save five
pounds every week. 11. He offered proposals for a cease-fire 12. You don't need to
stay for long - just come for a short time and then leave.
2. Translate:
1.položit otázku, 2. octnout se tím v obtížné situaci; 3. nedovést vyjádřit slovy; 4.
věnovat tomu hodně přemýšlení, 5 nasadit někomu do hlavy myšlenku; 6. vložit do
něčeho celé srdce, 7 vážit si čestnosti nade vše; 8. vcítit se do něčí situace; 9. uložit si
nějaké peníze, 10. vrátit knihu na místo, 11. posunout hodiny zpět o hodinu, 12.
zpozdit výrobu; 13, stáhnout roletu; 14. sundat kufr na zem; 15. předložit teorii, 16.
vystrčit hlavu z okna; 17. vysadit cestující na zastávce; 18. odhadnout na deset liber;
19. ušetřit větší částku; 20. zavřít někoho kvůli krádežím; 21. dát někoho do ústavu
choromyslných; 22. utratit nemocnou kočku; 23. potlačit povstání; 24.poznamenat si
adresu; 25. připisovat ztrátu něčí nedbalosti.
_____________________________________________________________________
◘ Asking for advice
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Think of various situations in which you would have to ask for advice. Which two
openings are fairly informal?
1. Do you think I should / ought to ..? 2. Should I ..? 3. What would you advise (me to
do)? Shall I. .? 4. What's your advice? Simply ..? 5 What do you think: do I . or .. 7 6
What would you do if you were me / if you were in my soes? 7. Would you advise me
to ...? 8. Can / Could you give me some advice on how to ) 9. Could I ask you for
some advice? 10. I'd like to ask ..11. What would you recommend … ?
◘ Warning someone
Specify what a friend should watch out for if he starts building his own house.
Specify in the role of a travel agent what risks a traveller is running; use formal
phrasing (three openings):
1. Never … 2. In no circumstances should / must you .. 3. Be careful not to ... 4.

watch out for … 5. Be prepared for … . 6. On no account should you ... 7. I would be
extremely careful, if I were you, to / not to . . 8 Make sure you (do´t) … 9. Whatever
you do, don't... 10 Don't forget: íťs important…. 11. Let me warn you: (don't)...
◘ Suggesting
Complete the suggestions (topic: hiking). Identify two quite informal openings:
1. What about...? 2 Let's .. 3 What do you say to ...? 4 We could / might …; 5. It might
be better … 6 Why don't we… ? 7. Don't you think it would be good idea ..? 8 I'll tell
you what; we could .
◘ Reguesting
Ask the waiter for something, using neutral phrases; ask your friend and your boss
for something, using fairly informal (three) and somewhat formal (four) phrases
respectively:
1. Do you think you could ...? 2. This may be impossible, but I'd like to know... 3.I
would / should be very grrateful ... 4. Could / would you … , please? 5. You couldn´t
…, could you? 6. I´d like to …, please. 7. Might there be any possibility of …? 8. Do
me a favour and … 9. I´m sorry to trouble you but... 10. Wouldn't it be possible ...?
GRAMMAR
1.Translate (using indefinite pronouns):

1. Někteří studenti propadli. 2. Znáš některé jménem? 3. Máte nějaké známé v
Austrálii? 4. Zdá se, že nemám s sebou žádné peníze. 5. Lepší jakkýkoliv výlet, než
žádný. 6. Jemu můžeš na cokoli a on si z toho nic nedělá. 7. Někdo s vámi chce
mluvit. 8. Jdeš zítra někam? 9. Nějak to odpadne. 10. To nemůže dělat kdokoli. 11.
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Jestliže přijde nějaká pošta, dej mi ji na stůl. 12. V každém případě napíšu. 13. Není
mu o nic lépe. 14. Přijď kdykoli.
2. Link the temporal sentences using the conjunctions in brackets:

1. We´ll go home; I´´ll show it to you. (when) 2. I´ll get a reply; I´ll arrange
everything. (as soon as) 3. I won´t give up; I´ll succeed. (till) 4. Put the bike back; he
´ll miss it (before) 5. I´ll be working on my essay; you´ll be sunbathing at the beach.
(while) 6. We´ll look for it; we´ll find it. (until) 7. I´ll check it: I´ll hand it over to
you. (after)
Key Asking for advice: I: 4. 5

Warning someone: F: 2, 6, 7
Suggesting: 1:3,8
Requesting: I: 1, 5. 8, F: 2, 3, 7, 9
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 15 THE FINE ARTS AP2
THE ART OF THE AMERICAN WEST
A large collection of Western American art has traveled the world and been shown
in places as remote as Czechoslovakia and China. These pictures are a visual record of
the development of the American West from the covered wagons and fringed
buckskins of the early pioneers to the coming of the railroad and the cowboy. The
paintings were loaned from museums and art galleries throughout the USA.
The artists represented include the first painters to reach the West – George Catlin,
Carl Bodmer, and Alfred Miller. All went to the frontier and beyond in the early
1800s. As a young man in Philadelphia, Catlin saw a delegation of Indians being
conducted to Washington and was so fascinated by them that he resolved to devote his
life to painting wild Indians in their western homes. He traveled on a fur trader's boat
as far up the Missouri River as the Yellowstone and painted Indian rites and
ceremonies as well as hunting scenes. He completed many hundreds of paintings and
sketches, which he organized into a traveling exibit. Bodmer went up the Missouri as a
member of a German scientific expedition. His job was to draw with scientific
accuracy Indian costumes and ornaments - headdresses, war paint, tomahawks. Miller
was employed by a Scottish nobleman to accompany him on a western hunting
expedition. He came back with sketches and watercolors capturing the buckskin-clad
trapper around a campfire, the lone trapper leading his laden horse through mountain
snow, the buffalo chase, Indian maidens bathing in the river, the-interior of Fort
Laramie, settlers burying their dead, and similar subjects.
Around mid-century, a generation or so after the first painters had introduced the
public to the Indians, a group of landscapists (such as Albert BIERSTADT and
187 / 474
Thomas Moran) began to gain popularity by depicting the natural beauty of the West,
especially the scenic splendors of the Yellowstone and Sierra Nevada. Other artists
continued to paint Indian encounters - skirmishes, ambushes, attacks on stockades,
Indian war parties returning to the wigwams with scalps and bound captives in tow,
Custer's Last Stand, sacking of Indian villages – but also overland treks in prairie
wagons, the Pony Express, prairie fires, gold-mining scenes, stagecoach holdups, the
glories and miseries of frontier life. Frederic Remington and Charles Russell depicted
countless details of the wanishing West in the-late 19th century - the cowboy on the
bucking bronco, corral and roundup, herds of longhorns on the plains, stampeding
cattle, riders and rustlers, and other incidents from life on the range - while the French
pressionists were busy painting cafes and crowds. The straightforward realism of the
American illustrators (many of them working for eastern magazines such as the
Saturday Evening Post) was recording a way of life that was rapidly disappearing and
becoming a nostalgic legend as well as the popular image of the wild West as we know
it now. The illustrative tradition was continued well into the 20th century by such
artists as Andrew Wyeth, to satisfy the eastern city dwellers' thirst for romantic
cowboy tales.
The painters who settled in New Mexico in the early part of this century had a
completely different approach. Attracted by the eroded landscape, the brilliant light,
and the communities of the Pueblo Indians, they brought the European styles of
expressionism and cubism to depict the religious ceremonies and poverty-stricken
lives of their Indian neighbors.
Czechs should remember, in connection with the art of the American West, that Aleš
was inspired by Sladek's translation (1872) of Longfellow's "Song of Hiawatha“ and
Sladek's own poem "On Indian Graves" (1875) to make a cycle of drawings with
Indian themes (he knew Catlin's sketches). Aleš thought that the fate of the American
Indians, fighting a losing struggle against the majority, was similar to the fate of the
Baltic Slavs. Aleš was also familiar with the work of Bohuslav Kroupa, a Czech
painter who roamed through the American Far West in the 1870s, living for several
months with a band of Indians. In 1890 he published in London a large travel book
illustrated with his drawings. An Artist's Tour through America and the Sandwich
Islands.
_____________________________________________________________________
buck vzpínat se; buckskin-clad oděný v jelenici; buffalo [bafElEu] chase lov bizonů;
captive [kAptiv] zajatec; conduct [kEn'dakt] vést; corral [kE'rAl] ohrada (pro
dobytek); Custer's Last Stand poslední odpor generála Custera; encounter
[in'kauntE] střetnuli; erode [i'rEud] erodovat; fringed buckskins jelenicové kalhoty s
třásněmi: holdup přepadení; incident příhoda; laden naložený; longhorn dlouhorohý
skot; maiden dívka; overland trek cesta po souši (napříč kontinentem); Pony
Express [,pEuni ik'spres] kurýrní pošta (spojení středozápadu USA s Kalifornii 1860-
61; se střídáním koní); poverty-stricken chudobný, pueblo [pweblEu] pueblo
(indiánská osado z kamene nebo nepálených cihel v Arizoně a Novém Mexiku); rite
obřad; roundup sehnání stáda z pastvin (kvůli sčítání a značkovaní): rustler [raslE]
zloděj dobytka; sack vyplenit; scalp skalp; scenic [si:nik] splendor krása krajiny;
188 / 474
skirmish šarvátka; stampede [stAm'pi:d] splašení stáda; stockade ohrada (k

obraně); tomahawk [tomEho:k] tomahavk; tow [tEu]: be in tow být vlečen; trapper
traper, lovec do pastí; war paint válečné pomalování; war party indiánská družina na
válečné stezce; wigwam [wigva:m]. brit. [wigwAm] vigvam, stan;
Custer, George (1839-76) American army officer killed with over 250 men on the
Little Bighorn in Montana, during a campaign against the Sioux; Fort Laramie
[lArEmi] a fort established in 1866 on the Oregon Trail in Wyoming, now a national
monument; Hiawatha [,haiE'woSE] Indian character of Longfellow's poem - a
sentimental version of Indian legends - "The Song of Hiawatha" (1855); the real
Hiawatha is supposed to have lived around 1550 and organized an Indian
confederacy: Missouri [mi'zuEi] river flowing from Montana into the Mississippi;
Sierra Nevada [si,erE nE'va:dE] a mountain range in California, the highest in the
USA outside Alaska; Wyeth [waiES], Andrew (19I7-) American painter; Yellowstone
[jelEstEun] American national park (and river) in Wyoming
_____________________________________________________________________
PAINTING IN BRITAIN
The British have always excelled more in architecture than in painting. While Italy
produced da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, Tintoretto, anad Veronese within
the course of one hundred and fifty years, England could boast of no one to match
them in the same period. However, the British did excel in miniatures. The leading
16th-century artist was TSicholas HILLIARD; many of the great Elizabethans sat for
him and Elizabeth herself was often painted by him. The portraits of the great 17th-
century miniaturist, Samuel COOPER, include most of the distinguished men and
women of Cromwell's and Charles II's time.
In the 18th century more and more miniatures were painted on ivory, china, or metal
and there were several superb British artists. Only the development of photography in
the late 19th century killed miniature painting as a form of art.
Ever since the 16th century the chief interest in painting has been portraits. Twice a
great Continental artist came to England and became a model for English painters.
Hans Holbein came because Henry VIII wanted to have at his side the best portrait
painter in northern Europe and because the lords and ladies of the court liked having
their portraits painted. As Hilliard had followed Holbein, so others (Sir Peter LELY,
Sir Godfrey KNELLER) followed Van Dyck, who came to England to be court painter
at the bidding of Charles I in 1632 and remained there, except for a few brief absences,
till his death.
William HOGARTH, unlike all the previous painters, was fascinated by the
everyday life of his own time. On several occasions he produced a series of paintings,
as though he were illustrating a novel. Eccentricity, drunkenness, snobbery, and
189 / 474
corruption among the rich, squalor, misery, and brutality among the poor were
favourite subjects with him - he had a strong belief in the instructive value of art.
Sir Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough dominated the end of the 18th
century as Hogarth dominated its middle years. The demand for their work came
chiefly from wealthy upper-class people who wanted to decorate their splendid houses
with portraits of themselves. The houses were normally very large and so" many
portraits show the whole figure lifé-size; often there is a view of the property in the
background. Gainsborough also painted some outdoor portraits, in which the landscape
is in harmony with the persons portrayed. While Gainsborough wás a bohemian, self-
taught as a painter, Reynolds was a scholar, a founding member and the first president
of the Royal Academy, which came into being in 1768. The Royal Academy, still in
existence, derives its income from its annual exhibitions, and its teaching is. given free
to selected students. The academy schools.always demanded a draughtsman's accuracy
rather than originality and there was a strong tendency to favour subjects with noble or
morally uplifting themes. Constable was not elected to the RA until he was over fifty
and even then it was stressed that a great honour was being conferred on a mere
landscape painter.
In the age of portrait painting Gainsborough and Reynolds could not cope with the
enormous demand. There were many lesser portrail painters in both England and
Scotland in the latter half of the 18th century. The best of them were Allan RAMSAY,
Henry RaebuRN, and George Romney (who painted no less than fifty portraits of Lady
Hamilton before she went abroad to join Nelson in Naples). The long line of British
portrait painters was carried on into the 19th century by Sir Thomas Lawrence - one of
the few British painters with an international reputation (kings and princes from all
over Europe sat for him and the Pope sent for him). Lawrence's successor in the late
19th century was John SARGENT, a painter of American origin. His portraits of the
beauties of the late Victorian and Edwardian period offer some of the most striking
images of that age.
The first accomplished English landscape painter was Richard Wilson, a

contemporary of Reynolds. Wilson's pictures of the Thames and the peaks of a the
Welsh mountains (he was a Welshman) were a sort of protest against a general feeling
of indifference to nature..in the course of the next fifty years, this new sensibility led to
landscape being appreciated for its own sake, not just as a background to the thoughts
and feelings of men - a development that can be seen in art as well as in literature,
particularly the works of the nature poets. And it was with the paintings ofTurner and
Constable in the first forty years of the nineteenth century that England came to lead
the world in the field of landscape painting. John CONSTABLE was the first to
employ the new techniques of rendering light and colour in paint, which had grown
out of a close study of nature. He succeeded in portraying the very essence of the
English landscape - the lush meadows, the sparkle of sunlight on rain and dew, the
whole changing panorama of sky and clouds. He is regarded as the father of modern
landscape painting because, unlike the French painters, he did not paint idealized land-
190 / 474
scapes but real places, especially in his native Suffolk, William Turner was a
forerunner of the Impressionists. His best watercolours and oils are studies in light,
colour, and atmosphere. His late canvases show nothing but the sea and the sky.
William Blake stands outside any category. He was essentially an illustrator of his
own mystical writings and of such authors and books as Milton (Paradise Lost),
Dante, Virgil, and the Bible.
Two more 19th-century movements should be mentioned. The Pre-Raphaelite

Brotherhood was founded in 1848 by the twenty-year-old Dante Gabriel ROSSETTI, a
painter and poet. Its members and other painters in sympathy with its aims revolted
against the teachings of European Academies and tried to return in subject matter and
form to the days before the painter Raphael, three hundred years earlier. They tried to
recapture the spirit of Early Italian art and often chose allegorical subjects inspired by
literature and medieval legends. They painted their dreamlike world in bright, strong
colours, with precise details. One of the best-known pictures of this movement is
Rossetti's "Beata Beatrix", which he painted in memory of his dead wife, relating her
death to that of Dante's Beatrice.
The style called Art Nouveau can be traced in British painting chiefly in the
drawings of Aubrey Beardsley. In essence it was a reaction against the overly rich
decoration of the Victorian period.
In the 20th century British art has come closer in style to Continental art, as some
painters have studied in Paris and exhibitions of all types of art have been organized in
Britain. A geometrical form of abstract art was practised, for instance, by Ben
Nicholson. On the other hand, a number of artists went their own ways. One
particularly original painter was Stanley Spencer, who created his own personal world
of images. His great "Resurrection" in the Tate Gallery is perhaps his best known
painting. Of the many other artists, Graham Sutherland, Paul Nash, Victor Passmore)
Edward Burra, Francis Bacon, and David HOCKNEY are all familiar to anyone in
Britain who takes an interest in contemporary painting.
_____________________________________________________________________
bidding výzva; bohemian bohém; confer an honour udělit poctu; cope with the
demand stačit poptávce; ivory [aivEri] slonovina; miniaturist [miniEčErist] malíř
miniatur; on and off s přestávkami; overly nadměrné; render zobrazit; resurrection
[,rezE'rekšn] zmrtvýchvstání; sparkle jiskření, odraz; squalor [skwolE] špína, ubohost
bídy
Bacon, Francis (1910—92) painter of grotesquely defoimed human figures and

images expressiveoftormented states ofmind; Beardsley, Aubrey [,o:.bri 'biEdzli]
(1872-98) artist in black and white, illustrations to Malory's "Le Morte Darthur" and
Wilde's "Salome"; Blake, William (1751-1827); Burra, Edward [burE]
(1905-76), Constable, John (1776-1837); Cooper,Samuel (1609-72);
Gainsborough, Thomas [geinzbErE] (1727-88); Hamilton, Lady Emma [hAmiltEn]
(c. 1765-1815) Nelson's mistress 1798-1805; Hillard, Nicholas [hiljEd] (1537-1619);
191 / 474
Hockney, David (1937-); Hogarth, William [hEugaS] (1697-1764); Holbein, Hans,

the Younger [holbain] (1497-1543) lived in England after 1532; Kneller, Sir
Godfrey [,godfri: ńelE] (?1646-1723); Lawrence [lo:rEns], Sir Thomas (1769-
1830); Lely [li:li], Sir Peter (1618-80); Nash, Paul (1899-1964) surrealist painter;
Nicholson [niklsn], Ben (1894-1982); Passmore [pa:smo;], Victor (1908-) painter of
geometric abstractions; Pre-Raphaelite [,pri: rAfiElait] Brotherhood Prerafaelitské
bratrstvo; Raeburn [reibE:n], Henry (1756-1823); Ramsay [rAmzi], Allan (1719-
84); Reynolds, Sir Joshua [,džošuE 'renElds] (1723-92); Romney [romni], George
(1734-1802); Rossetti, Dante Gabriel [,dAnti ,geibriEl ro'seti] (1828-82); Sargent
[sa:džEnt], John Singer (1856-1925) American, from 1885 lived in England; best
known for his society portraits; Spencer, Sir Stanley (1891-1961); Sutherland
[saDElEnd], Graham (1903-80) an impressive tapes trysiesigned by him is in
Coventry Cathedral, Turner, Wiliiam (1779-1851); Vandyke or Van Dyck
[vAnCdaik], Sir (1599-1641) Flemish painter, from 1632 lived in London; Virgil
[vE:džil] Vergillius (Latin poet)
_____________________________________________________________________
FINE ARTS 15 PAINTING AND ITS SUBJECTS
landscape [lAndskeip] krajina

landscape painter krajinář
portrait [po:trit] portrét
portrait painter portrétista
(non)figurative subject (ne)figurativní námět
figural / figure composition figurální kompozice

miniature [miniEčE] miniatura
female nude [fi:meil nju:d] ženský akt
urban - rural [E:bEn – ruErEl] subject [sabdžekt] městský – venkovský námět
mythological - religious [riClidžEs] subject mytologický - náboženský námět
abstract abstraktní
geometrical [,džiE'metrikl] form geometrický tvar
interior [in'tiEriE] interiér
still life, mn. č still lifes zátiší
secular [sekjulE] - biblical motif [mEuti:f] světský - biblický motiv / výjev
preoccupation [pri:,okjuCpeišn] with st záliba v něčem

deal with a common subject zabývat se všedním námětem
portray / depict contemporary life zobrazovat současný život
inspiration from nature inspirovat se přírodou
accurate rendering of reality přesné / věrné podání reality
artistic rendering [renderiN] umělecké ztvárněni
perceive [pEC:si:v] the world vnímat svět
preceptive artist vnímavý umělec
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have the power of accurate observation mít schopnost přesného pozorování

have extraordinary imaginative power mít neobyčejně silnou imaginaci
exuberant [igCzju:bErEns] imagination bujná / překypující obrazotvornost
invention invence
poetic vision, vision of a poet básnické vidění
evoke memories / a memory of st vyvolat vzpomínku na něco
express one's feelings and emotions vyjadřovat své city a pocity
sensitive citlivý
reflect one's experience zobrazovat / odrážet vlastni zážitky
a blend of fantasy and realism směs fantazie a realismu

abound [E'baund] in eroticism [i'rotisizm] překypovat erotikou
It borders on pornography [po:' nogrEfi]. Hraničí to s pornografií.
transform into a symbol přeměnit v symbol
emphasis on visual sensations důraz na vizuální vjemy
fix an instantaneous [,instEn'teiniEs] impression zachytit okamžitý dojem

capture a romantic mood zachytit romantickou náladu
copy nature kopírovat přírodu
bear a resemblance to st podobat se něčemu
It's not recognizable. Není to k poznání.
source of inspiration zdroj inspirace
search for the inner meaning of things hledat vnitřní význam věcí
create a private world of one's own vytvořit si svůj vlastní svět
emphasize the 'subconscious zdůrazňovat podvědomí
passion for painting malířská vášeň
STUDIO, TECHNIQUES
studio [stju:diEu] ateliér
painters' supplies malířské potřeby
canvas [kAnvEs] plátno
frame rám; rámovat
palette [pAlit] paleta
easel [i:zl] stojan
brush [braš] štětec

crayon [kreiEn, kreion] voskovka, pastel(ka)
charcoal [ča:kEul] uhel
draw kreslit
draughtsman [dra:ftsmEn] kreslíř
paint in oils - in watercolours malovat oleje - akvarely
quick study / sketch letmá studie
paint sb live size malovat někoho v životní velikosti
193 / 474
technique [tek'ni:k] of a work technika použitá v díle

outline obrys
shape tvar
formless composition beztvará kompozice
vivid - dull colour živá - nevýrazná barva
restrained / subdued colour tlumená barva
shade odstín barvy
tint (of blue) jemný odstín (modré), nádech (do modra)

rich colour sytá barva
fade vyblednout
transparent varnish průsvitný lak
light and shadow světlo a stín
simplicity and economy of line prostota a střídmost linie

show a marked tendency towards the monumental projev tendencek monument.
consummate [kEn'samit] technical brilliance naprostá technická dokonalost
graphic art grafika (odvětví)
graphic artist grafik
piece of graphic art grafický list, grafika

print grafický list, reprodukce
sketch črta
make a sketch (of st) in a sketchbook udělat si náčrt / nákres / skicu (něčeho)
(pencil) drawing kresba
charcoal drawing [ča:kEul dro:iN] kresba uhlem
Indian ink drawing kresba tuší
draw in the open air kreslit v plenéru
mosaic [mEu'zeiik] mozaika
ceiling fresco [si:liN freskEu] nástropní freska
frescoed wall stěna s freskami
mural [mjuErEl] freska, nástěnný obraz
pastel [pAstl], amer. [pA'stel] pastel
collage [kola:ž], amer. [kE'la:ž] koláž
etching lept
engraving rytina; rytectví
copper engraving [kopE inCgreiviN] mědirytina
engraver rytec
woodcut dřevoryt; woodcutting dřevorytectvi
linocut [lainEukat] linoryt
lithograph litografie
book illustration knižní ilustrace
caricature [kArikEčE] karikatura
cartoon [ka:' tu:n] kreslený (politický) vtip, karikatura, náčrtek, skica; kartón
cartoonist karikaturista
pose for a painter stát / sedět modelem malíři
194 / 474
hire a model najmout si model(ku)

paint from life malovat podle živé předlohy
put in all the details zakreslit všechny detaily
put in the foreground dát do popředí
recede into the background ustoupit do pozadí
a bird's eye view of a subject pohled na námět z ptačí perspektivy
SCULPTURE
sculptor [skalptE] in stone (sandstone, granite [gracnit], marble)
sculptor … sochař pracující s kamenem (pískovcem, žulou, mramorem)
beautifully sculptured krásně propracovaný / vytesaný
work with a chisel [čizl] and hammer pracovat s dlátem a kladivem
hew / chisel into a shape vytesat do určité podoby
stonemason [stEunmeisn], mason, stone cutter kameník
tombstone [tu:mstEun] náhrobek
carve in wood vyřezávat ve dřevě
woodcarver řezbář
mould [mEuld] in clay tvarovat z hlíny
make a cast udělat / pořídit odlitek
reclining figure ležící postava
statue socha, sousoší
sculptural group sousoší
erect a statue / a monument postavit sochu / pomník
welded construction svařovaná konstrukce
make use of scrap / discarded / waste material použít odpadový materiál
mobile [mEubail], amer. [mEubi:l] mobil (an ornamental structure)
pedestal [pedistl] of a monument podstavec pomníku
bust poprsí, busta
APPRECIATION
judget [džadž] by art critics posuzován uměleckými kritiky
arouse considerable interest vzbudit značný zájem
assessment hodnocení
reevaluate, reappraise přehodnotit
It appeals to me. Líbí se mi to. Mám k tomu vztah.
It leaves me cold. Nepůsobí to na mě. Nechává mě to chladným.

work of enduring value dílo trvalé / nepomíjivé hodnoty
merits and demerits [di:´ merits] přednosti a nedostatky
remain unsurpassed zůstat nepřekonán
achieve mastery dosáhnout mistrovství
exquisite work vynikající / dokonalé dílo
bring fame přinést slávu
delated success opožděný / pozdní úspěch
195 / 474
how a great advance on st vykazovat značný pokrok proti něčemu

powerful silný, působivý
mature [mE'čuE] zralý, vyzrálý

noteworthy [nEutwE:Di] pozoruhodný
lining power mizející schopnost / síla
crude, immature nezralý
mediocre [,mi:di 'EukE] průměrný, podprůměrný
subtle [satl] jemný, složitý

naive artist malíř naivista
Sunday painter sváteční malíř (amatér)
naive naivní, naivistický, insitní
provoke ridicule vyvolat posměch
tasteless kitsch [kič] nevkusný kýč

self-taught painter malíř samouk
accomplished artist dokonalý umělec
worthless bezcenný
It's absolute rubbish. Je to naprosto bezcenné.
EXHIBITING, COLLECTING
art gallery, amer. též museum obrazárna, galérie

be on exhibition být vystaven (na výstavě)
displayed / on display (in a glass case) vystaven / vyložen (ve vitríně)
He hasn't exhibited (his work) yet. Ještě nevystavoval.
arrange a retrospective exhibition uspořádat retrospektivní výstavu
opening, private view vernisáž
one-man exhibition / show samostatná výstava

group exhibition výstava skupiny umělců
travelling exhibition putovní výstava
exhibit [ig'zibit] exponát
collect art sbírat umění
layman laik
connoisseur [,konE'sE:] znalec
art patron patron umění
commission sb to do some work zadat někomu práci
fake, forgery padělek; fake, forge padělat; forger, faker padělatel
acquire at an auction získat v dražbě
auction (off), sell by auction prodat v dražbě / v aukci
The bidding openend at £... Nabídky začaly ve výši ... liber.
fetch a big price dosáhnout vysoké ceny (být draze prodán)
Christie's [kristiz], Sotheby's [saDEbiz] dvě známě londýnské aukční sině
196 / 474
restore a damaged work restaurovat poškozenou věc

restorer restaurátor
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
In the West, painters painted Indian rites, buffalo hunts, lone buckskin-clad trappers,
and Indian war parties. Their subjects included Indian encounters - skirmishes,
ambushes, and attacks on stockades - but also overland treks in prairie wagons,
stagecoach holdups, corrals and roundups, stampeding cattle, and cattle rustlers.
1. Sunday painter; 2. the Pony Express; 3. Custer's last stand; 4. art nouveau; 5. a
forerunner of the Impressionists.
3. Characterize in one sentence:

1. Sir Joshua Reynolds; 2. George Romney, 3. John Constable; 4. William Blake; 5. D.
G. Rossetti; 6. Aubrey Beardsley; 7. Ben Nicholson; 8. Francis Bacon; 9. Stanley
Spencer, 10. Andrew Wyeth; 11. George Catlin; 12. Bohuslav Kroupa; 13. Henry
Moore; 14. Wenceslas Hollar.

1. Hogarth's art.
2. Naive painters.
3. The relative ages of portrait and landscape painting.
4. William Turner.
5. Art nouveau in Bohemia and in Britain.
6. The Tate Gallery.
1. Can you draw? 2. How much art education did you get at secondary school? 3.
What is the most recent art exhibition you attended? 4. Do you know any painter
whose subjects are drawn from the region where you live? 5. What sort of pictures
appeal to you most (landscapes, still lifes, nudes, figurative works, abstract art)? 6.
Which of the world's great painters is your favourite?
6. Translate:
zobrazovat současný život; mít schopnost přesného pozorování; inspirovat se přírodou;
bujná obrazotvornost; vyjadřovat své city a pocity; odrážet vlastní zážitky; zachytit
okamžitý dojem; malířská vášeň; malířské potřeby: plátno, stojan, štětec; kreslit
197 / 474
uhlem; zběžná studie pro akvarel; namalovat portrét v životní velikosti; sytá / živá /
nevýrazná / tlumená barva; vybledlý odstín; kreslit v pleném i v ateliéru; nástropní
freska; rytina; dřevoryt; grafika; zarámovaná reprodukce; dílo trvalé hodnoty;
dosáhnout mistrovství; mít samostatnou výstavu; padělat staré mistry.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS PUT II
put off • odložit (na jindy): Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
How much longer are you going to put off the final decision / his appointment?
• odradit: His rudeness puts people off. A boring textbook puts learners off.
• vysadit (násilně nebo nechat vystoupit): If he makes trouble he'll be put off the bus.
Ask the conductor to put you offal the bank.
put off the light • zhasnout: Put off the light - it isn't dark here any more.
put on • obléci: Put on some better clothes - it's Sunday.

• dávat (inscenovat): I hear they're going to put a new play on.
• nasadit, dát do provozu: Before Christmas extra trains are put on on the major lines.
• přibrat (na váze): I seem to have put on weight since I've been having my meals at
home. How many pounds have you put on?
• vsadit: I've put ten pounds on that horse - it had better win.
put it on • simulovat, předstírat:

Don't believe him, he's only putting it on - it can't hurt so much.
put on the light • rozsvítit: It's getting dark - let's put on the light.
put the blame on • svalovat vinu na:

You can't put all the blame on me - you were involved in it too.
put sb on sb's feet • postavit někoho na nohy:

I feel dead tired but I hope a cup of tea will put me on my feet again
put out
• uhasit, zhasnout: Put out that fire; it might set fire to the wooods. Put out the light -
we don't want him to know we're here.
• vyrábět, produkovat: This firm puts out thousands of tyres a week.
• vydat (úřední prohlášení):
The Foreign Office has put out a statement / report on the naval incident.
• vyvést z míry, rozrušit, pobouřit:
He was greatly put out when I said we knew all about it.
• vystrčit, vyndat: Don't put out your head. Put out the flags. Vyvěste vlajky.
put out leaves rašit:

This year spring is early - the trees are already putting out leaves.
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put out of operation vyřadit z provozu (opak put into operation uvést do provozu):
The fire put the assembly line out of operation.
put through
• prosadit, provést, uskutečnit: We intend to put through major changes / a new
programme soon. Haven't they put through that business deal yet?
• spojit (telefonicky):
Put me through to this number please. Can you put this call through to lhe hospital?
put together • složit (dát dohromady):

It's easier to take a machine to pieces than to put it together again.
Cars are put together in this assembly hall.
put one's heads together • dát hlavy dohromady:

We'll have to put our heads together and think up something new / think out a plan.
put two and two together • snadno si spočítat / domyslit (vše pochopit):
He's sure to put two and two together if he sees us talking with her.
put up
• zvednout: Several pupils put up their hands at the same time. Seeing armed
policemen all around him, the gunman put up his hands.
• zvýšit: The landlord put up the rent by several pounds. The price of silver was put
up twice last year.
• vyvěsit (zveřejnit): I'll put up a notice to let the rest know about the change in the
schedule.
• postavit: Let's put our tent up under this tree. The UN headquarters were put up on
the site of old warehouses.
• ubytovat (se): I put up at the King George Hotel. Can you put me up for the night /
weekend?
• složit (penize): If you don't put up the money by Monday, the deal is off.
put up for sale • dát do prodeje: After Mr Smith's death his relatives put the
house up for sale.
put up to • navést: Don't put him up to cheating / these tricks.
put up with • smířit se s: I'm not going to put up with his carelessness any more.
Poor people have a lot to put up with.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a put idiom in each sentence:

1. You shouldn't delay going to the dentist any longer. 2. The meeting was postponed
until a more convenient time. 3. The firm produces a wide range of articles. 4. I'm not
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going to be deterred by threats. 5. Hugh lost his interest in smoking when his brother
died of lung cancer. 6. When's your new play going to be staged? 7. His manner
discouraged customers. 8. I'll stay at the local inn. 9. Why do you tolerate his bad
manners and his impertinence? 10. Switch off the light, please. 11. Everybody blamed
AHstair. 12. I was very annoyed by Philip's rudeness, 13. A detailed description of the
wanted man has been issued. 14. Can you provide accommodation for them for one or
two nights? 15. Will you connect me with Boston, please? 16. We'll have to sell the
house. 17. Have they carried out their reorganization? 18. It's not hard to draw the
obvious conclusion. 19. How much was the interest rate raised by? 20. The results will
be displayed on the notice board.
2. Translate:
1. odložit na příště; 2. odradit zájemce; 3. zhasnout světlo; 4. obléci si nedělní šaty; 5.
přibrat na váze; 6. vsadit sto liber na koně; 7. uhasit oheň; 8. složit součástky
dohromady; 9. dát hlavy dohromady; 10. hlásit se při vyučování; 11. produkovat
zmetky; 12. složit peníze; 13. svalit vinu na druhého; 14. uvést hru; 15. vyrábět zboží;
16. vydat prohlášení; 17. spojit s nemocnicí; 18. uskutečnit obchod; 19. vyvést z míry;
20. prosadit program; 21. domyslit si všechno; 22. zvýšit nájemné; 23. vyvěsit
vyhlášku; 24. dát dům do prodeje; 25. ubytovat hosta; 26. snášet nespravedlnost; 27.
Na stromech vyrážejí listy. 28. Keře nasazují poupata. 29, Pronásledovaný svedl své
pronásledovatele ze stopy. 30. Jen tak předstírá, že mu to nevadí.
_____________________________________________________________________
☼ Encouraging
Suggest situations in which these expressions of encouragement could be used:
1. Well done! 2. Your're doing fine/ very well. 3. That's fine / good / lovely / all right.
4. Thai's better than I could do. 5. (Just) keep it up. 6. I wish I could do as well. 7.
There's no reason to feel / be discouraged. 8. Don't worry, I'm sure you'll do better next
time. 9. Very nice.
☼ Saying you are willing to do something

Think out requests that might lead to the following responses. No. 1 is formal, and
nos. 7-9 quite informal:
1. I should be delighted / most happy / most pleased ... 2. By all means. 3 Certainly. 4.
Yes, of course/No, of course not. 5. Naturally. 6. No, I don't mind at all / in the least. 1.
Just say the word. 8. Sure / OK. 9. No problem.
☼ Saying you are unwilling to do something

Complete the statements (topic: money; nos. 9 and 10 are rather informal):
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1. I don't really want to ... 2. I don't think / I'm not sure I can / could ... actually. 3. It'd
be a little awkward / difficult, actually. 4. Well, I think I'd rather / I'd prefer not to ... 5.
I wish I could, but... 6. Trn afraid I can't... 7. I'd like to, but... 8. It's not that I don't
want to, it's just that... 9. I'm not (too) keen on …10. I don't (really) fancy ... 11. I wish
I could, but...
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate using much - many, (a) few - little:

1. Nemám mnoho peněz. 2. Hodně se zajímá ochemii. 3. Bylo tam mnoho lidí? 4.
Kolik času to bude potřebovat? 5. Kolik zavazadel si vezmeš? 6. Je málo příležitostí,
7. Za několik okamžiků tu bude. 8. V posledních dnech se nám vyhýbá. 9. Tentokrát
si vezmu o několik zavazadel více. 10. Následkem inflace koupíš méně zboží za
více peněz. 11. Zbývá velmi málo naděje. 12. Má o tom chabé vědomosti. 13. Trochu
vody bude stačit. 14. Málo spím, ale ponenáhlu se to už zase lepší. 15. Umí dvakrát
tolik co ostatní. 16. Tím lépe. 17. Za moc to nestojí. 18. Jedno je jisté.
2. Link the sentences by means of a consecutive infinitive:

1. It's too dark. I'm unable to distinguish the plate number. 2. It isn't cheap enough. I
don't want to buy it. 3. He's clever enough. He won't let anybody cheat him. 4. We're
very hot. We won't climb the hill. 5. It's extremely cold. We can't go swimming.
____________________________________________________________
LESSON 16 ARCHITECTURE AP2
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
The art of the late 11th the 12th centuries on the Continent is generally called
Romanesque, and that of England, Norman. The builders of this period began to study
the Roman ruins in their own neighbourhoods and to use them as models. The.style
probably developed in southern France, where many Roman buildings still survived. It
spread rapidly and was brought to England by Edward the Confessor and the Normans
just at the time when there was great enthusiasm for building large monasteries. The
style is easily recognized by its round arches, round and rather small windows,
massive pillars, and lack of ornament; inside the churches there was little sculpture,
decoration being confined to carved capitals and pillars and wall paintings. As time
went on, decoration increased, especially in the doorways, which were carved.
The Gothic style succeeded the Norman in the 13th century and continued well into
the 16th. The name "Gothic" was given to the buildings of the Middle Ages by the
architects of the Renaissance, who thought them barbarous, like the Goths who had
helped to overthrow the Roman Empire. The finest buildings were no longer
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monasteries, as in the Romanesque period, but cathedrals built to glorify the towns. No
doubt rivalry between different towns made the masons choose ever more daring
plans. Most of the cathedrals are still in excellent condition, which shows the skill of
the masons who designed them. The builders had no scientific training to help them
calculate the weight of material but had to rely on tradition and their own experience
and observation. The most characteristic features of the style are the pointed arch,
stained-glass windows, elaborate vaulted roofs, and tall towers.
English buildings passed through three stages: Early English (1180-1250),

characterized by simplicity (as in Salisbury Cathedral); Decorated Gothic 1:250-1375),
distinguished by rich ornamentation in the windows and vaults (as in Lincoln, Exeter,
and York Cathedrals and the ruined abbey of Tintern); and Perpendicular Gothic
(1375-1550), plain, with large windows, slender nave pillars, and (at a later date) fan
vaulting (the chapels at Windsor, Westminster, and Cambridge and Gloucester
Cathedral). Domestic buildings in England were comparatively modest; in France the
kings and nobles built enormous chateaux. In the cities guild halls and town halls were
the most important buildings.
Few churches were built in England for some time after the Reformation in the 16th
century, and the best examples of Tudor and Jacobean architecture are the homes built
for the rising middle class and the newly rich aristocracy.
The Renaissance style of architecture was introduced into England by Inigo Joes
about 1620. Jones was deeply influenced by the Italian architect Palladio, who had
been largely responsible for the revival of classical architecture in Italy half a century
before, and was the first person in England to design buildings based on antique
models. The greatest architect in this period was Sir Christppher Wren. His many
churches in London set the style for the next hundred and fifty years: simple
rectangular halls divided into naves and aisles by rows of pillars, often with galleries
over the aisles. The simplicity of the design reflected the new function of the church as
a meeting place for listening to sermons - something very different from the Catholic
Baroque'churches on the Continent.
The Palladian influence was particularly strong during the Georgian period (the first
four Georges, kings of Britain in 1714-1830), especially in the design of country
houses. Both Georgian and Regency (c. 1805-1830) architecture showed great respect
for rules of proportion, submission of the part (such as the individual house) to the
whole (such as the square or terrace), and the absence of ornamentation. The best
Regency architecture is to be found in the seaside resorts that grew up at this time,
such as Brighton and Ramsgate, in the inland health resorts, such as Cheltenham, and
in many buildings in London.
The middle of the 19th century saw a revival of the Gothic style, which was
vigorously championed by Ruskin. Notable examples include the Houses of
Parliament and the Law Courts in London and many churches. For a time there was
great controversy between the advocates of Gothic and the supporters of more
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traditional styles. In the end the Gothic Revival came to dominate church architecture
until well into the 20th century, while a kind of Neoclassical style prevailed for
nonreligious buildings, especially the many large buildings such as railway stations,
hospitals, and factories which the new industrial age required.
_____________________________________________________________________
advocate [AdvEkit, AdvEkeit] stoupenec; barbarous barbarský; capital hlavice
sloupu; champion st zastávat se něčeho, prosazovat něco; fan vaulting [vo:ltiN]
vějířová klenba; Gothic Revival novogotika; inland vnitrozemský; Jacobean
[džEkE'bi:En] jakubský za Jakuba I., 1603-25); mason [mejsn] stavitel, kameník;
overthrow vyvrátit, zničit; pointed zašpičatělý, lomený; rectangular [rek'tANgjulE]
pravoúhlý; submission podřízeni; vigorous rázný, důrazný
Cheltenham [čeltnEm] a spa in Gloucestershire; Jones, Inigo [inigEu] (1573-1652)

English architect; the Regency [ri:džEnsi] the period of the regency and rule of
George IV (1811-30); Ruskin, John [raskin] (1819-1900) a critic of art and social
critic
_____________________________________________________________________
SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
Sir Christopher Wren, English architect and scientist, designer of St Paul's Cathedral
and many other notable buildings in London, was born in 1632. He showed an early
interest in science, took his MA degree at Oxford, and four years later was appointed
professor of astronomy. His interest in the sciences never ceased even after
architecture became his main profession; Newton and Pascal thought highly of him
and he was one of the founders of the Royal Society, becoming its president. Twice he
was a Member of Parliament.
Wren's architectural career began with the commission to design the chapel of
Pembroke College at Cambridge and a new "theatre" for Archbishop Sheldon at
Oxford. Both buildings were derived from Roman models. In 1665, the year of the
Great Plague of London, Wren made his only trip abroad - to see the great building
works of Louis XIV in and around Paris.
The Great Fire of London, 1666, made it necessary to replan the City and rebuild
most of its parish churches. Wren was made one of the six members of the committee
for the rebuilding of London. His general plan was not carried out but in 1670 work
began on the City churches. Wren created a great variety if of types, from buildings
with a single nave to three-aisled and domed structures.
The church exteriors show a typically English predilection for simple cubic shapes
combined with elaborate spires. Among Wren's twenty-three surviving churches, St
Stephen Walbrook, St Magnus, St Benet, St Mary-le-Bow, and St Martin are
especially worth mentioning. For Sť Paul's Cathedral Wren made several designs. The
clergy preferred 'the old medieval type of church, while Wren wanted to build a great
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domed church comparable to those he had seen in Paris, which were modelled on
Italian prototypes. During the long years of construction his designs were modified
several times. The work was officially declared completed as late as 1711. Wren's
secular buildings-Chelsea Hospital, Kensington Palace, Greenwich Hospital-are also
remarkable. When Wren died in 1723, after having served for half a century under five
sovereigns, he was buried in St Paul's. His well-known epitaph reads: "Si
monumentům requiris, circumspice." (If you seek a monument, look about you.)
_____________________________________________________________________
cubic krychlový; domed structure stavba s kopulí; epitaph [epita:f] náhrobní nápis;
predilection [,při:dilekšn] for st obliba něčeho; replan znovu projektovat; think
highly of st velmi si považovat néčeho, vysoko si cenit něčeho
Benet [benit]; Chelsea [čelsi] Hospital a home for retired servicemen in a fashionable
West End district; Greenwich [grinidž] metropolitan borough of southeast London;
Greenwich Hospital originally a naval hospital, now in use as the Royal Naval
College; Kensington [kenziNtEn] metropolitan borough in West London, largely a
residential district; Kensington Palace a royal residence; Magnus [mAgnEs];
Pembroke [pembruk]; St Mary-le-Bow [,merilECbEu] a church in mid-London;
traditionally, only a person born within the sound of its bells — Bow belts - is a true
Londoner; Sheldon [šeldEn] in the Sheldonian Theatre degrees are conferred;
Walbrook [wo:lbruk] a stream in medieval times, now a short street leading south
from the Mansion House
_____________________________________________________________________
THE HEIGHT OF AMBITION
Many town planners and sociologists claim that highrise towers block out sunlight
and promote ill health and social alienation among those who have to live or work in
them. But everywhere you look, tall buildings are in fashion again in; the USA. In
Manhattan the vertical explosion is such that it is as if the recession never happened. In
the early 1980s in midtown Manhattan alone thirty highrise buildings were completed,
though none of them is as tall as the two 110-storey towers of the World Trade Center
(413 m). The record of the Sears Tower in Chicago (110 storyes, 442 m) cannot
survive long - every new building just sets a target for the next one to beat.
The designers say that skyscrapers in downtown districts are very efficient
containers of large numbers of people. The World Trade Center, for example, has
offices for 50,000 people, and some 80,000 more people visit the Center daily: it is a
world supermarket for importers and exporters, where the sále of anything from
anywhere can be negotiated and instant information on marketing opportunities
provided. The designers also claim that it is wrong for the city to spread out, the office
space in the Sears Tower would cover forty hectares. And they say that the data about
the bad psychological effect of highrise living are not convincing.
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Besides, the developers believe in the popular, appeal of the skyscraper. And really,
for many people whether America needs more skyscrapers' is almost a heretical
question. To be anti-skyscraper is to be anti-Stars and Stripes. Not, only is the tall
building considered America's distinctive contribution to architectural history, it is also
seen as a symbol of the confidence and aspirations of American society.
_____________________________________________________________________
alienation [,eiliE'neišn] odcizení; block out vytlačovat; downtown district amer.
centrum města; heretical [hi'retikl] kacířský; highrise tower building výšková
budova; midtown Manhattan střední Manhattan; recession [ri'sešn] hospodářský
pokles; set a target stanovit plán (zde „nastavit láťku"); Stars and Stripes
Hvězdnatý prapor (americká vlajka)
_____________________________________________________________________
ARCHITECTURE 16
RESIDENCES AND OTHER BUILDINGS
farmhouse venkovské stavení, selský dům, statek

thatched [SAčt] cottage došková chalupa
half-timbered house hrázděný dům (s dřevěnou konstrukci)
roof of thatch, tile, slate střecha krytá doškem, taškami, břidlicí
gable [geibl] štít, lomenice; gabled inn hostinec se štítem
mill mlýn
windmill větrný mlýn
barn [ba:n] stodola
granary [grAnEri] sýpka
smithy [smiDi] kovárna
country mansion, country house panský dům, venkovské sídlo, zámek

manor [mAnE] panství (se jménem, např. Woodley Manor, může označovat i dům)
manor house [mAnE hauz] panstké sídlo
palace [pAlEs] palác; palatial [paleišl] residence palácové sídlo
chateau [šAtEu], mn. č. chatéaus, chateaux [šAtEuz] zámek
residence of the nobility šlechtické sídlo
stately home zámek (obvykle přístupný i se svými sbírkami)
state rooms / apartments reprezentační místnosti / komnaty
the house where a poet was born, with a commemorative tablet
the house … básníkův rodný dům s pamětní deskou
detached house vilka (samostatně stojící domek)
bungalow [buNgElEu] přízemní dům
semidetached house půlka dvojdomku
built up / over with uniform / identical houses zastavěn stejně vyhlížejícími domy
a row of terraced houses řadová zástavba, řadové domy
public building veřejná budova
office-building / block administrativní budova („block" jen o moderní budově)
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MEDIEVAL CASTLE
castle hrad, zámek
fortify opevnit
stronghold pevnost
tower above / over st tyčit se nad něčím
steep, inaccessible rock strmá, nepřístupná skála
wall zeď, hradba
battlements mn. č. cimbuří
bastion [bAstiEn] bašta
moat filled with water hradní příkop naplněný vodou
hold back the invaders zadržet útočníky
shoot through embrasures [im' breižEz] střílet střílnami

drawbridge padací most
prevent entry zabránit vstupu
gate brána
innermost court nejvnitrnější nádvoří
keep hlavní věž
watchtower hláska
turret věžička
donjon [dondžEn] hradní věž
dungeon [dandžEn] hladomorna
hold sb prisoner věznit někoho

armory [a:mEri] zbrojnice
resist an attack odolat útoku
coat of arms erb
emblem znak
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS
parish church [pAriš čE:č] farní kostel
cathedral [kE'Si:drEl] katedrála, dóm
basilica [bE'silikE, ba' zilikE] bazilika
on the site of a 12th-century rotunda [rEu'tandE] na místě rotundy z 12. století
The village is overlooked by a church. Nad vesnicí se tyčí kostel.
pilgrimage church [pilgrimidž čE:č] poutní kostel
chapel [čApl] kaple
a tower commanding / with a view of the countryside věž s výhledem na krajinu
clock tower věž s hodinami
belfry [belfri] zvonice
dome [dEum] kopule
tower surmounted [tauE sE'mauntid] by a spire věž ukončená vysokou střechou
cathedral precincts [kECSi:drEl pri:siNkts] areál chrámu
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parsonage [pa:sEnidž], the house of a parson [pa:sn] fara

rectory [rektEri], the house of a rector fara
vicarage [vikEridž], the house of a vicar fara
vicar (1) (v anglikánské církvi „vicar" vždy pobíral roční plat;
vicar (2) … „rector" působí ve farnosti, kde kněz dříve pobíral desátky
minister kněz (nekonformistického vyznání)
priest [pri:st] kněz (katolický)
parish clerk [pAriš kla:k] kostelník
sexton [sekstEn] kostelník a hrobník

nave chrámová loď (hlavní)
aisle [ail] boční loď
transept [trAnsept] příčná loď
chancel [ča:nsl]: railed off, reserved for clergy and choir kněžiště:
chancel … kněžiště: oddělené mřížovím, vyhrazené pro duchovenstvo a sbor
choir [kwaiE] chór (přední část kněžiště)

choir loft kůr (galerie)
altar [o:ltE] oltář
vestry sakristie.
vault(ing) [vo:lt(iN)] klenba
supported by pillars [pilEz] podpíraný pilíři, sloupy

arch [a:č] oblouk
round – pointed kulatý - špičatý, lomený (oblouk)
column [kolEm] sloup
arcade [a:'keid] j.č. arkády
buttress [batrEs] opěrný sloup

shrine [šrain] svatyně
hold sacred relics [hEuld seikrid reliks] chovat ostatky svatých
baptize in a font křtít v křtitelnici
preach [pri:č] from a pulpit [pulpit] kázat z kazatelny
stained-glass window barevné / mozaikové okno
depict a miracle [mirEkl] zobrazovat zázračný výjev / zázrak
sarcophagus [sa:' kofEgEs] sarkofág
tomb [tu:m] hrobka
tomb, monument náhrobek
spacious [speišEs] crypt beneath the church prostorná krypta pod kostelem
cloister [kloistE] křížová chodba, ambit; klášter
Stations / Way of the Cross křížová cesta
oriel [o:riEl] (window) arkýř
doorway vchod
village cross vesnický kříž
wayside cross kříž u cesty
wayside shrine boží muka
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STYLES
develop vyvinout se
come into use ujmout se, rozšířit se
native / vernacular [vE' nAkjulE] style domácí sloh
a characteristic house of / from the late 17th century / the end of the 17th century
a characteristic house … typický dům ze sklonku / z konce 17. století
date from / back to the 17th century pocházet ze 17. století

flourish [flariš] kvést, vzkvétat, prosperovat
culminate in st vyvrcholit něčím
transitional [trAn'zišEnl] period přechodné období / údobí
genuine [dženjuin] pravý
imitation napodobenina
retain its original character podržet si svůj původní ráz
remain medieval in character uchovat si středověký vzhled
resemble st podobat se něčemu
survive intact zachovat se neporušený
ground plan půdorys

rebuild, reconstruct přestavět
well-preserved dobře zachovaný
restore a historic building restaurovat historickou budovu
spoil beyond all recognition pokazit k nepoznání
convert into st přeměnit v něco

dilapidated rozpadávající se
crumble [krambl] rozpadávat se
decay [di'kei] chátrat
be in ruins být v sutinách / rozvalinách
the ruins of st zřícenina něčeho
collapse [kEClAps] zhroutit se, zřítit se
pull down strhnout
be beyond repair nedat se již opravit
replace with / by st nahradit něčím
give place / give way to st ustoupit něčemu
be long gone dávno zmizet
add a new wing přistavět nové křídlo
wall up an entrance zazdít vchod
make adaptations provádět adaptace
leave the structure uncompleted nechat stavbu nedokončenou

Romanesque [,rEumECnesk], v Anglii nazývaný Norman románský (o slohu)
Romance language románský jazyk
208 / 474
Gothic [goSik] gotika; gotický

Renaissance [ri' neisEns], amer. [,renE'sa:ns] renesance; renesanční
Baroque [bE'rok, bE'rEuk] baroko, barokní
Rococco [rE'kEukEu] rokoko; rokokový
classicism [klAsisizm] klasicismus; classicist klasicistický, klasicistní
neoclassicism neoklasicismus
art nouveau [,a: nu:'vEu] secese
revival [ri'vaivl] obnovení, návrat
Gothic revival [goSik riCvaivl] pseudogotika
elaborate ornaments [iClAbErEt o:nEmEntz] pracné ornamenty

ornate [o:'neit] facade [fE'sa:d, fA'sa:d] front bohatě zdobené průčelí
absence of ornamentation nezdobenost
glorious period [glo:riEs piEriEd] slavné období
chief glory [či:f glo:ri] hlavní chlouba
lavish [lAviš] decorations mn. č. bohatá, okázalá výzdoba

excellent specimen skvělá ukázka
incomparable, unrivalled nedostižný, nemající soupeře
delightful, charming půvabný
picturesque [,pikčECresk] malebný
quaint [kweint], curious podivný

austere [o:'stiE] strohý
inconspicuous [,inkEn'spikjuEs] nenápadný
simple but monumental jednoduchý, ale monumentální
preserve as a national monument zachovat jako národní památku
urban preservation area městská památková rezervace

a Grade I listed building chráněná památka I. třídy
___________________________________________________________________
1. Fill in the blanks:
1. The Romanesque style is easily ... by its... arches,... windows,... pillars, and ... of
ornament. 2. The most characteristic... of the Gothic style are the... area, ...
windows, ... roofs, and ... towers. 3. Sir Christopher Wren's churches are simple ...
halls divided into ... and ... buy rows of..., often with... over the … 4. Every new
building just... a ... for the next one to beat.

1. The sightseers had a fine view from the (spire, tower). 2. The whole structure ended
in a thin, graceful (spire, tower). 3. Gothic churches often have two (aisles, corridors)
running the length of the building. 4. There was some standing room in the (aisles,
corridors) of the theatre. 5. All the compartments in the train were full, and many
209 / 474
people were standing in the (aisles, corridors). 6. I like to read about (ancient, antique)
Rome. 7. Mr Brown collects (ancient, antique) furniture. 8. They are going to
(demolish, destroy) that old building and put up a new skyscraper.
1. the Gothic Revival; 2. Regency architecture; 3. Decorated Gothic; 4. Palladian
influence; 5. guildhall; 6. the Great Fire of London; 7. a Grade II listed building.

1. The Gothic church I know best.
2. Castle architecture..
3. The architecture of Prague Castle.
4. Sir Christopher Wren's project for the rebuilding of London.
5. The appeal of skyscrapers.
1. What sort of houses are found in the main square in your hometown? 2. Is there a
castle or country house near the place where you live? Is it well-preserved or in ruins?
3. How content are you with the architecture of the house or block of flats where you
live? 4. Which new buildings in your hometown are, in your opinion, examples of
successful contemporary architecture? 5. Are (some housing estates better, less
uniform than others? 6. Have many old houses in the centre of the town where you are
studying been torn down to make way for new buildings? 7. Can you name some old
buildings that are being restored? 8. Do you know of an old building that has been
adapted to a new use (as a club, restaurant, or whatever)? 9. Have you been to any
village museums? 10. Is there much architectural variety in the churches in the town
where you are studying?
6. Quiz. Identify on the map of Britain:

1. Chester, York (medieval town walls); 2. Canterbury, Durham, Ely, Gloucester,
Salisbury, Winchester (cathedrals); 3. Bath (Roman baths); 4. Arundel, Caernarvon,
Berkeley, Harlech, Kenilworth, Windsor (castles); 5. Tintern Abbey (abbey ruins); 6.
Blenheim, Hampton Court (palaces); 7. Brighton, Cheltenham (Regency terraces).
7. Translate:
pocházet ze 17. století; zachovat se neporušený; podržet si svůj původní ráz; chátrat v
důsledku nedbalosti; přechodné období; vzkvétat za renesance; pravá gotika; žádná
napodobenina; ustoupit nové zástavbě; slavné období; skvělá ukázka; hlavní chlouba;
bohatě zdobené průčelí; malebné náměstí; přestavěný za secese.
210 / 474
8. Explain the use of each structure:

1. chateau; 2. granary; 3. windmill; 4. inn; 5. belfry; 6. rectory; 7. watchtower; 8.
stronghold; 9. dungeon; 10. armory.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS TAKE I
take after • být po (někom z předků):

Does Anne take after her father or her mother?
take apart • rozložit, rozmontovat:

I wonder whether I'll be able to put the clock / machine together again
after I take it apart.
take away • odnést: Reference books are not be taken away from the reading room.
take back • vzít zpět, odvézt zpět, vrátit: Could you take me back in your
car, please? I missed the last bus. Shopkeepers do not usually take
goodsback after they have been paid for.
• vzít zpět, odvolat (vyslovené): I'm not going to take back what I said
because everything I said is true.
take down • sundat: We should wash the curtains. Do you think you could
take them down? Take that poster down.
• zapsat: I took down every word that Geoffrey said.
take for • považovat za: What do you take me for? Za co mě máš?

I took him for his twin brother / a native Englishman.
Don't take it for granted that we 'll always support you.
take in • brát (podnájemníka):

Mrs Nicholson makes a living by taking in lodgers / students / paying
guests. We don't take in just anyone. Nebereme nabyt jen tak někoho.
• zahrnovat: This tour takes in four countries.
• všimnout si: He took in all the people in the room at a glance.
Jedním pohledem zaregistrovat všechny přítomné.
• pochopit: I wonder how much they took in of what I said.
• zabrat, zúžit (šaty): The dress needs to be taken in.
• napálit: Don't let yourself be taken in by these politicans.
take into account / consideration
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• vzít v úvahu: It's necessary to take into account all circumstances.

We failed to take into consideration the rising costs.
take off
• zout, svléci, smeknout, sundat:
I take off my hat to you - that was brilliant. Take your coat off and hang it up there.
I'd better take my muddied shoes off.
• shodit (ztratit na váze): Since I went on that diet I've taken off ten pounds.
• startovat (odlétnout): The plane took off (for Brussels) from runway seven.
• vzít si volno: My uncle has died - I'll be taking a day off (from work) for his funeral.
• vyrazit (spěšně vyjít): Dick took off in the opposite direction.
• stáhnout (z repertoáru):
The play was taken off after two weeks because too few people went to see it.
not to be able to take one's eyes off sb • nemoci od někoho odtrhnout oči:
Jack is very deeply in love with Jennifer – he can't take his eyes off her ... může na ní
oči nechat.
____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a take idiom in each sentence:

1. I'm afraid you've been deceived. 2. He says he's not coming to work on Friday. 3.
She says she lost ten pounds on this diet. 4. The tour of Paris includes a visit to the
Louvre. 5. Protests from the parents led to the film being withdrawn. 6. Do you think
the students understood everything I said? 7. Flight 123 to Athens will leave in five
minutes. 8. Fred left in a hurry.
2. Translate:
1. Neodnášejte knihy z příruční knihovny. 2. Zavezl mě domů autem. 3. Odvolej, cos
řekl! 4. Poznamenal jsem si jeho slova. 5. Zájezd zahrnuje tri země. 6. Je vdova a živí
se pronajímáním pokojů. 7. Svlékni si ten plášť. 8. Nezouvej se, venku je sucho. 9.
Mohu si vzít příští týden den volna? 10. Charles nemůže z Diany oči spustit. 11. Byli
jsme napáleni, nemá to cenu sto liber. 12 Kolik z toho pochopili? 13. Smekám před
ním - je to hrdina. 14. Vyrazil směrem k nádraží. 15. Letadlo odstartovalo podle
letového řádu. 16. Měl by shodit pár kilo. 17. Proč ten film stáhli?
_____________________________________________________________________
◄ Starting a conversation with a stranger

• Think of a suitable continuation of the conversation:
1. Excuse me / my asking, but... 2. Excuse me,... 3. (I'm) sorry to trouble you, but... 4,1
hope you don't mind my asking, but haven't we met somewhere before? 5. Sorry, but I
couldn't help overhearing ... 6. Lovely / nice day, isn't it? 7. Terrible / horrible day,
212 / 474
isn't it? 8. Warm / hot / windy / freezing, isn't it? 9. Excuse me, but I wonder if... 10.
Hallo. I'm .., Do you know many people here? I...
◄ Answering an introduction
a) Think of appropriate introductions to the answers below. Identify one formal and
two quite informal responses:
1. Pleased to meet you. 2. I've been looking forward to meeting you. 3. I've been
wanting to meet you (for some time). 4. Hello, (first name). 5. (No,) I don't believe I
have. 6. Nice / good to meet you, (first name). 7. (No,) I haven't yet had the pleasure.
8. No, I don't (actually). 9. No, I don't think so /1 do. 10. Yes, (I think) I do.
b) Develop the following two dialogues:

1. Hi George, have you met Bill?
No, I haven't. Hi, Bill.
Hi! How you doing?
2. It's nice to meet you, Mr Thomas. My friend has told me a lot about you.
Please just call me Bill. Have you been here long?
◄ Asking how someone is

Specify briefly how you are, in reply to the following questions. No. 1 is quite
formal, and nos. 3-5 very informal:
1. I trust everything is going quite well with you? 2. How are you (keeping)? 3. How's
life? 4. How goes it (with you)? 5. How are things (with you)?
◄ Saying how you are

a) Ask how a person is in order to get the following fairly informal replies:
1. So-so (thanks). 2. OK (thanks). 3. Mustn't grumble. 4. Can't complain. 5. Fair to

middling (thanks). 6. Not too bad (thanks). 7. Surviving (thanks). 8. Still alive-just.
◄ Develop a dialogue in which:

A greets B informally;
B asks about A's health;
A aswers about his / her health;
B invites A to do something;
A accepts the invitation;
B makes a suggestion;
A disagrees;
B gives more details about the suggestion;
A expresses an opinion;
B agrees.
213 / 474
____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate, (numerals):
1. sto dvacet pět; 2. stovky studentů; 3. dva tisíce tri; 4. léta osmdesátá; 5. dvoustý
třicátý třetí; 6. půl tuctu kapesníků; 7. dva milióny dolarů; 8. milióny liber; 9. za pár
let; 10. Kolikátého je dnes?-Dnes je 27. dubna. 11. Kapitola první. 12. Alžběta II. 13.
Musíme tam jít ještě potřetí? 14. Bylo mu to stonásobně odplaceno. 15. Vidíme se
poprvé, ale doufám, že naposledy. 16. Vždy vypadal dvakrát tak starý jako ty. 17.
Kolik je šestkrát tři? 18. Osmnáct děleno třemi je šest. 19. Za prvé ho neznám, a za
druhé mě ani nepozval. 20. Nula celá padesát devět.
2. Translate (thing in the predicate and idiomatic usage):

1. For one thing I think it's too unexpected, for another I don't like the idea at all. 2. I
hope things won't go too badly for you. 3. That was a silly thing to do. 4. Things are
not the same as they were. 5. He shouldn't mind things so much. 6. I've got just the
thing you need. 7. Among other things he wrote about you. 8. He always says the
wrong thing. 9. If I did all the things that I'm told to … 10. I don't know a thing about
it. 11. We can'thave this kind ofthing here. 12.She could teach them a thing or two. 13.
He always says the first thing that comes into his head. 14. It's a good/bad thing he
dropped the habit. 15. I'm afraid that's not the best thing to do just now. 16. The nicest
thing about the house is the view we get from here. 17. The next thing for you to do is
to find out what they're up to. 18. Ring him up first thing in the morning. 19. Taking
one thing with another it's not a bad deal. 20. The first thing I did was to get a street
map.
3. Translate (using clauses of concession):

1. Jakkoli se snaží, pořád to nestačí. 2. Měli bychom jit dál, i když je sebevíc pozdě. 3.
Přestože je unaven, půjde s námi. 4. I když přijdeme později, bude rád, že jsme přišli.
5. Zvolili ho, ačkoli byl dost mladý. 6. Chodili jsme ven, i když bylo sebevíc zima.
_____________________________________________________________________
Key Answering an introduction: a) F: 7; I: 4, 6

_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 17 LITERATURE AP2
AMERICA'S READING
214 / 474
Time and again, book publishers complain that America is not a reading country.
Now results of two national surveys of the adult American reading public (age sixteen
and up) have been released. They contain some surprising figures, along with some
predictable findings. Fiction is still the most popular reading material, and TV
influences the book selection of one-fourth of the respondents. Slightly over 55 per
cent had read at least one book in the previous six months, and nearly the same
number had purchased books. Nearly one third read at least a book a month. Almost
40 per cent never read any books, though they read newspapers and magazines. At
least 15 per cent have not learned to read at all or to read well. Reading is a middle-
class activity. The reasons for reading are: one, pleasure, two, general knowledge.
Book readers watch almost as much TV as non-book readers. The most popular fiction
categories are action and adventure stories, then historical fiction and historical
romance. At the bottom are westerns and drama. The top nonfiction categories
are,biography and autobiography, followed by cooking, home economics, and history.
If people are not regular readers by the time they leave high school, they never will be.
The most important factors leading them to buy books are subject, author, and
personal recommendations, in that order. Only 28 per cent of the books they read
recently were bestsellers. Nearly half of all book readers report reading regularly in
bed, just before going to sleep.
_____________________________________________________________________
finding nález, zjištěni; home economics ekonomie vedení domácnosti;
predictable [pri'diktEbl] předvídatelný; release [ri'li:s] zveřejnit
_____________________________________________________________________
BRITISH TEENAGERS' FAVOURITES IN CURRENT READING
When choosing books, fifteen-year-olds prefer excitement and happy endings to the
shocks and blood of other books. Asked in a recent survey to name their it favourite
authors, they put Enid Blyton and James Herriot at the head of the list. They were
followed by J. R. Tolkien, John Wyndham, and Charles Dickens. But a quarter of the
secondary school pupils questioned gave no answer and the same proportion was
unable to name a single book read in the previous month.
Television played a significant part in many of the children's lives, with half
admitting they preferred the ease of watching television to the more concentrated
activity of reading a book. Magazines were also widely read. The boys preferred
nonfiction magazines on areas such as'pop music and motorcycles and the girls went
for magazines mixing fact and fiction. Love stories were popular with 73 per cent of
the girls, while only 12 per cent of the boys admitted liking them The most popular
newspapers were The Sun and Daily Mirror, favoured by one in three because they
were easy to read. The Times and the Guardian were entioned by one in ten or fewer.
_____________________________________________________________________
Blyton, Enid [,i:nid blaitEn](1897-1968) author of over 200 books - school,
adventure,
215 / 474
fairy; Herriot, James [heriEt] (1916-) author of stories about a veterinary surgeon in
the north of England; Tolkien, J. R. [tolki:n] (1892-1973) British writer and
medievalist; his best-known work is the trilogy "The Lord of the Rings" (1954-65); it
was predeced by "The Hobbit" (1937); Wyndham, John [windEm] (1903-69) British
science fiction author; best known novels: "The Day of the Triffids" and "The Midwich
Cuckoos"
_____________________________________________________________________
FROM THE REVIEWS
No Shakespeare?
Students are now able to gain degrees in English Literature without reading a word
of Shakespeare. The playwright is required reading in only half the country's
polytechnics and colleges, according to a new survey. Also, it has been found that
three of the biggest examination boards offer A-levels in English Language and
Literature in which Shakespeare is not compulsory, and students can gain degrees in
English Literature from several universities, including York and East Anglia, without
studying his plays. The findings provide further evidence of a decline in Shakespeare
teaching. The Prince of Wales has expressed concern at the decreasing interest in
Shakespeare's plays. Other traditional authors are also being discarded. Milton's
Paradise Lost appeared in only 15 and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in 12 of the 31
institutions surveys, while feminist writers, such as Margaret Atwood, Angela Carter,
Toni Morrison and Alice Walker, were studied in two thirds of them. Five institutions
did not teach Jane Austen or the Brontes at all. Traditionalists are angry, saying that
the canon of great authors who are part of British cultural tradition is giving way to
feminists and international writers. The most popular poets were Philip Larkin,
Seamus Heaney and Tony Harrison; the current Poet Laureate, Ted Hughes, trailed
behind his former wife, Sylvia Plath, in popularity. Harold Pinter and Samuel Beckett
were the most popular modern playwrights, followed by Joe Orton and Atan Bennett.
_____________________________________________________________________
discard [dis'ka:d] odvrhnout; trail behind sb zůstat pozadu za někým .

Atwood, Margaret (1939-; Canadian); Austen, Jane (1775-1817); Beckett, Samuel
(1906-89); Bennett, Alan (1934-); Bronte, Charlotte (1816-55) and Emily (1818-
48); Carter, Angela (1940-92); Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340-1400); Harrison, Tony
(1937-); Heaney, Seamus [ša:mEs] (1939-) Hughes, Ted (1930-); Larkin, Philip
(1922-85); Milton, John (1608-74); Morrison, Toni (1931- ; Black American);
Orton, Joe (1933-67); Pinter, Harold (1930-); Plath, Sylvia (1932-63; American);
Walker, Alice (1944- ; Black American)
_____________________________________________________________________
The Rise and Fall of a Regency Dandy (By T. A. Burnett)
216 / 474
Among Byron's closest friends was Scrope (pronounced Scroop) Davies, dandy,
gambler and womanizer, whose forgotten trunk crammed with papers was found in
1976 in the vaults of Barclays Bank. Mr Burnett has now drawn on the contents of the
trunk to write a "life and times" of Davies. Obviously the publisher had to be John
Murray, the house which not only published Byron's cantos but buried his five-year-
old illegitimate daughter Allegra for him, at the request of the author. The bare facts
about Davies are these. He was a vicar's son, educated at Eton and Cambridge, with a
wit which secured him a place in Byron's circle. Hewas also known as a lover of
Byron's discarded women (he kept some of their letters in the trunk). At thirty-eight,
having lost his wealth, he fled to the Continent, making for the Netherlands. Unlike
other runaways, he did not have to sponge; he could live on his modest income as a
Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. He helped Byron with the business
arrangements for his exile. Davies spent thirty-two years on the Continent, dining out
and telling the old tales of the great days with Byron. He died at seventy.
Mr Burnett makes the most of the not-always-helpful contents of the trunk. But it
takes more than letters and old bills to bring a dandy alive, and Davies remains to the
end a shadowy figure. Still, he is lucky to have had such a sympathetic and, at the
same time, painstaking and scholarly biographer.
(The Times Literary Supplement)
_____________________________________________________________________
canto [kAntEsu] zpěv (oddíl dlouhé básně); dandy dandy (a man who spends too
much time and money on his clothing and personal appearance); discard [dis'ka:d]
odložit, odvrhnout; fellow člen vedeni univerzitní koleje (Oxfordu, Cambridge);
painstaking pečlivý, pracný; sponge žít jako příživník; sympathetic sympatizující;
trunk velký kufr; vault [vo:lt] sklepení, podzemní trezor; womanizer [wumEnaizE]
sukničkář
Allegra [EClegrEa]; Barclays [ba:klíz] one of the five big banks; Burnett [bE 'net,
bEs:net]; Byron [baiErn] (1788-1824) English poet; Davies [deiviz]; Murray [mari];
The Times Literary Supplement Literární příloha Timesů (a literary weekly, half the
size of The Times)
_____________________________________________________________________
FROM THE GUINNESS BOOK OF RECORDS: TEXTS AND BOOKS
Largest publication. The largest publication in the world is the 1,112 volume |set of
British Parliamentary Papers published by the Irish University Press in 1968-72. A
complete set weighs 3.3 tonnes, costs £50,000, and would take six years to read at ten
hours per day. The total print run is 500 sets.
Largest dictionary. The largest dictionary in the English-speaking world is the

twenty-volume Oxford English Dictionary of 15,487 pages, published between 1884
and 1928 with a first supplement of 963 pages in 1933 and with a further four-volume
supplement completed in 1986. The work contains 414, 825 words, and 1,827,306
217 / 474
illustrative quotations. The greatest outside contributor has been a woman book
reviewer, with 175,000 quotations since 1958. - The largest ever dictionary is
Deutsches Worterbuch. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm started work on it in 1854. The
last, 33rd volume, was published in 1971. The dictionary has 34,519 pages.
Smallest book: The smallest marketable printed book was published in 1985 by the
Glennifer Press of Paisley, Scotland. It measures 1 x 1 mm and contains the fairy tale
"Old King Cole". It was published in 85 copies. The pages can be turned only with a
needle.
Most expensive printed book. The highest price ever paid for a printed book is
$2,400,000 for one of t'he only twenty-one known copies of the Gutenberg Bible,
printed in Mainz, Germany, about 1454. It was bought by Texas University in a sale in
New York in 1978.
Most expensive manuscript. A record was set by Armand Hammer, the American
industrialist and art collector, in December 1980, when he bought the Leonardo da
Vinci notebook "Of the Nature, Weight, and Movement of Water" for $ 5,126,000 (=
£2.2 m). The 36-page notebook, also known as the Codex of Leicester, was sold again
in London in 1994 for $ 7 million.
£ 8.14 million were paid for 226 sheets of the 1170 manuscript The Gospel Book of
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, auctioned in 1983 at Sotheby's in London.
Most expensive pamphlet $412,500 were paid by a library for one of the 22 existing
copies of The Declaration of Independence, published in Philadelphia in 1776, and
auctioned at Christie's in New York in 1980.
Most expensive signature. It is estimated that if a seventh signature of William

Shakespeare is discovered it will be sold for one million pounds.
Top selling authors. Barbara Cartland, whose 450 books (in the last decade she
wrote an average of 23 books per year) were published in 450 million copies in 21
languages - Dame Agatha Christie's 87 crime novels sold an estimated 300 million in
103 languages -The American author of crime fiction, Erle Stanley Gardner (1889-
1970), appeared in 319 million copies in 37 languages – The Guinness Book of
Records, first published in 1955 by the Guinness Brewery, sold 57 million copies by
1987.
Most widely distributed book. Lenin has been translated into 222 languages, and
portions of the Bible into 286 languages. It has been estimated that some 2 5 billion
copies of the Bible have been printed since 1815 It has been reported that 800 million
copies of the red-covered booklet Quotations from the Works of Mao Tse-tung were
sold or distributed between 1966, when possession became virtually compulsory, and
1971.
_____________________________________________________________________
218 / 474
all-time celkový; almanac [o:lmEnAk] almanach; Dame [deim] čestný titul (před
jménem ženy ekvivalent ,,Sir“ pro muže); outside contributor [kEn'tribjutE] externí
přispěvatel; print run náklad, počet výtisků; red-covered v červených deskách,
supplement dodatek; virtually prakticky
Christie, Agatha [AgESE 'kristi] (1890-1976), Guinness [gmis], Gutenberg,

Johannes [´gutn,bE:g] (c 1398-1468) German printer, c. 1436 invented printing from
moveable type; Paisley [peizli]
_____________________________________________________________________
LITERATURE I (L17)
TYPES OF LITERATURE
nonfiction [,non'fikšn] naučná literatura, literatura faktu

technical and scientific literature odborná a vědecká literatura
encyclopedia [in,saiklE' pi:diE] encyklopedie, naučný slovník
atlas [AtlEs] atlas
textbook učebnice, cvičebnice
school books [sku:l buks] školní učebnice a sešity

biography [bai'ogrEfi] životopis, biografie
autobiography [o:tEbai'ogrEfi]vlastní životopis, autobiografie
book of essays knihy esejů
work of criticism kritické dílo
travel book cestopis

history book kniha o historu
diary [daiEri] deník
memoirs [memwa:z] paměti
art book umělecká publikace
collection of papers / studies sborník

compendium [kEmCpendiEm] of useful information soubor užitečných faktů
phrase [freiz] book konverzační příručka
educational [,edžu:keišEnl] literature vzdělávací literatura
learned [lE:nid] / scholarly [skolEli] treatise [tri:tis], učené pojednání
FICTION
fiction beletrie, krásna literatura
novel [novl] román, a novel by Greene Greenův román (ne *a Greene s novel)
novelist romanopisec, autor románů
short story povídka
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short story writer povídkář, autor povídek

tale povídka (často implikuje fantastický námět, např „Poe's tales')
anthology [An'SolEdži] of verse, poetry anthology básnická antologie
romance [rEuCmAns, rE'mAns] romantický nebo dobrodužný román
romance (2) (a story of love, adventure, strange happenings, etc, often set in a distant
romance (3) time or place, whose events are happier or grander or more exciting than
romance (4) those of real life)
escapist [i'skeipist] literature úniková literatura

legend [ledžEnd] legenda, báje, pověst
folk literature lidová slovesnost
poetry poezie, a book of poetry kniha básní
children's rhyme [raim] dětská říkanka
poem [pEuim] báseň
novella [nEu' velE] novela
western [westEn] román z Divokého západu

science fiction, sci-fi [,sai'fai] vědeckofantastická literatura
utopia [ju:CtEupiE] utopie
crime fiction [kraim fikšn] detektivní literatura, kriminální žánr
crime novel, crime story, whodunit [,hu'danit] (dříve) detective story detektivka
crime novelist autor kriminálních románů
adventure story / tale dobrodružný román / příběh

spy story / novel špionážní román
thriller [SrilE] detektivka, napínavá četba
police novel román z policejního prostředí
suspense [sE'spens] story napínavý příběh
juvenile [džu:vanail] literature literatura pro mládež
READING
open a book at random [rAndEm] otevřít knihu namátkou
ad a book from cover to cover in / at a single sitting přečíst knihu najednou
sit up late reading sedět dlouho do noci a číst
leaf through [li:f Sru:] a book prolistovat knihu, listovat knihou
skip an uninteresting passage [skip En anCintrEstiN pAsidž] přeskočit
nezajím.pasáž
be a voracious [vE'reišEs] reader hltat jednu knížku za druhou

avid reader [Avid ri:dE] vášnivý čtenář
a passion for reading čtenářská vášeň
It makes good reading. Dobře se to čte.
It's hard / difficult to read. Je to těžké na čtení.
Once you begin this novel, you won't be able to put it down.
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Once you begin … Jak ten román začneš číst, nebudeš se moci od něho odtrhnout.
devour [di' vauE] books hltat kruhy
bookworm [bukwE:m] knihomol
read only occasionally číst jen příležitostně
reading matter [mAtE] to while away the time četba na ukrácení dlouhé chvíle
browse [brauz] in library probírat se knihami v knihovně
borrow books from a public / lending library půjčovat si z veřejné knihovny
lend, amer též loan půjčit (někomu)
The book is overdue. Kniha má už prošlou výpůjční lhůtu
SUBJECT AND SETTING

basic subject / theme [Si:m] základní námět / téma
setting prostředí
The author is concerned with ... Autor se zabývá …
deal with st zabývat se něčím, pojednávat o něčem
go into st rozebírat něco, zabývat se něčím
be preoccupied with st obírat / zabývat se (neustále) něčím

have a great skill in narrative mít vyprávěčsky talent
a narrative of events in one week vyprávění o tom, co se udalo během jednoho týdne
describe popisovat
depict [di'pikt], portray [po:'trei], picture líčit
give a vivid picture of... živě líčit

vivid depiction [di' pikšn] of reality [ri'AlEti] živé líčení skutečnosti
frank portrayal [frANk po:' treiEl] of real life otevřené zobrazení skutečného života
present [pri' zent] představit, uvést
concentrate / focus [fEukEs] on st soustředit / zaměřit se na něco
centred on the theme of ... soustředěn kolem tématu ...

study, investigation studie
account of a marriage příběh manželství
bring to life oživit
evoke [i' vEuk] the atmosphere of st vyvolat atmosféru něčeho
masterly description mistrovský popis

vividly painted, background živě vykreslené prostředí
The story is set in the time of ... Příběh se odehrává v době ... je zasazen do doby ...
handle the theme skilfully obratně zpracovat námět
tackle a controversial [,kontrECvEašl] subject pustit se do ožehavého námětu
aim to show chtít ukázat
be interested in personal relationships zajímat se o lidské vztahy
trace the development of a relationship sledovat vývoj vztahu
The story is fictitious [fik'tišEs]. Příběh je vymyšlený.
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COMPOSITION
composition stavba (díla)
plot zápletka, děj
elementary, simple, complicated, complex, confused [kEn'fju:zd] plot …
elementary … elementární, jednoduchý, spletitý, složitý, zmatený děj
There's no plot. It lacks a plot. Zápletka chybí. Nemá to děj.
main - subsidiary [sEb'sidiEari] motif [mEu'ti:f] hlavní - vedlejší motiv
develop the love motif skilfully obratně rozvíjet milostný motiv
loose composition volná stavba
digression [dai' grešn] odbočka
flashback záběr do minulosti
allusion [E'lu:žn] to st narážka na něco

move swiftly from one incident to another přecházet od jedné události k druhé
full of hair-raising suspense [sE' spens] plný vzrušujícího napětí
uneven pace nerovnoměrné tempo
Towards the end reader's interest lags. Ke konci náš zájem ochabuje / slábne.
slow-moving story rozvláčný děj

lengthy zdlouhavý
The story gets off to a slow start. Příběh se rozvíjí na začátku příliš pomalu.
The tragic is relieved with humour. Tragický prvek je odlehčen humorem.
surprising turn at the end překvapivý obrat ke konci
The climax [klaimAks] is the scene ... Vyvrcholením (děje) je scéna ...
culminate in st vyvrcholit něčím

end too abruptly [Eb'raptli] končit příliš náhle
tragic denouement [trAdžik dei'nu:ma] tragické rozuzlení
Everything turns out as expected. Všechno dopadne podle očekávám.
implausible [im'plo:zibl] ending nepravděpodobný konec
open ending otevřený konec
happy ending šťastný konec
CHARACTER
character [kArEktE] postava, osoba, hrdina
main, principal, chief hlavní
minor, secondary vedlejší
fictitious [fikCtišEs] smyšlený
hero [hiErEau] hrdina (jen o postavě s hrdinskými rysy, ne ,,hlavní postava" obecně)
heroine [herEuin] hrdinka

complex – simplified složitý - zjednodušený
idealized [aí' diElaizd] idealizovaný
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flat plochý
black-and-white černobílý
remote / detached from ordinary life odtržený od všedního života
not sufficiently individualized nedostatečné individualizovaný
He isn't quite believable. Nepůsobí úplně věrohodně.
likable character sympatický hrdina
villain [vilEn] zlosyn, padouch
stock figure tradiční / obvyklá postava
The characters are alive. Postavy žijí.
figures of flesh and blood postavy z masa a krve
create a wide range of characters vytvořit množství různorodých postav
present / introduce a new character uvést novou postavu
the author's most original creation autorův nejosobitější výtvor
show great / deep insight into a character vyznat se dobře v psychologii postavy
The character develops, undergoes a striking transformation.
The character ... Postava se vyvíjí, prodělává výraznou proměnu.
detached and candid portrait objektivní a nezastřený portrét
intimate knowledge of human weaknesses and foibles
intimate knowledge … intimní / důvěrná znalost lidských slabosti a siabůstek
accurate portrayal přesné zobrazení / vypodobnění
penetrating, subtle analysis pronikavý, jemný rozbor
shrewd observation bystrý postřeh
well-drawn, well depicted dobře překreslený.
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1. survey of the reading public; 2. predictable findings; 3. historical romance; 4.
nonfiction. 5. trail behind sb in popularity; 6. painstaking, biographer; 7.a dandy and
womanizer; 8. a shadowy figure; 9. escapist literature; 10. bookworm.
2. Use each verb in context (linked with your reading as a child):

1. like best; 2. enjoy a lot; 3. prefer st to st; 4. favour st more than st else; 5. find
irresistible; 6. be absorbed in st; 7. be popular.

1. The most popular fiction and nonfiction genres.
2. The reading favourites of British teenagers.
3. The factors leading people to buy particular books.
4. Why love stories have always been popular with the reading public.
5. Truth is sometimes stranger than fiction.
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1. How much do you read? 2. What did you like to read between the ages of ten and
fifteen? 3. Think of some less familiar children's book which you enjoyed immensely
and would recommend to others. What was it about? 4. Do you like to read yourself to
sleep with a book? 5. Is there any nonfiction book you have enjoyed lately? 6. Are you
satisfied with the way literature was taught in your grammar school? 7. Which ten
books would you never part with? 8. Which Czech novels would you recommend for
translation into English and why? 9. What interests you in the book you are reading at
the moment? 10. What sort of literature are young people interested in? 11. Do you
ever finish a book at a sitting? 12. Do you devour books'or do you read slowly? 13.
Why do you dislike lending books to certain people? 14. Which libraries do you
borrow books from?
5. Quiz. Classify as literary genres (as suggested by the titles):

1. Improve Your Golf; 2. The Modern Writer and His World; 3. The Case of the
Constant Suicides; 4. Megalith Builders of Western Europe; 5. White Mustang; 6. The
Lost World of the Kalahari; 7. Journey to the Centre of the Earth; 8. Porcelain
Through the Ages; 9. The Early Years ofG. B. Shaw; 10. The Oxford Book of English
Verse; 11. The Princess and the Goblin.
6. Translate
otevřít namátkou knihu; přečíst na jedno posezení; přeskočit nezajímavou pasáž; četba
na ukrácení dlouhé chvíle; probírat se knihami v knihovně; vyprávěčský talent; oživit
staré časy; vyvolat atmosféru; živé líčení skutečnosti; pustit se do ožehavého námětu;
vymyšlený příběh; zasadit příběh do minulého století; složitá zápletka; vedlejší motiv;
záběr do minulosti; narážka na. skutečnou událost; vzrušující napětí; rozvláčný děj;
překvapivý obrat; vyvrcholit scénou odchodu; tragické rozuzlení; nepravděpodobný
konec; smyšlený hrdina; tradiční postava; představit novou postavu; přesné zobrazeni
lidských slabostí, bystrý postřeh; jemný rozbor.
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PHRASAL VERBS TAKE II
take on
• přibrat, přijmout:
I almost regret that I took the job on. The bus stopped to take on some more
passengers. After what you've told me, his words take on a different significance.
His face took on an expression of surprise.
You've taken on too much responsibility / staff. Vzals na sebe / Nabral sis příliš...
Take on fuel. Natankovat.
• vzít, zavést dál:
This is as far as I'm going - you'll have to find someone else to take you on to Bath.
take out • vytáhnout: He took out a packet of cigarettes and offered me one.
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• vzít (ven): I'd like to take you out to the pictures. May I take you out this evening?
Who'll take the children out to the park?
• vytrhnout: This tooth should be taken out.
• pořídit (úředně): Take out a driving licence / a patent for one's invention / an
annual subscription to a journal.
take in out on • vylít si zlost na:

He came home angry because he'd lost at cards and took it out on his wife.
take over • převzít (vedení podniku):

A big foreign company took over the firm / the leadership of the firm.
take round • provést (ukázat něco):

You don't know Oxford, do you? I'll take you round.
take up
• začít se věnovat, (hobby):
I'll take up gardening or painting when I retire. He's got plenty of free time - he
should take up a hobby. Take up fishing. Dát se na rybaření.
• zabírat, zaujímat:
This piano takes up an awful lot of space. I won't take up any more of your time. The
army took up position on a hill.
• opět začít, navázat (na přerušené):
We took up where they had left off. I started the song and the others took it up (took
up the chorus).... a ostatní se přidali (přidali se k refrénu).
She took up with John. Začla se zase stýkat s Johnem. Nastěhovala se k Johnovi.
• věnovat se (něčemu), prošetřit (něco): The Minister listened to the complaints
and promised to take up the matter. I'll take up this problem / matter / issue with
the manager. Projednám tu záležitost s vedoucím.
be taken up with • být zaujat (někým): Ted seems very much taken up with that girl.
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1. The factory has employed some temporary workers. 2. I'm. too busy to undertake
any more projects. 3. Get a driving licence and buy a car. 4. I'll order a subscription to
the Listener. 5. He missed the train and relieved his frustration and irritation by
shouting at the taxi driver. 6. This armchair occupies a lot of room. 7. He started
playing golf to relieve his boredom. 8. He was very attracted to that actress he met.
2. Translate:
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l. Vlak mě zavezl až do Exeteru. 2. Autobus přibral další cestující. 3. Tu práci jsem

nepnjal. 4. Chtěl bych tě vzít do kina. 5. Vytáhl z kapsy žvýkačku. 6. Musím si dát
vytrhnout zub. 7. Vezmi děti na procházku. 8. Provedeme vás po městě. 9. Jeho slova
dostala jiný význam po tom, cos mi řekl. 10. Prý budou přibírat zaměstnance ve
Škodovce. 11. Móda krátkých sukní se ujala rychle. 12. Nenabral sis toho příliš?
(práce) 13. Obstarej si řidičský průkaz aspoň na skútr. 14 Pořídím si pojistku, přibývá
tu loupeží. 15. Nevylévej si na něm zlost - za nic nemůže! 16. Ten stojan s květinami
zabírá moc místa. 17. Jakým koníčkům by ses rád věnoval? 18. Přidejte se k refrénu!
19. Nezdržuji vás moc? 20. Viděl Mary jen chvilku, ale okamžitě jí byl zaujat.
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▲ Offering something
Complete the sentences; topics: food, a drink. Four phrases are very informal:
1. Will you have ... ? 2. Won't you have ... ? 3. Would you like ... ? 4. What would you
say to ... ? 5. Like one? 6. Have ... 7. Glass of.,. ? 8. What can I get you? ... or... ? 9.
What will you have? ... or... ? 10. (Please) help yourself to ... 11. What's it to be? (this
and the next formula are usually used for drinks); 12. What's yours?
▲ Declining an offer of something

Identify one somewhat formal response:
1. No, thank you (very much). 2. That's very kind (of you), but... (thank you). 3. Not
for me, thank you. 4. Thanks very much, but...
▲ Giving something to someone

Complete the sentences (topics: money, a piece of advice, a present), identifying
three quite informal expressions:
1. There you go. 2. Want...? 3. I´d like to give you ... 4. Can I give you ...? 5. Here you
are. 6. Need ...? 7. ... is / are for you. 8. I want / I'd like you to have ...
▲ Responding to thanks
Think of a different formula of thanks to elicit each response:
1. Not at all. 2. It's a pleasure. 3; (Please) don't mention it. 4. (It's) no trouble at all. 5.
That's all right / OK. 6. Thank you. (if you think it's you who should be saying "thank
you") 7. You're welcome, (especially American English)
▲ Complimenting
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a)Complete the statements where necessary; topics: articles of clothing, food.

Identify four informal formulas:
1. What a nice / smart / lovely ... 2. That's a (very) nice / smart ... (you're wearing). 3....
suits you (very well / perfectly). 4. You look (very) nice* / smart in ... (* not
appropriate for men's clothes or men's appearance) 5. I must say … is (really) very
(very) good. 6. I'd like ... 7. You're looking good. 8. My compliments to ... 9. You look
great / terrific / fantastic. 10. … is really terrific / super / smashing. 11. This is
(certainly) the best ... 12. Wow [wau]!
b) What might you say to your friend:

1. when you've just learned that she has passed her English exam; 2. to show her
you're pleased for her sake that she has got a teaching job; 3. to congratulate her on her
looks; 4. to praise what she's wearing; 5. to show you admired the paper she read in the
seminar?
▲ Responding to compliments or congratulations

Think out a different compliment to elicit each response:
1. Thank you. 2. It's (very) nice of you to say so. 3. Thank you (very much) for saying
so. 4. (Oh good,) I'm glad you like it. 5. (Oh,) ... is nothing special, actually / really. 6.
(Oh,) I have a'lot to learn yet.
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GRAMMAR
1. Translate, using an English equivalent to the Czech preposition "o":

1. pečovat o dítě; 2. zajímat se o sport; 3. pokus o sebevraždu; 4. požádat o ruku; 5.
volat o pomoc;"6. ošidit o peníze; 7. byt o dvou poschodích; 8. kružnice o poloměru 5
cm; 9. snít o štěstí; 10. uvažovat o změně; 11. o vánocích; 12. o žních; 13. zůstat o
samotě s někým; 14. uniknout nebezpečí o vlas; 15. vsadit se o sto korun; 16.
přesvědčen o nevinně; 17. o půlnoci, 18. pochybovat o pravdě; 19. skok o tyči; 20.
předmět o váze 1 kg; 21. naivní představy o životě; 22. spor o koncepci; 23. poprosit o
trochu vody; 24. o rok starší; 25. opřít se o zábradlí; 26. zakopnout o kořen; 27. bát se
o svůj život; 28. vystoupit o patro výš; 29. otočit o 90 stupňů; 30. Jde o vše.
Key Offering something:!: 5, 7, 11, 12

Declining an offer of something: F: 2
Giving something to someone: I: 1, 2, 6
Complimenting: I: 7, 9, 10, 12
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LESSON 18 FOLK HEROES, LEGENDARY FIGURES AP2
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ROBIN HOOD
Robin Hood is a legendary English hero whose myth was full-grown in the first half
of the 14th century, though the oldest datable mention of his name occurs in 1377. The
ballad Robin Hood and the Monk is possibly as old as the reign of Edward II (died
1327), other ballads are from the 15th century, and there are many signs of Robin
Hood's popularity in the 16th century as well. A Lyttel Geste of Robyn Hode, printed
about 1510, does for the Robin Hood cycle what a few years before Sir Thomas
Malory had done for the Arthurian romances.
Those are the facts about Robin Hood. Of conjectures there is no end. He has been
represented as the last of the Saxons, a Saxon holding out against the Norman
conquerors as late as the end of the 12th century. The scholars disagree whether the
Robin Hood story has some historical basis. Some of them couple him with an Earl of
Chester, others deny the existence of any historical character. Later ballads locate
Robin in Sherwood Forest near Nottingham and after 1615 make him Earl of
Huntingdon (which was probably a nickname for a hunter), for whom in the following
century a pedigree was discovered. Finally, popular plays which develop out of the
village May game (performed on May Day) incorporate the Robin Hood motifs from
the ballads, the King and Queen of the May giving place to Robin and Maid Marian.
Some scholars have attempted to identify Maid Marian as young widow, Matilda, who
was pursued by King John (died 1216) and escaped to Sherwood Forest, where she
married her lover, an outlaw named Fulk.
The story of Robin Hood is an expression of the popular mind at the close of the
Middle Ages. Robin Hood was at that time the people's ideál, as Arthur was that of the
upper classes. He is the ideal yeoman, as Arthur is the ideal knight. He readjusts the
distribution of property; he robs the rich and endows the poor and always outwits the
Sheriff of Nottingham. He is an earnest worshipper of the Virgin but a vigorous hater
of monks and abbots (the legend says that he was bled to death by a treacherous nun).
He is a great sportsman, an incomparable archer, a lover of the greenwood and of a
free life, brave, adventurous, jocular, open-handed, a protector of women.
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abbot [AbEt] opat; archer [a:ča] lučištník; conjecture [kEndžekčE] dohad; couple
[kapl] spojovat; endow [in'dau] obdarovat; full-grown plně rozvinutý; greenwood les;
hold out vzdorovat, klást odpor; incorporate včlenit; jocular žertovný, šprýrnovný;
lyttel geste gest, menší zpěv (ve středověké literatuře cyklus epických básní
pojednávající o hrdinských činech určitě postavy a rozšiřovaný žongléry); nickname
přezdívka; open-handed štědrý; outlaw psanec; outwit přelstít; pedigree rodokmen;
pursue [pEs'sju:] pronásledovat; readjust [,ri:ECdžast] upravit, napravit; scholar
[skolE] badatel; sportsman lovec; the Virgin Panna Maria; yeoman [jEumEn] zeman
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DICK WHITTINGTON
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Dick Whittington was a poor boy driven by the extreme poverty of his parents to
seek employment in London. There he took a servant's post in Alderman Fitzwarren's
house, and was so cruelly treated by the cook that he' ran away and only returned when
he heard Bow bells ringing out their prophesy of his prosperous future. The Alderman
allowed all his servants to invest their property in his trade, and Dick gave him his
only possession, a cat. Through this excellent mouser he made a fortune, which
enabled him to marry his employer's daughter, and later he became three times Mayor
of London as well as MP for the city.
The latter part of this legend is true, for he did marry Alice Fitzwarren, and he was
Mayor in 1397, 1406, and 1419. There has been much argument about the cat. It is
possible that Whittington may have had a marked affection for cats. In the foundations
of a 15th-century house built by one of his relatives a stone sculpture was discovered
which showed him with a cat in his arms.
But whatever the true solution of the cat mystery may be, there is no doubt that the
legend of Whittington's lowly origin is false. He was the son of Sir William
Whittington, and he spent seven years in apprenticeship, but it was no servant's
position. His life history was embroidered with ancient tales because he was dear to
the people of London: he built libraries and almshouses, restored St Bartholomew's
Hospital, endowed a college, provided a water tap for thirsty wayfarers at Cripplegate,
and put down abuses among the City companies.
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abuse [E'bju:s] zlořád; affection for st náklonnost k něčemu; alderman [o:ldEmEn]
radní; almshouse [a:mzhaus] chudobinec; apprenticeship učení (učební poměr); City
company cech; drive zahnat, přinutit; embroider přikrášlit, vyšperkovat; endow
[in'dau] založit (z nadace); lowly origin nízký původ; mouser kočka, která chytá
myši; possession majetek; wayfarer pocestný
Bartholomew [ba: 'SolEmju:] Bartoloměj; Cripplegate [kriplgeit] a gate in London;

Firzwarren [fits'worEn] a surname; Fitz- suggests Norman origin; French' "fils"
[fis] = son; Whittington [witiNtEn]
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JOHNNY APPLESEED
Jonathan Chapman was born in Boston in 1755. In 1801 he planted the first apple
orchards in various places in Ohio. Afterwards his whole life was devoted to the work
of planting apple seeds in remote places that combined picturesqueness and fertility of
soil. This lonely traveler became known in every log cabin from Ohio River to the
northern lakes, and westwards to the prairies of what is now the state of Indiana. He
stopped at every inviting spot to make his nurseries (he gathered the seeds from the
cider presses in Pennsylvania); he placed a slight enclosure around the place and left
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the seeds to grow until the trees were large ough to be transplanted by the settlers who,
in the meantime, would have come to the area.
In personal appearance Chapman was a small, wiry man, with long dark hair and a
scanty beard that was never shaved. Generally, even in the coldest weather, he went
barefoot, but sometimes, for his long journeys, he would make himself a rude pair of
sandals. His dress was generally composed of cast-off clothing; in his later years,
however, he seems to have thought even this too luxurious, as his principal garment
was made of a coffee sack, in which he cut holes for his head and arms to pass through
He also made a hat of pasteboard with an immense peak in front.
Thus strangely clothed, he wandered perpetually through forest and morasses,

suddenly appearing in white settlements and Indian villages. But there must have been
some force of goodness in his looks as well as in his words, because all who knew him
say that in spite of his ridiculous attire, he was always treated with the greatest respect
by the rudest frontiersmen and, what is a still better test, the boys of the settlements
never jeered at him. On the contrary, his sympathy for their youthful troubles and his
kindness towards them made them regard him as a friend The Indians also treated
Johnny with the greatest kindness. By these savages he was regarded as a great
medicine man, on accounl of his strange appearance, eccentric actions, and, especially,
the fortitude with which he could endure pain During the War of 1812, when frontier
settlers were being slaughtered by Indians (the allies of Britain), Johnny Appleseed
continued his wanderings, and was never harmed by the roving bands of hostile
Indians. On many occasions he gave the settlers warning of approaching danger.
His diet was as meagre as his clothing. He believed it to be a sin to kill any creature
for food and thought that all that was necessary for human food was produced by the
soil. Whenever he saw an animal abused, he would purchase it and give it to some
more humane settler, on condition it was properly cared for.
He was an earnest disciple of the faith taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, the Swedish
visionary, and always carried a few old volumes of his works with him. It was his
custom to read out from them; he had a strange eloquence, believing that God had
given him a mission in the wilderness to preach the gospel of love and to plant apple
seeds that would produce orchards for the benefit of men and women whom he never
seen. In 1838, by which time civilization, wealth, and a growing population had come
to the wilderness of Ohio, he left for Indiana. In 1847 he died at the age of seventy-
two, having devoted forty-six years of his life to his mission.
_____________________________________________________________________
abuse [E'bju:z] an animal týrat zvíře; attire [E'taiE] oděv; cast-off odložený, cider
press lis na mošt; disciple [di'saipl] žák, učedník (vyznavač); eloquence [elEkwEns]
výmluvnost; enclosure [in'klEužE] ohrada; endure [in'djuE], amer, [in'duEr] snášet,
fortitude odhodlanost, statečnost; frontiersman [frantiEzmEn] zálesák (žijící na
hranici osidlení), raný osadník; gospel [gospl] of love evangelium lásky, inviting
slibný; jeer (at) sb vysmívat se někomu; log cabin srub; meagre skrovný, hubený;
230 / 474
medicine man ['medsn mAn], amer. ['medisn mAn] kouzelník (indiánský), mission
posláni; morass [mEa'rA] bažina; nursery školka (stromů), orchard [o:čad] sad;
pasteboard kartón, lepenka, peak štítek (čepice); roving potulný, scanty skrovný,
slaughter [slo:tE] povraždit; wiry [waiEri] šlachovitý
_____________________________________________________________________
BUFFALO BILL
William F. Cody was born on a farm in Iowa in 1846. All his life he lived on the
plains, as herder, hunter, Pony Express driver, stagecoach, and army scout. At the age
of twenty-six he was employed by the Kansas Pacific as a buffalo hunter to supply
meat to construction crews. Here he won his first fame and earned his nickname,
killing 4,280 buffaloes in one year. Always something of show-off, he now took to
performing stunts of horsemanship and marks-manship. James Gordon Bennet, editor
of the New York Herald, employed him as a guide on a hunting trip. In 1872 Buffalo
Bill came to New York at Bennett's expense for the opening of a play called Buffalo
Bill, the King of the Bordermen, taking a bow before the audience. Later that year he
made his first stage apperance in Chicago in a play entitled The Scouts of the Prairie.
There were several other authors publicizing Buffalo Bill, one of them Paul Ingraham,
author of over two hundred dime novels about Buffalo Bill. In 1883 the Wild West,
Rocky Mountain, and Prairie Exhibition opened at Omaha, Nebraska, and its chief star
was Buffalo Bill, the professional Westerner, in long hair and fringed buckskins.
All theses shows were a mixture of reality and fantasy: there were real Indians, real
cowboys, real mustangs, real revolvers. Buffalo Bill was not a fake. He was a good
horseman and a crack shot. He actually was more or less the person he pretended to be.
A summons to join a military expedition against the Indians reached him while he was
in the middle of a theater performance, impersonating himself; he read the telegram
aloud to the audience and hurried off, still dressed in his gaudy stage costume.
But the last Indian war came to an end in 1890 and the "frontier", as a dividing line
between settlement and wilderness, no longer existed. In 1894 Buffalo Bill became a
rancher in Wyoming. He died in 1917, but he still lives on in Western pulp magazines
and movies and in the hearts of Americans.
_____________________________________________________________________
borderman hraničář; construction crew stavební četa; crack shot skvělý střelec;
dime deseticent; dime novel laciný román (dobrodružný); fake napodobenina,
imitace; gaudy křiklavý; horsemanship jezdecké umění; impersonate ztělesňovat;
marksmanship střelecké umění; mustang [mastAN] mustang; plains mn. č. prérie;
publicize st dělat reklamu něčemu; pulp magazine braková literatura, rodokaps;
scout [skaut] zvěd, průzkumník; show-off osoba, která se ráda předvádí, vejtaha; stunt
obratný kousek, číslo (vyžadující obratnost); summons [samEnz] výzva, předvolání,
povolávací rozkaz; take to st začít se věnovat něčemu, najít zálibu v něčem;
Westerner obyvatel Západu
231 / 474
Cody [kEudi]; Ingraham [iNgrEhEm]; Iowa [aiEwE]; Kansas [kAnzEas]; Nebraska

[ni'brAskEa, nE'brAskE]; Omaha [EumEha:]; Wyoming [wai'EumiN]
_____________________________________________________________________
LITERATURE II STYLE 18
careeful [kECri:n] / clumsy [klamzi] stylist pečlivý / neobratný stylista

polished / artificial style uhlazený / vyumělkovaný styl
mediocre [,mi:di'EukE] style nevýrazný / podprůměrný styl
ponderous [pondErEs] těžkopádný
stilted / affected language nabubřelý / afektovaný styl
abound [ECbaund] in cliches [kli:šeiz] and hackneyed phrases
abound in cliches [kli:šez] … překypovat množstvím klišé a otřepaných frází
create lively / natural / convincing dialogue živý / přirozený / přesvědčivý dialog
acknowledged [EkCnolidžd] master of dialogue uznávaný mistr dialogu
enrich [inCrič] one's vocabulary, with colloquialisms and archaic terms

enrich one's … obohatit svou slovní zásobu o hovorové i archaické prvky
bold technical experiment odvážný kompoziční experiment
use modern fictional techniques, use the techniques of modern fiction
use modern … užít moderní prozaické postupy
innovation in the technique of novel writing novátorství v románové technice

technical mastery formální mistrovství
innovator novátor
interior monologue vnitřní monolog
stream of consciousness method metoda proudu vědomí
completely original zcela původní
develop a style of one's own vytvořit si vlastní styl
come under sb's influence být zasažen něčím vlivem
profoundly influenced by sb hluboce ovlivněný někým
WRITER'S CAREER
newcomer (to literature) nováček (v literatuře) nově vstupující (do literatury)
impressive first novel pozoruhodná prvotina
promising author slibný autor
gifted, talented nadaný, talentovaný
achieve recognition dosáhnout uznání
He attracted much critical attention and approval.
He attracted much critical … Dostalo se mu pozornosti i uznání od kritiky.
meet with critical acclaim mít kladný ohlas u kritiky
It brought him literary fame. Vyneslo mu to literární slávu.
major literary figure významná osobnost v literatuře
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His reputation rests on his early work. Jeho pověst vytvořila jeho raná díla.
His subsequent work did not fulfil the promise of his first work.
His subsequent work … Jeho následující práce nesplnily přislib jeho prvotiny.
forthcoming book chystaná knižní novinka
His work falls into two distinct periods.
His work falls … Jeho dílo se rozpadá na dvě zcela odlišná období.
an advance on his earlier work pokrok proti jeho dřívějším pracím
It confirms his earlier reputation based / founded on...
It confirms his … Potvrzuje to jeho dřívější pověst, zakládající se na …
Masterpiece mistrovské (umělecké) dílo
mature work zralé / vyzrále dílo
his finest achievement so far zatím jeho nejlepší věc
rank with ... as a master of the short story řadit se spolu s … mezi mistry povídky
incredibly prolific [prEa'lifik] neuvěřitelně plodný
versatile [vE:sEtail] všestranný
turn one's talent to a different field zaměřit svůj talent na jiné pole
be conscious of one's limitations uvědomovat si hranice svých schopností
author's fee autorský honorář
royalty honorář z prodeje díla (určité procento z každého prodaného výtisku …)
The normal term of copyright is a period of fifty years after the author's death.
The normal term … Autorská práva obvykle trvají padesát let po smrti autora.
APPRECIATION
deserve high praise zasluhovat si velkou chválu
brilliant achievement skvělý výkon
accomplished story-teller kultivovaný vypravěč
know how to tell a story umět vyprávět příběh
narrative power vyprávěčské umění
have an observant eye mít pozorovací talent
He displays many qualities: observation, imagination,...
He displays … Projevuje se u něho řada kvalit - schopnost pozorovaní, fantazie, …
known for good workmanship známý tím, že dobře ovládá spisovatelské řemeslo
major contribution to world literature významný přínos světové literatuře
know how to avoid the usual pitfalls of this genre
know how … umět se vyhnout obvyklým uskalím tohoto žánru
widely read and discussed hojně čtený a diskutovaný

try to satisfy the wishes of the mass reading public
try to satisfy … snažit se uspokojit nároky čtenářských mas
exciting vzrušující, napínavý
enthralling [in'Sro:liN] strhující
absorbing poutavý
sensitive citlivý
233 / 474
exquisite výtečný
Its impact is based on surprise. Působivost (díla) se zakládá na překvapení.
something quite out of the ordinary něco zcela mimořádného
well-written dobře napsaný
well-documented dobře doložený
a balanced account vyvážené pojednaní
full of provocative, timely, profound thoughts …
full of … plný podnětných / provokujících, aktuálních, hlubokých myšlenek
clarity of thought myšlenková jasnost
controversial author autor, který je předmětem polemik
eminently readable vrcholně čtivý
marvellously witty úžasně vtipný
memorable performance pozoruhodný výkon
unforgettable experience nezapomenutelný zážitek
delightful book rozkošná kniha
admirable, superb [su:'pE:b], remarkable performance …
admirable, superb … obdivuhodný, skvělý, pozoruhodný výkon
work of genius [dži:nies] geniální dílo
NEGATIVE JUDGMENT
criticize kritizovat
prejudiced reviewer předpojatý kritik / recenzent
analysis of the shortcomings [šo:CkamiNz] rozbor nedostatku
scathing [skeiDSiN] criticism sžíravá / břitká kritika
consider sb a minor author hodnotit někoho jako méně významného spisovatele
obscure author [Eb,skjuEr o:SE] obskurní autor
write trash [rait trAš] psát brak

reveal the limitations of one's talent odkrýt omezenost svého talentu
characteristic weakness charakteristická slabost
poring nudný
tedious [ti:diEs] nezáživný, únavný
monotonous [mE'notenEs] monotónní
unconvincing nepřesvědčivý
exaggerate [ig'zAdžereit] přehánět, nadsazovat
overrate přecenit
silly and sentimental hloupý a sentimentální
mawkish sentimentální, nasládly, přeslazený
sententious [sen'tenšes], moralizing moralistní, moralizující

bias(s)ed [baiEst] tendenční, předpojatý
meaningless nesmyslný
absurd [Eb'sE:d] absurdní
artificial story vykonstruovaný příběh
inanities [in'Anitiz] of the story nehoráznosti / nejapnosti příběhu
234 / 474
It leaves you confused. Zůstanete z toho zmatený.

The message is not clear. Není jasné, co román / autor chtěl říci.
It leaves everyone baffled in the end. Nakonec je z toho každý zmatený.
reserve one's judgment zdržet se úsudku
It doesn't ring true. Nezní to věrohodně.
It's not up to much. Za moc to nestojí.

I don't think much of it. Nemám o tom vysoké mínění. Moc si to necením.
It's rather a disappointment. Je to značným zklamáním. Dost to zklamalo.
Is isn't quite satisfying. Nelze s tím být úplně spokojen.
He can't compare / He can't be compared with ... Nesnese srovnání s …
vary considerably in quality mít značně proměnlivou kvalitu, značně kolísat
not fit for the young nevhodné pro mládež
unexpurgated [an'ekspEgeitid] edition úplné, necenzurované vydání
obscene [ob'si:n] oplzlý, obscénní
soft - hard porn / pornography [po:' nogrEfi] mírná - silná pornografie
pornographic pornografický
bawdy komicky obscénní, košilatý
PRIZES AND AWARDS

recognition of outstanding literary merit uznání vynikající literarní hodnoty
win a prize vyhrát / získat / obdržet cenu
British literary prizes:
the Booker Award since 1969, for fiction
the James Tait Black prize for fiction
American literary prizes:

Pulitzer Prizes in letters for fiction, drama, history, biography …
Pulitzer Prizes … American poetry, general nonfiction
National Book Awards administered by the American Academy and Institute of Arts
National Book … and Letters for fiction, poetry, biography, children's literature,
National Book … translation, contemporary thought, history
Newbury Medal by the American Library Association for children's literature

Hugo Awards, Nebula Awards by Science Fiction Writers of America
_____________________________________________________________________
1. outlaw; 2. incomparable archer; 3. lover of the greenwood; 4. yeoman; 5. abbot; 6.
sheriff; 7. Bow bells; 8. alderman; 9. almshouse; 10. endow a college; 11.
frontiersman; 12. medicineman; 13. dime novel; 14. crack shot; 15. stunts of
horsemanship and marksmanship.
235 / 474
1. The historical basis of the legend of Robin Hood.

2. Why a cat plays a central part in the legend of Dick Whittington.
3. Why Johnny Appleseed, in spite of his eccentric appearance and actions, was treated
with respect. How people in.general win the respect of other people.
4. Buffalo Bill - the real man and the character in American dime novels.
5. Can new legends arise in the modern age?
6. Which old Czech legends (e.g. in the Jirásek version) do you still remember?
7. Is there any legend associated with your hometown?
3. Quiz. Who are the following characters?

1. Maid Marian; 2. Lady Godiva; 3. The Pied Piper; 4. Bluebeard; 5. King Arthur; 6.
Merlin; 7. Paul Bunyan.
4. Translate:
románová prvotina; dosáhnout uznání; neobratný stylista; nevýrazný styl; přirozený,
přesvědčivý dialog; frázovitý jazyk; slibný autor; mít ohlas u kritiky; přinést slávu;
pokrok proti dřívějším pracím; zralé dílo; všestranný talent; neuvěřitelně plodný autor;
autorský honorář; zasluhovat si velkou chválu; strhující příběh; nezapomenutelný
zážitek; hojně čtený; úžasně vtipný; geniální dílo; rozbor nedostatků; nezáživná kniha;
vykonstruovaný příběh; nesmyslné zakončení; monotónní popis; brak; kolísat v
kvalitě; uznání vynikající literární hodnoty; obdržet cenu (name one or two British or
American literary prizes).
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS TAKE III
take advantage of • využít:

Their teacher is too lenient and some of the boys take advantage of it.
take sb's breath away • vzít někomu dech:

His surprise announcement took my breath away.
take care not to ... • dát pozor / být opatrný, aby ne ..: Take care not to catch a cold.
take care of • dát pozor na, postarat se o:

Take care of the baby while I'm out.
They can take care of themselves. Umí se o sebe postarat.
Who'll take care of it? Kdo to zařídí?
take chances • riskovat:

I'm studying hard these days - / don't want to take any chances at the exam.
take charge of • ujmout se:

Brian took charge of the organization of the fancy dress party.
236 / 474
take courage • vyžadovat odvahu: Sometimes it takes courage to say no.
take a degree in • vystudovat (určitý obor na vysoké škole):

Kate took a degree in biology. Nigel wants to take a BA (in English).
take delight / pleasure in • rád dělat: Jane takes great delight in teasing Jim.
take a dislike to • pociťovat antipatii vůči:

I don't know why he took an instant dislike to me.
take effect • vstoupit v platnost, nabýt účinnosti:

The new system of education will take effect on 1 September.
• účinkovat: The medicine he prescribed failed to take effect.
take sb's fancy • zaujmout někoho:
That tune took her fancy and now she sings it all day long.
take a fancy to • oblíbit si: He took a fancy to walking barefoot.
take to heart • vzít si k srdci:

He took to heart his father's advice. She always takes criticism too much to heart.
take an interest in • zajímat se, projevovat zájem o:

Ivor takes considerable interest in what I do / horseracing.
take one's leave • (knižní) rozloučit se (a odejít):

I took my leave before the gathering, was over. After dinner I took leave of her.
take a load off sb's mind • způsobit, že se někomu uleví (od starostí):
That took a had off my mind. To mi spadl kámen ze srdce.
take a look at • podívat se na:

The lecturer took a quick look at his notes and then corrected himself.
take measures • učinit opatření:

I'll take measures against him if he continues to act like that.
The government took measures to prevent a recurrence of the disaster.
take (no) notice (of) • (ne)všímat si:

Don't take any notice of what he says. Nedbej na to, co řiká.
take offence at • urazit se kvůli:

He even takes offence at her tone of voice / the mildest criticism.
237 / 474
take the opportunity • využít příležitosti:

I'd like to take this opportunity to thank you for all you did for us.
take a liking to • oblíbit si; pojmout náklonnost k:

I took a liking to her as soon as we were introduced.
take (great) pains • dát si (velkou) práci:

I took great pains with / over my homework so that I'd get high marks.
Great pains have been taken to finish the project. Mnoho úsilí bylo vyvinuto ...
take part in • účastnit se:

Did Jack take part in the contest I fighting / extramural activities?
When did your country take part in the Olympics for the first time?
take place • konat se:

The novel takes place in the West Country.
The national championship in tennis takes place at Wimbledon.
take pride in • pyšnit se (něčím):

She takes great pride in the flowers in her garden.
take the smile off sb's face • způsobit, že se někdo přestane usmívat:
That would take the smile off your face. To by vás přešel smích.
take one's time • nepospíchat, dát si načas: Don't hurry - take your time.
take turns at (doing st) • střídat se v (něčem):

Let's take turns at carrying the tent. We took turns at driving the car.
_____________________________________________________________________

1. He graduated from university with a BSc in physics. 2. I don't think Grandfather
enjoys hearing you quarrel very much. 3. From the moment. I pointed out his mistakes
he stopped liking me. 4. The new regulations will come into force on 7 January. 5. I've
come to enjoy our new neighbours: 6. I'm glad that you've taken my advice seriously.
7. Don's offer to help relieved me. 8. He worked very hard to make his view absolutely
clear. 9. First I'll sit up with the patient and then you will. 10. Don't pay any attention
to them. 11. He was offended at my remarks. 12. Harry is very proud of his four A
levels.
2. Translate:
238 / 474
1. vzít v úvahu; 2. ujmout se organizace; 3. vstoupit v platnost; 4. oblíbit si; 5. vzít si k

srdci; 6. ignorovat něco; 7. urazit se; 8. dát si velkou práci s něčím; 9. pyšnit se něčím;
10. střídat se; 11. To se mi ulevilo!
_____________________________________________________________________
▼ Giving someone your general good wishes or greetings

Among the wishes and greetings identify three that are fairly informal:
1. All the (very) best. 2. Enjoy yourselves. 3. The best of luck. 4. I hope everything
goes well. 5. Have a good / nice party. 6. (I hope you) have a good time. 7. Have fun.
8. (I hope you) have a good / pleasant / enjoyable trip / journey / holiday / weekend. 9.
Hope things go well/all right/OK. 10. (Please) give my best wishes to John Smith. 11.
Regards to John. 12. Say hello to Anne (for me). 13 Give my love to Annie. 14.
(Please) remember me to your wife.
▼ Giving someone good wishes on a special occasion

a) Add something appropriate to follow the good wishes (e.g. Have a good Easter.
Will you be staying in town?)
I. (A) merry / happy Christmas (to you).* 2. Have a good Christmas.* I (Have a)
happy birthday / anniversary. 4. Many happy returns (of the day). 5. Happy birthday.
* The responses: 1. Thank you. And a merry / happy Christmas to you too.
2. Thank you. (The) same to you.
b) Complete the opening sentence wishing good luck and add something appropriate
to the responses too:
A: … your driving test tomorrow.
B: Thanks. Bet I don't pass, though. ...
A: Course you will. ...
▼ Proposing a toast
Which of the formulas is informal?
1. Cheers. 2. Here's to ;.. 3. Your very good health.*
*The response: Thank you. And yours.
▼ Accepting an invitation
a) Think of suitable invitations (e.g. to a party, weekend cottage, wedding reception,
graduation ceremony, etc.) for each accepting formula. No. 1 is informal, nos. 9 and
10 are formal:
1. I'd love to. 2. (Thank you.) I'd like to (very much). 3.1 would, very much (Thank
you) 4. That would be very nice. 5. With pleasure. 6. That would be wonderful, (this
239 / 474
formula sounds enthusiastic) 7. I'd very much like to. 8. I'd be delighted (to ...) 9. That
would give me great pleasure. 10. With the greatest of pleasure.
b) here are phrases that sound like invitations but are nothing more than polite
expressions - they do not result in an actual meeting with another person.
Invitations that result in an appointment include a definite plan (hour and place of
meeting). Which of the following invitations are "definite'*? (The dialogues are in
informal American English.)
1. A: It was nice talking to you. I have to run to class.
B: OK, maybe we can meet sometime soon.
A: Yeah, love to. Why don't you drop by my house sometime?
B: Great. Gotta go See you soon.
2. A: Hi, Barbara.
B: Hi.
A: When are we going to get together?
B: We really should.
A: You know my dormitory number. Just give a call
B: OK.
A: Goodbye.
B: Bye, Andy.
3. A: OK. It was good talking to you. Let's get together some time.
B: I'd love to. I'm available any day next week. What about you?
A: Wednesday at 12:00 is good for me
B: OK, let's make it Wednesday.
A: Great.
B: See you at noon Wednesday.
4. A: I'd like to have you over to my place sometime this semester.

B: Great.
A: How about if I call you sometime and we'll figure out a good time,
5. A: Hey Bess! Why don't you drop by on Fnday night. I'm having a party.
B: OK. I'll try to come.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
▼ Making parting remarks
Work in pairs. You read out a parting remark from column A; then partner a
suitable response from column B:
A B ☺
I really must go now Yes, I must go too.

Look, I must go now. Yes, I'm in a bit of hurry too.
Heavens! Look at the time. I must rush, I'm afraid.
240 / 474
Give my regards to Ann. Yes, I will.

Give my love to your parents. Thanks. I will
Look after yourself. Thanks. And the same to you.
Have a nice time.

Enjoy yourself.
Come and see us sometime.
Don't forget to write. No, I won't.

Don't drive too fast. No. Don't worry. I won't
Don't forget to phone me. Yes, I hope so. Bye.
Bye. See you! Yes. See you soon.

Goodbye See you soon, I hope. Yes. Bye.
Bye. See you on Saturday. Yes. I hope we'll meet again sometime.
Goodbye. It was nice meeting you. Goodbye.
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (obligation):
1 Budeš to muset podepsat. 2. Předpisy to vyžadují. 3. Musím hojit navštívit do
nemocnice - musí se tam, chudák, cítit tak sám. 4. Musím to auto nechat na silnici,
nedovedu ho spravit. 5 Nemusíš si s tím dělat starosti 6. Měl bys to také zkusit. 7.
Uděláš přesně, co chci. 8. Raději by sis měl pospíšit. 9. Jsem vám nesmírně zavázán.
10 Účast je povinná.
2. Translate (preposition "k"):

1. přisednout k někomu; 2. dojít k názoru; 3. jít k lékaři; 4. blahopřání k svátku; 5 ke
svému překvapení, 6. nebýt k dostání; 7. byt k pronajmutí; 8. jít k divadlu; 9 láska k
rodné zemi; 10. být laskavý klidem; 11. vzhledem k vysokému věku; 12. Jak k tomu
došlo? 13. K ránu se vyjasnilo 14 Je to k smíchu. 5. K otázce vzniku jazyka (nadpis)
Key Giving someone your general good wishes or greetings: I: 7, 9, 11

Proposing a toast: I: 1
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 19 HISTORY AP2
DID KING ARTHUR EXIST?
Until the end of the 16th century King Arthur was thought to have really existed and
to have been the greatest king of Britain. This is because he was mentioned in a
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popular 12th-century history of Britain, written in Latin by Geoffrey of Monmouth.

Modern historians point out, however, that the story of King Arthur developed over
the course of several hundred years, each subsequent author adding more details, and
that especially in Monmouth's work the author's imagination plays a very large part.
Let us trace the development of King Arthur's story from the beginning.
The first known mention of Arthur occurs in the History of the Britons. The
historian, who probably lived about 900 AD, describes Arthur as having lived about
400 years earlier. He does not call him king but warleader, and credits him with twelve
victories over the Saxons, including that of Mt Badon. But another chronicler, Gildas,
who was contemporary with Arthur, makes no mention of Arthur, though he refers to
the victory at Mt Badon. In some ancient Welsh poems and romances Arthur is a
purely mythical character who fights with magic weapons against giants and monsters,
but never against the AngloSaxons.
In Monmouth's narrative we learn a great deal about Arthur. His father, a Welsh
chieftain, wins his wife, Arthur's mother, with, the help of the magician Merlin. The
elves bestow on Arthur at his birth long life, riches, and virtues. At the age of fifteen,
Arthur proves his right to the throne and becomes king of Britain and wages wars
against the Scots, Picts, and Saxons. He is assisted by the counsel and magic of
Merlin. With his sword Excalibur he defeats his enemies and then marries Guinevere,
a lady of noble Roman family. While he fights on the Continent, his nephew Mordred
seizes the kingdom. Arthur returns to Britain and in Cornwall kills Mordred and his
knights in a battle, but he himself is mortally wounded and is carried to the island of
Avalon for the healing of his wounds. Since then he has been expected to return from
Avalon and resume his rule.
Monmouth's chronicle was translated into French and became a favourite subject of
romance literature. Many new details were added to the story, in particular the
establishment of the Round Table, to settle the disputes as top precedence among
Arthur's knights, and the story that Arthur was carried to Avalon by Morgan le Fay,
known also as the Lady of the Lake (because she lived at the bottom of a lake) or Fata
Morgana.
Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur, printed by Caxton in 1485, presents the fullest
version of Arthur's story, but Arthur becomes only the central figure of many
narratives about various personages associated with him. Many adventures of the
knights Launcelot, Gawain, Tristram, and Kay are described, in which they overcome
evil and help the weak. All the knights have to search for the Holy Grail, the cup used
at the Last Supper, but only those who are perfect can succeed. Many die in the search,
and Sir Launcelot fails because of his love for Queen Guinevere. The knight Gawain, a
model of purity and valour, finds the Grail and thus becomes a more important figure
than Arthur himself. The love of Tristram and Iseult is another independent story of
the Arthurian legend.
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The most famous of the later versions is Tennyson's Idylls of the King. These both
simplify and refine the tales. The fighting is unreal, but there are many beautiful
descriptive passages. T. H. White's novel on the Arthurian legend, The Once and
Future King (1958), Rosemary Sutcliff's trilogy and Mary Stewart's tetralogy have all
found many enthusiastic readers, both young and old.
Modern historians cannot agree whether Arthur was a Celtic war god or a 6th-
century British chieftain who led a successful Celtic defence in the West Country
against the invading Anglo-Saxons. Perhaps both existed and their characters have
become blended in legend. The work of modern archaeologists suggests, however, that
there may have been some historical truth in the legend. Excavations have revealed
that there really was a British monastery at Tintagel, where Arthur was traditionally
said to have been born, about the time Arthur lived. The place now known as Cadbury
may have been his Camelot, and Glastonbury in Somerset the fairy isle of Avalon. On
a small hill, called a tor, archaeologists have found traces of a settlement dating from
Arthurian times and discovered that in the Dark Ages there was water around the tor.
This place would then be the resting-place of Arthur's sword Excalibur, which the
dying Arthur asked one of his knights to throw into the lake.
_____________________________________________________________________
chieftain [či:ftEn] náčelník; chronicler [kroniklEa] kronikář; counsel [kaunsl] rada;
credit sb with st připisovat někomu něco; elf víla, sudička; idyll [idil, aidl] idyla;
precedence [presidEns] přednost (před někým); resume on's rule znovu se ujmout
vlády; trace sledovat; valour [vAlE] udatnost; warleader vojevůdce
Avalon [AvElon]; Cadbury [kAdbEari] Castle a massive earthwork on a hill, the

most likely site of Camelot; one of the finest prehistoric camps in England; Camelot
[kAmElot]; Caxton, William [kAkstEn] (?1422-91) the first English printer;
Excalibur [eksCkAlibE]; Gawain (ga:wein]; Glastonbury [glAstEnbEri] a town in
Somerset with ruins of a great abbey, which was pro bably here as early as the 5th
century; the Holy Grail is said to rest on Glastonbury tyor the steep hill which
dominates the town: Guinevere [gwiniviE]; Launcelot [la:nslEt, la:nsElot]; Malory,
Thomas [mAlEri] (died 1471); Monmouth, Geoffrey of [,džefri Ev ,monmAS]
(1100-54) English chronicler; Mordred [mo:drid]; Mt Badon [maunt ' beidEn];
Stewart, Mary [stjuEt] (1916-) English author; the Arthurian tetralogy begins with
"The Crystat Cave" (1970); Sutcliff, Rosemary [,rEuzmEri 'satklif] (1920-92) English
author juvenile literature; besides her trilogy retelling Arthurian legends, which
begins with Sword at Sunset" (1963), she has written novels about the Bronze Age and
Roman legions Britain, deftly combining fact andfiction; Tennyson, Alfred [Alfrid
'tenisn] (1809-92) English poet; Tintagel [tin'tAdžEl] now a village on the Atlantic
coast, the site of a Celtic 'nastery; the sights include Merlin's Cave and King Arthur's
Hall, built in 1933, with me seventy stained-glass windows depicting Arthur's
knights; Tristram and Iseult (též Tristan and Isolde) [tristrEm, tristen; i'zu:lt,
i'zoldE] Tristan a Isolda; White, T. H. (1906-64) English author
_____________________________________________________________________
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HENRY FORD'S COLLECTION OF AMERICANA
A self-made historian of old crafts, Henry Ford began early to collect examples of
the implements and products of such craftsmen as the smith, weaver, glass blower,
shoemaker, silversmith, potter, cabinet-maker, candle-maker, and pewterer. As the
antiques filled the old tractor factory Ford had set aside as a storage spot, he decided to
put all these things in a place where they could be seen. He found a location and
erected Greenfield Village near Dearborn, Michigan. In some ninety buildings, more
than half of them transplanted originals, he housed his wealth of Americana and
opened it to the public. From England he imported a cottage with a stable and
dovecote plus a nearby forge (at a cost of one million dollars). He was not content to
acquire just the buildings. He also moved every item of the equipment that the original
smithy owners retained after three hundred years of ironwork. He even imported the
hard-packed soil which had made up the floor of the old shop. With the barn came a
flock of English sheep; their descendants still wander about the village (the English
doves became victims of Michigan hawks). Transporting an old windmill from Cape
Cod was no easy feat, either. And when a 1652 house was fetched from its site, Ford's
passion for completeness led him to bring as well the two brothers who lay beneath the
lawn.
Ford wanted to preserve a historical cross-section of America. He decided to

immortalize Edison's scientific achievements, and transplanted Edison's machine shop
and first laboratory, in which a squad of brilliant technicians had perfected many
extraordinary inventions, from the phonograph to the light bulb. Ford's industrious
men also brought back the nearby shrubs and trees and an old dump with broken bits
of discarded glass, scraps of iron, and splinters of wood, the night watchman's shed,
and the boardinghouse where several of Edison's workmen lodged (it became the
world's first Edison-lighted house). Ford could not procure the building in which
Edison was born; he had to content himself with the Canadian homestead of the
inventor's grandparents. He also salvaged another laboratory from Florida. When
Ford eventually showed Edison round the meticulously duplicated scene, with shelf I
after shelf of bottles and jars, retorts and test tubes, he asked him: "Well, Thomas,
what do you think of it?" Edison shook his head: "Henry, it's 99.9 per cent perfect " -
"What? There's something wrong?" - "Yes. We never kept the old place this clean. "
The Wright brothers, the pioneers of flight, also found a place in Ford's Valhalla.
The bicycle hhop that they ran in Dayton, Ohio, is now here. And of course the brick
shed that stood behind Henry Ford's Detroit home is here too. Ford put together his
experimental car here; he used bicycle wheels, carriage cushions, and anything else
handy (this was in 1896). An Old Car Festival is held in Greenfield Village each
September, with some two hundred entrants.
From boyhood Henry loved to repair clocks and watches. Later he collected more
than three thousand timepieces, now shown in the museum. In the museum's Street of
Shops, there are twenty-two shops of typical 19th-century American craftsmen (a
toymaker, tinsmith, milliner, drugstore, and so on). Twenty-three craftsmen currently
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practising their skills in the Village help bring to life the forerunners of American
technologists Their products are sold to visitors over the counter of the General Store.
Spacious galleries house collections of decorative arts - shop signs, weather vanes,
primitive portraits silverware, glass, rugs and textiles, and fifteen hundred pieces of
antique furniture. Greenfield Village is an enormous three-dimensional library of
American economic and industrial development.
_____________________________________________________________________
Americana [Emeri'ka:nE], amer. [-'kAnE] památky vztahující se k Americe; cabinet
maker truhlář; candle-maker svíčkař; dovecote [davkEut, davkot] holubník; dump
smetiště; entrant přihlášený (závodník, účastník); forge kovárna; glass blower foukač
bkla, sklář; hardpacked soil udusaná hlína; hawk jestřáb; homestead [hEumsted]
domov, farma; implements mn.č. náčiní; machine shop strojní n. zámečnická dílna;
meticulous [mi'tikjulEs] pečlivý, přesný; milliner modistka, pewterer cínař; potter
hrnčíř; procure [prE'kjuE] obstarat; retort [ri'to:t] retorta, křivule; salvage [sAlvidž]
zachránit; scrap of iron kousek železa, železný šrot; self-made historian historik
samouk; shed kůlna; smithy [smiDi] kovárna; test tube zkumavka; timepiece
chronometr, hodiny; tinsmith klempíř, weather vane korouhvička
Dearborn [diEbo:n]; Valhalla [vAl'hAlE] Valhalla (in Norse mythology, the hall of
the heroes fallen in battle)
_____________________________________________________________________
THE PYRAMIDS OF OUR TIMES
Every US president from the 1930s has his White House papers stored in a library
built in his honor. The earliest, the Hoover Library, contains 4.6 million documents,
the latest 20 to 30 million. Presidential libraries have been called "the pyramids of our
times". They contain each president's official papers as well as great amounts of
memorabilia. Tourists come to visit the libraries by the thousands. The John F.
Kennedy Library is a modernistic concrete and glass buildíng overlooking the Boston
harbor, on the campus of the University of Massachusetts. The library that houses the
Johnson papers is an eight-storey building built on a hill overlooking the University of
Texas campus in Austin. It contains records of every telephone call to and from
Johnson during his presidency and diaries of every minute of those five years,
including notations about naps and meals. Papers and millions of feet of microfilmed
records of Government agencies, stored in red boxes, fill four floors of archives. In
addition to the 43,000 boxes, there are nearly one million photographs of Johnson's
official and family activities, reels of color movie films, six hundred taped interviews
with various personalities, and a replica of the Oval Office. Sometimes the president
himself breaks the ground during ceremonies (attended by two or three other
presidents) on the future site of his library; e.g. Ronald Reagan in Simi Valley in
California. Jimmy Carter's Library in Atlanta, Georgia, was opened in 1986, Richard
Nixon's at Yorba Linda, California, in 1991.
_____________________________________________________________________
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break ground zahájit stavební práce výkopem; notation záznam; Oval Office
prezidentova kancelář v Bílém domě; pyramid [pirEmid] pyramida; replica
napodobenina
_____________________________________________________________________
HISTORY 19
EARLY HISTORY OF MANKIND
without written records bez písemných záznamů

hunters [hantEz] / huntsmen [hantsmen] and gatherers [gADErEz] lovci a sběrači
caveman člověk jeskynní
prehistoric art prehistorické umění
decorate the bones with engravings zdobit kosti rytinami
female statuette [fi:meil ,stAtju'et] ("Venus") soška ženy („Venuše")
cave painting jeskynní malba
prehistoric monument předhistorická / prehistorická stavba
stone circle [stEun sE:kl] (e.g. Stonehenge) kruh z kamenů
fort hradiště (na kopci zvaném „hill fort")
the use of the plough [plau], wheeled vehicles, and animals for pulling and riding
the use of … používání pluhu, vozidel s koly a zvířat k tahání a jízdě
shoot with arrow tips made of stone střílet šípy s kamennými hroty
primitive society prvobytně pospolná, společnost
the Stone / Bronze Age doba kamenná / bronzová
learn to melt and work iron naučit se tavit a opracovávat železo
use bronze for tools / implements and weapons bronz pro nástroje / nářadí / zbraně
ancient nation starobylý / starověký národ
antiquity [An' tikwEati] starověk
worship pagan gods [wE:šip peigEn godz] uctívat pohanské bohy
build a temple to a fertility goddess postavit chrám bohyni plodnosti
site with many archaeological finds naleziště s mnoha archeologickými nálezy
burial mound [beriEl maund] pohřební mohyla

hoard [ho:d] poklad (ukrytý)
unearth a grave odkrýt hrob
excavate relics of an ancient civilization vykopat památky staré civilizace
The date is disputed. Datum je sporné.
BC - AD [,bi: 'si: - ,ei 'di:] (= before. Christ - Anno domini) př. n. 1. - n. 1.

establish a great empire in the Nile valley vybudovat velkou říši v údolí Nilu.
build a pyramid for the pharaoh [feErEu] stavět pyramidu pro faraóna
era [iErE] of prosperity and expansion období prosperity a expanze
decline úpadek
disintegrate rozpadnout se
be overrun by sb být přemožen někým (dobyt a obsazen)
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collapse [kEClAps] after an invasion of barbaric tribes zhroutit se po vpádu

barbarů
period of anarchy [AnEki] období anarchie
The conquerors enslaved the population. Dobyvatelé zotročili obyvatelstvo.
slavery otroctví, otrokářství
THE MIDDLE AGES

the Middle Ages mn.č. středověk
medieval středověký
record the history in a chronicle [kronikl] zaznamenat / zapsat historii v kronice
Process of unification
lack unity být nejednotný
be under the rule of local chiefs být ovládán místními náčelníky
fierce [fiEs] , uncivilized tribe divoký, necivilizovaný kmen
The German(ic) [džE:'mEnik] tribes / peoples pushed back the Celts [kelts, selts].
The German(ic) …Germáni zatlačili Kelty.
gain control over the whole country ovládnout / dostat pod svou moc celou zem
resist attacks odolávat útokům
We are outnumbered by them. Oni jsou nad námi v přesile.
conquer [koNkE] dobýt
conquest [koNkwest] dobytí
devastate [devEsteit] zpustošit
be in a state of confusion být ve zmatcích
seize the kingdom zmocnit se království
be (re)united under sb být (znovu) sjednocen pod něčí vládou
develop a sense of national unity vyvinout pocit národní pospolitosti
crown korunovat
coronation korunovace
claim the throne dělat si nárok na trůn
give up one's claims vzdát se nároku
support sb's claim podporovat něčí nárok
have family ties with the royal house být spřízněn s královskou dynastií
hand over the crown to the eldest son předat korunu nejstaršímu synovi
reign [rein] but not rule panovat, ale nevládnout
the House of York rod Yorků, Yorkovci
Christianity
bring and spread Christianity [,kristi'AnEti] přinést a šířit křesťanství
accept the Christian faith [feiS] přijmout křesťanskou víru
baptize [bApCtaiz] pokřtít
247 / 474
build abbeys [Abiz], centres of religious [riClidžEs] learning …

build abbeys … stavět opatství, střediska náboženského učení
learned monk [,le:nid 'maNk] učený mnich

build cathedrals [kECSi:drEl] for the glory of God stavět katedrály ke slávě boží
religious order [riClidžEs o:dE] náboženský / církevní řád
churchmen: priest, friar [fraiE], abbot [AbEt], abbess [AbEs], bishop, etc.
churchmen: … příslušníci církve: kněz, (žebravý) mnich, opat, abatyše, biskup atd.
collect tithes [kElekt taiDz] vybírat desátky
monastery (for monks) [monEstri] mužský klášter (pro mnichy)
convent [konvEnt] (for nuns) ženský klášter (pro jeptišky)
Feudal system
the feudal [fju:dl] system based on the ownership of land …
the feudal system … feudální systém založený na vlastnictví půdy
ruling [ru:liN] class vládnoucí třída
powerful lord mocný pán
helpless serf bezmocný nevolník
ambitious and greedy noble ctižádostivý a chamtivý šlechtic

the common man prostý člověk (jako typ), obyčejný člověk z lidu
need one's master's permission potřebovat pánův souhlas
swear loyalty to sb přísahat věrnost někomu
knight [nait] rytíř
quire [kwaiE] panoš (the well-born personal attendant of a knight)
page [peidž] páže
freeman svobodný člověk (s plnými politickými a občanskými právy)
have the right to attend the king's council mít právo účastnit se zased.král.rady
grow too powerful stát se příliš mocným
hold council meetings pořádat schůze rady

try in court soudit u soudního dvora
rule in accordance with the law vládnout ve shodě se zákonem
rule of law vláda zákonů
orderly rule / government spořádaná vláda
Domesday [du:mzdei] Book pozemková kniha za Viléma Dobyvatele
keep no standing army nemít stálou armádu
longbowman [loNbEumEsn] lučistník
crossbow kuše
fight in armour and on horseback bojovat v brnění na koni
practise in a tournament [tE:nEmEnt] cvičit se v turnaji

times of violence and uncertainty období násilí a nejistoty
the Black Death, plague [pleig] mor
248 / 474
misrule špatná, nespravedlivá vláda

king's favourite králův oblíbenec
misuse one's influence zneužít svého vlivu

evil zlořád
hold an opponent prisoner věznit protivníka
put down, crush a rebellion potlačit, rozdrtit povstání / rebelii
shift in the social structure změna ve společenské struktuře
yeoman [jEumEn] zeman (a well-off farmer that owned and worked his own land)
justice of the peace (dnes zkratka JP) smírčí soudce
sheriff šerif (chief officer in a county, appointed by the king)
clear the forests mýtit lesy

build a walled market town budovat trh o v ní město s hradbami
collect a tax vybírat daň
give a charter to a town dát městu výsadní listinu
encourage trade povzbuzovat / podporovat obchod
trade in wool obchodovat s vlnou
wool merchant obchodník s vlnou
weaver tkadlec
guild [gild] cech
meet in the guildhall scházet se v cechovní síni
(guild) master and journeyman (cechovní) mistr a tovaryš
MODERN AGE
the Modern Age / modern age novověk
voyage [voidž] of discovery objevitelská cesta
exploration of a continent prozkoumání kontinentu
breakup of the feudal systém rozpad feudalního řadu
foundation of an empire založení impéria
colonial power koloniální velmoc
strengthen the central government posílit ústřední moc
increase of wealth and exploitation vzrůst bohatství a vykořisťovaní
bourgeois [buEžwa:] revolution buržoazní revoluce
urge the government to introduce social and political reforms
urge the … naléhat na vládu, aby zavedla sociální a politické reformy
revolutionary movement revoluční hnutí
violent upheaval [vaiElEnt apChi:vEl] prudký zvrat, prudká bouře
overthrow the monarchy svrhnout monarchu
end the rule of the privileged nobility and upper clergy
end the rule … ukončit vládu privilegované šlechty a vyššího duchovenstva
the landed aristocracy pozemková šlechta
abolish antiquated laws zrušit zastaralé zákony
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political power passed / was transferred from ... to ...

political power … politická moc přešla z na
inspired by the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity
inspired by the ideals … inspirovaný ideály svobody, rovnosti a bratrství
modernize the country modernizovat zemi
cope with a situation umět se vypořádat se situaci
handle a problem zabývat se, vypořádat se s problémem
be in league with sb být spolčen s někým
the turmoil escalates nepokoje se stupňují, neklid vzrůstá
plead for people to stay calm apelovat na lidi, aby zachovali klid
human rights violation porušení lidských práv
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Distinguish the following terms by making sentences using them or by

explaining their meanings in English:
1 church - temple; 2. offer-offering, 3 discover-unearth; 4. grave-tomb; 5. statue -
sculpture; 6 god - deity; 7. novel - romance; 8 chronicler - historian, 9. chief- chieftain;
10. the West Country - a western country
2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. There is no chronicler contemporary with Arthur.
2. Until the end of the 16th century Arthur was thought to have really existed.
3. The earliest mention of Arthur occurs in a Latin chronicle by Geoffrey of
Monmouth.
4. In ancient Welsh romances Arthur fights against the Anglo-Saxons.
5. Arthur's father was a Welsh chieftain.
6. In Malory's book Arthur has fewer adventures than the knights of the Round Table.
7. Queen Guinevere had an affair with Tristram.
8. The dying Arthur threw Excalibur into a lake.
9. Arthur was earned to Avalon by Morgan le Fay.
10. A 6th-century monastery has been excavated at Tintagel.
11. No settlement has been found near Glastonbury.
12. Arthur may have been a British chieftain who led Celts in the West Country
against the invading Anglo-Saxons
1. Excalibur; 2 Tintagel, 3. Mordred, 4. Avalon, 5. Mt Badon, 6. the Round Table, 7.
Launcelot; 8 Gawain, 9 the Dark Ages; 10. the Holy Grail

1. Does history repeat itself?
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2. How far has the modern age advanced beyond antiquity in humanity?
3. How far can a histonan find out the historical truth?
4. English history before 1066.
5. The situation in Bohemia and Moravia at the time when Arthur was fighting against
the Anglo-Saxons.
1. Are you fond of historical novels? 2 What is your favourite period? 3. Have you
read any old chronicle? 4. How back do memories reach in your family? 5. Have any
archaeological finds been made near the place where you live? 6.Which historical
dates are you sure you remember? 7 Would you like to visit some past period in a time
machine'' 8. What is the most recent major "historical event" in world history?
6. Translate:
bez písemných záznamů; prvobytně pospolná společnost, naučit se tavit a opracovávat
železo, uctívat pohanské bohy; postavit chrám bohyni plodnosti; naleziště s mnoha
nálezy; pohřební mohyla; odkrýt hrob; vykopat pozůstatky staré civilizace; sporné
datum; vybudovat velkou říši; období prosperity a potom úpadku; rozpadnout se
následkem vpádu barbarských kmenů; zotročit lid; být nejednotný, vláda náčelníka,
odolávat útokům; zatlačit nepřítele, zpustošit osady; zaznamenat do kroniky; přijmout
a šířit křesťanství, zavést feudální systém založený na vlastnictví půdy; dělat si nárok
na trůn; zmocnit se království; panovat dvacet let; špatně vládnout; kritizovat zlořády;
rozpad feudalismu; posílit ústřední moc; vyvinout pocit národní jednoty; zrušit
zastaralé zákony; ukončit vládu privilegované šlechty; svrhnout monarchu.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS GIVE
give away
• prozradit: Don't give away my secret. Don't give the game away. Neprozraď to.
He gave himself away. Prozradil se. His smile gave it away.
• rozdat: When her husband died, she gave away all his clothes.
give back • vrátit: I've found a purse and I'd like to give it back to its rightful owner.
give in • odevzdat:
The Home Secretary gave in his resignation yesterday.
Ministr vnitra podal včera demisi.
Please give in your examination papers.
• poddat se: The rebels were forced to give in.
give off • vydávat: I wonder what's giving off that smoke / nasty smell?
give on(to) • vést, být obrácen do: The windows give on (to) the park.
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give out
• docházet (vyčerpat se):
Our money / fuel has given out - we'll have to return home.
Oil supplies will give out in the next century. His patience / strength finally gave out.
• rozdávat: The demostrators gave out handbills protesting against the arms race.
Is this catalogue given out free?
The examination papers will be given out at 8 o'clock.
• oznámit, sdělit, vydat:
The news was given out at ten. He gave out he wouldn't be present.
give over to • věnovat: The period after lunch is usually given over to games.
give up • vzdát se (ustát, zanechat něčeho, kapitulovat):

She gave up her job to take care of her two children.
The puzzle is too difficult - I give up. The doctor has given up all hope.
The gunman / escaped prisoner gave himself up to the police.
give up one's seat • uvolnit místo:

Young people on buses and trams should give up their seats to old people.
give up for lost • pokládat za ztraceného:

We 'd given her up fór lost, when she suddenly reappeared.
give birth to • porodit: Linda gave birth to twins. Lindě se narodila dvojčata.
give one's life for • položit život za:

Many young men in the 1940s gave their lives for their countries.
give sb a piece of one's mind • říci někomu, co si o něm myslím:

When he refused to help us I gave him a piece of my mind.
give way to • ustoupit (něčemu):

Despair at last gave way to hope.
Small shops have given way I to department stores.
He gave way to pressure and changed his decision.
give rise to • dát vzniknout (něčemu), vyvolat (něco):

His absence might give rise to unnecessary speculations.
The government's policies gave rise to mass unemployment.
The invention of the steam engine gave rise to the Industrial Revolution.
_____________________________________________________________________
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1. Use a give idiom in each sentence:

1. Don't tell anybody about my secret. 2. We couldn't see him but his voice betrayed
him. 3. The troops refused to surrender. 4. She didn't keep anything that she inherited.
5. Can't you stop smoking? 6. Before the quiz started the audience handed in their
questions to the MC. 7. I've abandoned any idea of trying to persuade him. 8. Our
supplies were used up sooner than we had expected. 9. Bad hygiene is the cause of
many diseases. 10. The election date will be made public tomorrow. 11. My patience is
exhausted. 12. I'm not going to stop trying as long as I have any chance of winning.
13. I told him what I thought of him. 14. Her tears were succeeded by a smile. 15. The
ice and snow should soon be followed by warmer weather.
2. Translate:
1. podat demisí; 2. prozradit tajemství; 3. vydat zprávu; 4. odevzdat písemku; 5.
rozdávat letáky; 6. vzdát se zaměstnání; 7. uvolnit místa k sezení; 8. pokládat něco za
ztracené; 9. zanechat kouření; 10. vzdát se policii; 11. vzdát se vší naděje; 12.
vyvolat nespokojenost; 13. vyvolat dohady; 14. položit život za vlast; 15. ustoupit
dálnici; 16. Vzbouřenci se vzdali; 17. Odpoledne je věnováno hrám. 18. Došly nám
peníze. 19. Došla mu trpělivost. 20. Okna jsou obrácena na dvůr.
_____________________________________________________________________
▲ Making an apology
Think out situations that require an apology, identifying four rather formal
formulas. Which formula is used after sneezing / coughing / hiccuping, etc.?
1. Oh, I'm sorry. 2. I'm very / so / terribly / awfully sorry. 3. How stupid / silly /
clumsy of me. 4. Please accept my apologies. 5. That was very hasty / careless /
foolish of me, I'm afraid. 6. I'm sorry, it was (entirely) my fault! 7. Please forgive me
(for ...). 8. I (really) do/ must apologize (for ...). 9. Excuse / Pardon me. 10. I can't tell
you how sorry I am.
▲Accepting an apology
Invent apologies for various situations and use appropriate replies from the list
below, identifying two rather informal responses:
1. That's quite all right. 2. It's perfectly all right. 3. It's really not necessary. 4 Not at
all. 5. Please don't worry. 6. It (really) doesn't matter at all. 7. That's OK / all right. 8.
Forget it. 9. There's no need to apologize.
▲ Asking someone to say something again

Identify two quite informal responses:
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1. I'm sorry, I didn't hear / catch the name. 2. I'm sorry, what did you say? Would /
Could you repeat what you said / your name, please? 4. I'm sorry, didn't / couldn't hear
what you said, ("couldn't" is used when noise drowns out he other person's words) 5.
hat did you say? 6. I'm sorry, could I ask you to eat (that name) again, (please)? 7.
Could I have your name again, please? I'm sorry, what's your name again? 9. What
was that?
▲ Checking that someone has understood you

Identify one rather formal expression and three that are quite informal:
1. Do you see what I mean? 2. I hope that's clear. 3. ..., if you see what I mean. 4. Is
that (reasonably) clear? 5. Have I made myself clear? (after you 've explained
something at length) 6. Know what I mean? 7. Got it? 8. Do you know / get what I'm
driving at? (about understanding an argument, not facts) 9. ... if you follow me. 10.
Does that seem to make sense?
▲ Saying something in another way

Explain something and then say it in a slightly different way, using the formulas
below. No. 8 is for a formal situation:
1. What I mean is... 2. In other words, ...3. To put it / Let me put it another way ... 4. ...
- or rather,... 5. All I mean (to say) is ... 6. All I'm trying to say is, ... 7. What I'm trying
to say is, ... 8. Perhaps I should make that (point) clearer: ...
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (preposition "po"):

1. chodit po trávníku; 2. pohladit po tváři; 3. toulat se po lese; 4. po pravici; 5. dívat se
po děvčatech; 6. brát lék po lžičkách; 7. odpočinek po práci; 8. být po nemoci; 9.
pracovat po nocích; 10. syn po tátovi; 11. poznat po hlase; 12. dychtit po
dobrodružství; 13. po celý rok; 14. po staletí; 15. plazit se po kolenou; 16. zmizet po
anglicku; 17. vdova po lékaři; 18. Odešli jeden po druhém. 19. Po tom nám nic není.
20. Je po svatbě, (byla zmařena)
2. Translate (preposition "do"):

1. jít. do města; 2. spadnout do vody; 3. vzít si něco do hlavy; 4. vlak do Prahy; 5.
vyhlídka do kraje; 6. skok do dálky; 7. přivést do rozpaků; 8. pracovat až do tmy; 9. do
posledního okamžiku; 10. uzdravit se do týdne; 11. plášť do deště; 12. zamilovat se do
děvčete; 13. dát se do jídla; 14. do jisté míry mít pravdu; 15. vrátit se do deseti večer;
16. svléknout se do půl těla; 17. vyprodaný do posledního místa; 18. počítat do sta;.
19. Co je ti do toho? 20. Úvod do literatury. 21. Jde do tuhého. 22. Je mi do pláče.
Key Making an apology: F: 4, 7, 8, 10
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Accepting an apology: I: 7, 8
Asking someone to say something again: I: 5, 9
Checking that someone has understood you: F: 5; I: 6, 7, 8
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 20 WILDLIFE AP2
FROM A COUNTRY DIARY
Cheshire, lanuary 18: Although the sky was nearly always uniformly grey and there
was little sunshine, the second week of January was very mild and had a definite
feeling of spring, The song thrushes, which had been silent since the cold weather
before Christmas, suddenly began to sing again and on the ninth three were in song
within earshot of the garden. On the same day, several snowdrops came into flower,
and crocuses and daffodils had everywhere broken, through the soil and buds on the
lilacs were fat and green. The willow bushes had silvery catkins. The area must shelter
a great many rabbits, for their droppings are everywhere. The rabbits have attracted a
fox. The blue tits are beginning to take an interest in the nesting box again. We hope
they will have better luck than they had last year, when the whole nest was removed
by a vandal.
Norfolk, February 3: Persistently mild weather in January has not only hastened the
flowering of snowdrops, crocuses, and hazel bushes and caused grass and winter corn
to brighten the fields everywhere with almost the greenness of spring, but also
persuaded many creatures to stir in the midst of hibernation. Hedgehogs have resumed
their prowling, as has been evident along roads where they have been victims of traffic
at night. Á great many butterflies which sought sheltered lodging in buildings at
winter's approach have become restless and some have escaped into sunshine. In the
open air they have been able to refresh themselves at flowers. Earthworrns retreat to a
safe depth when the topsoil is frozen, but for the past month they have been very close
to the surface, with the result that moles have been pursuing them and throwing up
fresh hillocks. Swarms of gnats have been dancing in the air daily and on several
occasions I have been bitten by mosquitoes. Whether the plants sprouting prematurely
will survive the frosts which are likely to come before the spring remains to be seen.
Lancashire, February 8: Although our weather was nothing like as bad as that which
much of Britain experienced, the last two days brought strong cold winds and repeated
flurries of snow and sleet. Under the beeches we saw many small birds-chaffinches-
foraging amongst the leaf litter. We saw a pair of bullfinches alighting on a bush.
From the water's edge, where the river runs through a small patch of tangled
woodland, a grey wagtail flew downstream. This bird is of course most numerous on
the swift-flowing streams of the hill country, but in winter most leave for the river
valleys and meres. The hen blackbird, whose tterritory our garden is, grows tamer
every day. Almost always she is waiting on the bird-table when I take out the food in
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the morning and she flies only at the last moment, to return as soon as my back is
turned.
_____________________________________________________________________
alight [EClait] on st snést se na něco; bird-table ptačí krmítko; blue tit modřinka (tit
=
sýkorka); bullfinch hýl; chaffinch [čAfinč] pěnkava; crocus [krEukEs] krokus,
šafrán; daffodil [dAfEdil] narcis žlutý; droppings mn.č. trus; earshot: within earshot
v doslechu; earthworm [E:SwE:m] žížala; flurry poryv; gnat [nAt] komár (zejm.
komár pisklavý); hazel [heizl] líska; hedgehog ježek; hibernation [,haibE'neišn]
přezimování; hillock [hilEk] kopeček; mere [miE] nářečné jezero; mole krtek;
mosquito [mE'ski:tEu] komár (obecný název pro celou čeleď); nesting box ptačí
budka; persistently neustále; prowl [praul] plížit se; remain: it remains to be seen to
se teprve uvidí; song zpěvný; sprout [spraut] rašit; tame krotký; tangled houštinový;
thrush drozd; wagtail konipas: woodland lesnatý terén
_____________________________________________________________________
FOXES MOVE TO LONDON
Britain's foxes are apparently packing up their dens in the countryside and moving to
London to savour the delights of city living. Many a Londoner has seen a fox in his
back garden or crossing the road late at night, smelt the pungent odour that foxes leave
behind them, or been woken up in the middle of the night by their eerie cries. Foxes
have turned up in St James's Park, where they particularly enjoy the ducks. They've
also been spotted walking on the Underground tracks. The London Wildlife Trust has
asked Londoners to report sightings of the foxes.
Where do the town foxes get their food from? From all the same sources as the
country fox, plus a great many more that the town alone supplies. The town fox, like
his rural cousin, can hunt for small mammals, fledgling birds, worms and berries, for
he is an omnivorous animal, not solely a.carnivore. One fox can pick up twenty worms
in a square yard of grass, and two hundred worms provide him with his required food
intake for a whole day. Many people believe that foxes attack cats, but observation
shows that the two animals ignore each other. A violent encounter between a dog and a
fox is rare and then it is the fox that is killed. Being run over and killed on the street is
the ultimate fate in store for most town foxes. But otherwise the urban fox thrives. In
the modern world, where wildlife habitats are disappearing and where many species
have been nearly exterminated, the fox is able to adapt to living in unnatural
environments (and can even sleep in sunshine on rooftops). The gardens are
reasonably secure places to, live and breed. He may eat your strawberries and turn
over your dustbin, but that is not sufficient grounds for killing this beautiful, intelligent
wild animal. He can live side by side with us in the city.
_____________________________________________________________________
breed rozmnožovat se; carnivore masožravec; den doupě; eerie [iEri] podivný;
encounter setkání, střetnuti; fate in store for sb osud, který někoho čeká; fledgling
bird ptačí mládě; food intake spotřeba potravin; odour [EudE] pach, zápach;
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omnivorous [om'nivErEs] všežravý; pungent [pandžEnt] ostrý, čpavý; savour [seivE]

vychutnávat; sighting: report sightings hlásit případy spaření; solely výhradné; spot
zahlédnout; thrive [Sraiv] prosperovat; he thrives dobře se mu daří; ultimate
[altimEt] konečný
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WATCHING THE SWALLOWS
Under the caves of the villa the swallows had taken up residence. Their mud houses
were only just completed, still dark Jbrown like a rich plum cake. As these were
drying to a lighter biscuit brown, the parent birds were busy lining them, foraging
round the garden for rootlets, lambs' wool, or feathers. I leant a long ladder against the
wall, midway between the two nests, and crouched on top of the ladder I watched their
daily work with considerable interest. The parentl birds seemed in no way disturbed by
my presence. I grew to know these swallow families very well. What I took to be the
two females were very similar in behaviour, earnest, rather preoccupied, over-anxious,
and fussy. The two males, on the other hand, displayed totally different characters.
One of them, during the work of lining the nest, brought excellent material, but he
refused to treat it as a job of work. He would come swooping home, carrying a wisp of
sheep's wool in his mouth, and would waste several minutes skating low over the
flowers in the garden, drawing figures of eight. His wife would cling to the nest and
chitter at him exasperatedly, but he refused to lake life seriously. The other female also
had trouble with her mate, but. it was trouble of a different sort. He was, if anything,
over-enthusiastic. He seemed determined to leave no stone unturned in his efforts to
provide his young with the finest nést-lining in the colony. But, unfortunately, he was
no mathematician, and, try as he would, he could not remember the size of his nest. He
would come flying back, twittering in an exciting if somewhat muffled manner,
carrying a chicken or turkey feather as big as himself, and with such a thick quill it
was impossible to bend it. It would generally take his wife several minutes to convince
him that, no matter how they struggled and juggled, the feather would not fit into the
nest. Acutely disappointed, he would eventually drop the feather and it would flutter
down to join the ever-increasing pile on the ground beneath - and then he would fly off
in search of something more suitable. In a little while he would be back, struggling
under a load of sheep's wool so hard with dung that he would have difficulty in getting
it up to the eaves, let alone into the nest.
When at last the nests were lined, the freckled eggs laid and hatched, the two
husbands' characters seemed to change. The one who brought so much futile nest-
lining now swooped about the hillsides in a carefree manner and would come drifting
back carelessly carrying a mouthful of insect life of just the right size and softness to
appeal to his brood. The other male now became terribly harassed and apparently a
prey to the dreadful thought that his babies might starve. So he would wear himself to
a shadow in the pursuit of food, and return carrying the most unsuitable items, such as
large spiky beetles,.all legs and wings, and immense, dry, and completely indigestible
dragon-flies. He would cling to the edge of the nest and make valiant but vain attempts
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to get these gigantic offerings rammed down the ever-open gullets of his young. I
dread to think what would have happened if he had succeeded in wedging one of those
spiky creatures down their throats. Luckily, however, he never succeeded, and
eventually, looking more harassed than ever, he would drop the insect onto the ground
and fly off hurriedly in search of something else. I was very grateful to this swallow,
for he provided me with three species of butterfly, six dragon-flies, and two beetles
which were new to my collection.
(Adapted from My family and Other Animals by Gerald Durrell)
_____________________________________________________________________
acutely [a'kjuitli] silně; brood [bru:d] j.č. mláďata (ptačí); chitter štěbetat; crouch
[krauč] krčit se; display [di'splei] projevit; dread [dred] to think hrozit se představy;
drift plachtit, vznášet se; dung [daN] hnůj; eaves [i:vz] mn.č. okap; exasperatedly
[ig'za:spEreitidli] rozčileně (a zoufale); fit into st vejít se někam; fly off in search of
st odletět hledat něco; forage [foridž] for st hledat něco (potravu apod.); freckled
kropenatý; fussy zbytečně se starající a rozčilující; futile [fju:tail] marný; gullet [galit]
jícen; harassed [hArEst] usoužený; hatch vysedět (vejce); if anything mírně řečeno;
indigestible [,indi'džestEbl] nestravitelný; juggle [džagl] žonglovat; lay snést (vejce);
leave no stone unturned udělat vše, co je v silách; nešetřit námahou; line vystlat;
lining vystýlka (hnízda); mate druh, partner; muffle tlumit; offering porce, nabídka;
over-anxious nadměrně starostlivý; preoccupy zaujmout; prey [prei] to st oběť
něčeho, zatížený něčím; pursuit [pE'sju:t] shánění; quill brk; rootlet kořínek; spiky
špičatý; struggle namáhat se, usilovat; swoop letět, snést se (zejm. střemhlav); try as
he would ať se snažil sebevíc; wear oneself to a shadow upracovat / uhonit se; wedge
vklínit; wisp chuchvalec, chumáč
_____________________________________________________________________
A FABLE
I will tell you how dogs created man. When God created the whole world, and all the
animals in it, He chose a dog as chief, because dogs are the best and wisest of all
animals. All the animals in Paradise lived and died, and were born again in happiness
and contentment; only the dogs got sadder and sadder. So the Lord asked the dogs:
"Why are you so sad when all the other animals are rejoicing?"
And then the oldest dog said: "You know, Lord, the other animals have no need of
anything else; but we dogs have a touch of divine reason in our head, and by this sense
of reason we realize that there is something higher than we are, that is You, the
Creator. We can smell all other beings but You, and we dogs miss that frightfully.
Therefore, Lord, please fulfil our desire, and create for us a god whom we can smell."
And so God smiled and said: "Bring me some bones, and I will create a god whom
you can smell." And the dogs ran in all directions and each brought a bone: this one of
a lion, that of a horse, this of a camel, that of a cat - in fact, bones from every animal
except a dog: for no dog touches dog's flesh, or a dog's bone.
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And they made a big pile of bones, and from those bones God made man, so that the
dogs had a god whom they could smell And because man is made out of the bones of
every animal except a dog, he has the qualities of all the animals: he has the strength of
a lion, the patience of a camel, the cunning of a cat, and the generosity of a horse, but
not a dog's fidelity, not a dog's fidelity at all.
(Karel Čapek: The Dog's Tale)
_____________________________________________________________________
camel [kAml] velbloud; creator [kri'eitE] stvořitel; fidelity věrnost; rejoice [ri'džois]
radovat se
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
WILDLIFE 20 GAME
game [geim] lovná zvěř a ptactvo

herd of deer [hE:d ov diE] stádo vysoké;Look-a deer! Podívej,vysoká! (srnec / jelen)
stag [stAg] jelen (n. samec různých větších druhů vysoké zvěře)
hind [haind] laň jelena
buck [bak] srnec (n, obecněji samec různých menších druhů vysoké zvěře)
roebuck [rEubak] / roe deer srnčí zvěř
doe [dEu] srna (n. samice různých menších druhů vysoké zvěře)
fawn [fo:n] kolouch, mládě laně / srnky
chamois [šAmwa:, sAmi] kamzík
shed the antlers [šed DE AntlEz] shazovat parohy / paroží
a stag [stAg] with six tines [tainz] šesterák
rutting season [ratiN si:zn] říje
boar [bo:] kanec
grunt [grant] chrochtat
rabbit [rAbit] divoký králík; králík domácí
amount of game stav zvěře
The deer population is declining. Stav vysoké zvěře, klesá.
open season doba honů
close [klEus] season doba hájení
hunt honit, lovit zvěř "hunt" or "go hunting" in Britain means to hunt fox, deer …
go shooting jít na hon, jít na lov
love of hunting, passion for hunting lovecká vášeň

hunting ground [hantiN graund], shoot [šu:t] revír
be waiting in a hide / amer. blind být na čekané
forester [foristE] lesník
gamekeeper [geimki:pE] hajný
poacher [peučE] pytlák
poach (on sb's land) pytlačit (na něčím území)
a man caught poaching rabbits pytlák přistižený při lovu králíků
OTHER ANIMALS
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vermin [ve:min] drobná škodná; havěť (o hmyzu)

noxious [nokšEs] animal škůdce, škodlivý živočich
innocuous [i'nokjuEs], harmless neškodný
harmful [ha:mfEl] škodlivý
rodent [rEudEnt] hlodavec
mole [mEul] krtek
hamster [hAmstE] křeček
breeding of fur-bearing animals [beEriN Animelz] chov kožešinových zvířat
fox liška („vixen" pro samici není běžný výraz)
lair [leE] doupě
badger [bAdžE] jezevec
weasel [wi:zl] lasička
squirrel [skwirEl] amer. [skwErEl] veverka
rat [rAt] krysa
hedgehog [hedžhog] ježek
predator [predEtE] mn.č. dravé zvíře

bear [beE] medvěd
wolf [wulf] vlk
reptile [reptail] plaz
snake [sneik] had
grass snake, amer. též adder užovka
adder, common viper zmije (obecná)
poisonous, venomous [venEmEs] jedovatý
bite uštknout; uštknutí
creep plazit se
hiss syčet
poison, venom [poizn, venEm] jed
amphibian [Am' fibiEn] obojživelník
frog žába
toad [tEud] ropucha

tadpole [tAdpEul] pulec
bat netopýr
snare chytat do pasti, do oka; oko, léčka
trap [trAp] past
fight potírat
exterminate vyhubit
BIRDS
songbirds mn. č. zpěvné ptactvo
blackbird [blAkbE:d] kos
thrush [Sraš] drozd
nightingale [naitiNgeil] slavík
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skylark [skaila:k] skřivan

starling [sta:liN] špaček
sparrow [spArEu] vrabec
tit sýkorka
finch, chaffinch [čAfinč] pěnkava
bunting strnad
robin červenka
goldfinch [gEuldfinč] stehlík
cuckoo [kuku:] kukačka

woodpecker [wudpekE] datel, strakapoud
magpie [mAgpai] straka
jay [džei] sojka
swallow [swolEu] vlaštovka
swift rorýs
owl [aul] sova, výr
raven [reivn] krkavec
rook [ruk] havran
crow [krEu] vrána
bird of prey [prei], predatory [predEtEri] bird dravý pták
falcon [fo:lkEn] sokol
eagle [i:gl] orel
hawk, goshawk [gosho:k] jestřáb
buzzard [bazEd] brit. káně
sparrow hawk [spArEu ho:k] krahujec
vulture [valčE] sup
waterfowl [wo:tEfaul] vodní pták / ptactvo
stork [sto:k] čáp
gull [gal], seagull racek
swan [swon] labuť

wing křidlo
beak zobák
claw dráp
feather [feDE] pero; feathers mn. č. peří
male – female samec - samička

flock hejno
nest hnízdit; hnízdo
breed mít mladé
brood sedět na vejcích
hatch an egg vysedět vejce
hatch (out) vylíhnout se
cat seeds živit se semeny
alight on st snést se na něco
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migrate [mai'greit], amer. [maigreit] stěhovat se, táhnout

migratory [maigrEtEri] birds tažní ptáci, tažné ptactvo
winter přezimovat
INSECTS
insects, amer. hovor, bugs mn.č. hmyz
gnat [nAt], mosquito [mE'ski:tEu] komár
swarm [swo:m] of gnats hejno komárů
fly [flai] moucha
horsefly [ho:sflai] ovád
butterfly motýl
ladybird [leidibE:d], amer: ladybug slunéčko sedmitečné
may beetle, maybug chroust

wasp [wosp] vosa
bee, honeybee včela
bumblebee čmelák
caterpillar [kAtEpile] housenka
larva [la:vE], mn. č. larvae [la:vi:] larva
chrysalis [krisElis], pupa [pju:pE] kukla
beetle brouk
dragonfly [drAgEnflai] vážka
grasshopper luční kobylka, koník
snail hlemýžď, slimák; at a snaiťs pace hlemýždím tempem
shell ulita
sting [stiN] žihadlo; bodnout
bite kousnout, štípnout; kousnuti, štípnuti

flea blecha; fleabite [fli:bait] kousnutí blechy
tick klíště
transfer a disease [diCzi:z] přenášet chorobu
firefly, amer. lightningbug světluška, svatojánská muška
ant mravenec
antheap [AntChi:p] mraveniště
earwig [iEwig] škvor

cricket [krikit] cvrček
chirp cvrkat
earthworm [E:SwE:m] žížala
louse, mn. č. lice veš
spider [spaidE] pavouk
spin a web příst pavučinu
cobweb stará pavučina
gossamer [gosEmE] babí léto
pester obtěžovat
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detest [di' test] st štítit se něčeho

loathe [lEuD] ošklivit si
have an aversion to st mít odpor k něčemu
forest pest j.č. lesní škůdci
_____________________________________________________________________
1. within earshot; 2. an eerie cry; 3. fledgling bird; 4. the food intake; 5. an
omnivorous animal; 6. close season; 7. noxious animal; 8. prowl; 9. hibernation; 10.
waiting in a hide.

1. The facts which a naturalist puts into his diary.
2. Swallows.
3. Why do foxes move to towns? How can they survive there?
4. A forester's job.
5. Observations from a walk in the wood.
6. Was Čapek right in what he said about men?
3. Enumerate:
1. kinds of game; 2. reptiles; 3. rodents; 4. songbirds; 5. birds of prey; 6. insect found
in a meadow.
4. Translate:
srna s kolouchem; doba honů; doba hájení; revír; lovecká vášeň; lesník; hajný; pytlák;
škodlivý živočich; hlodavec; krtek; křeček; dravá zvěř; chov kožešinových zvířat;
jezevec; veverka; ježek; plaz; zmije; obojživelník; ropucha; netopýr; uštknutí; vyhubit
nějaký druh; zpěvné ptactvo; drozd; slavík; skřivan; špaček; vrabec; pěnkava; sýkorka;
kukačka; datel; sova; havran; dravý pták; sokol; jestřáb; sup; vodní ptactvo; čáp; racek;
hejno labutí; mít mladé; hnízdit u rybníka; sedět na vejcích; vysedět vejce; táhnout do
teplejších krajin; tažné ptactvo; přezimovat u nás; bodnutí hmyzem; kobylka luční;
čmelák; slunéčko; housenka; hlemýždím tempem; ulita.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS PULL
pull at / by • tahat za: pull at a rope / sb's sleeve; pull a cat by the tail
pull away
• odjíždět, rozjíždět se: He jumped onto the bus just as it was pulling away.
• odtrhnout: The two men who were fighting had to be pulled away from each other.
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pull down • zbořit: These houses have to be pulled down.
pull in • vjet do stanice(nádraží):

The train pulled in (=into the station) on time / schedule.
• zajet (k okraji, ke břehu): Pull in and we 'll see what's wrong with the engine.
Pull in to the shore over there.
• brát (plat) (hovor.):
He's pulling in quite a bit in his new job. He's pulling in a lot of overtime on that job.
• přitahovat: The Cup Final always pulls in large crowds.
pull off • uskutečnit:

The trick looked impossible but he managed to pull it off.... ale jemu se podařil.
pul on • navléci si:

A pullover is pulled on over the head. I'll just pull on my boots and then I'll be ready.
pull out • vyjet ze stanice:

The train pulled out (of the station) slowly / five minutes late.
• vybočit: The car pulled out to overtake the lorry in front of it.
• vytrhnout: This tooth will have to be pulled out.
pull over • zajet (stranou):

The traffic policeman asked-the driver to pull (his car) over to the ide of the road.
pull round • zotavit se:

You '11 soon pull round here - the climate's very healthy. Tady se brzy vzpamatuješ.
A bit of brandy will pull him round. Kapka brandy ho postaví na nohy.
pull through• dostat se z toho (uzdravit se, přežít):

He was so ill the doctors thought he would not pull through.
What's the patient's chance of pulling through?
• dostat z (něčeho):
His managerial talent pulled the firm through the economic recession.
pull to pieces
• roztrhat na kusy (najít v něčem radu závad, chyb):
He pulled our report (proposal to pieces - do you really think it was so bad?
pull oneself together • vzchopit se, sebrat se:

You'd better pull yourself together or you'll fail / endup in a mental hospital.
pull up
• vytrhat: Don't pull up the carrots with the weeds.
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• zastavit (o vozidle):
He pulled (his car) up at the kerb. The taxi pulled up outside the theatre.
• vyhrnout: pull up one's sleeves / trouser legs
pull sb's ears

• vytahat někoho za uši: He pulled the boy's ears..( = He pulled him by the ears )
pull a face • zatvářit se, protáhnout obličej:

When Father told Johnny he must be back by six, he pulled a face.
pull a gun on • vytáhnout / namířit pistoli / revolver na:

The gunman pulled a gun on the cashier and said: "Don't move!"
pull sb's leg • utahovat si z někoho: Don't believe him, he's only pulling your leg.
pull (the) strings • řídit vše ze zákulisí:

Brown is the chairman but actually it's Smith who pulls the strings.
• provádět zákulisní machinace:
He had his uncle pull strings to get him a promotion.
pull the trigger • zmáčknout kohoutek:

Aim the gun carefully before you pull the trigger.
pull open • otevřít (táhnutím): He pulled the door open.

_____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a pull idiom in each sentence:

1. I arrived at the tramstop just as the tram was leaving. 2. The two boxers had to be
separated from each other. 3. The house was demolished to make way for the
motorway. 4. He waited until the train arrived at the station. 5. The driver moved to
one side to let me pass. 6. Let's draw over to the bank of the stream. 7. The lorry
stopped only inches from the child. 8. Drive over to the side of the road. 9. He's
making fun of you - no one criticized your report. 10. How much does he earn a year?
11. When he heard that his team had lost, he showed his annoyance in his expression.
12. The dentist extracted an upper molar. 13. He's very ill but with careful nursing he'll
recover. 14. The car in front moved out of its traffic lane for no reason and I almost
smashed into it. 15. Stop acting like a baby and try to control your feelings.
2. Translate:
1. zatahat za rukáv; 2. přilákat zástupy diváků; 3. vytáhnout pistoli na někoho; 4.
natáhnout si boty; 5. zbourat dům; 6. zmáčknout kohoutek; 7. brát fůru peněž; 8.
vytrhnout zub; 9. dostat se z toho; 10. zastavit s autem u chodníku; 11. vzchopit se; 12.
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Ten kousek (trick) se nám podařil. 13. Auto vyjelo ze svého proudu. 14. Vlak vyjel ze
stanice.
_____________________________________________________________________
▲ Taking up a point
Person A is discussing some ecological issues. Person B takes up a point or wants to
go back to an earlier point or wants to join the conversation. Choose the appropriate
opening phrase and then go on.
1. That reminds me of... 2. Talking of....... 3. (But) to go back to what you trere saying
about ... 4. You mentioned ... just now. Well, ... 5. Sorry to interrupt, but did I hear you
say ... 6. It's interesting you should say that because... 7. Just a minute. Did you say /
Do you mean to say ...?
▼ Giving yourself rime to think

Put the formulas into proper contexts:
1. … what's it called,... 2...., what's its / his name,... 3. ... (er / um,) let me think,... 4....,
just a moment,... 5...., you know / see,... 6...., how shall / should I put it, ...? 7. ... sort
of... 8. ... oh, I've got it, it's on the tip of my tongue,... 9. ... ,I had it a moment ago, ...
10. ... (well), what's the best way of putting this ...?
◘ Changig the subject

Complete the statements, identifying two openings used in formal discussions:.
I. (Oh,) I nearly forgot. 2. (Just) to change the subject (for a moment), ... 3. (Oh,) by
the way, ... 4. (Oh,) incidentally, ... 5. (Oh,) while I remember, ... 6. I think we ought to
move on now to the question of... 7. (Oh,) before / in case I forget,... 8. (Now) the next
item on the agenda is... (at a meeting working from a fixed agenda)
◘ Summing up
Describe a few advantages of something (e.g. part-time study, moving to town, the
purchase of a station wagon, a tent, a new TV set), then sum up your arguments.
Nos. 3 and 4 are somewhat formal, nos. 10 and 11 informal.
1. In short,... 2. So what it comes down to is... 3. Briefly, (then)... 4. To sum up,
(then)... 5. In other words,... 6. (So) basically,... 7. (So,) the basic question is:... 8. (So)
what I'm saying is... 9. The point I'm making / trying to make is ... 10. So what it boils
down to is... 11. (To put it) in a nutshell, (then)...
◘ Finding out about correctness, appropriateness, meaning

Fill in where necessary and respond:
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1. How do you pronounce this name:...? 2. Is... the right / correct pronunciation /
spelling / expression? 3. What intonation should I use if I want to express . .? 4. Will
you tell / correct me if I pronounce / spell / use something wrong, please? 5. Will you
tell / correct me if I make a mistake, (please)? 6. Is it correct to say...? 7. Which is
correct:... or...? 8. What does... mean? 9. What is a / the word for ...? 10 What's the
word to describe something that ...? 11. What's another word for ..? 12. What's the
opposite of ...? 13. What's another way of saying ..? 14. Does... havemore than one
meaning? 15. Do .. and ... mean the same thing? 16. What do you call someone who ..?
17. Does it make sense if . .? 18. When would you use the word ...? 19. When is it
appropriate to say ...? 20. Is ... a neutral / an informal sort of word? 21. What should I
say if I want to ...? 22. How do you say ... in English?
_____________________________________________________________________
GRAMMAR
1. Translate (preposition „na“)

1. být na horách; 2. být na hradě; 3. staré krámy na půdě; 4. žít na zámku; 5. tlouci na
dveře; 6. vít si na sebe nové šaty; 7. černé na bílém; 8. jet na venkov; 9. vyjít na
vzduch; 10. okna na jih; 11. dveře na dvůr; 12. na druhé straně jsem rád; 13. učit na
venkovské škole; 14. mít studenta na bytě; 15. vidět na vlastní oči; 16 být na plese; 17.
čekat na vlak; 18. zvyknout si na nové prostředí; 19. těšit se na jaro; 20 zlobit se na
někoho; 21. jet na plný plyn; 22. upozornit na něco; 23. spoléhat na cizí pomoc; 24.
žárlit na ženu; 25.rhystat se na cestu; 26. stěžovat si na sousedy; 27. vyrazit na výlet;
28. trvat na svém; 29. uložit peníze na knížku; 30. šaty na míru; 31. román na
pokračování; 32. láska na první pohled; 33. být na omylu; 34. být na rozpacích; 35.
poslat zboží na dobírku; 36. slepice na paprice; 37. zůstat na noc; 38. odjet na
prázdniny; 39. být na návštěvě; 40. na procházce; 41. zamávat na rozloučenou; 42. mít
na mysli; 43. mít na svědomí; 44. náhodou narazit na známého; 45. obrátit se na útěk;
46. nechat na pokoji; 47. být na odpočinku; 48. na podzim; 49. na poslední chvíli; 50.
na začátku ulice; 51. na úsvitě; 52. doprovázet na klavír; 53. zazvonit na zvonek; 54.
Záleží na tom? 55. Nemám na vybranou. 56. Na počátku byl nápad. 57. Není to na
prodej. 58. Už jsi přišel na to, jak to má být? 59. Nic na světě netrvá věčně. (Ani
cvičení na předložku „na".)
Key Changing the subject: F 6 8

_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 21 JOBS AP2
HOW TO APPLY FOR A JOB
The Personnel Manager

Lloyd's Bank Ltd 14 Northdale Road
267 / 474
71 Lombard Street York

London, EC3P 3BS
15th September 19..
Dear Sir,
I am applying for the post of shorthand typist advertised by you in today's Sherwood
Morning News.
I am 19 years old and I am already employed, but only as a typist, and I wish to
obtain a position in which I can use my shorthand as well, and gain wider experience
of secretarial work in general. I attended the Northdale Comprehenfsive School in
York and left school at the age of sixteen after taking the GCSE. I then spent one year
at a secretarial college and have diplomas m shorthand 110 words a minute), typing,
and secretarial practice. If you wish to interview me I am free any day between 1 and 2
p.m. or after 5.30 p.m. At any other time I should have to obtain permission to leave
the office.
Yours sincerely,
Joan Nightingale
Employer's reply
Dear Miss Nightingale,
With reference to your application for the vacant position of shorthand typist in this
office, would you please call for an interview at 1.15 p.m. on Monday 22 September.
Yours sincerely,
Brian Moore
Personnel Manager
_____________________________________________________________________
APPOINTMENTS VACANT IN EDUCATION
(1) Required: a graduate to join an English department of four, to teach English at all
levels up to A Level and Oxbridge Entry and to participate enthusiastically in out-of-
school activities and in boarding school life Anyone with a strong interest in, and
experience of, drama would be given plenty of opportunity to produce plays. The
school has a theatre and a theatre workshop and is well placed for visits to several
good theatres in nearby city centres. Bachelor accommodation available Applications,
with curriculum vitae and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of two
references, to ….
(2) Required: a well-qualified graduate teacher of English who has experience and is
now seeking to undertake extra responsibility. Teaching will be across the whole 11-
18 age group including A and university scholarship levels.
Help with extracurricular activities, particularly drama, games, or Scouts, would be
extra recommendation. Removals expenses paid. Please apply with the names of two
referees, to . . , as soon as possible.
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(3) A full-time Classics specialist is required to teach Latin throughout the school. It is
hoped to appoint a keen games player, especially an expert cricketer. Salary according
to qualifications, age, and experience.
(4) An energetic deputy principal (male or female) in a small and successful private
tutorial establishment which specializes in A-Ievel tuition. The position might suit a
young (28 to 38), powerful, and ambitious graduate who enjoys teaching and would be
prepared to work hard for long hours. There are excellent prospects (including
financial) for a person with the right qualities and capable of full commitment.
Applicants should write personally, with a full CV, giving details of relevant
experience and stating clearly what they have to offer. Further details of the
appointment will then be sent. Write to ...
(5) Following the promotion of the present head of girls' PE to a deputy headship, we
are seeking a man or a woman for the role of leading both boys' and girls' departments.
We are an equal opportunities employer and welcome applications from candidates of
any age, sex, race, or disability. Application forms may be obtained (s a e. please)
from ..
(6) Required: a well-qualified physics teacher. The person appointed would have his /
her own laboratory. It is hoped that the person appointed would be able to teach to A
level Letters of application to ...
(7) Required at this voluntary aided school for 750 boys, an energetic and well-
qualified linguist to take charge of the German Department. At present German is
taught to A level and there is an annual exchange with a grammar school in West
Germany. The school has a sixth form of 150 boys, all engaged in A-level courses,
while the lower school mainly comprises boys of good academic ability. The
department has specialist rooms including a language laboratory. Applications should
be sent to .., indicating outside interests.
(8) Vacancies exist in southern Sweden for teachers of English as a foreign language
to adults, for the academic year 19.. /... Teaching duties commence September, with
introductory intensive training Average teaching load: 22 contact hours / week over
two terms. Salary approx. ... / month tax free. Posts suitable for 22-40 age group.
Interviews in UK in April.
(9) The Ministry of Education and Culture in Zimbabwe wishes to recruit teachers for
service in Zimbabwe secondary schools, on three-year contracts. Preference will be
given to qualified teachers though those without certificates will be considered It
should be noted that only degrees in normal school subjects are recognized, degrees in
such subjects as sociology, politics, and philosophy are not recognized.
_____________________________________________________________________
bachelor accommodation svobodárna, commitment [kE'mitmEnt] angažovanost,
contact hour skutečně odučena hodina; curriculum vitae, zkr. CV [kErikjulEm 'vitai,
'vajti:] životopis, deputy headship funkce zástupce ředitele, extracurricular
269 / 474
[,ekstreke'rikjulE] activities mn č mimoškolní činnost; Oxbridge entry vstup

(přijímací zkouška) na univerzitu v Oxfordu n. Cambridgi, prospect [prospekt]
vyhlídka; recruit [ri' kru:t] získat; referee [rifEri:] osoba schopná poskytnout
doporučení, posudek; s.a.e. = stamped addressee; envelope; secretarial
[,sekEteEriel] college škola pro sekretářky, shorthand typist stenopistka; state uvést;
take charge of st ujmout se (vedení) něčeho, vzít si na starost něco; tutorial
establishment přípravka; undertake responsibility převzít / vzít na sebe
odpovědnost; university scholarship level úroveň nutná pro získání univerzitního
stipendia
_____________________________________________________________________
INDUSTRY
The main branches of industry are: nonmanufacturing industries, manufacturing
industries, the construction industry, and service industries.
Manufacturing industries include mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
instrument engineering, vehicles and ship building, the chemicals industry, plastics
industry, coal and petroleum industry, food industry, textile and clothing industry and
several other manufacturing industries, such as the pottery and glass industry, furniture
industry, and paper industry. Closely related to the construction industry is the cement
industry and the production of brick and roofing tiles.
The mechanical engineering industry manufactures:
1. all types of machinery:
a) machine tools, some programmed to carry out operations previously done by a
human operator. They are purchased by engineering, vehicles, and metal goods
industries;
b) industrial plant for nuclear power stations, metallurgical furnaces, cement kilns,
etc.;
c) machinery for processing industries; textile machinery, shoe-making machinery,
printing machinery, laundry equipment, agricultural machinery (including many
special-purpose machines), etc;
d) the whole range of plant required by the construction industry, fabricated
steelwork for bridges.
2. metal products:
hand tools, garden tools, a variety of domestic utensils, metal smallware.
_____________________________________________________________________
cement [si' ment] kiln cementárenská pec; fabricate vyrábět, hand tool ruční nářadí,
roofing tiles mn.č. střešní krytina; smallware drobné zboží, steelwork ocelová
konstrukce
_____________________________________________________________________
INDUSTRIES 21
NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
nonanufacturing industries nevýrobní průmyslová odvětví
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mining [mainiN] hornictví

quarrying [kworiiN] těžba / dobývání kamene a štěrkopísku
the building / construction industry stavební průmysl
agriculture and fishing zemědělství a rybolov
extraction of minerals těžba nerostů
quary [kwori] kamenolom, místo těžby písku / stěrku
production of sand, gravel [grAvl] and crushed rock
production of sand … produkce písku, štěrkopísku a štěrku
china clay kaolin
mine iron ore těžit / dolovat železnou rudu
METALLURGY
blast furnace [fE:nis] vysoká pec
obtain metal from ore získat kov z rudy
smelt tavit
foundry [faundri] slévárna
iron works j .i mn.č. huť, železárny
cast odlévat; casting odlitek
cast iron litina
precious metal drahý koy
nonferrous metal barevný kov
copper měď
aluminium, amer. aluminum [,Alju'miniEm, EClu:minEm] hliník
tin cín
zinc [ziNk] zinek
alloy [Aloi] slitina
brass [bra:s] mosaz
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
mechanical engineering strojírenství
light / heavy industry lehký / těžký průmysl
machine tool obráběcí stroj
milling machine fréza
cutter frézka
turning machine, lathe [leiD] soustruh
turner [tE:nE] soustružník
shape metal on the lathe tvarovat kov na soustruhu
weld svařovat; svár
industrial plant průmyslové zařízení

rolling mill válcovna
construction machinery j. č. stavební stroje
excavating, earthmoving and roadmaking equipment …
excavating … vybaveni pro hloubení, přemísťování zeminy a stavbu cest
271 / 474
reactor for a nuclear power station reaktor pro atomovou / jadernou elektrárnu
generator generátor
turbine [tE:bain] turbína
component [kEm'pEunEnt], part součástka
ball bearing kuličkové ložisko
fabricate steelwork for bridges vyrábět mostní konstrukce
METAL PRODUCTS
hand tools mn. č. nářadí (viz lekce 22)
garden tools / implements mn. č. zahradnické náčiní
spade rýč
mattock motyka
office equipment j. č. kancelářské stroje
cash register pokladna (v obchodě)
duplicator rozmnožovací stroj
Xerox [ziEroks, zeroks] (machine) xerox
vending machine prodejní automat

laundry equipment vybavení prádelen
heating radiator topný radiátor
domestic utensils (e.g. bucket, dustbin) domácí potřeby (např. kbelík, popelnice)
kitchen utensils (e.g. pots and pans, saucepans) mn. č. kuchyňské nádobí
kitchen utensils .. (např. hrnce a pánve, kastroly)
metal smallware (e.g. needles, pins, locks, keys) drobné kovové zboží
metal smallware … (např. jehly, špendlíky a ozdobné jehlice, zámky, klíče)
drawing pin, amer. thumbtack [SamtAk] napínáček
screw vrut, šroub do dřeva
bolt šroub; nut matice
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
electrical engineering elektrotechnický průmysl
domestic electrical appliances (cg. vacuum cleaner, iron electric kettle)
domestic el domácí elektrické spotřebiče (např. vysavač, žehlička, elektrická konvice)
heating and cooking equipment j. č. topná tělesa a kuchyňské sporáky
infra heater infrazářič
heater ohřívač (vody. vzduchu)

refrigeration appliance mrazící zařízení
microcomputer mikropočítač
large computer for electronic data processing
large computer … velký počítač pro elektronické zpracování informací
radar and air traffic control equipment radarové a letecké navigační zařízení
272 / 474
INSTRUMENT ENGINEERING
instrument engineering jemná mechanika
precision engineering přesné strojírenství (pouze překlad českého terminu)
measuring instrument měřicí přístroj
surgical instruments and appliances chirurgické nástroje a přístroje
photographic equipment fotografické vybavení
cameras kamery a fotoaparáty
VEHICLES AND SHIPBUILDING

the motor (vehicle) industry automobilový průmysl
car industry automobilový průmysl (výroba osobních vozů)
railway equipment železniční.zařízení
locomotive, engine lokomotiva
rolling stock vozový park
track equipment traťové zařízení
signalling systém signální zařízení
train for rapid transit network vlak pro rychlou městskou dopravu
aerospace industry letecký a kosmický průmysl
aviation [,eivi'eišn] equipment letecké zařízení
airfield equipment letištní zařízení
diesel engine Dieselův motor
aero-engine letecký motor
civil and military aircraft j č. civilní a vojenská letadla
telecommunications satellite telekomunikační družice
shipbuilding stavba lodí (viz lekce 36)
off-shore structure plošina pro těžbu v moří
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
the chemical(s) industry chemický průmysl
the pharmaceutical [,fa:mECsju:tikl] industry farmaceutický průmysl
pharmaceuticals (e.g. antibiotics [,Antibai'otiks], vaccines [vAksi:nz],
pharmaceuticals .. serums [siEremz], drugs) farmaceutické přípravky
pharmaceuticals .. (např. antibiotika, vakcíny, séra, léčiva)
the plastics industry plastikářský průmysl

many kinds of household goods mnoho druhů potřeb pro domácnost
man-made fibre [faibE] syntetické vlákno
synthetic [sin'Setik] rubber (for tyres, shoe soles ) syntetická pryž
synthetic … (pro pneumatiky, podrážky)
PVC [,pi: vi: 'si] (= polyvinyl chloride [,polivainil ´klo:raid]) for flooring
PVC … PVC lako podlahová krytina
winyl floor covering podlahová krytina z PVC
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polyethylene [,poli'eSili:n] for roof sheeting, for covering and packaing, polyetylén
polyethylene … notably for foodstufs na zastřešení, obaly, zejména ro potraviny
leatherette [leDECret] for uphlstery čalounická koženka

adhesive [EdChi:ziv] lepidlo
fertilizer [fE:tilaizE] průmyslové hnojivo
insecticide [in'sektisaid] (for crop protection) prostředek na hubení hmyzu
insecticide … insekticid (na ochranu úrody)
herbicide [hE:ibisaid], weed-kíller prostředek na hubení plevele, herbicid

the cosmetics [koz'metiks] industry kosmetický průmysl
cosmetics and perfumes [pE:fju:mz] kosmetické prostředky a parfémy
toilet preparations, toiletries toaletní potřeby
soap and detergents [di' tE:džEnts] mýdlo a saponáty
dyestuffs [daistafs] barviva
quick-drying paint rychle schnoucí barva
varnish lak
floor polish leštící prostředek na podlahové krytiny
printing ink tiskařská čerň
photographic chemical materials fotografické chemikálie
explosives [ik 'splEusivz] and other ammunition [,Amju:'nišn]
explosives … výbušniny a jiná munice
COAL AND PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

the coal industry uhelný průmysl
petroleum [pEa' trEauliEm], crude (oil), oil ropa, nafta
oil refinery [ri' fainEri] rafinérie ropy
lubricating oil mazadlo
coke koks
use natural gas as fuel používat zemní plyn jako palivo
run by the Department of Energy spravován ministerstvem energetiky
FOOD INDUSTRY
the food / food-processing industry, the food and drink industry …
the food … potravinářský průmysl
bakery pekárna
bread and bakery products chléb a pekařské / pekárenské výrobky
biscuits [biskits] mn. č. trvanlivé pečivo
(chocolate and sugar) confectionery [kEn' fekšEnEari] cukrovinky
the confectionery industry cukrovinkářský průmysl

chocolate [čoklit] factory čokoládovna
the grain-milling industry mlýnský průmysl
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mill mlýn
sugar refinery cukrovar
cannery konzervárna
canned, frozen, and dried fruit and vegetables
canned, frozen … konzervované, mražené a sušené ovoce a zelenina
carbonated [ka:bEneitid] drink uhličitý nápoj (sodovka)
cola-based drink nápoj z koly
the soft drinks industry j.č. sodovkárny

brew beer vařit pivo
the brewing industry pivovarnický průmysl
brewery pivovar
distillery [di'stilEri] lihovar
alcoholic beverage [bevEridž] alkoholický nápoj
can fish dělat rybí konzervy

meat and fish products masné a rybí výrobky
slaughterhouse [slo:tEhaus] j.č. jatky
meat-packing plant masokombinát
the dairy industry mlékárenský průmysl
dairy product mlékárenský výrobek
OTHER INDUSTRIES
the tobacco industry tabákový průmysl
the leather [leDE] industry kožedělný průmysl
the pottery and glass industry keramický a sklářský průmysl
the manufacture of jewellery [džu:Elri] šperkařství
china and faience [fai'a:ns] porcelán a fajáns / majolika
gold and silverware j.č. zlaté a stříbrné výrobky
flat glass tabulové sklo
scientific and medical glassware laboratorní sklo (výrobky ze skla)
the furniture industry nábytkářský průmysl
domestic, office, and school furniture bytový, kancelářský a školní nábytek
the paper industry papírenský průmysl

papermill papírna
manufacture printing and writing paper, stationery products …
manufacture printing … vyrábět tiskařský a psací papír, papírenské zboží
(card)board for cardboard boxes lepenka pro kartóny
tissue paper hedvábný papír
woodpulp buničina, celulóza
sawmill pila
recycled waste paper znovu zpracovaný odpadový papír
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the manufacture of toys výroba hraček

soft toy textilní hračka
model construction kit stavebnice
puzzle (e.g. Rubic's cube) hlavolam (např Rubikova kostka)
electronic game elektronická hra
sports equipment sportovní náčiní

golf and tennis equipment vybavení pro golf a tenis
the printing and publishing industry polygrafický a vydavatelský průmysl
rotary (press) rotačka
printing machine tiskařský stroj
_____________________________________________________________________
1. curriculum vitae; 2. referee; 3. extracurricular activities; 4. equal opportunities
employer; 5. contact hours; 6. tutorial; 7. aided school.
2. Fill in the names of the jobs:

1. Graham works in the accounts department; he's an efficient... 2. Doris spent one
year at the secretarial college and now she's seeking a.. .'s job. 3. Julia has got a
diploma in shorthand; she's an extremely good ... 4. Kenneth plays the flute in a
symphony orchestra; he claims that a ...'s job is not well paid. 5. Colin's research is
concerned with cancer; would you like to be a... like him? 6. Steve is an expert on
ancient philosophy ťhough he's no professional … 7. Geoffrey runs our editorial
office now; on the whole, he's a fairly good … 8. Christopher can't tell a beech from an
oak; of course, he's no ... 9. Douglas gives lectures on economy; there are few ... better
than him.

1. How employers seek staff and people look for jobs.
2. What a potential employer is most interested in knowing.
3. Should women have full-time or part-time employment?
4. The attractions of being: a) an airhostess, b) an interpreter.
5. Boring jobs, dangerous jobs, fascinating jobs.
6. The rewards of a teaching job.
1. Would you like to follow in the footsteps of your parents? 2. Did you také your
parents' advice when you. were deciding about your future career? 3. What's your idea
of a good job and a good life? 4. Are there many vacant positions in your field? 5.
What reasons should one have for changing a job (e.g. no prospects for promotion, no
opportunity for foreign travel, etc.)? 6. What kind of snag would prevent you from
taking an otherwise attractive job? 7. Should the pay for a job be based on the
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importance of the job to society or what is actually produced or the.number of

subordinates? 8. Should people be able to retire when they like? 9. Are there more
people who regard their jobs chiefly as a way of earning money than people who
regard it as a method of fulfilling themselves?
5. Translate:
barevný kov; kamenolom; slitina; mosaz; kovo(dělný) průmysl; litina; vysoká pec,
slévárna; obráběcí stroj; soustružník; nářadí a nástroje; ložisko; přesné strojírenství;
chirurgické přístroje a zařízení; telekomunikační vybavení; elektrospotřebič; chemický
průmysl; zlepšit vlastnosti syntetického vlákna; lepidlo; saponát; pasta na podlahové
krytiny; pila (podnik); papírna; hrnčířské zboží; šperkařství; potravinářský průmysl;
mléčné výrobky; pekařské výrobky; cukrovinkářský průmysl; kožedělný a gumárenský
průmysl; letecký a kosmický průmysl.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS TURN
turn away • odvrátit se: I turned away so as not to see the blood.
• odmítnout: Four out of five applicants were turned away.
turn back • obrátit (se): Turn back a page. Don't turn back.
turn down • odmítnout, zamítnout:

My suggestion / offer was turned down. He proposed, but she turned him down.
• přivřít (kohoutek), ztlumit (intenzitu):
Turn down the gas - the water's boiling.
Turn that radio down - it's making an awful noise.
turn in • odevzdat, vrátit, odvést:

All servicemen look forward to the day when they turn in their uniforms.
Be has turned in a poor piece of work.
• jít spát (hovor.): It´s well past eleven - time to turn in.
• udat: He never found out who had turned him in to the police.
turn off • odbočit (ze silnice; odbočit v ulici = turn left / right):
The road to Exeter turns off two miles further on.
We turned off (the main road) at Guildford.
• uzavřít (přítok v potrubí), vypnout (proud):
Turn off the heating for the night.
To repair a leaking tap you must first turn off the water. Turn off the TV set, please.
• odpuzovat (hovor.): Brass band music turns me off.
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turn on
• pustit (kohoutkem), zapnout (vypínačem): Turn on the water / gas / radio / light.
• vzrušovat (zejm. eroticky; slang): She / rock music / this drug really turns me on.
turn out
• vyrábět: How many cars a day does this factory turn out?
• vyklidit, vyprázdnit: I'll have to turn out the room before cleaning it.
• vyhodit (z domu):
My father would turn me out (= out of the house) if he knew. I took drugs.
• obrátit naruby: I haven't got a penny - shall I turn out my pockets?
• zhasnout: Make sure all the lights are turned out before you go to bed.
• dostavit se, přijít: Crowds turned out for the trade fair.
• ukázat se (nějakým): He turned out to be a rascal / imposter / man of genius.
The party turned out a success.
What he said turned out to be a lie.
It's turned out nice and sunny. Vyčasilo se.
turn over
• obrátit (se): Please turn over, and read the instructions on the back.
He turned over a page or two and put the book down.
I keep turning over in bed and can't get to sleep.
• předat: The owner of the firm turned over the management to his son.
The thief was turned over to the police.
turn round • otočit se, obrátit se: Turn round so I can see how the coat fits.
turn up
• vyhrnout: Turn up your sleeves / the botoms of your trousers.
• zesílit (otočením knoflíku): Turn up the stereo, please.
• objevit se: He promised to come but he hasn't turned up yet. He'll turn up late.
• vyskytnout se:
Don't worry, something's sure to turn up-this wasn't the last opportunity.
turn up one's nose at st • ohrnovat nad něčím nos:

It's quite a good meal - you shouldn't turn up your nose at it.
turn upside down • obrátit vzhůru nohama:

The burglars turned the house upside down.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a turn idiom in each sentence:

1. The concert was sold out and many people couldn't be admitted. 2. Shirley rejected
Andrew's proposal of marriage. 3. That radio is driving me crazy! Could you please
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lower the volume? 4. You must return all the equipment before you leave. 5. It's late -
time I was going to bed. 6. He always produces his essays a week late. 7. I forgot to
extinguish the gas. 8. You'll have to disconnect the water supply if you want to repair
the taps in the bathroom. 9. The car went into a ditch and ended up upside down. 10.
We'll leave the motorway at Exit Four. 11. I don't think I can answer that question, so
I'll give it to Mr Green to deal with. 12. Jazz excites me. 13. Who manufactures more
cars - Chrysler, Ford, or General Motors? 14. The day was cloudy at first, but in the
end it was fine. 15. He promised to come, but I doubt that he'll appear. 16. I had
expected the party to be a bore, but it proved to be a lot of fun. 17. Mr Micawber
always hoped something would suddenly offer itself. 18. A lot of people always come
to see the Chelsea Flower Show. 19. Put him in the custody of the authorities. 20. I
was tossing in bed, unable to fall asleep.
2. Translate:
1. odvrátit se; 2 odmítnout žadatele; 3. převracet se v posteli; 4. odmítnout nápadníka;
5. předat vedení někomu jinému; 6. ztlumit rozhlas; 7. obrátit na stranu sto; 8.
odevzdat uniformu; 9. dobře dopadnout; 10. čas jít spát; 11. obrátit kapsu naruby; 12.
dopadnout úspěšně; 13. uzavřít na noc přívod vody; 14. odvést mizernou práci; 15.
vyhodit nezdárného syna z domu; 16. vyrábět pneumatiky; 17. odbočit na křižovatce;
18. rozsvítit a opět zhasnout; 19. pustit vodu; 20. Ukázalo se, že je to génius. 21. Na
manifestaci přišly davy lidí. 22. Vyčasilo se.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION INTERFERENCE tell - say
Chybné: He *told that it was true. He *told what had happened.

Proč: Tell (říci) vyžaduje nepřímý předmět (na rozdíl od tell „vyprávět": He
told an interesting story.): He told us that it was true. Nechceme-li
nepřímý předmět uvést, užijeme buď sloveso nevyžadující nepřímý
předmět (He described what had happened.), nebo sloveso say, zejména
když následuje spojka that - He said that was true.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: He *told me goodbye / hallo / yes / no.

Proč: Tell se nesmí užít - ani s nepřímým předmětem - když se uvádí skutečná
výpověď ("Goodbye", "Hallo" atd.), nepřítomnost uvozovek to
neovlivňuje. Je třeba užít say: He said goodbye to me.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: He *said me to do it.

Proč: Say nemůže uvádět příkaz. Správně: He told me to do it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I must *tell a few words about that problem.

Proč: Předměty „word" a „sentence" vyžadují sloveso say, ne tell. Správně:
I have to say a few words about it.
____________________________________________________________________
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1. Fill in say or tell.

1. I´11... you my address. 2. Just... a few words about it. 3. Don't... it in too many
words. 4. …me what it was like to live in Australia. 5. It was, as they ..., a hard nut to
crack 6. It goes without.. .ing that it's far from perfect yet. 7. Do as I... and you won't
make a mistake. 8. It's better to .. the truth. 9. There's no.. .ing how it will all turn outin
the end. 10. She... I'm rather pale 11. You're ... ing me that I'm lazy? I've been working
like a horse! 12. I must... I've never seen anything stranger in my life. 13. Will you
please ... me where to find it? 14. I ... you I'm not going to put with it. 15. What did
he ... to you after I left the room? 16.... me which place you would most like to see
17.... "cheese" so that you'll be smiling m the photograph. 18. He's coming in two
days, that is to …, on Friday. 19. Who can . me the news? 20. They ... we'll have snow
soon. 21. Why do you ... that? 22. He did as he was .. although he had some doubts
about it. 23. It's a secret - don't... anybody. 24. In which country do they … "lassie"?
25. "Dead men ... no tales" - this must be a crime story.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 22 WORK AP2
QUEBEC'S NORTHERN DYNAMO

Tamed and harnessed, the rivers of northern Quebec are being put to work in La
Grande, the most monumental hydropower project ever undertaken in North America.
Not having the oil and gas of Canada's western provinces, Quebec has turned to its
vast subarctic wilderness for a source of clean energy. Billions of dollars and armies of
workers are involved.
La Grande (LG) 2 was inaugurated in 1979, when its first generators were activated
The world's largest underground powerhouse, nearly five hundred metres long, blasted
out of solid rock, has a capacity of 5,300 megawatts – power enough for four million
people. By the turn of the century, nine powerhouses will provide 13,700 megawatts
from the La Grande Complex - itself but the beginning of a long-term plan to exploit
Quebec's water wealth.
Big earnings and low expenses soften the rigours of living in the bush. Long hours
with overtime pay make high weekly earnings common. Free food, housing, and
recreation enable many to bank their pay. Natives receive hiring priority on the LG
project, accounting for about 3 per cent of the work force, which peaked at 17,000 in
the late seventies. For this huge mobilization of men and materials, more than one
thousand kilometres of road and five airports had to be built. Some fifteen hundred
flights a year shuttle workers south every two months for family visits at company
expanse All three power stations of the complex's first phase will be run by computer
by a few hundred personnel. Now that Quebec's north country has been penetrated,
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however, its abundant mineral wealth may eventually draw permanent populations
from the south.
_____________________________________________________________________
abundant [E'bandEant] hojný, account for 3 per cent tvořit 3 %; activate spustit,
uvést do chodu; bank uložit (do spořitelny); blast out of st vyhloubit v něčem
trhavinou; bush divočina; inaugurate [i'no:gjureit] slavnostně otevřít; megawatt
[megEwot] megawatt; peak dosáhnout vrcholu; put to work přimět pracovat, využít
k práci; rigours (of living) útrapy (života); drsné (životní) podmínky; shuttle
převážet kyvadlovou dopravou; subarctic [sab'a: ktik] subarktický; tame zkrotit
La Grande [Ia'gra:nd]; Quebec [kwi´bek] province in Canada, its capital Quebec, a

port the St Lawrence, the first permanent French settlement in Canada
_____________________________________________________________________
REAL AMERICAN COWBOY

He appears as a hard-riding, fast-shooting hombre in books and paintings of the Old
West. Most cowboys did break wild horses, and some did in fact shoot in out with the
Indians, or lasso bears. The real American cowboy, however, was more often a dirty,
overworked laborer who worked under a prairie sun, or rode endless miles in rain and
wind to shepherd the panic-prone creatures that gave him his name, His great years
lasted a bare generation, from the end of the Civil War until the mid-1880s, when bad
weather, poor range management, the introduction of barbed wire, and low cattle-
market prices forced an end to the long drives from range to market. In that brief span
the number of cowboys who rode the cattle trails across the Great Plains totaled no
more than forty thousand, with the average cowpuncher riding the range for only seven
years before settling for good in town or on his own ranch. Most cowboys were
surprisingly young (their average age was twenty-four). Many were Mexican, Indian
or black. A number were former Union or Confederate soldiers.
Few cowboys actually owned a horse - their horses.were supplied by the ranch they
worked for. Most cowboys thought that "a man afoot is no man at all". The cowboy's
proudest possession was a gun. They wore guns even when they paid a call on a girl,
confident that she would be impressed. The cowboy was a proud man, fully convinced
that he was the aristocrat among the workingmen of the West. Complaining was
considered unprofessional; it irritated others and evoked no sympathy whatever. But
few careers have ever offered more occasions for complaint. A cowboy could find
himself in the middle of a prairie fire, quicksand or a stampede; he could be thrown or
kicked by a horse, charged by a cow, or half frozen on a winter search for strayed
livestock Exposure to the extremes of the weather frequently brought on pneumonia, a
leading cause of cowboy deaths, along with riding accidents and being struck by
lightning.
Marriage was a mode of life that most cowboys had to avoid, since they were always
on the move, nice girls were few, and their pay was too low to support a family. The
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bunkhouse was little more than a rural slum. Typically, it was a shack made from
weatherboard or Cottonwood logs. There was a chronic smell - a composite of sweaty
men, dry cow manure, old work boots and the smoke from kerosene or tallow lamps.
The place was in a chronic state of untidiness. Clothes were "hung on the floor so they
wouldn't fall down and get lost".
_____________________________________________________________________
afoot chodící pěšky; barbed wire ostnatý drát; bare pouhý; break a horse zkrotit
koně; bunkhouse amer. ubytovna (pro dělníky na ranči n. na stavbě); charge sb
napadnout, zaútočit (na někoho); Confederate soldier voják Konfederace
(vzbouřeného Jihu); composite [kompEzit] směsice; cottonwood topol (americký
druh); cowpuncher amer. honák, kovboj; evoke [i'vEsuk] budit; hard-riding neustále
v sedle; hombre [ombrei, ómbri] amer. jihozápadní nářečí chlap; kerosene [kerEsi:n]
amer. petrolej ( = brit. „paraffin"); lasso [lECsu, lAsEu] chytat do lasa; log kláda;
mode způsob; panic-prone snadno se plašící, panikářský; quicksand pohyblivý písek;
range pastvina; ride the cattle trail jezdit po dobytčí stezce (se stádem k železnici);
ride the range objíždět pastvinu; shack chýše, bouda; shepherd hlídat, opatrovat;
shoot it out with sb řešit spory s někým střelbou; span údobí; stampede [stAm'pi:d]
splašení stáda; strayed zbloudilý; tallow [tAlEu] lůj; typically obvykle, nejčastěji;
Union soldier voják Unie (Severu); weatherboard prkno (napokrytí zdi nejvíce
vystavené dešti a větru)
_____________________________________________________________________
COMPUTERS CONTROL THE FEEDING OF COWS
There are now several electronic cattle feeding systems on the market. Each cow
wears a special numbered collar. As it enters the feed cubicle the number is registered
electronically and is read by the computer. The computer keeps track of each animal's
feeding requirements, dispenses the right amount of cattle cake at the right interval
(the cattle cake is stored overhead and released to the cows by gravity as they enter the
stalls once the computer has given clearance), and lets the farmer know at the touch of
a button each cow's rate consumption. Not many farmers went in for electronic feeding
systems a few years ago. But the system has proved economical. The idea is to feed
little andoften, which has been shown to improve milk yields. Now everybody is going
electronic - it has become fashionable.
_____________________________________________________________________
cattle cake slisované krmivo; dispense [di' spens] vydat; feed cubicle box, stání (ke
krmení); give clearance dát svolení; go electronic [i,lek'troník] přeorientovat se na
elektroniku; go in for st být nakloněn něčemu, být pro něco; keep track of st
sledovat něco; stall [sto:l] box v chlévě; yield výnos
_____________________________________________________________________
PRODUCTIVITY 22
PRODUCTION
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highly industrialized country vysoce průmyslová země

birthplace of industry kolébka průmyslu
make great strides / advances udělat velké pokroky
achieve industrial supremacy [sE'premEsi] dosáhnout prvenství v průmysl.výrobě
catch up with sb dohonit někoho
overtake předhonit
take the lead in st ujmout se vedeni v něčem

reach the peak of production dosáhnout nejvyšší produkce
expand rozšiřovat
build up budovat
develop certain industries rozvíjet některá odvětví
carry out a vast programme of industrial expansion
carry out … uskutečnit široký / grandiózní program průmyslového rozvoje
exceed sb's output převýšit něčí výrobu
start an ambitious programme zahájit náročný program
buy the technical know-how koupit výrobní postup

increase the output fivefold zvýšit výrobu pětinásobně
establish a new factory zřídit novou továrnu
modernize the machinery modernizovat postup
enlarge an old plant rozšířit starý podnik
merge with a bigger firm splynout s větším podnikem

medium-sized enterprise střední podnik
subsidiary přidružený závod, pobočka
workshop dílna, provoz
lose one's prominent position ztratit své přední postavení
lag behind pokulhávat (vzadu), zaostávat
slow-down / check in the former rapid growth …
slow-down … zpomalení dosavadního rychlého růstu
slip, become backward zaostávat
increase efficiency [i'fišEnsi] zvýšit výkonnost
The productivity is going up / rising. Produktivita stoupá.
annual rate of increase roční přírůstek
cut production costs snížit výrobní náklady
running costs provozní náklady

improve the organization zlepšit / zdokonalit organizaci
adopt new methods přijmout nové metody
introduce a greater degree of automation zavést vyšší stupeň automatizace
the use of microelectronics and automated techniques …
the use of … využiti mikroelektroniky a automatizovaných postupů
industrial robot průmyslový robot

standardize the parts standardizovat / normalizovat součástky
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mass-produce vyrábět v masovém měřítku

eliminate waste odstranit plýtvání
use labour-saving machinery využít mechanizace
scrap obsolescent or obsolete (out-of-date) machinery …
scrap … vyřadit / dát do šrotu zastarávající nebo zastaralé (nemoderní) stroje
replace by more efficient types nahradit výkonnějšími typy
cut down (on) the number of workers / operators

cut down … snížit počet dělníků / obsluhujících stroje
experiment with new materials experimentovat s novými materiály
devise / invent new techniques vynalézt novou technologii
design on the drawing-board narýsovat návrh / projekt na rýsovacím prkně
attain a high level of technology dosáhnout vysoké úrovně techniky
utilize the workers' suggestions for improvement(s)

utilize the … využít dělnické zlepšovací návrhy
innovations zavedení nových strojů nebo opatření, inovace
try out vyzkoušet
test ověřit
carry out a trial / test provést zkoušku
carry out industrial espionage [espiEna:ž] provádět průmyslovou špionáž
copy and imitate okopírovat a napodobit
TOOLS
tool kit souprava nářadí, brašna s nářadím
axe [Aks] sekera
hatchet [hAčit] sekerka
hammer [hAmE] kladivo
hammer / drive the nail in zatlouci hřebík
plane hoblík; hoblovat
pickaxe, amer pickax [pikAks] krumpáč
file pilník; pilovat
chisel [čizl] dláto
drill vrtačka; vrtat
bit vrták (součást vrtačky)
spanner, amer wrench klíč
pincers kleště
pliers [plaiEz] štípací kleště
tape measure měřicí pásmo
saw pila; řezat
lever páka
raise /lift - lower a load zvednout – spustit břemeno

wedge klín
fasten with a screw připevnit vrutem (šroubem do dřeva)
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screw on — screw off přišroubovat — odšroubovat

screwdriver šroubovák
thread závit šroubu
screw a nut onto a bolt přišroubovat matici na šroub
cogwheel ozubené kolo
crankshaft kliková hřídel
pulley [puli] kladka
rope [rEup] provaz, lano

hook [huk] hák, háček
loop [lu:p] smyčka
knot uzel
chain řetěz
propeller hnací šroub (lodi), vrtule (letadla)
conveyer [kEnCveiE] belt dopravní pás
fit instalovat, nasadit
fix, fasten připevnit, upevnit
become loose uvolnit se
ENGINE
engine (hnací) motor
combustion engine [kemCbasčEn endžin] spalovací / výbušný motor
four-stroke, four-cylinder engine čtyřtaktní, čtyřválcový motor
compress [kEm' pres] and ignite [igńait] the fuel with a spark
compress … stlačit a zapálit pohonnou směs pomocí jiskry
piston [pistEn] píst
work on the reaction principle fungovat na principu reakce
jet engine tryskový / reaktivní motor
nozzle tryska
jet tryskající plyn, tryska (letadla), tryskové letadlo
cool ochladit
lubricate mazat
drive, run, power, propel [prE'pel] poháněti
rotate [reu'teit], amer [rEuteit] otáčet se
rotary [rEutEri] motion otáčivý pohyb
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. The river was tamed, harnessed, and put to work. 2. Big earnings soften the rigours
of living m the bush. 3. Natives account for 3 per cent of the work force. 4. Some
1,500 flights a year shuttle workers south. 5. Now every cattlebreeder is going
electronic. 6. Cowpunchers nding the range were searching for strayed livestock.
2. Find synonyms:
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1. power station, 2. staff; 3. great (mineral wealth); 4. start (a generator); 5. start (a

project) with a ceremony; 6. water power; 7. engage (people); 8. put (one's pay into a
bank account); 9. tame (wild horses); 10. cattle; 11. Cause (pneumonia); 12. a sudden
mad rush of cattle.
3. Explain:
1. clean energy; 2. milk yield; 3. industrial espionage; 4. technical know-how; 5.
Confederate soldier; 6. ride the cattle trail; 7. bunkhouse.

1. The work schedule for workers working in a wilderness.
2. Canada - a land of opportunity for British immigrants.
3. Long-term planning in the exploitation of a country's mineral wealth.
4. The American cowboy; fact and fiction.
1. What kind of manual work do you like to do? 2. What kind of work do you find
annoying? 3. Has your father or mother ever changed his or her job? If so, why? 4.
Would you prefer to have a job in a small town or in a larger town? 5. Would you
prefer to be a junior clerk with low pay and little responsibility or a senior clerk or
head with more pay but be responsible for everybody in your department? 6. Why
would you (not) like to be a lighthouse keeper?
6. Translate:
udělat velké pokroky, dosáhnout prvenství; ujmout se vedení, budovat a rozšiřovat
průmysl; rozvíjet některá odvětví; převýšit loňskou výrobu, mít technické 'vědomosti a
schopnosti; provoz (dílna); zaostávat, zvýšit výkonnost; snížit provozní náklady;
odstranit plýtvání; vyřadit zastarávající stroje, obsluhovat stroj; dělnický zlepšovací
návrh.
7. Name the tool needed in order to:

1. rub down or smooth a hard (metal) surface; 2. take a thin layer off a wooden
surface to make it smooth; 3. measure distance; 4. make a hole in some material; 5. cut
a log into two pieces; 6. chop wood; 7. fasten something with a screw; 8. make a
sculpture out of a block of wood; 9 break up hard ground; 10. drive in at a nail; 11.
bend or cut wire; 12. hoist a heavy burden.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS CALL
call at • zastavit se u (někoho):
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We should call at my uncle's when we're in Sheffield.
call away • odvolat:

I'm afraid the doctor isn't in - he was called away to see a patient.
call back • zavolat zpátky: Call John back - I've thought of something important.
call by • zastavit se (někde a vyzvednout něco):

I'll call by at the laundry on my way home. I'll call by and pick up my things.
call for • zastavit se pro, přijít si vyzvednout:

What time shall I call for the laundry?
• vyžadovat, žádat si: Your plan calls for some care / a lot of money.
This game calls for a great deal of skill. This calls for a drink. To je třeba zapít.
call forth • vyvolat, vzbudit:

War calls forth the best as well as the worst in people.
His behaviour called forth some protest.
call in • zavolat (povolat k službě): call in the doctor / a specialist / Scotland Yard.
• navštívit, zastavit se (někde): Let's call in at this pub / shop.
We called (in) at John's on the way home from the cinema.
call off • odvolat (z akce): Please call your dog off - he frightens me.
• zrušit, odvolat (aby se nekonalo):
The strike was called off. Their engagement was called off.
call on • navštívit (krátce, zejm. služebně):

The doctor called on the patient every day. A salesman called on the Browns and tried
to sell them a fridge.
• apelovat na:
They called on /upon us to support them / to protest against the arms race.
call out • vyvolávat, číst (jména ze seznamu):

When his name was called out, he said "Present, sir"
• povolat: The government called out the National Guard /j Home Guard.
• zavolat (na někoho, na pozdrav nebo se žádostí):
If you want anything, just call out and I'll bring it.
"A lovely day, isn't it?" he called (out) to me.
call round • zastavit se (na návštěvu):

Call round when you have the time. I must call round at John's to pick up my album.
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call to • zavolat na: When he saw me he called to me: "Is that really you?"
call together • svolat: The head called together all the members of the department.
call up • zavolat telefonem (zejm. amer.):

I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.
• vyvolat (vzpomínky):
Seeing your boy's toys calls up some happy memories of my own childhood.
• povolat na vojnu (amer. draft):
Tom - with other reservists - was called up soon after the war started.
call sb's attention to

• upozornit někoho na: Try not to call attention to yourself.
You should call the cleaner's attention to the mess that's here.
____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a call idiom in each sentence:

1. This event should be celebrated with a drink. 2. The parade was cancelled because
of rain. 3. He shouted to me, "Help!" 4. I'll visit the barber's when passing on my way
home. 5. His performance was met with high praise. 6. I'll phone you when I have
time. 7. Could you stop at the chemist's on your way, to work? 8. The Home Secretary
ordered the Home Guard to help in the flooded areas. 9. I paid a visit to John. 10. The
30-35 age group was summoned for military service. 11. This playground brings back
scenes from my own childhood. 12. This situation demands a cool head. 13. He
pointed out to me the strange way in which she had been behaving.
2. Translate:
1. odvolat stávku; 2. svolat mužstvo; 3. zavolat nahlas; 4. zrušit zasnoubení; 5.
vyvolávat jména; 6. vyžadovat mnoho peněz; 7. zastavit se cestou domů v obchodním
domě; 8. vyvolat kritiku; 9. navštívit někoho cestou z divadla; 10. povolat na vojnu;
11. dovolat se telefonem; 12. přivolat vzpomínky; 13. navštívit pacienta; 14. zastavit
se pro někoho; 15. povolat domobranu; 16. apelovat na poslance, aby protestoval; 17.
Zastav se někdy u nás.
____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 22 INTERFERRENCE
Discusssion
Chybné: Let me explain *you what to do.
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Proč: Následuje-li po explain nepřímý předmět, musí mít to. V angličtině je

však silná tendence nepřímý předmět neuvádět. Tedy: Let me explain (to
you) what to do. Podobně: He mentioned the problem (to us).
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: All those *mentions about... Všechny ty zmínky o ...

Proč: Mention nebývá v množném čísle (He made no mention of it. Nezmínil
se o tom.), správně tedy All those references to ...
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I *can say that I enjoyed it. Mohu říci, že se mi to líbilo.

Proč: Rodilý mluvčí neužije úvodní vazbu, řekne: I enjoyed it.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I *must say that it's nice. Musím říci, zeje to pěkné.
Proč: Rodilý mluvčí neužije žádnou úvodní vazbu nebo řekne:
It's certainly nice.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * According to me / according to my opinion it's correct. Podle mne /

podle mého názoru je to správné.
Proč: According se dá použít jen o jiné osobě, než je mluvčí. Přitom naznačuje,
že mluvčí neví, zda druhá osoba má pravdu .nebo dokonce naznačuje, že
se s jeho názorem neztotožňuje. Tedy: According to his wife it's correct.
Ale: In my opinion it's correct. I think it's correct.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * As for me, I like best... Pokud jde o mě, nejraději mám ...
Proč: Rodilý mluvčí nepoužije žádnou úvodní formuli nebo řekne:
Well, actually I like best ... As for se užívá v kontrastu s předchozím
jevem, např. I don 't mind if Jim and Bill come with us, but as for Jack, I
don't even want to hear about him coming with us.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * How is it called in English? Jak se tomu říká anglicky?

Proč: Náležité vazby jsou: What's the English for ...? What's ...in English?
How do you say ...in English?
Nebo, ukazujeme-li na předmět: What's this called in English?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *How to say it in English? Jak to říct anglicky?

Proč: Při váhání nad formulací se použije otázka:
How can I put it? nebo How can I say it in English?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: They're studying, or *better to say (lépe řečeno), they're pretending to

study.
Proč: „Lépe řečeno" = or rather.
Tedy: ... or rather, they're pretending to study.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Zmínil se vám o tom svém nedorozumění? 2. Nezmínil se o tom, že by něco
chybělo. 3. Všechny ty zmínky o jeho zásluhách by měly být vyškrtnuty. 4. Musím
říct, že tohle jsem od nich nečekal. 5. Podle mne to zní příliš dobře, než aby to byla
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pravda. 6. Podle šéfa je to příliš velké riziko. 7. Ale jak jim teď říct, že už o to
nestojíme? 8. Šli jsme pěšky, nebo lépe řečeno utíkali jsme, protože nám ujela tramvaj.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 23 CHANGE IN LIFE AP2
ENGLISH PHILANTHROPISTS
Now that governments have taken over a large part of social relief work, we tend to
forget the work done by outstanding individuals in the nineteenth century.
Philanthropy literally means "love of mankind". Here then are the stones of six English
philanthropists who not only loved mankind but who through their efforts helped to
speed up social progress in various fields.
William Wilberforce (1759-1833)

The existence of slavery had begun to trouble the conscience of thinking men as
early as 1671, when George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, urged all
Quakers in Barbados to free their own slaves. Then in 1787 William Wilberforce
began his long campaign for the abolition of the slave trade and the emancipation of
the slaves. He took up every opportunity in the House of Commons of exposing the
horrors of the trade. As a result of his work and the work of others the transport of
slaves in British ships was forbidden in 1807. The Emancipation Bill, which freed all
slaves in British dominions, and was the culmination of his life work, was not passed
till a month after his death, in 1833. Great Britain's example was followed by other
nations: Wilberforce thus indirectly achieved reform in other countries besides his
own. As a tribute to his work he was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Robert Owen (1771-1858)

At twenty-eight, Robert Owen became a partner in the New Lanark mills, the largest
and best-equipped spinning mills in Scotland, and he aimed at not only making it
efficient but turning it into a well-governed community based on his ideals. He felt it
was his duty to ensure the workers all the means of having a good life - to pay good
wages, to avoid unreasonably long hours of work, to provide good houses and good
food and clothing at reasonable prices, to make the factory village a sanitary and
pleasant place, and, above all, to ensure that the children received the best education.
Owen strictly limited the profits of the enterprise to a fixed amount and insisted that
any surplus beyond this should be spent on services for the workers' community.
His effort was not a mere attempt to raise the material standard of living: he wanted
to change men's ways of thinking by providing them with a better social and
economic environment; Owen became a pioneer in the movement for factory reform.
He worked hard for a Factory Act (passed in 1819) which would prohibit the labour of
young children, regulate hours of work, and set up a state system of factory inspection.
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But not seeing any practical outcome of his efforts in England, he made an attempt
to try out his scheme in the New World, In 1825 he founded the Cooperative
Community of New Harmony in the state of Indiana. The community failed when the
settlers, a mixed group of enthusiasts and adventurers of every sort, began to quarrel
among themselves and finally changed the colony into an ordinary successful pioneer
town based on individual property.
On his return to England Owen found the country greatly changed; the workers were
organizing themselves, planning a general strike. Owen ceased to be the leader of the
masses. Within a couple of years a new political agitation arose - the Chartist
movement. Owen, though he failed in his long-term objectives, should be remembered
as a man who devoted his whole life to a noble dream.
Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845)

Elizabeth Fry, a Quaker, began working among the prisoners of Newgate Prison,
London, trying to improve the condition of women there. Owing in large measure to
her efforts. Parliament introduced changes both in the prisons and in the transportation
of convicts to Australia. Among the measures she advocated - in advance of her time -
were the classification of delinquents and vocational training. She travelled widely on
the Continent, trying to persuade the authorities to adopt her reforms, and in many
cases succeeded in her efforts.
Lord Shaftesbury (1801-85)

When he was fourteen, he witnessed a party of drunken coffin-bearers carrying a
pauper's coffin to the churchyard. He was so shocked by it that he decided to dedicate
his life to help the downtrodden. A tablet on Harrow School still commemorates this
resolution. As a young man he entered Parliament and was appointed by the Prime
Minister to the India Board. In this post he started his first political agitation: against
the Hindu widow's practice of committing suicide during her husband's funeral. It was
made illegal three years later.
The first social abuse in Britain to attract his interest was the cruel and inhuman
treatment of lunatics and the feeble-minded. He visited many homes and asylums and
got an Act passed to improve the situation. He also took a considerable share in
Wilberforce's agitation for the abolition of slavery. He then turned his attention to the
mines and factories and was largely responsible for the law forbidding women and
children to work underground in mines, and the famous Ten Hours Factory Act of
1847. He also prohibited the employment of boys as chimneysweeps. He agitated
against slums and as chairman of the Central Board of Public Health did much to
check epidemics. He pleaded for parks and playgrounds, and for providing a Saturday
half-holiday for all workers.
His philanthropic activities were based on his sincere belief that all men were
brothers and that a selfish use of wealth, privilege, and ability was a denial of that
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brotherhood. He himself spent so much on philanthropic schemes that he was always

in debt, and lived mainly on borrowed money. When he was buried in Westminster
Abbey, all his eight pallbearers were humble men. On the coffin lay a wreath given as
"the loving tribute of the flower-girls of London".
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

Florence Nightingale is remembered as the founder of the modern nursing
profession. When twenty-four, she began to visit hospitals and to interest herself in
training for nursing. In the Crimean War she organized a hospital unit of 38 nurses,
and later founded a home for training nurses at a London hospital. Next she worked
hard for the improvement of conditions in the army, so that the death rate among the
troops in peacetime should not be twice the civilian rate. Many army chiefs thought
her ideas mollycoddling, but gradually barracks and army hospitals improved and the
death rate in the army was halved. She was the first woman to receive the British
Order of Merit.
William Booth (1829-1912)

William Booth was the founder and "general" of the Salvation Army. The first
mission aimed at helping people who lived in squalor and suffering was founded at
Whitechapel, in the East End of London. In 1878 the mission became the Salvation
Army, modelled on the British army. For many years his work was looked upon with
ridicule, but as its good results became more evident, the operations of the Salvation
Army spread to the USA and elsewhere. Booth believed that the outcast may be
restored to society if he can be made to feel that decent people care whether he rises or
not. The Salvation Army now has hundreds of social institutes all over the world and
its activities include sheltering vagrants, operating rehabilitation centres, clinics,
children's homes, and employment bureaus, caring for unmarried mother and their
children, offering family welfare and aid to prisoners' families, searching for missing
relatives, and running summer camps for children.
_____________________________________________________________________
advocate a measure obhajovat / prosazovat opatření; agitation agitace, hnutí; aim at
st klást si něco za cil; chimneysweep kominík; convict [konvikt] trestanec;
delinquent [di'liNkwEnt] provinilec; doctrine [doktrin] doktrína, nauka;
downtrodden utlačovaný; humble nízkého původu, prostý; (lunatic) asylum
['lu:nEtik E,sailEm] ústavpro choromyslné; missiori mise; mollycoddle rozmazlovat,
změkčovat; operation působení; Order of Merit Řád za zásluhy; outcast vydědenec;
pallbearer ['po:libeEre] osoba jdoucí dle rakve, amer. osoba nesoucí rakev; pauper
chudák, nemajetný člověk; philanthropist [filAnSrEpist] filantrop; ridicule posměch;
sanitary hygienický; scheme [ski:m] projekt, shelter sb poskytnout přístřeší někomu;
social relief sociální pomoc; spinning mill přádelna; surplus [sE:plEs] přebytek;
tablet tabulka; tribute to st uznání za něco; vagrant [veigrEnt] tulák; venture
podnik; well-governed dobře řízený
Barbados [ba:' beidEuz] an island and state in the West Indies; Chartism [ča:tizm] a
workclass movement to achieve the political reforms contairied-in the "Peoples
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Charter" of 1838; the Crimean [krai'miEn] War krymská válka (1853-56) between
Russia and the allied powers of Turkey, Britain, France, and Sardinia; the main
campaign centred on the siege of Sevastopol; Harrow [hArEau] a borough of
northwest Greater London, with a public ol founded in 1571; Newgate [nju:git] a
former London prison - 13th to 19th century - which stood opposite the Old Bailey;
New Lanark [lAnEk] county town in Lanarkshire in central Scotland, on the river
Clyde; Quaker [kweikE] a member of the Society of Frienids, a Protestant sect
founded in 1671 in England by George Fox. "Quaker" was a nickname given by a
judge to Fox, who had told him to quake at the word of the Lord. They suffered
persecution in the 17th century, and many emigrated to America. They are opposed to
war and military service.
_____________________________________________________________________
A NEW ZEALANDER STARTING A NEW LIFE IN ENGLAND
I grew up in New Zealand but I was, without really knowing it, an Englishman,
connected by an invisible cord to a mother culture on the opposite side of the world. It
had begun with those standard middle-class children's books by A. A. Milne, Edith
Nesbit, G. A. Henty, and R. M. Ballantyne. Later still, there were the magazines and
journals that arrived by sea, months out-of-date – Punch and the Toiler, Country Life
and the Illustrated London News; and the fat weekly edition of the Daily Mirror. There
were the English films too, and in the cinema I mindlessly absorbed the prejudices of
the English class system. The movies told me that the upper classes were sometimes
dotty- but inevitably brilliant and always just, that the middle classes were efficient
and decent and brave and always got the girl, and that the workers were loyal and
deferential. But all that changed, quite dramatically, in 1960, when I saw Albert
Finney as the workingclass hero of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. He made the
long line of his middle-class predecessors, such as Leslie Howard, ridiculous.
When I finally made my way to London, I was prepared for the social revolution that
books and films and plays of the past decade had been anticipating. But the only signal
I found was that regional accents had come down from the North to London's theatres;
the Beatles had contributed to that too. I had no problem joining the BBC - the place
seemed to be overrun with Canadians, Australians, and New Zealanders. I settled into
an English way of life. I was delighted by the English landscape, one of the loveliest
on earth. Many buildings were superb too - not only Caernarvon Castle and York
Minster with their ancient glories, but also the village houses, built by craftsmen. But,
more than the physical environment, there was something special in the English atmo-
sphere, in the spirit of its people, that I found uplifting. It was not that characteristic
reserve for which the English are, I believe, inaccurately famous; it was great tolerance
of the eccentric, Soon after I arrived in London, I found myself riding the escalator in
Selfridge's with an umbrella jammed in the open position. But no one looked at me
twice. I enjoyed this indifference. The tolerance of the English, it seemed to me, was
not unlike the tolerance of Hinduism; it tolerated the foreigner in order to absorb and
transform him. The English have a genius for making whatever they touch English, not
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by force, but by example and seduction. It is a process that can't be hurried, and that is
why otherwise tolerant Englishmen began to display signs of racism as coloured
immigrants kept flowing into Britain. They were coming in too fast for that adaptation
to work its magic. It is forcignness, with its implied threat to his own culture, that the
Englishman fears, not colour.
_____________________________________________________________________
anticipate [A'tisipeit] předjímat; brilliant velmi nadaný, geniální; deferential
[,defE'renšl] poníženě uctivý; dotty hovor, praštěný; eccentric [ik'sentrik] výstřední
člověk; výstřednost; jam zaseknout se; seduction svádění; uplifting povznášející
Ballantyne, R. M. [bAlEantain] (1825-94) author of children's books; Caernarvon

[kEna:vEn] a port and castle in northwest Wales: Country Life a monthly; Finney,
Albert [fini] (1936-) English actor; Henty, G. A. [henti] (1832-1902) writer of boys'
books some 80 tales of adventure; Howard, Leslie [,lezli 'hauEd] (1893-1943) English
actor made popular by roles in such films as "Pygmalion" and "The Scarlet Pimpernel"
Illustrated London News a weekly, well illustrated with photographs; Milne, A. A.
[miln] (1882—1956) English humorous writer for children, e.g. "Winnie-the-Pooh"
(1926); Nesbit, Edith [nezbit] (1858-1924) English writer of children's books; Punch
humorous magazine (1841-1992): Selfridge's [selfridžiz] a department store in Oxford
Street, London; the Tatler [tAtlE] a weekly: York Minster [minsta] the cathedral in
York ("minster" indicates that it was originally part of a monastery)
_____________________________________________________________________
HOME SWEET HOME

Many men and women are persuaded to go into a home for old people when they are
in their sixties or seventies because their children think that old people are not able to
look after themselves. The words "second childhood" are used to describe the
feebleness of mind that is supposed to come with extreme old age. But people Jive
longer now and keep fitter. Seventy is no longer an unusual age and when they retire
people may have many years ahead of them.
In the home they often deteriorate rapidly, both physically and mentally, because
they have no useful role to play. Their meals are cooked for them, their rooms are
cleaned for them, the garden is kept tidy Tor them - someone even does their personal
shopping. The residents have nothing to do but sit – either in their own rooms or in the
communal lounge - talking, reading, watching television, perhaps knitting or playing
cards. Some of them grumble along the lines of one old woman: "I wish I were back in
my own home. I wish my daughter hadn't persuaded me to sell my house. I don't like
the food. I don't like the matron, and I'm not interested in talking to these old fogeys.
We're all sitting here waiting to die."
She is right in many things. Both body and brain lack exercise in a home. If your are
living in your house or flat, on the other hand, you can choose what you want to eat
and decide what you need to buy, even if you are frail and walk with a stick and can't
carry heavy loads and have to get someone to shop for you. Making decisions keeps
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the brain alert. Light housework prevents muscles from getting feeble - the local
council can send a home help to do the difficult obs.
Sons and daughters are now expected to leave home when they marry, and often they
leave home earlier, as soon as they are earning enough money to rent a bed-sitter. So
the "nuclear family", as" the sociologists call the modern family (mother and father,
plus the children), usually finishes up, on the death of the mother or father, with one
person living alone. Some widows or widowers move in with their married children, of
course, but this can create tension within the family, particularly if the house or flat is
small. Young people's ways are sometimes unacceptable to the elderly - and vice
versa.
But living alone does not mean being lonely In many towns, there are day centres for
the elderly - places where they can spend an hour or two chatting to their fellow
pensioners. Many old people prefer to choose their companions according to their
interests, not their age. And even elderly folk sometimes have romances. There are
people who can't adapt to living alone and for them a home may be a happy solution.
Most people, however, like to feel that they are in control of their own lives and they
should be encouraged to live independently for as long as they can.
_____________________________________________________________________
alert [EclE:t] čilý; communal lounge společenská místnost; deteriorate [di'
tiEriEreit] upadat; feeble slabý; grumble along the lines of... reptat tak jako...;
matron [meitrEni] vrchní sestra (titul), old fogey [fEugi] starý dědek, stará bába
_____________________________________________________________________
AGEING 23
Old age sets in. Nastává staří.
not understand the nature of ageing neznat podstatu stárnutí
arrest ageing zastavit stárnutí
premature old age předčasné stáří
life expectancy průměrný lidský věk
finite life span konečný věk

long-living species dlouhověký druh
Longevity [Ion' dževEti] runs in families. Některé rodiny jsou dlohověké.
Living to the age of 70 is commonplace. Dožit se sedmdesáti let je běžné.
visible signs of the ageing process viditelné známky procesu stárnutí
The hair starts to turn grey. Vlasy začínají šedivět.
balding head [bo:ldiN hed] hlava začínající plešatět
The muscles shrink. Svaly ubývají.
have wrinkles mít vrásky
The joints become stiff / swollen. Klouby tuhnou / otékají.
The memory begins to fail. Paměť začíná vypovídat.

100,000 brain cells die each day. 100 000 mozkových buněk zaniká každý den.
functioning of body organs fungování tělesných orgánů
become increasingly vulnerable to infections stát se stále náchylnějším k infekcím
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affected by psychological and social factors ovlivněný psycholog.a sociál.činiteli
be free of worry nemít starosti

be cut off from family and friends být odříznutý od rodiny a přátel
put into an old people's home dát do domova důchodců
suffer from depression trpět depresemi
not to give in when old age comes nepoddat se, když přijde stáří
immortality nesmrtelnost
gerontology [,džeron' tolEdži] gerontologie, věda o stárnuli
geriatrics [,džeri'Atriks] geriatrie (věda o chorobách lidského stáří a jejich léčení)
age-related diseases choroby související se stářím
___________________________________________________________________
1. relief work; 2. philanthropist; 3. convict; 4. Quaker; 5. the Emancipation Bill; 6. the
Factory Act (1819); 7. life in squalor; 8. Utopian idea; 9. the Chartist movement; 10.
pauper; 11. vagrant; 12. matron; 13. mental deterioration.

1. William Wilberforce.
2. Robert Owen's social experiments.
3. Lord Shaftesbury's humanitarian campaigns.
4. The Salvation Army and the range of its activities.
5. Can charity make a better world?
6. The English class system.
7. The English tolerance of eccentrics.
8. How well are old people cared for?
9. The decrease in family cohesion.
1. Which English philanthropist appeals to you most? 2. Do you know any needy
person? 3. Do you think that the state alone should be resposible for the well-being of
its citizens? 4. Do you know any eccentric persons? 5. What social problems should
people in this country turn their attention to? 6. Who are the oldest people in your
family; how are they bearing their old age? 7. Do you know any retired people who
feel neglected and discarded because the end of work meant for them the end of real
life? 8. What sort of "progress" in life would you like to make (in social status, place
of residence, family size, travelling about, personal contribution to society)?
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS KEEP
keep back • zatajovat (from sb před někým):
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He has kept the truth / the news / some vital information back from us.
keep in • nechat po škole: Johnny's teacher kept him in till five.
keep in the dark • udržovat v nevědomosti, nic neříct:

They kept the public in the dark about their agreement until the last moment.
keep in mind • mít na mysli (nezapomínat):

Keep in mind that it's rather complicated.
keep in touch • udržovat styk: Please write: it would be nice to keep in touch.
We attended a summer school together and have kept in touch since.
keep off • vyhnout se (něčemu):

Keep off the grass. Nechoďte po trávě. Nešlapte na trávník.
I hope the rain keeps off. Doufám, že to vydrží bez deště.
keep on
• (po)nechat na sobě: Don't keep your wet socks on - change into some dry ones.
• pokračovat (v cestě), jít dál: Keep on till you reach the signpost.
• + gerundium) stále něco dělat, nepřestávat:
He keeps on forgetting to do his homework.
keep on about • neustále mluvit o (hovor.): He keeps on about his girlfriend.

I wish he wouldnt't keep on about how badly off he is.
keep out • nenechat vejít: Keep out. Vstup zakázán.

Keep that dog out - he'll only mess up the room. Nech toho psa venku-zašpiní pokoj.
keep out of • vyhýbat se (něčemu): Keep out of the sun. Nechoď na slunce.
Try to keep out of trouble. Snaž se do ničeho nezaplést.
keep to • dodržovat (plán, téma, pravidlo):

We can't make any changes in the plan - we have to keep to the original schedule.
Keep to the left / right. Jezdit / chodit vlevo / vpravo.
The traffic in Australia still keeps to the left. V Austrálii se pořád jezdí vlevo.
Keep to the point. Neodbíhej. Drž se věci.
Keep your luggage to the minimum. Omez zavazadla na minimum.
• zdržovat se (někde):
Since her heart attack she's kept to her room. Od doby infarktu nevychází z pokoje.
keep to oneself • nechat si pro sebe (neprozradit):
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Keep it - the news to yourself - it's still a secret.

• žít sám: He's very quiet - he keeps to himself. Je velmi tichý, žije velice uzavřeně.
keep up • udržovat (v provozu, v dobrém stavu, na výši):

They keep up a large house – they must be rich.
We must keep up our good reputation / our morale / our courage.
• vydržet (pokračovat, vytrvat): I hope the fine weather will keep up.
Keep up the good work. Pokračujte v dobré práci.
This is excellent work -just keep it up. Je to výborná práce - jen tak dál.
• zdržovat (od spánku): Sometimes I was kept up half the night / till 2 a.m.
Někdy jsem musel zůstat vzhůru dlouho do noci / až do dvou.
I hope I'm not keeping you up.
keep up appearances • udržovat zdání:

Now they are poor but they still try to keep up appearances.
keep up with • udržovat krok s (vyrovnat se někomu):

Tom's unable to keep up with the rest of the class.
To "Keep up with the Joneses" means to compete with one's neighbours socially.
We've bought a video - we try to keep up with the times.
His wife keeps up with the latest fashion.
How do you manage to keep up with new developments in linguistics?
Jak to děláš, že stačíš sledovat novinky v lingvistice?
keep an eye on • dohlédnout na: Please keep an eye on my luggage.
keep one's eyes open • mít oči otevřené (dávat pozor):

Keep your eyes open or we'll miss the turnoff.
I´ll keep my eyes open for anything unusual.
keep pace • udržovat krok:

You're thinking much too fast for me - I can't keep pace with you.
Our industry must keep pace with the development of science and technolog.
1. Use a keep idiom in each sentence:

1. He withheld thevery facts we wanted to know. 2. He always forgets. 3. I'm not
going out tonight 4. Don't step on the grass. 5. Just tell us the main facts. 6. The party
will be fine if the rain doesn't come. 7. Watch the children to see that they don't get
hurt. 8. No admittance. 9. Our correspondence must not lapse. 10. I did my best to
prevent him from losing his courage. 11. We´ll have to maintain the same growth rate
as our competitors. 12. Don't fall behind the rest of the class. 13. Don't go into the
water - it's too cold for swimming. 14. Continue your efforts. 15. They're always trying
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to compete with their neighbours. 16. He avoids meeting people. 17. Just tell us the
facts.
2. Translate:
1. ponechat žáka po škole; 2. zůstat doma; 3. nechodit po trávníku; 4. udržovat dům; 5.
udržet si svou pověst; 6. zdržovat od spaní; 7. pokračovat v díle; '8. snažit se udržet
zdání; 9, udržovat krok s ostatními; 10. udržovat v nevědomosti; 11. uchránit někoho
nepříjemností; 12. udržovat krok s rozvojem techniky; 13. vyhýbat se slunci; 14.
hlídat zavazadla; 15: Neustále mluví o té křivdě, co se jí stala. 16. Počasí se snad
udrží. 17. Vstup zakázán.
REVISION 23 INTERFERENCE Quantity I
Chybné: * hundred / thousand and two

Proč: Před výrazy hundred, thousand, million musí být neurčitý člen a nebo -
chceme-li být přesní - číslovka one. Tedy: a / one hundred and two.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybně: * a thousand two hundred

Proč: Následují-li po tisíci stovky, tisíc musí mít one, ne a. Tedy: one thousand
two hundred, ale např. a / one thousand and twenty.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybně: * a hundred twenty'five, *two thousand and five hundred

Proč: V číselném údaji musí být mezi stovkami a desítkami spojka and. Mezi
tisíci a sty naopak and není. Tedy: a hundred and twenty-five, two
thousand five hundred.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybně: *on eleventh February

Proč: Datum, třebaže se obvykle píše bez the a of, se musí číst buď on
February the eleventh (v americké angličtině řadová číslovka je obvykle
bez členu), nebo on the eleventh of February.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybně: (amer.) *2/II/87 = November 2, 1987

Proč: Američané píší napřed měsíc, potom den. Tedy 2/11/87 — February 11,
1987.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybně: That wilt be five pounds *and thirty *pence / p.

Proč: Pence ani její zkratka p se neuvádí u částky s librami; mezí libry a pence
se neklade spojka and. Totéž platí i o jiných měnách. Tedy:
That will be five pounds / crowns thirty.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybně: It cost two *and a half pounds. It cost *half a pound.

Proč: U liber se neužívají zlomky. Tedy: It cost two pounds fifty. Zlomky se
užívají jen u váhové libry: two and a half pounds of potatoes.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chybně: There were five *thousands of them.

Proč: Hundred, thousand, million nejsou v množném čísle, když je před nimi
číslovka, Tedy: five thousand of them.
Ale: There were thousands of them.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Read out:
1002, 1020, 1200, 2200, 102, 125, on 11th February, on February 11, £7.40, 7,000 of
them.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 24 EDUCATION AP2
TERM TIME AGAIN
Within the next fortnight, thousands of boys and girls of various ages, shapes, and
sizes will be packing satchels and trunks and putting on uniforms, bidding tearful
farewells to holiday friends and parents and going back to school. A trip to any major
railway terminus will reveal dozens of pale little persons, while, parents try to look as
though this happens every day of the week. Some of the older children will actually be
delighted to see each other but, in the old public school tradition that never seems to
die, they are too British to do more than slap each other on the back and mutter: "Had
a good hol?" Others look as though they are going to be sick.
It is easier for day boys and girls, who have no such problems. For them the term
starts with the bang on the bedroom door as the parents announce that it's time to get
up or they will be late for school. But either way, the transition from weeks of idleness
to the harsh reality of the schoolroom comes as something of a shock. And to most
parents it comes as an enormous relief.
"Whoever," said a mother of four to me wearily last week, "says that twelve-year-
olds need ten weeks' holiday must be a sadist or single - six weeks is more than
enough. They're moaning all about how they hate school - but I suspect they will be as
happy to get back as lam to see them go." A heartless comment some might say, but
quite frequent. |
Some parents soon forget the real anxiety that watching your offspring go through
the school gates for the first time brings. My own child had to be dragged screaming
every morning, and clung to my skirts for a whole term - though he was happy as a
sandboy every afternoon when I picked him up. I can even still remember the horror I
felt at my first glimpse of the sea of unfamiliar faces that confronted me. I knew
instinctively that I had entered a battleground, and that it could not be avoided, and I
was terrified.
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In my experience, people who maintain that schooldays were the happiest days of
their lives are usually people whom life has disappointed: "Old Boys“ who at forty
have never quite adapted to the adult world and still cling to collective memories of
dorms and midnight feasts and rugger matches and all boys together, or women who
formed a closer relationship with the woman who taught French Grammar than they
have subsequently been able to form with other people. There were good days, of
course, many of them, arid the essensial carelessness of life in which someone else is
paying for (and sometimes making) your bed and board are sweet. But "the happiest
days"? Never. It may be that for us the summer holidays are too long, but at least we
have a certain amount of choice in how and with whom we spend out time. For all the
children in all the classrooms there are no such options.
_____________________________________________________________________
bid farewell to sb rozloučit se s někým; cling to st: pevně se držet něčeho; confront
[kEnCfrEnt] sb být před někým; dorm hovor, společná ložnice; feast oslava,
hodování; heartless bezcitný; hol hovor. = holiday; idleness nečinnost; moan sténat,
naříkat; offspring potomek; Old Boy brit. bývalý žák (zejm. internátní střední školy);
option volba; relief [rí'li:f] úleva; sadist [seidist] sadista; sandboy: happy as a
sandboy hovor, hrozně šťastný, šťastný jako blecha; scream vřískat, ječet; slap
poplácat; trunk velký kufr
_____________________________________________________________________
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
The Open University was set up in 1969 and enrolled its first students in 1971.
Twelve years later, more than 45,000 students had obtained OU degrees and there are
now over 60,000 undergraduate students and 30,000 doing nondegree work. You do
not need O or A levels to get in. In fact, you do not need any qualification at all to
apply. The only requirements are that you must be over twenty-one and resident in the
UK. Entry is on a "first-come, first-served" basis. There is a limit to the number of
students each academic year, so people who apply first are accepted first. Because it is
open to everyone, OU students come from all walks of life and are. all ages. Many
people missed the chance to go to university and for them OU offers a second chance.
OU students have jobs and families and have to study at home in their spare time -
they have to set aside up to fifteen hours a week for study. There is no universíty
campus and no lectures. Students do most of their work on their own; the OU'sway of
teaching is called "distance teaching". More than 65-percent of the student's time is
spent studyingat home with specially written course books, which are sent by post. A
smaller amount of time is spent watching or listening to OU programmes on BBC
television or radio, or listening to tapes. There are a number of written assignments
that have to be sent to course tutors and there are occasional tutorials. In the first year,
there is a one-week residential summer school.
There are six main study areas, or faculties, within the OU. They are: Arts,
Educational Studies, Mathematics, Science, Social Sciences, and Technology. The
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faculties offer a wide range of courses at different levels of study: foundation, second,
third, and fourth levels. If a person registers as an undergraduate to study courses for
the BA degree, he begins his studies by taking one or two foundation courses in his
first year. They introduce him to the OU's teaching methods and also provide the basis
of knowledge from which he can then progress to courses at other levels in subsequent
years. When he successfully completes a course, he earns a credit. And when he has
earned six credits he qualifies for the university's BA degree. With eight credits, he
qualifies for a BA with Honours. There is a choice of over one hundred courses and
almost any combination of subjects.
Undergraduate courses begin in February and last until early November, a total of
32-34 weeks of study. At regular intervals during the course students receive by post
packages containing specially written, well-illustrated textbooks („course units" as the
OU calls them). They also receive notes on radio and TV broadcasts, and assignments
and exercises. Although correspondence tuition is the central teaching method, there
are nearly 6,000 part-time tutors and counsellors available locally to provide help for
students.
Most of the students' problems are in the first year. Many of them have no study
skills and have to learn how to take notes, how to structure and write an essay, and
how to use a library. They also have to train themselves to retain facts. These initial
problems are mostly due to the long gap in the students' education since leaving
school. But though they find the study difficult in the beginning, they rarely find it
boring, and with some support and encouragement from the family they are able to
finish the university.
_____________________________________________________________________
counsellor konzultant; coursebook cvičebnice; honours: with honours s
vyznamenáním; residential summer school prázdninové soustředění; retain [ri'tein]
pamatovat si; tutorial cvičení, seminář, konzultace; walks of life společenské vrstvy
_____________________________________________________________________
CAMBRIDGE VERSUS CAMBRIDGE
The economics department at Cambridge, England, was once the first in the world.
Today it is a pygmy compared with its American rival, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Why?
In most universities today, economics is booming. Harvard and Cambridge can both
claim to have in their staffs some of the most illustrious names in the history of the
subject. And they both boast well-connected alumni and high-powered students. But
nobody inside the profession doubts that Harvard is having a far better boom than
Cambridge. An Oxford professor admits that Harvard had probably the best economic
department in the world. Cambridge graduates frequently go on to Harvard's graduate
school the compliment is rarely returned. What is wrong with Cambridge?
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The decline of its economics department dates from its defeat in one of the main
battles in postwar economics - the so-called Cambridge versus Cambridge
controversy. In the early 1960s a group of Cambridge economists argued that
neoclassical economics was biased on a falše assumption that man rationally favours
state intervention. Harvard (and M.I.T.) preferred markets. The world went the
Massachusetts way. Neoclassical economics is now international orthodoxy; the
Cambridge tradition is taken seriously only in East Anglia. And state planning is dead.
The Cambridge controversy also divided the faculty - some senior teachers sided
with the other Cambridge and the faculty finally lost a generation of stars and made a
number of light-weight appointments. That was almost two decades ago. Why has
Cambridge taken so long to repair the damage? Partly because it is a place with a
glorious past and there is ancestor worship. To understand the different fates of the
two Cambridges, it's necessary to understand their rival philosophies of academic life.
The Harvard formula of success is: recruit the stars and you are guaranteed the most
promising young professors and the most talented pupils. Associate professors will
trade in high salaries (Harvard pays about $6,000 a year less than the going rate) and
institutional security (junior staff have only a slim chance of getting tenure) in return
for a star-spangled department. Harvard has 32 full professorships, Cambridge has 5.
Cambridge pays its professor a pay that is fixed by the egalitarian national university-
pay scale and can only add a small bonus for outstanding performance. In Harvard
salaries are decided by individual negotiations and are consequently shrouded in
mystery. It is estimated, however,, that a star gets four times as much as in England.
The American contract is made for nine months only and professors are
expected to get their salary for the other three months from competitive research
grants, especially from the National Science Foundation. Harvard will also give perks -
a light teaching load, a research assistant or two, and a subsidized mortgage are the
favourite ones - if a star is proving particularly hard to get.
Harvard is also more ruthless than Cambridge in promoting junior taff. A tenure
search often takes more than one year. The department asks top economists in the U.S.
and abroad to rank the six short-listed candidates in order of merit, and to suggest
anyone better! Finally at a meeting with the president, the department defends its
choice before non-Harvard authorities and members of other faculties. Only about a
quarter of Harvard's junior faculty survive to become full professors.
The second big difference between the two departments is in the emphasis on
graduate education. The glory of Harvard is its PhD programme (2 years of course
work and two or more years of thesis writing). Harvard professors put a great effort
into training their proteges and finding ,them appointments. At Harvard research
matters most - it's publish or perish, while in Cambridge it is possible to prosper as a
college teacher.
The third big difference lies in the proximity of other five universities, whereas
Cambridge enjoys splendid isolation in a small town. Rival institutions like the
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London School of Economics (LSÉ) seem half a world away. Harvard is part of a
higher education megalopolis: M.I.T. is down the road, and Boston is across the river.
The National Bureau of Economic Research, a well-endowed thinktank, moved to
Harvard from Washington in the late 1970s. Harvard economists benefit from dozens
of interdepartmental seminars and from crowds of visitors from around the world.
Cambridge, on the other hand, is much better than Harvard at teaching

undergraduates. In Harvard undergraduates are second-class citizens. They glimpse
star professors in crowded lecture rooms and get most of their instruction from
graduate students. In Cambridge the undergraduate is king. Ekonomics undergraduates
are probably the brightest in the university; the ration of applicants to places is 8 to 1.
The students enjoy twice-weekly supervisions with faculty members. The best are
singled out for special treatment. A good' Cambridge graduate is as competent as a
second-year Harvard postgraduate.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
alumnus [E'lamnEs], mn.č. alumni [-nai] amer. vysokoškolský absolvent;

controversy
[kontrEvE:si] spor; egalitarian egalitářský; full professor řádný profesor; high-
powered výkonný, illustrious význačný, proslulý; perk výhoda (navíc k platu);
protégé [protEžei] chráněnec, protěže; proximity [prok'simEti] blízkost; pygmy
trpaslík; short-listed candidate kandidát z užšího výběru; ruthless bezohledný;
shroud [šraud] zahalit; star-spangled hvězdami posetý; tenure [tenjE] definitiva (ve
školství); think-tank středisko odborníků; trade in vyměnit (zejm. na protiúčet); well-
endowed dobře dotovaný
_____________________________________________________________________
CALL FOR LOWER CLASS-SIZE LIMITS
A national agreement on staffing levels at schools that would lay down maximum
class sizes and require a minimum of sixty thousand extra teachers is proposed in a
plan just published by the National Union of Teachers and submitted to the education
authorities. The NUT Deputy General Secretary says the cost of the proposed staffing
is "little more than a pint of beer per week per pupil“ and would be well worth it in
terms of the benefits it would bring pupils, parents, and teachers. Under the plans,
maximum class sizes would be twenty children in nursery classes, twenty-three in
infant classes, and twenty-seven in primary and secondary schools. Every teacher
would be guaranteed 20 per cent of the normal school timetable for nonteaching duties
such as marking and lesson preparation. The hiring of an extra sixty thousand teachers
would also ensure that all teachers could attend systematic periods of in-service
training. The plan also provides for each education authority to establish a permanent
pool of teachers available to cover for teachers' sickness or other absences. The sixty
thousand extra teachers are the minimum necessary to add to the present teacher force
of around 460,000. Children deserve to be taught by teachers who are not suffering
from the pressures of inadequate staffing and oversized classes.
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_____________________________________________________________________
in-service training školení během roků; pool rezerva, zásobárna; staffing vybavení
personálem, personální obsazení
_____________________________________________________________________
CLASSROOM LANGUAGE 24
CHECKING ATTENDANCE
I'm going to take the attendance. / I'll call the roll. Zjistím prezenci / kdo chybí.
Let's see who's absent. Podívejme se, kdo chybí.
Leťs see if you're all here / if everyone's here / if anyone's away …
Leťs see … Podívejme se, jestli jsou tu všichni / jestli někdo chybí.
Here / Present. Zde.
There's nobody else away today, is there? Nikdo jiný už dnes nechybí?
Oh, Jim, you're back. That's good / nice. Á, Jim už nechybí. To je dobře.
You've been absent for two weeks, haven't you? Chyběl jsi dva týdny, že?
You've missed six lessons. Zameškals šest hodin.
What was the matter? / Why were you away? Co ti bylo? Proč jsi chyběl?
Have you been ill? Byl jsi nemocný?

Oh? Flu? Sorry to hear that. Are you / Do you feel better now?
Oh? Flu? … Měl jsi chřipku? To je mi líto. Už je ti líp?
Well, you'll have to catch up, won't you? No, budeš muset látku dohonit.
Ask your friends to tell you what we've done. Zeptej se spolužáků, co jsme probrali.
Come and see me. / Stay behind after the lesson. OK? Zastav se u mne.
Stay behind after the lesson. OK? … Zůstaň tady po hodině. Ano?
Hallo, Jim, you're late today. Buď zdráv, Jime. Jdeš pozdě.
Where have you been? / What have you been doing? Kdes byl / Cos dělal?
Did you forget the time? Or did you get up late? Did you get held up in traffic? ..
Did you …Zapomněl ses podívat na hodiny? Nebo vstals pozděl? Zdržela tě doprava?
Well, you should have set out earlier. Měl jsi z domu vyjit dřív.
GETTING ORGANIZED
Right! Now we'll get on with the lesson / go on with our work. Ready?
Right! Now … Tak a teď budeme pokračovat. Jste připraveni?
Please settle down, will you? Už se usaďte / uklidněte, ano?
Please be quiet, could you? Nemohli byste být potichu?
Can you get out your exercise books / books / workbooks now, please. Hurry up.
Can you … Vytáhněte si ted své sešity / poznámkove sešity / cvičebnice. A pospěšte.
Would you find the worksheets / handouts we were using last lesson, please.
Would you … Najděte si ty rozmnožené strany, které jsme používali v minulé hodině.
Haven't you got / brought yours? Well, have to share with your neighbour.
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Haven't …Ty je nemáš? / Ty sis je nepřinesl? Tak budeš pracovat se svým sousedem.
Has anyone else forgotten their homework / left their book at home?
Has anyone else … Ještě někdo zapomněl úlohu / nechal knihu doma?
Well, never mind / it doesn't matter this time / just for once. Tentokrát to nevadí.
But next time, try not to leave anything behind. Příště se snaž nic nezapomenout!
Pass these papers along / round please. Rozeberte si tyto listy.
Take one and pass them on. Vezměte si každý jeden a pošlete dál.
Will you please give / hand / pass these out, Jim? Jime, rozdej je, prosím tě.
Hand these papers round, please. Rozdejte tylo papíry.

They're for you to keep. Můžete si je nechat.
You may have them to keep. Nemusíte je vracet.
I want these back at the end of the lesson. Alright? …
I want these … Budu je chtít na konci hodiny. Jasné?
You must give them in again / hand them back so please don't write on them.
You must give … Budete je muset zase vrátit, tak na ně nic nepište.
Somebody handed in an exercise book without his name on it.
Somebody handed … Někdo mi odevzdal nepodepsaný sešit.
Would you clean the blackboard, please? Utřeli byste tabuli?

Could you please rub / wipe everything / it all off? Mohli byste to všechno smazat?
Leave this on, please. Tohle tam nechte.
Right. Today, first, I want to go over the grammar learnt last lesson, remember?
Right. … Tak dnes si nejdříve zopakujeme mluvnici z minulé hodiny. Pamatujete?
Let´s begin with revision. Začněme opakováním.
Let´s see how much you can remember. Podívejme se, kolik si z toho pamatujete.
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Now, look. I've got / brought some pictures. Have a good look at them.
Now, look. … Podívejte se, přinesl jsem nějaké obrázky. Dobře si je prohlédněte.
Could you put / hang them up here? Mohli byste je dát / pověsit sem?
Fix / Stick them up with sticky tape / sellotape. Připevněte je lepicí páskou.
Pin up this poster. Here are some drawing pins.

Pin up this poster … Připíchněte tento plakát. Tady máte připínáčky.
Could you set up the overhead projector for me?
Could you set up … Mohli byste mi instalovat zpětný projektor?
The picture's upside down and out of focus. Obrázek je obráceně a není zaostřený.
Can you adjust the, focus on the slide projector? Můžete ten diaprojektor zaostřit?
Plug the cassette player in for me. Zapněte mi kazetový magnetofon.

It plugs in / The socket is in the wall near you. Zásuvka je ve zdi blízko vás.
I wonder why it won't work! What do you think could be wrong?
I wonder why … Proč to asi nefunguje? Co myslíte, že tomu je?
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Wait a minute while I get the tape ready. Moment, nasadím pásku.
Sorry, I've got the wrong place on the tape. …
Sorry, I've got … Promiňte, nenašel jsem to správné místo na pásce.
Set the counter at zero. Nastavte počítadlo na nulu.
Check whether the tape's been rewound back to the start.
Check whether … Zkontrolujte, zda páska je převinuta zpátky na začátek.
I need an empty spool. Go and fetch it from the language lab, please.
I need an … Potřebuji prázdnou cívku. Zajděte někdo pro ni, do jazykové laboratoře.
GROUP WORK
Could you get into groups of six now, please? Mohli byste utvořit skupiny po šesti?
We're going to work in pairs, please. In two's, with your neighbour.
We're going to … Budeme pracovat ve dvojicích. Po dvou, každý se svým sousedem.
We're going to revise that dialogue and then act it out.
We're going to revise … Zopakujeme si ten rozhovor a pak si jej zahrajeme.
When you've finished, change over / swap round so that you take the other part.
When you've … Až skončíte, vyměňte se, abyste si mohli zahrát i druhou rolí.
Let's hear how you've been getting on. Vyslechněme si, jak vám to šlo.
Not bad! / Well done! That was good. To nebylo zlé. / Dobré! Bylo to dobré.
Jim, join group two. Jime, připoj se ke druhé skupině.
All together. / Everybody. Teď všichni (dohromady).
Say it after me. Ready? Říkejte po mně. Připraveni?
Are you all listening? Dáváte všichni pozor?
TEACHER'S APPROACHES
familiarize the trainee teachers / intending teachers with st
familiarize … obeznámit kandidáty učitelství s něčím
practise st under the teacher's supervision procvičovat pod učitelovým dohledem
the teacher's guidance vedení učitele
adapt relevant materials from other sources upravit si materiál z dalších zdrojů
rephrase an instruction / direction to make it more clear

rephrase an instruction … přeformulovat instrukci / pokyn, aby byl(a) jasnější
think out suitable follow-up questions vymyslet sí doplňovací otázky
extend the dialogue by adding some ideas of one's own
extend the dialogue … rozšířit dialog přidáním vlastních myšlenek
revise st thoroughly důkladně něco zopakovat
encourage the students to guess the meaning from the context
encourage the students … vést studenty k tomu, aby si domýšleli význam z kontextu
contextualize a word dát slovo do kontextu
uncommon word neběžné slovo
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insist on 100 per cent accuracy trvat na stoprocentní přesnosti

ask for sb's attention vyžadovat něčí pozornost
keep the pace up udržovat tempo
use effectively aids such as wall charts, blackboard drawings, the magnet board
use (1)používat účinně pomůcky jako nástěnné obrazy,kresby na tabuli,(magnetickou)
use effectively the flannel board with cutouts, realia, information brochures
use (2)používat tabuli, flanelogram s figurkami, předměty k reáliím, inf.brožury …
change the topic when the students get restless

change the topic … změnit námět, když studenti začnou být neklidní
put the students at ease zbavit studenty rozpaků
boost sb's confidence zvýšit něčí sebedůvěru
get the students to chat in English (and not revert to their mother tongue)
get the students …přimět studenty - povídat anglicky (a nevraceti se k mateřštině)
put oneself in the students' position vcítit se do postavení studentů
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
cue card karta (card with a cue, i.e. a word, or picture which tells the student what he
is expected to answer or say next or to help him remember what to say next. Also
called "flash card", because it held up briefly or "flashed" in front of the class.)
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Explain:
1. Old Boy; 2. dorm; 3. campus; 4. distance teaching; 5. residential summer school; 6.
earn a credit; 7. emotionally disturbed child; 8. antisocial person; 9. NUT; 10.
nonteaching .duties; 11. in-service training; 12. oversized classes; 13. inadequate
staffing; 14. the teacher force; 15. a pool of teachers; 16. a points system.
2. Fill in the names of the jobs:

1. Ted's working in the physics laboratory; his associates consider him a first-rate... 2.
Nancy is employed at the Health Centre as a... (it's her first job after graduating from
the Medical School). 3. Roger is a...; his favourite period is the Middle Ages. 4. Philip
has devised new methods of measuring the chemical properties of gases; he's an
experienced ... 5. Kate studied drama and became a talented... 6. Brian is working for
an arts degree; he enrolled as a part-time …

1. The admission system at the Open University.
2. Correspondence tuition at the Open University.
3. Students' problems in the first year of study at the OU.
4. My happiest moments while at university.
5. The advantages of studying full-time (as compared to part-time).
6. Forms of adult education in this country.
7. Should the teacher be strict or lenient with the students?
8. The importance of having small classes.
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1. Do you agree that a substantial part of the vacation should be spent in academic
study? 2. Did you pass your school-leaving'examination with distinction? 3. Was your
university entrance examination both written and oral? How difficult was each? Was
the exam very competitive? 4. What examinations have you taken so far and with what
results? 5. What is the next exam you are planning to sit? 6. What kind of degree are
you studying for? 7. Do you already know the subject of the final-year dissertation that
you must present to get your degree? 8. Are there many distinguished scholars among
your university teachers? What are their most outstanding publications? 9. Do you take
both optional (amer. elective) and required courses? 10. What have you disliked most
during your studies? What was your most dreadful experience? 11. How much
(practical language training do you do in your university studies? 12. Would you like
to combine your study of English with some subject other than the one you are
studying? 13. Have you got friends studying at other faculties? 14. How much chance
have you had to speak English with native speakers? 15. Do your parents participate in
some form of adult education?
5. Quiz. Identify or explain:

1. sixth form; 2. middle school; 3. GCE; 4. prep school; 5. Harrow; 6. Eton college; 7.
Balliol [beiljal] College; 8. Vice-Chancellor; 9. Oxbridge; 10. day school, 11. pass (or
general) degree; 12. the School of Slavonic and East Europan Studies; 13. redbrick
university; 14. graduate school; 15. Princeton; 16. alamnus; 17. freshman; 18. faculty
member; 19. law school; 20. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine; 21. department head /
chairperson.
6. Which of the options would your secondary school teachers have used to
describe you?
1. very popular and pleasant - disliked and unpopular; 2. has qualities of leadership
and organization -weak and lets people dominate; 3. willing cheerfully ready to help
and work - doesn't cooperate, offers resistance; 4. shows initiative, is original,
adventurous and different - dislikes being different, always does the proper thing; 5.
very reliable, conscientious, and industrious – unreliable, sometimes leaves jobs
unfinished; 6. always seeks the company of other people - rather solitary, avoids
contact with other people; 7. ready to work without supervision - needs supervision all
the time.
7. In pairs act out the following situations:

1. You are in the university cafeteria eating lunch, when a foreign student sits down
near you. Introduce yourself and start a conversation (the location of his home, length
of time spent here, an interesting custom unique to his country, various aspects of his
society). 2. You want information about examination requirements from a senior
student.
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8. Translate:
kontrolovat prezenci; rozmnožené strany; rozdat papíry; odevzdat nepodepsaný sešit;
utřít tabulí; všechno smazat; projít si mluvnici; připíchnout plakát na zeď; instalovat
zpětný projektor; zapnout kazetový magnetofon; zaostřit projektor; prázdná cívka;
převinout pásku na začátek; zahrát rozhovor; procvičovat pod učitelovým dohledem;
přeformulovat pokyn, aby byl jasnější; domyslit si význam z kontextu; udržovat
tempo; informativní brožura; vedení učitele; kandidát učitelství.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS MAKE I
make the best of • nejlépe využít:

We must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have.
It's not a very happy marriage but they are both determined to make the best of a bad
job. ... vyrovnat se s tou špatnou situací co nejlépe.
make certain / sure • ubezpečit se, ujistit se, přesvědčit se:

Make sure that it is still there. Make certain of the times of the trains.
We'd better make certain of reaching the place before dark.
make all the difference • změnit (k lepšímu):

The bare room was not very nice but the new furniture made all the difference. ...
s tím novým nábytkem je to něco zcela jiného.
make do with • spokojit se s:

I hadn´t time to cook a proper meal - you'll have to make do with sandwiches.
make (both) ends meet • vyjít s penězi:

I wonder how he can make ends meet on his old age pension.
make good • vynahradit: His loss was made good by his recent winnings.
• prosperovat, zbohatnout: You'll never make good if you are so careless in business.
make light of • zlehčovat, brát na lehkou váhu: She made light of my worries.
make love • milovat se: They made love. He made love to her. Miloval se s ní.
make a move • pohnout se:

Don't make a move. Nehýbej se z místa. Nepodnikej žádné kroky.
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make the first move • učinit / podniknout první krok:

We should make the first move towards reconciliation.
make a pass at • dělat návrhy (ženě): He never made a pass at her.
make (one's) way

• prosadit se: If he doesn't make his way in the world now, he never will.
• být na cestě (někam): We made our way home / back to the camp.
• ustoupit: All traffic has to make way for a fire engine.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. When it started raining I made a dash for the nearest shelter. 2. Stop making eyes at
the waiter, Peggy. 3. What a fool I made of myself - looking for the keys while they
were in my pocket all the time. 4. Howard made friends with Arthur at a summer
camp. 5. Are you making fun of me? This old car can't possibly make eighty miles an
hour. 6. They're making a lot of fuss about nothing. 7. You can use my telephone this
time, but don't make a habit of it. 8. The work has made considerable headway. 9. I'd
like to make a good impression at my interview. 10. He makes / earns / gains his living
as a car salesman. 11. Does military service really make a man of anybody? 12. They
made a lot of money on it. And he'll make a lot in his new job too. 13. Let me make
you a present of it. 14. He has made a reputation as a speaker 15. We'll have to make
room for two more guests. 16. He made no secret of his disappointment. 17. This
sentence doesn't seem to make sense. 18. You'd better make a start on your dissertation
soon - term's almost half over. 19. He made good use of his experience. 20. I'll make a
virtue of necessity and invite them - they'd be sure to come anyway. 21. Two and two
make four.
2. Fill in do or make:
1 What are you ... ing? - Some clothes for a fancy dress ball. 2. What are you …ing? -
Looking for my keys. 3. I'm tired of pies; let's... a cake. 4. Can you ... me a favour? 5.
You can have my typewriter for just once, but don't... a habit of borrowing it. 6. I'm
out of breath but we've ... it - the train is still here. 7. Each storm ... a lot of damage in
the park. 8. What do you ... for a living? 9. Why didn't you ... your homework? 10. The
children are.. .ing a lot of noise. 11. You've ... a good choice. 12. The Advanced
Passenger Train ... 125 miles an hour. 13 I'll... my shopping later. 14. What do you ...
morning exercises for?
3. Translate:
1. ubezpečit se o jejich přítomnosti; 2. spokojit se se studeným jídlem; 3. vynahradit
ztráty; 4. brát stížnost na lehkou váhu; 5. Nehýbej se, před tebou je had. 6 Mít větší
stan je něco docela jiného. 7. Říká se o něm, že je dotěrný ke své sekretářce. 8. Tyto
domy musejí ustoupit nové dálnici.
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_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 24 INTERFERENCE Quantity II
Chybné: a * ten-years-old boy

Proč: V přívlastku složeném z adjektiva rozvinutého příslovečným určením se
neužívá množné číslo pro označení časových jednotek. Tedy a ten-year-
old boy, a five-month-old baby.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *His pay is the double of mine. Má dvojnásobný plat než já.
Proč: Rodilý mluvčí řekne: He makes twice as much as me. Vydělává dvakrát
víc než já.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: in the *half of his studies / this month v polovině svého studia / tohoto
měsíce
Proč: Half označuje období; proto in the first / second half of the month, ale
in the middle of the month, halfway through his studies.
Chybné: I didn't know *the half of the people there.
Proč: Správně: I didn't know half (of) the people there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * halfayear
Proč: Tento výraz se užívá zřídka, obvykle je six months.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: most *of the people většina lidí

Proč: Správně most people. Předložka of je nutná pouze u „většina z " (most
of...) a při postmodifikaci substantiva, např. most of them většina z nich,
most of the people present většina přítomných.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *only several people jen několik lidí

Proč: Buď only a few people nebo several people (bez only).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Řídké: He eats little. Málo jí.

Proč: Obvykle He eats very little. He doesn´t eat much.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: the *rests of a wall zbytky zdi

Proč: Zbytky, tj. konkrétní pozůstatky, jsou remains; the rest musí být
nahraditelné výrazem „ostatní". Tedy: the remains of a wall; the rest of
the people. Srovnejte dále: the leftovers on a plate zbytky na talíři;
Return what s left. Zbytek vrať.
Fifty people were sitting; the remainder were standing.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: The *whole Prague was there. Byla tam celá Praha.
Proč: Správně: The whole of-Prague was there. All Prague was there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I feel *enough hungry. Mám dost hlad.
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Proč: Enough znamená buď „dost a víc ne" (I've had enough) neboje součástí
vazby „dost, aby ..." (He didn't run fast enough ta catch me). V předch.
případe je na místě rather: I feel rather hungry; popřípadě fair!
He feels fairly happy.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. šestnáctiletá dívka; 2. Má dvojnásobný plat než já. 3. v polovině semestru; 4. Znal
jsem tam sotva polovinu lidí. 5. Do půl roku s tím musím být hotov; 6. Většina lidí
reptala. 7. Co s těmi zbytky - dát je psovi? 8. Jen několik lidí mělo námitky. 9. Není
divu, že je tak hubený, když tak málo jí. 10. zbytky staroslovanské baziliky v
Mikulčicích; 11. Z té stovky jsem utratil asi třicet korun za oběd, zbytek jsem dovezl.
12. Byl jsem dost překvapen tou účastí - byla tam snad celá Praha.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 25 SPORTS AP2
WIMBLEDON
Wimbledon is the shrine of world tennis. With a few rare exceptions, play in the
centre court is restricted entirely to the famous midsummer matches. As soon as the
trophies are presented, the court is reseeded. Constant rolling and close cropping
assure an immaculate surface, which is protected from heavy rain by huge tarpaulin.
Spreading this cover, sometimes at short notice, is a back-breaking job, for it weighs
four tons.
How does a player feel when he steps out on the centre court, under those ten
thousand pairs of eyes, not to mention the merciless lenses of the TV cameras? Some
of the best find the nerve-cracking tension unbearable, and lose here time after time. It
is said that the centre court inspires a competitor either to play better than he ever has,
or worse.
Wimbledon's stars, like theatrical stars, can relax backstage. Some of those who lose
are bad-tempered, says the lady who presides over the dressing room the top-seeded
ladies use, others simply sit down on the settee and stay quiet and thoughtful for a few
minutes, then they are up and normal and laughing with the others. In the dressing
room, the ladies watch the other matches on colour TV, consume endless cups of tea
and coffee, and have their muscles massaged by a woman physiotherapist.
The big revolution in tennis clothes began in the early 1920s. When the first woman
wore a simple, sleeveless, one-piece dress hanging down well below the calf, it was
considered short. In the thirties women began to wear shorts. In the sixties a Rules
Committee decreed that all players must wear white, and that women's dresses must be
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long enough to cover the undies beneath. This followed on the appearance of a woman
player who caused a sensation with her bright-coloured panties under a very brief skirt.
The staff involved in the Wimbledon championship is about one thousand strong.
There are some two hundred umpires and linesmen, eighty ball boys, and the many
cloakroom attendants, groundsmen, maintenance men, gatekeepers, ushers, scoreboard
operators, cleaners, and others. The new Wimbledon year begins as soon as the last
ball boy has gone home and the last player has flown on to his next tournament. That
is when the committee who manage the championships begins to think about repairs.
Towards Christmas, tickets must be printed, because by January requests for seats are
already pouring in not only from England, but from all the other countries whose
players will probably complete. Tickets are issued by ballot to about a quarter of a
million spectators. As the demand has grown over the years, many are disappointed.
Wimbledon, alas, is is not elastic. By the end of May, the competitors must have
applied, on club forms, detailing their tennis records for the previous twelve months.
Nearly five hundred put their names forward, of whom 128 men and 96 women are
chosen. The big stars are well enough known and need no further screening, but
choosing the other candidates can involve some difficult decisions. Almost to the end
some contenders cannot be certain whether they will be chosen. Deciding who meets
whom on which courts on which days is the greatest headache. There must be enough
top players on every court to satisfy the crowds, and expected winners must not be
scheduled for too many tough fights in a row. It takes many days to work out the
complex schedule.
_____________________________________________________________________
alas [E'lAs] interjekce knižně želbohu; backstage v zákulisí; ball boy sběrač míčků;
ballot [bAlEt] losování; contender závodník, účastník sportovní soutěže; decree [di'
kri:] stanovit; detail [di:teil] podrobně popsat; gatekeeper vrátný; groundsman
údržbář na hřišti / ve veřejných sadech; immaculate [i'mAkjulEt] bezvadný; linesman
pomezní / čárový rozhodčí; massage [mAsa:ž] masírovat; merciless nemilosrdný;
nerve-cracking nervy drásající; notice: at short notice narychlo; pour in houfně
přicházet; preside over st vládnout nad něčím; put one's name forward přihlásit se;
reseed znovu ošít; row [rEu]: in a row hned za sebou (následující); scoreboard
operator obsluha tabule s výsledky; screening prověřování; tarpaulin [ta:' po:lin]
nepromokavá plachta; top-seeded nejvýše nasazený, favorit
_____________________________________________________________________
HANG-GLIDING
To fly like a bird, to cast off the bonds of gravity and soar - who has not done, so in
his dreams? Flying is an old dream of man. Down the centuries, daring pioneers tried
to break out of the gravitational prison with artificial wings and many fell to their
death like Icarus of the legend. Though some brilliant minds attacked the problem, the
immemorial dream was not realized until one cold December morning in 1903, when
two American brothers rose from the sands of North Carolina. With the first flights of
Orville and Wilbur Wright the age of flight had arrived at last. But the outbreak of a
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world war soon turned the airplane into a killing machine and next developments made
the airplane toof complicated and expensive for the ordinary man. Ironically, wings for
the common man had to await the dawn of the space age.
Hang-gliding, like windsurfing, comes from America. In 1951 Francis M. Rogallow

patented the Rogallo sailwing. The idea itself is not as new as you might think: in the
15th century, Leonardo da Vinci drew pictures of a hangglider that looked like a sort
of kite and was intended to carry one person. The modern hang-glider can go with the
wind or against it, and the pilot can change direction by moving the control bar. Hang-
gliders rise and fall with the movements in the air - near hills, for example, they
usually go up. The record heigh is over four kilometres (but oxygen is needed when
you travel at heights of more than 3,600 m).
The sports is now quite popular even outside America; in Britain there af four
thousand members in the British Hang-Gliding Association. World championships
take place every two years in different countries. The longest distant that a hang-glider
has travelled in Britain is nearly two hundred kilometres and this journey took over
five hours. In Britain it takes about a week's lessons to get the pilot's licence: a student
pilot can fly with an instructor on a hang-glider which carries two people (in some
other countries this is not allowed). Danger is always with you in a sport like this, but
the number of deaths has gone done to the same percentage as in sports planes - in
Britain, for instance, two deathd per year. It is a lot safer to fly a long way in the USA,
as there is more open space; in Britain you are in danger of flying over the sea or a
town if the wind changes.
This fact - dependence on the wind - made John Moody of Wisconsin be to use a
powered hang-glider and word of his pioneer flights in 1975 quickly spread. Built of
Dacron and aluminium, Moody's ultralight, as the powered hang-glider later came to
be officially called, weighed seven times less than the Wrights' Kitty Hawk and landed
in fifteen metres. Thousands of ultralights have been built since late-1970s because
with the ultralight youcan fly for four dollars an hour, ten times cheaper than with a
sports plane. Recently rules have come into effect stating that an ultralight must not
weigh more than 115 kilos, or fly faster than 100 km per hour, may not carry more that
five gallons of fuel, must stay out of controlled airspace, and must not fly at night.
Operators do not need a pilot's licence.
It is inevitable that such a flying machine can be used for good or for evil (e.g
smugglers flying dope across borders, piloted or by wireless control). But the main
function of the hang-glider is to give wings to man.
_____________________________________________________________________
bonds of gravity pouta zemské přitažlivosti; control bar řídící páka; Dacron
[deikron, dAkron] obchodní značka tkaniny ze syntetického vlákna; dope j.č. drogy;
hang-gliding závěsné létáni, létání na Rogallově křídle; immemorial dávný; powered
motorový; Rogallo sailwing Rogallovo křídlo, závěsný kluzák; soar vznášet se;
ultralight ultralehký (letoun); windsurfing [windsE:ifiN] windsurfing; wireless
control dálkové ovládání
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Kitty Hawk the aircraft of the Wright brothers, named after a village in North
Carolina hear which the flying experiments were made
_____________________________________________________________________
GET FIT
What should you consider before starting a get-fit campaign? The first factor take
into account is how fit you feel now and what particular aim you have mind, just how
fit you want to be: fit enough to catch the train in the morning, to survive a game of
tennis or just to enjoy life a bit more?
In the search for all-round fitness a regular brisk walk is likely to prove as beneficial
as a game of golf and better than weight lifting, which gives you strength but nothing
else. Football is a good health-giving exercise but for a totally unfit person to take part
in hectic ninety-minute game can be a disaster. Vigorous, competitive games are best
avoided until a good level of fitness has been reached.
Far and away the best all-round exercise is swimming. It is also one of the cheapest
and most convenient forms of exercise for anyone living reasonably close to a town.
And you are never too old to learn to swim. Swimming's great advantage is that it is an
easily controllable form of exercise. You can stop immediately you feel you've had
enough. Cycling is another good way of getting fit, but you must take things easily at
first - a mile or so to start with and gradual W-up until you can manage three or four
miles. If you cycle to work so much the better. You should get a machine with at least
five gears, especially if you live in a hilly area.
Jogging fates almost as highly as cycling. Start with a ten-minute session, working
up gradually to twenty minutes - three times a week if you can manage it. A cotton
tracksuit is ideal wear, better than nylon or Terylene, which will make you hot and
sticky. Buy a good pair of jogging shoes, with thick rubber soles, especially at the
heels. Jog with a friend if you can. It's much more fun than going out alone and you're
more likely to persevere with it.
If no one specific activity appeals to you, try walking at every available opportunity.
Leave the car at home when you go to the shops. If you take the bus to work, get off a
couple of stops early. If you work in an office block leave the lift and take to the
staircase.
Finally, never start any kind of exercise if you feel a cold coming on or are at all
unwell. If it's an out-of-doors activity choose a fine day to begin with. The essence is
that the exercise must be regular. If you can manage three short sessions a week, after
six weeks or so you will be feeling the benefit. Keep on exercising permanently and
you'll feel ten years younger too.
_____________________________________________________________________
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all-round všestranný; brisk hbitý, rázný; build-up stupňování; gear [giE] převod
(rychlostní); get-fit campaign [kAm'pein] akce Buď fit; jogging [džogiN] kondiční
běh; persevere [,pa:si:viE] vytrvat; rate být řazen, oceňován; session cvičení; sticky
lepkavý (potem); Terylene [CterE|li:n] obchodní značka syntetické tkaniny podobné
tesilu (= amer. Dacron); tracksuit j.č. tepláky, tepláková souprava; vigorous
[vigErEs] intenzívní; work up vystupňovat
_____________________________________________________________________
SPORTS AND GAMES 25
ATHLETICS
athletics [AS' letiks, ES' letiks] (lehká) atletika

boxing, wrestling [resliN] and weight lifting těžká atletika
track [trAk] and field events [iCvents] lehkoatletické disciplíny
100-metre run běh na 100 m
10,000-metre walk chůze na 10 km
110-metre hurdles [hE:dlz] 110 m překážek
hurdle race překážkový běh / závod
400-metre relay [ri:lei] (race) štafetový běh na 400 m
marathon (run) [mArEFEn] maratónský běh, maratón
high jump [hai džamp] skok vysoký / do výšky
long jump skok daleký / do dálky
triple jump trojskok
pole vault [pEul vo:lt] skok o tyči

discus throw hod diskem
hammer throw hod kladivem
shot put vrh koulí
javelin throw [džAvElin SrEu] hod oštěpem
tossing the caber [keibE] vrh kládou (při skotských Highland Games)
decathlon [di'kESlon] desetiboj
contest utkání
competition soutěž
contestant [kEn'testEont], competitor [kEm'petitE] soutěžící
top-level sportsman vrcholový sportovec (překlad českého termínu)
runner běžec
racer [reisE] závodník (v běhu, plaváni, jízdě)
jumper skokan
jogger [džogE] běžec (kondiční)
upsurge [apsE:dž] of interest in jogging vzrůst zájmu o kondiční běh

track dráha
starting line startovní čára
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start start; false start zkažený start (předčasné vyběhnutí atleta)

finish cíl
On your marks - get set - go! Ready - steady - go! Připravte se, pozor, teď.
stopwatch j. č. stopky
take the lead [led / li:d] ujmout se vedení
lead of one metre, one-metre lead náskok jednoho metru
do 10,2 zaběhnout (100 m) za 10,2 sekundy
be tired out být vyčerpán / unaven
winner vítěz
loser poražený
runner-up závodník, který se umístil na 2. místě
bar laťka
attempt pokus
overstep přešlápnout
take-off odraz
clear six foot two skočit (do výšky) stop dva palce (= asi 188 cm)
put the shot házet koulí
toss the shot 20 metres hodit koulí 20 metrů
shot-putter koulař
a put of 20 metres vrh 20 metrů
weight lifting vzpírání
barbell (vzpěračská) činka
wrestling (freestyle or Greco-Roman) [,grekEu 'reumen] zápas
wrestling [restliN] … zápas (ve volném stylu nebo řeckořímský)
heavyweight wrestler zápasník v těžké váze
mat [mAt] žíněnka
boxing box, rohování

padded gloves [pAdid glavz] ochranné rukavice (boxerské, hokejistické)
dodge a blow [dodž E blEu] uhnout ráně
punch zásah
knock down srazit
KO (= knock out) knokautovat
foul [faul] faul, osobní chyba
count out the loser odpočítat poraženého
beat sb on points porazit někoho na body
shorts, trunks, amer. boxer shorts trenýrky
leotard [li:Eta:d] trikot
vest tričko
running shoes, tennis shoes, zejm. amer. sneakers tenisky, kecky
spikes [spaiks] tretry
GYMNASTICS
gymnastics gymnastika
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gymnast [džimnAst, dži:mnEst] gymnasta

gymnasium [džim'neiziEm] tělocvična
sports hall sportovní hala
apparatus [,ApE'reitEs] work cvičení na nářadí
horizontal bar j.č. hrazda
parallel [pArElel] bars bradla
(balance) beam kladina
take off from the springboard odrazit se od pérového můstku
stand by dávat záchranu
mass display masové vystoupení
rhythmic gymnastics džezgymnastika
VARIOUS OTHER SPORTS
fencing šerm
archery [a:čEri] lukostřelba
aim at a target zamířit na cíl
draw the bow [bEu] napnout luk
shoot the arrow vystřelit šíp
hit the bull's eye zasáhnout střed terče

cycling cyklistika
shooting střelba
judo džudo
mauntaineering [,maunti'niEriN], rock-climbing horolezectví
hiking in the mountains horská turistika
foxhunting on horseback hon na lišku na koni
pack of hounds [haundz] smečka honících psů
(horse) racing j.č. dostihy (koňské)
racecourse, amer. racetrack závodní dráha

turf dostihová dráha (travnatá)
classic races: a) flat racing j.č. rovinové dostihy:
flat racing (1) the Oaks and the Derby [darbi] at Epsom [epsEm],
flat racing (2) the St Leger [snťledžE] at Doncaster,
flat racing (3) the 2,000 and 1,000 Guineas at Newmarket;
steeple-chasing j.č. překážkové dostihy:

steeple-chasing (2) the Grand National at Aintree near Liverpool (since 1839)
equestrian [i' kwestriEn] activities include ... jezdecká činnost zahrnuje ...
show jumping ukázkové skákání
racing of greyhounds [greihaudz] (after a mechanical hare) závody chrtů …
racing of greyhounds … závody chrtů (za mechanickým zajícem)
Grand Prix [,gron 'pri:] motor racing motorist. závody Grand Prix (Velká cena)
crash helmet ochranná přílba
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goggles ochranné brýle
WATER SPORTS
water sport vodní sport
swimming plavání
100-metre freestyle 100 metrů volný styl
crawl [kro:l] kraul
backstroke [bAks strEuk] znak
breaststroke prsa
butterfly motýlek
springboard diving skoky z prkna
platform diring skoky z věže
synchronized swimming synchronizované plavání (vystoupení akvabel)
indoor swimming pool krytý bazén
water polo [pEuleu] vodní pólo
boating jízda na lodičkách

rowing [rEuiN] veslování
oar veslo
paddle pádlo
rudder kormidlo
water skiing vodní lyžování
windsurfing [windsE:fin] windsurfink
crossing the Atlantic single-handed sólové přeplutí Atlantiku
yachtsman [jotsmEn] jachtař
regatta [ri' gAtE] j.č. veslařské závody, závody plachetnic, regata
sailing boat, amer. sailboat plachetnice
canoeing [kECnu:fiN] kanoistika
WINTER SPORTS
winter sport zimní sport
skiing lyžováni
skier [ski:E] lyžař
downhill (race) závod ve sjezdu
slalom [sla:lEm] (race) slalom
mark out the course with flags vyznačit dráhu tyčemi

(ski) stick, amer. (ski) pole hůl (lyžařská)
cross-country skis běžky
15-km cross-country (race) závod v běhu na lyžích na 15 km
ski jump skok na lyžích; lyžařský můstek
(skating) rink kluziště
go skating jít bruslit
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speed skating rychlobruslení

figure skating krasobruslení
free skating volná jízda
compulsory figures povinné cviky

leap skok
award 10 points udělit deset bodů
men's - womens's singles jízdy: muži-ženy
pairs dvojice
ice dancing tance na ledě
sledge, amer. sled j.č. sáňky; sáňkovat
bobsledding (on a bobsled / bobsleight [bob-slei]) závodní jízda na (2 / 4 m.bobech)
toboganning [tE'bogEniN] (on the luge [lu:(d)ž] závodní jízda na (1 /2 míst) saních
GAMES
spectator sport divácký sport
annual competition každoroční soutěž
large attendance at a match velká návštěvnost na utkání / zápase
fan fanoušek
cheer sb (on), amer. root for sb fandit někomu
Go, go, go! Do toho, do toho!
encourage povzbuzovat
national team národní mužstvo
playing field hřiště

(football) pitch fotbalové hřiště
grandstand tribuna
dressing room šatna
coach trenér
warm-up exercises mn.č rozcvička
training trénink
The finals are played at... Finále se hraje v ...
player hráč
reserve, substitute náhradník
lime-up sestava
home team domácí mužstvo
play at home hrát na domácí půdě / hřišti, hovor, hrát doma

play away hrát na cizím hřišti, hovor, hrát venku
match, amer. obvykle game utkání
away match utkání na cizím hřišti
visiting team hostující mužstvo
return match odvetné utkání
transfer [trAns'fE:] přestoupit
play one man short hrát v oslabení o jednoho hráče
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REFEREE, UMPIRE
referee [,refE'ri:] rozhodčí (u fotbalu, hokeje, ragby, košíkové, boxu)
judge [džadž] rozhodčí (v gymnastice, krasobruslení)
arbiter hlavní rozhodčí
umpire [ampaiE] rozhodčí (u tenisu, kriketu, volejbalu, baseballu, plavání)
referee / umpire a match soudcovat utkání
expel [ik'spel] vyloučit
linesman [lainzmAn] pomezní / čárový rozhodčí

impartial decision nestranné rozhodnutí
biased [baiEst] against sb zaujatý proti někomu
order sb off the field vyloučit někoho ze hry
offence přestupek
observe the set of rules dodržovat soubor pravidel
break / violate the rules porušit pravidla
disallow a goal neuznat gól
FOOTBALL, ICE HOCKEY

toss the coin losovat
kick-off výkop
pass přihrát
accurate pass přesná přihrávka
get possession of the ball zmocnit se míče
ball control ovládání míče

break únik
counterattack protiútok
ease off polevit
be on the defensive být v defenzívě
score a goal dát / vstřelit branku / gól; skórovat
equalize [i:kwElaiz] vyrovnat
score a goal against one's own team / side dát vlastní branku
goalkeeper, hovor, goalie brankář
hit the crossbar zasáhnout horní břevno
hit the goalpost zasáhnout tyč

be superior to sb převyšovat někoho
well-deserved victory / win zasloužené vítězství, zasloužená výhra
mediocre [,mi:di'EukE] performance slabý výkon
tie, draw nerozhodný výsledek, remíza
win / lose by a narrow margin vyhrát / prohrát těsně
drop to tenth place in the League standings klesnout na 10 místo v ligové tabulce
eliminate [i'limineit] vyřadit
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be relegated brit. sestoupit (do nižší fotbalové soutěže)

organized on a knock-out basis založen na vylučovacím systému
league [li:g] liga (in British football there 4 divisions, first to fourth)
(association) football, hovor. soccer brit. kopaná

Wembley Stadium ['wembli 'steidiEm] stadion ve Wembley (u Londýna)
cup final brit. finále pohárové soutěže
American football americká varianta ragby
Rugby (football) ragby
a 15-a-side game or a 13-a-side game hra s 15-ti nebo se 13-ti hráči
hockey amer. field hockey [hoki] pozemní hokej

ice hockey amer. hockey lední hokej
puck [pak] touš, puk
(hockey) stick hůl, hokejka
helmet přilba
padding chráníče;
strip dres (fotbalový)
TENNIS
(lawn) tennis tenis
racket raketa
net síť
tennis court tenisový dvorec / kurt, tenisové hřiště
seeded player nasazený hráč
men's singles mn.č. dvouhra mužů
women's doubles mn.č. čtyřhra žen
serve servis
set sada
game hra
oust [aust] vyřadit
love game čistá hra (vyhraná s nulou)
tournament [tuEnEmEnt, to:nEmEant], amer. [tE:rnEmEnt] turnaj
Wimbledon [wimblEdEan] is an open tournament. Wimbledon je otevřený turnaj.
OTHER GAMES
cricket kriket
cricket player, cricketer hráč kriketu
bat pálka
wicket meta
baseball baseball
basketball košíková
volleyball [volibo:l] odbíjená
handball házená
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golf golf
golf course, brit. též golf links j.č. i mn.č. golfové hřiště
hole jamka
golf club golfová hůl
bowls [bEulz] hra v koule (hraje se na trávníku)
bowling alley / centre kuželna
skittles, ninepins, amer. tenpins kuželky
squash [skwoš] a game played in a four-walled court — smaller than / or tennis
curling a Scottish winter sport
BETTING
the football pools, hovor, the pools sazka, sportka (fotbalová);
do the pools sázet ve sportce, hrát sportku
betting od horse and greyhound races sázení na koňských a chrtích dostizích
betting office sázecí kancelář
bookmaker, hovor, bookie osoba přijímající sázky
totalizator, hovor, tote [,teutelai'zeitE] přístroj ukazující sázky a výhry na dostizích
gaming machine hrací automat
_____________________________________________________________________
1. top-seeded player; 2. screening of candidates; 3. physiotherapist; 4. usher; 5. ball
boy; 6. immaculate surface; 7. merciless lenses of TV cameras; 8. Icarus; 9. tracksuit;
10. jogging; 11. Kitty Hawk; 12. all-round exercise.
2. Put into sentences to make clear the difference:

1. cloakroom - dressing room; 2. judge - umpire - referee; 3. play - game; 4. master -
champion; 5. contest - competition; 6. contestant - competitor; 7. football pools -
swimming pools.
3. Odd man out:

1. puck - bar - barbell - ninepin - racket - gymnasium; 2. diving board - vaulting horse
- rings - parallel bars; 3. skier - coach - competitor - athlete -champion; 4. hurdle race -
run - sprint - wrestling - relay race; 5. football field -sportsground - grandstand - ice
rink - swimming pool; 6. helmet - strip -padding - stick - skates; 7. bend - straighten up
- equalize - do a head stand.

1. Never say die" (i.e. don't get discouraged by failure).
2. The effect of audiences on players.
3. What goes on at Wimbledon between January and the beginning of the tournament.
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4. Hang-gliding.
5. Various forms of getting fit.
6. The use to which the proceeds from betting are put (in this country).
7. Football hooliganism.
8. Should the state help people to keep fit?
5. Enumerate different kinds of sports equipment and say what sports you need
them for.
1. How much do you enjoy watching tennis? 2. Do you do the pools? Have you ever
won anything? 3. What do you do to keep fit? 4. Do you pant after running one
hundred metres? 5. Do you agree that it's easier to put on weight than to get slim
again? 6. How much is the car used in your family? 7. Is it true to call study at the
university a sedentary occupation? 8. Did your grandparents reman fit to an advanced
age? 9. How much of a role do sports and games play in the university curriculum? 10.
What sorts of sports facilities are available in your hometown? 11. What sport did you
drop (or what did you take up) now that you are at university? 12. Does anyone you
know do yoga? And why? 13. Has karate a large following? What's its appeal?
7. Translate:
lehkoatletické disciplíny; překážkový běh; štafetový běh; skok o tyči; koulí; hod
oštěpem; soutěžící; vítěz; poražený; vzrůst zájmu o kondiční běh; vrcholový
sportovec; náskok jednoho metru; vzpěračství; činka; zápasení; cvičení na nářadí;
žíněnka; porazit někoho na body v, pátém kole; odpočítat poraženého; mít na sobě dres
(tričko a trenýrky) a tenisky; masové vystoupení gymnastů; nesoutěžní sport;
lukostrelba; cyklistika; šerm; skoky (do vody); plavat znak / prsa; vystoupení akvabel;
veslování; veslo; kormidlo člunu; závod plachetnic; závod v běhu na lyžích; závod ve
sjezdu; kluziště; krasobruslení; povinné cviky; volná jízda; tance na ledě; sáňkování
(brit., amer.);
velká návštěvnost na utkání; divácký sport; přeplněná tribuna; rozcvička a pravidelný
trenink; soudcovat utkání; hokejový rozhodčí; tenisový rozhodčí; pomezní rozhodčí;
nestranné rozhodnutí; zaujatý proti jednomu mužstvu; vyloučit ze hry; trestat i malé
přestupky; dodržovat pravidla; fandit svému mužstvu; povzbuzovat hráče; Do toho, do
toho!; hrát na domácí půdě; hrát na hřišti soupeře; odvetné utkání; hrát v oslabení o
jednoho hráče; být v defenzivě; dát branku; vyrovnt po protiútoku; zmocnit se míče,
přesná přihrávka; výkop; dát vlastní branku; zasáhnout břevno; zasloužená výhra;
neuznat gól; těsně prohrát; nerozhodný výsledek; otevřený turnaj; golgové hřiště.
_____________________________________________________________________
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PHRASAL VERBS MAKE II
make for • mít namířeno (někam): Where are you making for?
• mít za následek: This discussion should make for better understanding between us.
make of • vyznat se v: What do you make of it? Vyznáš se v tom? Rozumíš tomu?
I don 't iknow what to make of him. Nevyznám se v něm. Nerozumím mu.
make off •odejít, rychle se vytratit: Seeing a policeman, Smith made off.
make out • rozeznat: I can't make out his writing. Nedovedu vyluštit jeho písmo.
I could never make out if she wanted our help or not.
Through the fog I could just make out the shape of the house.
• předstírat: He's not as clever as he makes out.
• vystavit, vyplnit: Shall I make out the cheque in your name?
• pokračovat, dělat pokroky (nejčastěji v otázkách s how):
How are you making out in your new job? How are you making out with Mary? The
firm's not making aut as 'well as I'd hoped.
make over • předat: He made over all his property to his son.
• předělat, upravit: The basement has been made over into a garage.
make up • líčit se:

It took the actor an hour to make up (= do his make-up) for the part of Othello.
She makes herself up for a quarter of an hour in the morning.
• vymýšlet: He made up stories for his children.
It can't be true - he must have made it up.
• skládat, tvořit (z části): Society is made up of all sorts of people.
The medicine was made up at the chemist's. Lék byl zhotoven v lékárně.
make up a bed • připravit lůžko:

I had a bed made up for me on the sofa. Ustlali mi na pohovce.
make (it) up • smířit se:

My husband and I sometimes have terrible rows, but we always make (it) up again.
make up for • vynahradit: I'll make up for the working hours I lost last week.
This beautiful autumn makes up for the wet summer.
make up to • lichotit, dvořit se: He's not the sort of man who likes being made up to.
In the office he started making up to a pretty secretary.
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1. Use a make idiom in each sentence:

1. Can you understand it? 2. He was going towards the lift, clearly in a great hurry. 3.
Seat belts result in fewer accidents. 4. He dashed away as soon as he saw me
approaching. 5. I can't decipher the signature. 6. You could never tell whether George
was serious or not. 7. I don't think she's delicate as she claims to be. 8. Don't forget to
complete the application form in triplicate. 9. How's your love affair getting on? 10.
Peter isn't very successful at university. 11. When he retired he transferred the
ownership of his house to his son. 12. The workshop was adapted as a living room. 13.
Lewis Carroll invented some strange stones for the little girls he knew. 14. Society is
composed of several classes. 15. I had the prescription for a cough medicine prepared
at a druggist's downtown. 16. Your kindness puts right the neglect I suffered from your
brother. 17. We'll have to prepare a bed for him in the spare room. 18. They didn't get
a divorce - they've come together again. 19. I didn't like the way he was always trying
to be pleasant to me, even when there was no reason to do it.
2. Translate:
1. mít namířeno na sever; 2. přispět k zlepšení; 3. rozloučit se a odějít; 4. rozluštit něčí
rukopis; 5. vyplnit šek; 6. předat majetek dědicům; 7. přešít šaty 8. vymýšlet si
historky; 9. čaj připravený ze směsi několika druhů; 10. zhotoví lék v lékárně; 11.
dvořit se dívce; 12. usmířit se po hádce; 13. ustlat hostu ve volném pokoji; 14. Jeho
občasná zdvořilost nevynahradí jeho časté urážky. 15. Rozumíš tomu? 16. Předstírej,
že ho neznáš. 17. Za jak dlouho jsi schopna se nalíčit?
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 25 INTERFERENCE Time
Chybné: In the *last years / months / weeks / days. V minulých letech ....
Proč: Last = „poslední". Proto: in recent years / in the last few years / in the
last couple of years.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I've been waiting *long for you.

Proč: Long může být jen v otázce a záporu, ne v kladné oznamovací větě.
Tedy: I've been waiting for a long time. Have you been waiting long?
I haven't been here long.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: He didn't write *for long but at last we got a letter from him.
Dlouho nepsal, ale ...
Proč: For long se hodí do kontextu He didn't write for long because he was
interrupted, tj. jeho psaní netrvalo dlouho. Naproti tomu He didn't write
for a long time. - Dlouho nepsal, tj. jeho „nepsaní" trvalo dlouho.
Chybné: at nine o 'clock *p.m.
Proč. a.m., p.m. se neužívají s výrazem o'clock; v hovoru se tyto zkratky vůbec
vyskytují zřídka, běžnější je in the morning / afternoon / evening.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chybné: It's three * to four. Jsou za tři minuty čtyři.

Proč: Nejsou-li minuty násobkem pěti, užívá se slovo minute. Tedy:
It's three minutes to four. It's ten to four.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *The time is now fifteen minutes past /j to three.

Proč: Toto je pouze forma časových hlášení v rozhlase - tato formulace se
užívá kvůli lepší srozumitelnosti.
V hovoru se řekne: It's a quarter past / to three.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: A conference is being held *these days.

V těchto dnech se koná konference.
Proč: Určení these days se užívá pro delší období, je synonyrnní s nowadays.
Tedy: These days, everything costs too much. Pro určitou konkrétní
událost se však užije určení at present nebo at the moment nebo
currently, popřípadě, jde-li o budoucnost, over the next few days.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Illustrate the meaning of each phrase by using it in a sentence:

1 it's time to; 2. at that time; 3. at the same time; 4. from time to time; 5. at times; 6. in
time; 7. it's high time; 8. another time; 9. in no time; 10. for the first time; 11. tell the
time; 12. arty time; 13. this time; 14. last time; 15. that time; 6. three times; 17. time
and again; 18. on time; 19. Have you got time? 20. Have you got the time, please? 21.
There's time.
2. Translate:
1.v posledních letech; 2. dlouho váhat; 3. dlouho nepsat (po odjezdu); Dlouho se
nesmál - dokázal jsem mu, že se mýlí. 5. Je za sedm minut pět. V těchto dnech byla
otevřena zajímavá výstava. 7. Dnes jsou lidé náročnější, než bývali.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 26 WOMEN AP2
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE MAKING OF AMERICA
In December 1620 the Mayflower landed on the bleak Massachusetts coast, which
was only inhabited by native Indians. Of the one hundred and one passengers abroad,
eighteen were married women and eleven were young girls. They went ashore and
helped their male companions to build homes for shelter from the winter. All the girls
survived, but by spnng fourteen of the women had died. That first season
foreshadowed the strenuous life that awaited many other colonial women.
Because diseases were prevalent, medicine primitive, and childbearing frequent and
hazardous, wives died relatively young. In most cases the widowers remarried within
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weeks, so difficult was it to survive alone. The woman was the wife, mother,
housekeeper, family nurse, vegetable gardener, and animal tender, as well as
household protector when her husband was away. She might gather wild huckleberries
and blackberries. With no refrigerator, a woman had to dry, cook, smoke, pickle, salt,
and otherwise preserve foods to assure the day-to-day supply. Every housewife had to
make her own bread and make cheese, preserve fresh fruits or make them into jams
and jellies. She had to'patch and darn the family's clothes and make her own woolens.
To keep a pioneer household clean was also a hard job. Water for washing had to be
carried from a well or a nearby stream. The frontier women learnt the art of
homemaking at an early age. The diary of one young pioneer girl shows that in a
single day her activities included dressmaking, carding wool, cheesemaking, ironing,
milking, cooking, knitting, scouring a kettle, and weeding the vegetable garden. To
increase the family income women sold or bartered their surplus soap, candles,
preserved foods, medicinal herbs, and knitted garments. On the eve of the
Revolutionary War, the New England authorities asked the region's women to turn out
13,000 winter coats for volunteer. soldiers Before the cold winter came, the army coats
were ready, each with the woman's name and the name of her town sewn inside.
With the arrival of new inventions around the beginning of the 19th century women
began to work away from home. Compared with the daily grind of servants (household
maids, cooks, and charwomen), who served and were on call from about 6 a.m. to 10
p.m., the work of factory employees seemed better. Single women became eager wage
earners, either to become more independent or because they needed the money.
Throughout the 19th century the supply of women who needed work was constantly
being increased by the arrival of immigrants from Europe. Women workers could be
hired at one-third to at most one-half the cost of men in similar jobs. But 19th-century
public sentiment regarded women who worked as somehow disreputable. A woman
should be the guardian of the home, not a competitor with men. And 19th-century
society was as reluctant to provide young women with educational opportunities as it
was to see them at work. Once beyond elementary school, girls might be instructed in
such niceties as sewing, music, and manners, but not in such "manly" studies as
mathematics, science, and history. It was not until after the Civil War that secondary
schools for girls with more scholarly curricula began to appear in major cities, though
Oberlin in Ohio became the first college in America to admit women as candidates for
degrees as early as 1837. A wife had no legal rights, either. She could not hold her
own property even if her hushand was a drunken spendthrift. During the late 19th
century, as a result of agitation and petitions from feminists, many states recognized
women's basic rights, but the slow struggle to achieve equality continues even today.
By the turn of the 20th century the fight for women's suffrage came to the forefront,
and in 1920 the 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote, was ratified. In the
1920s the emphasis shifted from politics and economics to questions of freer moral
and social conduct; women began openly drinking, smoking, and wearing revealing
clothes.
In World War II six million women, twice as many as ever before, flooded the labor
market. They became engineers, chemists, economists, lawyers, doctors, workers in
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shipyards and aircraft plants. Jobs stopped being regarded as suitable chiefly for
unmarried young women without households or children to manage. While the
postwar attitude was "back to the home" again, many women continued working,
either because their families needed the additional income or because they enjoyed it.
But thousands of college-trained middleclass women shared a dissatisfaction with a
life made up of endless rounds of cooking, cleaning, chauffeuring, and serving
husbands and children. As more and more women entered business, enrolled in
professional schools and sought public office, women's problems - and particularly the
compatibility of marriage plus motherhood with a career - became a major topic of
discussion on television and in the press.
In 1965 the Civil Rights Act was passed, the section of the bill dealing with equal
employment opportunities outlawed discrimination on the basis of color, religion,
national origin, or sex. Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman elected to Congress,
remarked that her color brought her less political discrimination than her sex. Today,
the new generation of young women continues to press for equal treatment.
_____________________________________________________________________
animal tender ošetřovatel domácího zvířectva; barter vyměnit; card wool česat vlnu;
childbearing rození dětí; compatibility slučitelnost; curriculum j.č. osnovy, darn
zašívat, látat; disreputable nepočestný; špatné pověsti; foreshadow st předznamenat
něco, být předzvěstí něčeho; homemaking vedení domácnosti; huckleberry americký
druh borůvky; manly mužný; medicinal [mE'disenl] herb léčiva bylina, outlaw
zakázat zákonem, prohlásit za nezákonné; patch záplatovat; press for st usilovat o
něco; public sentiment veřejné mínění, všeobecné smyšlení; round (pracovní) cyklus;
scour [skauE] drhnout; spendthrift marnotratník; strenuous [strenjuEs] namáhavý,
woolens amer. vlněné věci, pletené oblečení (=brit. woollens)
Chisholm, Shirley [,šE:li 'čizEm], Oberlin [o:bElin]
_____________________________________________________________________
FOUR AMERICAN WOMEN
Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906). From the age of seventeen, as a teacher in rural

New York, she agitated for equal rights for women teachers, for coeducation and for
college training for girls. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton she secured the ferst laws in
New York giving women rights over their children and property, and organized the
National Woman Suffrage Association. She travelled and lectured throughout the
United States and Europe, overcoming ridicule and opposition and helping the
women's movement gradually advance to respectability and political importance.
Harriet Tubman (c. 1820-1913). Born a slave in Maryland, in 1849 she ran away to
Philadelphia, taking with her two brothers; returning the next year, she took north a
sister and two children. From then on she returned almost every year, leading over
three hundred slaves to northern states and Canada through the Underground Railroad
- the secret system for helping fugitive slaves from the South reach free states. Boston
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and New York abolitionists supplied her with money. A book about her (Harriet, the
Moses of Her People) was published as. early as 1864.
Maria Mitchel (1818-1889). Her discovery of a new comet in 1847 brought her
world fame and election as the first woman member of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences in 1848. Born on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, she was taught
astronomy by her father, a proficient amateur. She discovered the comet named after
her while working as a librarian in Nantucket. In 1865 she became Vassar College's
first professor of astronomy. In honor of her scientific achievements and her interest in
promoting the education of women, she was elected to the American Philosophical
Society.
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) was America's first woman physician. She began
studying medicine privately in 1845. Rejected repeatedly by leading colleges because
of her sex, she kept applying until she was admitted to the Medical College in Geneva,
New York. She graduated in 1849, then spent several years studying in Europe. When
she returned to America with her sister, by then also a physician, she established the
New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children and after the Civil War helped
to found a women's medical college in New York.
_____________________________________________________________________
comet [komit] kometa; fugitive [fju:džtiv] uprchlý, prchající; indigent [indidžEnt]
nemajetný; infirmary nemocnice; proficient [prE' fišEnt] schopný
Geneva [dži' ni:vE] Ženeva; Moses [mEuziz] Mojžíš; Nantucket [nAn' takit] an
island south' of Cape Cod, Mass., one of the chief whaling ports until c. 1850, now a
summer resort; Vassar [vaesa] College at Arlington, New York, founded for women in
1865
_____________________________________________________________________
MADAME BUTTERFLY - FACT OR FICTION?
The genesis of Madame Butterfly is rather complicated. In 1900, David Belasco's

one-act play of that name was on at a theatre in London and Puccini, then in town to
supervise the Čovent Garden premiere of Tosca, went to see it. He did not understand
a word of the dialogue, but the colour and drama of the piece excited him. Belasco
allowed him to go ahead and make an opera of it. But it was not really Belasco's plot -
his play was itself only an adaptation, a dramatised version of a magazine story by J.
L. Long, another American writer.
This story was based on a real incident that had occurred at Nagasaki in the late
1860s. Long had never been to Japan himself, but he had a sister, the wife of an
American missionary at Nagasaki, who, knowing the country from first-hand
experience, provided him with details about Japanese life and customs and also told
him the story of the'unfortunate geisha girl. We know her name and dates: Tsuru
Yamamuri (1851-99). She attempted to commit suicide when they threatened to take
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away the child she had had by a white man, was prevented from doing so, and for
some time lived with her son; he later joined his father. In the play this life-story was
combined with another involving a Scotsman, Thomas Blake Glover, and having a
happy ending.
Glover had come to Nagasaki in 1859, only six years after Commodore Perry sailed
into Tokyo Bay with the American fleet and opened Japan to the Western world. He
was the only European resident in the port and dealt in the sorts of goods which
guaranteed his protection at a time when other merchant adventures were being
murdered or driven away: he sold guns and ammunition to the warlords. Within a year
or two he opened a shipyard and a coalmine and built himself a Japanese-style
bungalow. And he married a Japanese girl. We know even less about her than we do
about him. But the marriage must have been the talk of the town, the gossip of every
visiting ship. It was almost certainly the first proper marriage between a girl of
Nagasaki and a man from the West. The town council still thinks Glover a prominent
man: on their street plan the Glover Mansion, which still survives, is called the
Butterfly House, and its garden is shown to tourists as Cio-Cio-San's garden. By all
accounts, the Japanese girl made Glover a loyal and affectionate wife.
He third principal character in the opera is easy to identify. Sharpless, the American
consul in Nagasaki, was actually Townsend Harris, the only American consul
stationed in Japan at that time, though not in Nagasaki but in another port, eight
hundred miles from Nagasaki. He spent twenty years in Japan and died there, a highly
respected old man. He knew Glover and had professional dealings with him. The
Townsend Harris Museum contains his diary.
Maybe it is wrong to look for real-life originals in the drama of Madame Butterfly.
Maybe the lives of Mr and Mrs Glover and Mr Harris supplied only the background
and the idea for the story. Maybe Pínkerton, Cio-Cio-San, and Sharpless are not meant
to be seen as human beings, but rather as allegorical figures on a silk screen illustrating
the impact of a new civilization on an old one and conveying the message that, when
cultures clash, someone is bound to get hurt.
_____________________________________________________________________
affectionate [E'fEkšEnEt] milující, něžný; clash srazit se; commodore [komEdo:]
komodor (ve válečném námořnictvu hodnost mezi kapitánem a admirálem), genesis
[dženEsis] zrod; událost; screen zástěna, stínítko; shogun [šEugEn] šógun (vojenský
diktátor Japon-dnouci místo císaře, který byl izolován a jehož titul byl nominální; u
vlády (1192-1867)
Belasco [be' lAskEu], David (1853-1931) American actor, manager, and prolific
playwright; Gglover [glavE]; Harris [hAris]
____________________________________________________________________
1. Explain:
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1. the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution; 2, abolitionist; 3. the Undeground

Railroad; 4. infirmary for indigent women; 5. women's suffrage; 6. the talk of the
town; 7. geisha.
2. Topics for mini talks:
1. Household work (involving food and clothes) done by women in the pioneer days.
2. Employment - a woman's road to greater independence.
3. The compatibility of motherhood with a career.
4. Elizabeth Blackwell.
5. The Japanese marriage of Thomas B. Glover.
6. The position of women today.
1. How much of the art of homemaking have you learnt? 2. Do you believe that, in
some areas, women in the Czech lands still don't have equal opportunities with men?
3. Enumerate j obs in which you rarely or never come across a woman. 4. Why are
women found less often in top positions in politics? 5. Is there such thing as a man's
point of view and a woman's point of view?
4. Quiz. Who are the British women authors of the following novels (all of them
have been translated into Czech)?
1. A Sicilian Romance (1790); 2. Castle Rackrent (1800); 3. Emma (1815); 4.
Frankenstein (1818); 5. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848); 6. Villette (1853); 7.
Cranford (1853); 8. The Mill.on the Floss (1860); 9. Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886); 10.
Precious Bane (1924); 11. Mrs Dalloway (1925) and Orlando (1928); 12. Murder Must
Advertise (1933); 13. Death on the Nile (1937); 14. The Death of the Heart (1938); 15.
Rebecca (1938); 16. The Sand-castle (1957); 17. The King Must Die (1958); 18. The
HeavenTree (1960); 19. The Ballad of Peckham Rye (I960); 20. Girl with Green Eyes
(1964); 21. The Millstone (1965); 22. The Holiday Friend (1972); 23. The Bottle
Factory Outing (1974); 24. The Life and Loves of a She-Dewil (1984) and The
Shrapnel Academy (1986); 25. The Children of Men (1992).
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS OUT I
bear out • potvrdit:

What you say bears out what I've heard from several other people.
break out • vypuknout: War / A fire broke out. He broke out in curses. Začal klít.
• uprchnout (z vězení): This prisoner broke out of a maximum security prison twice.
bring out • vydat (v nakladatelství):

He's just brought out a new novel. Právě mu vyšel román.
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• vytáhnout ven: Difficulties often bring out the best in people.

Nesnáze často vyvolají v lidech to, co je v nich nejlepší.
burn out • vyhořet:

The building was burnt out and only the walls were left standing.
carry out • provést: He won't dare carry out his threat.

My orders / instructions / plans be carried out immediately.
catch out • přistihnout: I'll catch you out one day. Jednou tě nachytám.
clear out • vyklidit: Clear out the things from this drawer, please.
• vyhodit: I decided to clear out all the old things that we never need.
• vypadnout (odejít; hovor.): We'd better clear out before he comes back.
clock out • píchat odchod: I clock in at 7 a.m. and clock out at 3 p.m.
come out • vyjít (početně): This sum won't come out.

The sum came out right / wrong. Součet vyšel správně / chybně.
• vyjít najevo: It came out that he had been cheating.
• vyjít (v nakladatelství): There's a new Longman dictionary coming out soon.
• vyjít (o fotografií, dobře dopadnout): The pictures I took of the baby didn't come
out very well.
• začít stávkovat: The workers came out in support of the dismissed man.
count out • odpočítat (v rohování):

Jack was counted out in the fifth round so Bill was declared the winner.
cat out • vynechat: The doctor said I must cut out smoking and strong drinks.
draw out • vybrat (odněkud): I went to the bank and drew out fifty pounds.
• vyjet (o vlaku, ze stanice): The train drew out (of the station).
• prodlužovat se: The days are drawing out now that it's spring.
drop out • zanechat studia: He dropped out (of university in his first year).
fall out • pohádat se: His parents fell out over what kind of education he should
be given. Mary has fallen out with Jane, and now they're not speaking to each other.
• dopadnout (nějak): Everything fell out as we planned.
figure out • pochopit, rozluštit (hovor.): I'm not sure I configure it out.
_____________________________________________________________________
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1. Translate:
1. He opened the gate and came out. 2. This tooth willhave to come out. 3. When did
the new novel come out? 4. The stars came out. 5. Cross my name out, please - I can't
go on the trip. 6. Mary cuts out pictures of film stars from fan magazines. 7.
Naturalists are trying to find out as much as they can about California condors (before
they die out). 8. It took several weeks to drive out the last of the invaders. 9. "Get out,"
he shouted, "and I don't want to see you here again." 10. All the lights have gone out -
it's pitch dark. 11. She's gone out for a walk. 12. My father always helped me out with
money when I was broke.
2. Use a phrasal verb with out in each sentence:

1. I never expected them to... (with each other) - they always seemed so friendly. 2. I'll
be needing the wardrobe myself. Could you... all the clothes from it please? 3. Most
students, when they've failed several exams, simply... 4. He ... everything he was asked
to do very efficiently. 5. The train ... on time and I missed it. 6. It was a terrible blaze -
the warehouse… . 7. As summer approaches and the evenings ..., there's more and
more time for gardening. 8. He hopes the publishers will ... his book before Christmas.
9. I could never ... why he left her. 10. I know nothing about it - my wife will ... what I
say. 11. The book won't be published unless you ... the slighting references to the
President. 12. World War II ... in 1939. 13. I'm quite pleased with the way things ... 14.
How did it … that he had been cheating? 15. How much did you have to ... of your
bank account to pay the fine? 16. I've added it up five times and it just won't ... right.
17. The group photograph ... well - everybody was pleased with it. 18. My work
begins at eight and I ... at half past six.
3. Translate:
1. vydat svazek básní; 2. být zasažen bleskem a vyhořet; 3. provést pokus s krysami; 4.
nachytat žáka, jak podvádí; 5. píchat odchod z práce; 6. začít stávkovat ze solidarity; 7.
odpočítat boxera v ringu; 8. zanechat kouření; 9. pohádat se kvůli maličkosti; 10. umět
si spočítat, že je to výhodné; 11. Vlak vyjel z nádraží. 12. Dopadlo to dobře. 13. Mohu
to potvrdit. 14. Pojďme pryč, ať nás tu nenajdou. 15. Součet vyšel chybně. 16. Vybral
včera dvě stě liber z vkladní knížky. 17. Slunce svítilo a tak záběr dobře vyšel.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION INTERFERENCE Study
Chybné: We *learned very hard. Učili jsme se velmi pilně.

Proč: Není-li vyjádřen předmět, je třeba použít sloveso study, ne learn: studied
very hard. Na úrovni univerzity „Musím se teď učit." se dá říci I've got
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to get some studying done. V případě: She's learning very quickly.

Nejde o studium, ale o orientaci v situaci.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: From which books are you *learning English?

Proč: Lépe: Which books are you using in English? Which books are doing?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: secondary school *student

Proč: Student označuje vysokoškoláka. Tedy správně pupil
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Tomorrow I'm going to *pass an exam. Zítra dělám zkoušku.

Proč: Pass = udělat, složit zkoušku, takže předchozí výrok zní sebevědomě.
Správně: take an exam, sit an exam.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: take a driving *examination dělat řidičskou zkoušku

Proč: Examination je zkouška z akademického předmětu, zkouška z řízení
motorových vozidel je driving test.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: a *scientific conference on music

Proč: Scientific implikuje přírodní vědy, sociologii, lingvistiku, ne však obory
jako umění, historii, hudbu. Ve spojení s konferencí by se však neužilo
žádné adjektivum, ani kdyby šlo o přírodní vědy.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Dobrovský was a *scientist.

Proč: Scientist označuje přírodovědce. Tedy: Dobrovský was a scholar.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I'll *finish school next year and start work. I'll *finish my studies at
university in June.
Proč: V americké angličtině citované věty nejsou chybné. V britské však finish
school znamená: jít domů po skončení vyučování". (In Britain
schoolchildren finish school at 4 p.m.) U střední školy doporučujeme:
I'll leave school' next year. (amer. I'll finish school, nebo I'll graduate
from school next year.), u vysoké školy (brit. i amer.)
I'll graduate in June.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I'm studying *on the university.

Proč: Za prvé at, za druhé university zde bude bez členu (starší úzus byl se
členem) podobně jako at school
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Brzy končí semestr, musím se teď učit. 2. Posledně neudělal zkoušku, ale (teď se
pilně učí. 3. V červnu studenti dělají přijímací zkoušky na univerzity. 4. Je mu už
skoro patnáct - co bude dělat, až skončí školu? 5. Z které knihy se učíte literaturu? 6.
Jeho starší bratr vychodil techniku, on ještě studuje na univerzitě. 7. Zapsal si historii,
ale žádný velký vědec (much of a ...) z něho nebude. 8. Nejlepší referát na vědecké
konferenci o ochraně prostředí měl Smith, světoznámý vědec.
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_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 27 FOOD AP2
VITAMINS
Demand for vitamins and food supplements is so high in Britain that even the
smallest village pharmacy will have at least a basic selection in store. But many
experts, including doctors and nutritionists, think that the belief in the power of
vitamins is overdone and that the vast majority of people could get as much as they
need just from eating properly. The trouble is that not everyone eats well. In addition,
smokers, drinkers, and those who lead irregular lives constantly undermine the body's
natural ability to maintain itself in good order.
Americans are generally more health-conscious than the British and it is estimated
that a quarter to a third of the American population takes vitamin supplements
regularly. Collectively, they spend more than three hundred million dollars a year on
these pills and potions. In Britain, around five per cent of the population regularly
takes vitamin pills and the whole health food industry is expanding rapidly. Current
sales are many millions a year.
Not surprisingly, there is increasing concern about overdosing. Most doctors agree
that, one multivitamin tablet a day can help the elderly and won't do the rest of us any
harm, and that extra doses of vitamins B and C are also harmless and may help.
Unfortunately, modern food processing methods often drive much of the food value
out of the products. Similarly, cooking methods often destroy the vital nutritional
value of food, especially fruit and vegetables. Now let's have a closer look at each
vitamin.
Vitamin A. It is found in all green vegetables, fruit and most root vegetables. Also in
liver, dairy foods, and egg yolks. Without it, the skin is often poor and the nails brittle.
Like most other vitamins, it helps the body to fight diseases by stimulating the
production of antibodies. Deficiencies are rare and overdosing is relatively easy, so be
careful with supplements.
Vitamm B complex. This is often called the "nerve vitamin", for a deficiency in it
can produce depression (in extreme cases to the point of suicide), insomnia, stress,
fatigue, and poor liver functions/expecially among heavy drinkers, as well as some
heart diseases and impure skin. Lack of energy is usually the first sign of a deficiency.
In food, the vitamin can be found in leafy and root vegetables, raw milk, peanuts, liver,
egg yolk, yeasts, and fresh fruit.
Vitamin C. This is also vital in fighting stress diseases and allergies as well as colds
and viruses. Even doctors who are hostile to vitamins generally often admit that there
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is barely a disease that vitamin C will not help prevent. Also, it is almost impossible to
overdose on vitamin C, unlike vitamins A and D, which are dangerous in large
amounts. Even so, there is probably enough vitamin C in a single orange for a normal
daily dose, and all fresh fruits and vegetables are the best source.
Vitamin D. The only good natural source of vitamin D is from sunglighf on our
skins. Fish, liver, and oils all contain it, and so does milk, but in quite small quantities,
which is all the body needs. It stays in the body fats until required. Without it, the
teeth, bones, and eyesight can all be weakened.
Vitamin E. This is often called the sex vitamin because it is alleged to be useful in
helping against sterility. In fact, there is no medical proof of its therapeutic use for that
or for coronary disease, anotner widely claimed benefit. In normal diets, it is found in
sunflower seeds, soya beans, and green vegetables.
Vitamin K. This is rarely deficient in humans and it is vital in stopping blood

clotting.
_____________________________________________________________________
allergy [AlEdži] alergie; antibody protilátka; blood clotting srážení krve; brittle
křehký, lámavý; deficiency [di'fišEnsi] in st nedostatek něčeho; fatigue [fE'ti:g]
únava; food supplement doplněk ke stravě; nutritional [nju:'trišEnl] výživný;
nutritionist odborník na výživu; overdose předávkovat (se); peanut burský oříšek;
point: to the point of st až k něčemu; soya pean sójový bob; sunflower slunečnice;
therapeutic [SerECpju:tik] léčivý; vitamin [vitEmin, vaitEmin]; yeast [ji:st] kvasnice
_____________________________________________________________________
HOW MANY EDIBLE PLANTS DO YOU KNOW ?
Mankind has used around three thousand plants for food during the course of history.
Yet the Earth contains at least another 75,000 edible plants. Only about one hundred
and fifty have ever been cultivated on a large scale, and fewer than twenty now
produce 90 per cent of our food. We are using the same number of plant species that
have served mankind for millennia. The potential of the still unexploited sources of
plant protein is enormous. For instance a single wild species has provided us, through
plant breeding, with cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts. Many
leafy plants of the tropics, important on a local scale but unknown elsewhere, are
reputed to contain roughly as much protein as legumes and fruits and as much vitamin
C as the best fruits.
_____________________________________________________________________
broccoli [brokEli] brokolice; edible [edibl] jedlý; protein [preuti:n] protein
_____________________________________________________________________
BOHEMIA, A NEW RESTAURANT IN DALLAS
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First of all you'll notice the attention to detail. The green walls are bordered with
wooden tiles painted with folk-art style flowers. Yellow Tiffany-like lamps over each
table provide soft light. The cushioned, dark-wood chairs are elegant and comfortable.
Glass tops cover the stone-colored lace tablecloths. Everyehere you look are fresh
flowers and some unexpected little touches: little deer horns mounted on the wall,
salad served in cut-glass bowls. Recorded music - the oom-pah-pah variety one night
and more low-key classical music on another - plays in the background.
Service is more good news. We had the same waitress on both our visits, and she
was as competent as she was charming. The only other restaurant where I felt this care
attention to detail was in a Zen Buddhist-run restaurant in San Francosco.
The food matches the surroundings and service. What I'll be back for is Bohemia's
Wiener schnitzel - it was the best version I've ever had. Another daily special is a veal
paprika; It sounds equally promising. The dumplings are worth ordering for the
experience, although I preferred the simple boiled potatoes. Bohemia's dumplings look
more like cross-sections of huge English muffins than the small, round objects that the
term brings to mind. They taste like yeasty bread. Beef á la Prague was a flavorful
combination of sliced beef, potatoes, and mushrooms. Smoked pork loin was free of
fat, but also slightly too dry. Caraway see-flecked sauerkraut was served with it.
You can begin your meal with lettuce salad or with soup. The Soup of the Day is
worthwile: cream of cauliflower and cream of potato on my visits. If you really like
liver, you'll like liver dumpling soup; if you don't like liver you won't order it.
Do, however, allow for dessert. Apple strudel was superb; it was tender and dotted
with hazelnuts and raisins. It is served at slightly wanner than room temperature.
Cheesecake with chopped pecans on top was also made on the premises. Coffee goes
very well with either dessert.
_____________________________________________________________________
allow for st ponechat místo pro něco; border lemovat; deer horns srnčí parohy, laced
krajkový, krajkou lemovaný; low-key tichý; mount [maunt] připevnit, pecan [pi'kAn]
pekanový ořech (roste na jihu USA); worthwhile stojící za to
Tiffany [tifeni] (1848—1933) artist and manufacturer of art nouveau stained glass;
Zen Buddhist [,zen ´budist] Zen buddhista
_____________________________________________________________________
COCKTAIL RECIPES
Manhattan Two thirds rye or bourbon whisky and one third sweet vermouth (for Dry
Manhattan dry vermouth). Bitters if desired Serve with cherry.
Martini Two thirds gin and one third dry vermouth. Serve with olive.
Tom Collins Juice of one lemon, 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 jigger gin, soda.
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Bloody Mary 1 jigger vodka, 4 jiggers tomato juice, one third jigger lemon juice,
dash Worcester sauce, salt and pepper to taste, ice.
_____________________________________________________________________
bitters hořká, dash kapka, jigger dávka (míra užívaná při mícháni nápojů), olive
[oliv] oliva
_____________________________________________________________________
FOOD 27
SOUPS
beef / chicken / vegetable / fish soup hovězí / slepičí / zeleninová / rybí polévka
cream of mushroom / celery / cauliflower žampión./ celer./ květák. smetan. polévka
chowder [čaudEr] amer hustá polévka z masa koryšů a měkkýšů (shellfish) a zeleniny
borsch(t) [bo:š(t)] boršč
tripe soup dršťková polévka
bouillon [bu:jon] bujón
MAIN DISHES
steak [steik] hovězí plátek, steak
veal paprika [pAprikE], amer. [pE:'při:kE] telecí na paprice
leg of mutton / lamb [lAm] skopova / jehněčí kýta
Wiener schnitzel ['winE ,šnitsl] smažený řízek I
casserole [kAsErEul] jídlo vařené a pak podávané v rendlíku,
casserole … často těstoviny zapékané s masem, ragú apod
stew [stju:] dušené maso
goulash [gu:lAš] guláš
lean / fat meat libové / tučné maso
giblets [džiblEts] drůbky
kidney j.č. ledvinky
braised livery [breizd livEri] j.č. dušená játra
poultry [pEultri] drůbež

roast chicken [rEust čikin] pečené kuře
grilled / zejm amer broiled chicken grilované kuře
game zvěřina
leg of venison [venisn] srnčí kýta
seafood j.č. mořské produkty
fish fingers, zejm amer fish sticks rybí prsty
fillet [filEt] plátek (masa, ryby), fillet of plaice plátek platýse, filé z platýse
TRIMMINGS
trimmings [trimiNz] mn.č. příloha
spaghetti [spE'geti] j.č. špagety
noodle [nu:dl] nudle
(meat) ball knedfíček
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rice [rais] rýže
VEGETABLES
root/leafy vegetables mn.č. kořenová/zelená zelenina
cabbage [kAbidž] zelí, kapusta
savoy [sE'voi] kapusta
kale [keil] kapusta zimní, kadeřávek
brussels sprout [,braslz 'spraut] obvykle mn.č. růžičková kapusta
carrot [kArEt] mrkev
pea [pi:] hrášek (zrnko); peas hrášek (zelenina)
French bean [bi:n] zelený fazolový lusk
parsley [pa:sli] petržel (jí se jen nať)
parsnip [pa:snip] pastinák (používá se kořen)
celeriac [si'leriAk] celer (kořen)
celery [selEri] celer (nať)
cauliflower [koliflauE] květák
kohlrabi [kEul'ra:bi] brukev, kedluben
spinach [spinidž, spinič] špenát
beetroot [bi:tru:t], amer. (red) beet červená řepa (stolní)
radish [rAdiš] ředkvička
horseradish ['ho:s,rAdiš] křen
leek [li:k] pór
chives [čaivz] mn.č. pažitka
dill kopr
garlic [ga:lik] česnek

cucumber [kju:kambE] okurka (salátová)
gherkin [gE:kin] okurka nakládačka
picked gherkins nakládané / kyselé okurky
mixed pickles mn.č. nakládaná zelenina (v kyselém nálevu)
lettuce dressed with a vinegar-and-oil dressing hlávkový salát octovou zálivkou
sauerkraut [sauEkraut] kyselé zelí
legume [legju:m, li'gju:m] luštěnina
lentil [lentl] čočka
corn-on-the-cob vařený kukuřičný klas
popcorn pražená kukuřice
asparagus [E'spArEgEs] chřest
lettuce [letis] hlávkový salát
PREPARATION
grate on the grater strouhat na struhadle
strain with a strainer procedit cedníkem
mince (with a mincer) rozemlít (na masovém strojku)
beat flat rozklepat
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bread obalit (ve strouhance)

smoke udit
spit rožeň
season ochutit
warm up přihřát
roll out vyválet
rolling pin váleček

work the dough [dEu] zpracovat těsto
knead [ni:d] hníst
rise kynout
yeast dough [ji:st dEu] kynuté těsto
batter těstíčko, lité těsto
casserole [kAsErEul] skleněný n. porcelánový rendlík
pressure cooker tlakový hrnec
serving porce (pro jednu osobu)
another / a second helping ještě jedna porce (přídavek)
INGREDIENTS
ingredient [in'gri:diEnt] přísada
baking powder prášek do pečiva
yeast [ji:st] j.č. kvasnice
caraway [kArEwei] (seed) kmín
vinegar [vinigE] ocet
mustard [mastEd] hořčice
Worcester sauce [,wustE 'so:s] worcester, worcesterská omáčka
curry [kari] powder kari

pepper pepř (mletý)
paprika [pAprikE] sladká paprika
chilli powder [čili paudE] pálivá paprika (i směs s jiným kořením)
lard [la:d] sádlo
bacon anglická slanina
raisin [reizn] hrozinka
currant [karEnt] hrozinka
DESSERT
pastry [peistri] jemné pečivo
cake dort
fruit cake biskupský chlebíček
gateau [gAtEu] zdobený dort
gingerbread [džindžEbred] perník
roll roláda
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sponge [spandž] cake piškot

cheesecake tvarohový nákyp n. koláč
pancake [pAnkeik] brit. palačinka, amer. lívanec
muffin [mafin] vdolek (jí se teplý polévaný máslem)
wafer [weifE] oplatka
trifle [traifl] brit pohár s piškotem a krémem
sundae [sandei] ovocný pohár se zmrzlinou
pineapple [painApl], vanila [vE'nilE], pistachio [pi'sta:šiEu] ice (cream) zmrzlina
pineapple … ananasová, vanilková, pistáciova zmrzlina
melon [melEn] meloun
BEVERAGES
aperitif [E,peri´ti:f] aperitiv
champagne [šAm' pein] šampaňské
highball zejm amer whisky n. brandy se sodovkou apod
scotch and soda [skoč And sEudE] skotská se sodovkou
bourbon [bE:bEn] bourbonská whisky (americký druh)
cognac [konjAk] koňak
chilled drink chlazený nápoj
bottled and draught [dra:ft] beer lahvové a čepované pivo
instant coffee instantní káva
Turkish coffee [tE:kiš kofi] turecká káva
buttermilk podmáslí
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Odd man out:

1. saucepan - frying pan - casserole - pressure cooker - rolling pin; 2 bowl - grater -
kettle - cup, 3 carp - liver - salmon - trout; 4. plate - saucer -saltcellar - soup bowl; 5.
bottle - flask - jar - strainer; 6. Bloody Mary -Manhattan - Martini - shrimp cocktail; 7.
cauliflower - lobster - spinach - French beans; 8. Ballantmes - Johnnie Walker -
Beefeater – Teachers.
2. Enumerate: 1. garden fruits; 2. legumes; 3 leafy vegetables; 4. soups.
3. Explain the differences:

1. knedlíky - dumplings, 2. houby - mushrooms; 3. zelenina - vegetables; 4. vlašský
ořech - pecan, 5. dort - cake, 6. marmeláda - marmelade; 7. rohlík - roll; 8 cake - pie;
9. meat dish [,-] - wooden dish [,-'-]; 10. soda - tonic; 11. limonáda - lemonade, 12.
prescription - recipe.
4. Express preference, using I like … better than … or I prefer … or I'd rather have
or … can't compare with:
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1.soft-boiled eggs - scrambled eggs; 2. a Vanilla ice - a raspberry ice; 3. something

filling (vydatný) twice a day - light refreshments several times a day, 4. a pork chop - a
Wiener schnitzel; 5. mashed potatoes - chips - spaghetti; 6. chicken bouillon - beef
soup with noodles - borsch(t); 7. a square meal - a light snack (at midday); 8. stewed
fruit - mixed pickles; 9. homemade-cakes - cakes from a sweetshop, 10. a sundae with
- without whipped creamy; 11. cheese and biscuits - a sweet dish (at the end of the
meal); 12. instant coffee - Turkish coffee; 13. bottled beer - draught beer.

1. Vitamin tablets, are they healthy or necessary?
2. Vitamin B complex.
3. Vitamin C What food lacks, vitamin C?
4. Widening the use of edible plants.
5. The attractions of a Czech restaurant in Dallas, Texas.
6. Healthy eating (the menu should come to 900-1000 calories per meal).
7. Why go on a slimming diet?
1. Do you eat properly, that is regularly and enough, every day, or do you economize
on food? 2. Are you figure-conscious? 3. Is it easy to please you with food or are you
rather choosy? 4. Have your views on cooking changed in the last few years? 5. When
alone at home, do you have something out of a tin or do you cook a meal? 6. Do you
avoid fatty foods? 7. Have you ever eaten any oriental speciality? 8. Do you plan your
meals with an eye to their nutrition value? 9. Have you ever spoiled a meal you were
making? How? Was it because you were absent-minded or inexperienced? 10. Do you
bottle fruit in summer or do you buy it in the jar, in the shop? 11. What's your family's
favourite dish? 12. Do you like to dine out? 13. Is it customary in your family to have
a snack in the evening before bedtime? 14. Do you prefer red wine or white wine with
the meals? 15. Do you prefer ice cream with whipped cream? And what flavours do
you like best? 16. What would you serve to unexpected visitors? 17. Have you got
more than one cookery book at home? 18 On what occasions would you prepare a
sumptuous [sampčuEs] (přepychové, nákladné) meal?
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS OUT II
go out
• chodit (ven): Many married women go out to work.
Mnoho vdaných žen chodí do práce / je zaměstnaných (o mužích go to work)
They've been going out together for two years. Chodí spolu už dva roky.
• vyhasnout: Without more coal, the fire will soon go out.
• vyjít z módy: Hats like that went out (of fashion) a long time ago.
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hold out
• podávat: He held out his hand (to me) (in friendship). Podával mi (přátelsky) ruku.
• vzdorovat, odolávat:
During the siege the garrison held out for twenty days until help came.
• chovat (naději): I don't hold out much hope that things will get better.
lay out
• navrhnout,projektovat. What a well laid-out garden.
The capital of the USA was laid out by the architect LÉnfant.
• vynaložit, vydat: He's ready to lay out a large sum of money.
leak out • proniknout ven.

Though they tried to keep them secret, some of the facts soon leaked out.
let out • povolit (oděv):

The skirt is rather tight - do you think you could let it out for me?
look out • dát pozor:

Look out - there's a car coming. You'd better look out - they've got a dog.
miss out • vynechat, vypustit:

His account of the accident misses out two important facts.
Why did you miss Tom out when you were giving the assignments?
miss out on • přijít o: You didn't miss out on anything - the party was rather dull.
pass out • omdlít: The pain was so horrible that he passed out.
She nearly passed out from fright.
• rozdávat: He passed out drinks and cigarettes on his birthday. (amer.; brit. hand out)
_____________________________________________________________________

1. It's cold in the room - you've let the fire ... 2. Every year the firm ... lots of free
samples at the trade fair. 3. Who ... the new capital of Brazil? 4. People said the
miniskirt would ... within six months, but it remained fashionable for several years. 5.
Sooner or later he'll have to reduce his claim, but so far he's still ... for S 100,000. 6.
Peter is dating Paula, isn't he? - Yes, they've been ... together for two years. 7. The
news of his appointment ... before the official announcement. 8. We'll continue our
hike as long as our supplies of food … 9. When he got the news, he ... with the shock.
10. You'd better ... or you'll lose every penny you've got. 11. I've put on weight and
this skirt is pretty tight now. Can you ... (it)? 12. "Let's be friends again," he said as
he ... his hand to me 13. ...! There's a madman with a knife behind you! 14. I don't
think you …. anything by staying at home - it was a terrible performance.
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2. Translate:
1. Oheň dohásíná. 2. Chodí už tyoje žena do práce? 3. Patrick a Kate spolu chodí. 4.
Široké vázanky vyšly z módy. 5. Katalogy rozdávali na výstavě zdarma. 6. Osoba
slabších nervů by omdlela hrůzou. 7. Přišli jste až po týdeníku? O nic jste nepřišli. 8.
Vláda vynakládá velké peníze na údržbu zámků. 9. Dokud nám nezačne do stanu pršet,
vydržíme tu. 10. V 18. století bylo y Londýně založeno několik menších náměstí. 11.
Kdyby ty informace pronikly na veřejnost, vznikla by panika. 12. Cestou do
nemocnice ztratil v sanitce vědomí. 13. Rozdej brožury. 14. Dej pozor na potíže, které
se mohou vyskytnout. 15. Podával jsem mu ruku, ale on se tvářil, že to nevidí.
REVISION INTERFERENCE Movement and distance
Chybné: The *traffic in Bombay is not very efficient. Doprava v ...

Proč: Traffic = „počet vozidel na silnicích", např. The traffic is heaviest in the
rush hours. Ve významu „přeprava" však českému „doprava" odpovídá:
public transport. Ve stejném smyslu je transport užit v kontextech:
Transport will be provided. Doprava (někam pro někoho) bude zajištěna.
Have you got transport or shall I come and collect you in my car?
Máš dopravu zajištěnou, nebo tě mám vyzvednou svým autem?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I´ll *bring you back to your house. Zavezu tě zpátky domů.
Proč: Bring je možné jen tehdy, když děj probíhá směrem k mluvčímu: (I'll
bring you back here.) nebo směrem k posluchači (I´ll bring the
money over to you. Zanesu ti ty peníze.). V předchozím kontextu musí
být take: I´ll take you back to your house.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: When I *come there, I'll... Až tam přijdu, ...

Proč: Správně When I get there. I´ll ... Podobně As soon as you get home.
(ne come) Jakmile přijdeš domů.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Manchester is 300 km * far from London.

Proč: Far from znamená a long way from. Správně tedy: Manchester is 300
km from London. Manchester is situated at a distance of 300 km from
London.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: My uncle took me on an *excursion in his car yesterday.

Strýc mě včera vzal na výlet autem.
Proč: Excursion označuje hromadný výlet nebo zájezd: výlet pořádaný
jednotlivcem je outing nebo trip.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: We went for a *longer walk. Šli jsme na delší procházku.

Proč: Nejde o pravé srovnávání (jako např. a longer walk than usual). Tedy:
We went for quite a long walk
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *What did you travel with! Čím jsi cestoval?
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Proč: Správně how did you travel?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. systém veřejné dopravy; 2. lodní doprava v kanálu La Manche; 3. mít zajištěnou
dopravu zpátky; 4.zavést přítele na nádraží; 5. zanést někomu deštník; 6. zavést
někoho zpátky domů; 7. Kratší procházka neuškodí. 8. Chtěl bys jít s námi? 9.
Podnikla se svou sestřenicí výlet. 10. Školní výlet dětí se vydařil. 11. Čím jsi cestoval?
12. Kolik kilometrů je z Prahy do Bratislavv?
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 28 NATURE AP2
NOSTALGIA ON SEEING SNOW IN DERBYSHIRE
I live in the South, and last week I made a trip to Derbyshire. There was snow on the
Derbyshire hills and I felt like a person who had glimpsed a long-lost friend. I am told
less than a year ago it snowed so hard in London that the capital was almost cut off
from civilization. But I do not recall seeing the fall of a single flake in the place where
I live. Perhaps some flakes came and went without my noticing them. Or perhaps the
snow came when men were all asleep and melted away before morning.
So now in Derbyshire, it seemed an age since I had heard the crunch of sole on
snow-covered pavement or seen a whole street made overnight as smooth and white as
an iced Christmas cake. And the white hills brought back into my mind memories of
the winters when we lived in the North. Mornings too cold to stand in the bathroom
without a shirt and shirts too cold to put on when washing was over. Frost so thick on
the windows that it was as if we lived behind lace curtains. I remember tobogganing
on a deserted road oh a homemade wooden sledge and wading my way to the tram
stop through drifts. The snow sometimes stayed for a full month. On the first morning
the owner-occupiers shovelled their drives clean and then went on to clean the public
footpath outside their front gardens as proof of domestic responsibility. But the
gardens themselves stayed dazzlingf white and smooth for weeks. On the roofs the
snow slid, as the houses' heat seeped up through the ceilings, and sometimes big
chunks of snow fell into backyards whenever a kitchen door was slammed. The boys
could throw snowballs, sledge, throw stones at the icicles that hung from the gable
end. Your breath condensed in the cold air.
The snow's departure was as slow and sad as its arrival was sudden and spectacular.
From the heaps piled on the pavement edges dirty grey water trickled down the road
until all the urban slush was washed down the town drains. The snow lingered only in
the sheltered places and then it disappeared even there.
People feel different towards winter. Some curse at the prospect of skid chains, but I
look forward to the first signs of winter. I feel that a man who sets outf for work armed
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with a spade so that he can dig himself out of a snowdrift is embarking on an

adventure. But these days-my feet are always dry and the only ice I see is floating
about in other people's drinks. Of course, I could turn off the central heating and climb
again between two frozen sheets. But that would be to recreate the old inconvenience
without reliving the old excitement. I only regret that I'm too old now to throw
snowballs and sledge and throw stones at the icicles.
(Roy Hattersley)
_____________________________________________________________________
chunk kus; condense [kEn'dens] srážet se; crunch skřípot, vrzání; drain kanál
(odtok) embark on st pustit se do něčeho; gable [geibl] štít, lomenice; iced cake dort
s cukrovou / ledovou polevou; inconvenience [,inkEn'vi:niEns] nepohodlí; linger
[liNgE] zůstat (prodlévat); nostalgia [no'stAldžE] nostalgie; relive [ri:' liv] znovu
prožit; seep prosakovat; shovel [šavl] the drive clean přeházet cestu do garáže
(odklidit sníh); skid chain protismykový řetěz; sole podrážka; spectacular [spek'
tAkjulE] okázalý, velkolepý; trickle téci stružkou; wade (one's way) (pro)brodit se
_____________________________________________________________________
U.S. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

At the mention of national parks, mountains, valleys, redwoods, and bears come to
mind. But there are also Indian dwellings, built before Europeans knew of a New
World, fortifications build before Pilgrims thought of leaving England, trails for the
stroller and backpacker, sites oPmilitary victories and defeats in the War of
Independence and the Civil War. Yellowstone was created in 1872 as America's (and
the world's) first national park. Now the U.S.A. possesses some forty national parks; in
addition there are many other areas such as national seashores, scenic rivers,
memorials, preserves, and historic sites. The most distant park is the "War in the
Pacific" National Historical Park, in the territory of Guam. In the 1970s millions of
acres of Alaskan wilderness were proclaimed a national monument. It includes
glaciers, fiords, the habitats of whales and seals, the nesting sites for millions of
migratory waterfowl, mountain ranges, and the tundra at the Bering Strait, where man
is believed to have first set foot on the New World from Asia.
The national parks are very popular and the number of applicants for park rangers is
as high as forty for every job opening, despite a low starting salary. Wildlife
conservation now has a lot of appeal for young people. Overcommercialization of the
parks became a major danger in the seventies. Now some structures (gift shops, car
rental centres) are being removed to locations outside the parks and overnight-use
capacities are maintained through the wilderness permit and reservation systems.
_____________________________________________________________________
backpacker pěší turista (s batohem); car rental pronájem aut; fiord [fi:o:d, fjo:d]
fjord; gift shop obchod se suvenýry; glacier [glAsiEa], amer. [gleíšEr] ledovec;
habitat [hAbitAt] habitat, místo výskytu, lokalita; job opening pracovní příležitost;
location místo, poloha; nesting site hnízdiště; overnight-use capacities možnosti
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přenocování; park ranger strážce národního parku; permit povolení; redwood

sekvoje; stroller chodec; tundra [tandrE] tundra; waterfowl vodní ptactvo
Bering [beriN] Strait Beringova úžina; Guam [gwa:m] principal island in the
Mariana group Pacific; U.S. territory since 1898
_____________________________________________________________________
A WALK THROUGH THE WILDERNESS
Thousands of people come to Yellowstone National Park each year. But they visit
than five per cent of Yellowstone. Few have ever seen the rest; to do so one must
walk. And we are doing exactly that: we are hiking nearly 250 miles to view the part
nearly everyone misses. We are now a week into our trip. Our small tents are pitched
at the head of the Pelican Valley; we are camped in Yellowstone's little-known back
country.
At dawn I wake up to the crack of splintering wood; Derek is laying the breakfast
fire. Bob carries water from a creek in fire-blackened pots. May boils cereal and dried
fruit. She stirs this, mush and ladles it out, adding brown sugar. At lunch we snack on
dry beef, cheese, sardines. Along the trail, we munch candy bars. We drink hot tea,
chocolate, and coffee, and take our water where we find it. Most of us rate the meals as
tolerable-to-good. You can't be choosy in the wild.
We eat breakfast perched on logs around the fire. Then we douse the fire, police the
area thoroughly, fold our three tents, divide the food, and reload our packs. Then we
shoulder them and step into the trail. Each of us carries a sleeping bag and pad, a
change of clothing and long underwear, rain gear, medical supplies, and insect
repellent. And there are hunting knives, cameras, fishing rods, binoculars, and
flashlights. We each haul thirty to forty pounds on our backs. Happily, the burden
lightens with every meal, and we toughen with every step.
Derek, our guide, wants to cover at least a dozen miles today. It is seven o'clock.
"Let's go," he yells. We climb upward. The footing is treacherous. Break a bone, and
help will be long hours in coming. We carry no radio; one of us would have to walk
out for aid. We have crossed Amethyst Mountain and left the trail, making our way by
map and compass through dense pine forests. Forests cover four-fifths of Yellowstone.
We scramble over the long-fallen trees; balancing on their trunks, we bridge streams.
Once Bob plunged from a slick log waist-deep into a chilly creek. It will be dark when
we camp beside Yellowstone Lake.
_____________________________________________________________________
back country odlehlé končiny; binoculars [bi'nokjulEz, bai'nokjulEz] mn. č.
dalekohled; candy bar amer. čokoláda (tabulka); change of clothing rezervní
oblečení; choosy vybíravý; crack praskat; creek amer. potok, říčka; douse [daus]
uhasit, ulít (oheň); fishing rod rybářský prut; flashlight amer. baterka, kapesní svítilna
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(= brit. „torch"); footing stezka; chůze; haul vléci; insect repellent [ri'pelEt]
prostředek odpuzující hmyz; ladle out nabírat sběračkou, rozdělovat (jídlo); lay the
fire dělat oheň; mush kaše; pad podlážka, nepromokavá podložka; perched nejistě
sedící (jak na bidýlku); police amer. uklidit, dát do pořádku (tábořiště); rain gear j.č.
věci do deště; scramble lézt; shoulder the pack dát si batoh na záda; slick kluzký;
splinter štípat
_____________________________________________________________________
COUNTRYSIDE, TREES 28 COUNTRYSIDE
Lowlands
plain, lowland(s) [lEulEnd(z)] j.č. nížina; the Upper Elbe Plain Polabská nížina
plain, flat land rovina, planina, pláň
gently rolling country mírně zvlněná krajina
waste land, barren [bArEsn] land neúrodná půda, úhor
tract of virgin land lán panenské půdy
vast expanse [ik'spAns] of unfarmed land obrovská rozloha neobdělávané půdy
rise stoupat
slope svažovat se
elevation vyvýšenina
depression prohlubeň
farmland zemědělská půda
farm obdělávat, obhospodařovat
arable [ArEbl] land orná půda
scattered farms and hamlets roztroušené statky a vesničky
lonely house / cottage, a lonely / isolated group of houses / cottages samota
pastureland [pa:sčElAnd] j.č. pastviny, pastvinářská oblast
grassland(s) j. č. pastviny, lučiny
rich grazing country bohatý pastvinářský kraj
prairie [preEri] prérie
heath(land) úhor (an open space of wild unformed land - grass and other plants grow)
moor(s) [muE(z)] zejm. brit. vřesoviště

heather-covered moorland slatina porostlá vřesem
marsh, marshland [ma:šlAnd] mokřina, bažina
bog močál (soft wet ground into which the feet sink)
peat bog rašeliniště
swamp [swomp], swampy land bažina, močál
fens, fensland brit. mokřiny
unhedged field neohrazené pole (bez živého plotu)
reclaim [ri' kleim] učinit (půdu) obdělávatelnou, rckultivovat
drainage ditch [dreinidž dič] odvodňovací příkop
drain odvodnit
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irrigate zavlažit, zavodnit

shallow stream mělká říčka
creek amer. říčka
weir [wiE] jez
stream bed koryto říčky / potoku
estuary [esčuEri] ústí
empty into a river ústit / vlévat se do řeky

source [so:s] pramen (řeky)
reeds round the lake rákosí okolo jezera
spring [spriN] studánka
fringed with trees lemován stromy
Trees are scarce here. Stromy jsou tu vzácné.
afforestation zalesnění
The wind is murmuring in the trees. Les šumí.
grove (of trees) háj
clump of trees skupina stromů
pine-forested porostlý borovicemi
dense and tangled hustý a spletitý
overgrown with brier / briar [braiE] zarostlý porostlý trním (zejm. šipkovou růži)
clearing mýtina
glade knižně paseka
deer park obora
He can't see the wood for the trees. Pro samé stromy nevidí les.
High ground
high ground vysoko položené území
above sea level nad mořem
upland [aplEnd] region oblast vysočiny
highlands [hailEndz] mn. č. vysočina; the Highlands brit. the area of Scotland
plateau mn.č. plateaus n. plateaux [plAtEuz] náhorní plošina
peak, summit [samit] vrchol, vrcholek

range pásmo (hor)
snow-capped zasněžený
rugged [ragid] drsný
inaccessible [,inEk'sesibl] nepřístupný
majestic [ma'dzestik] majestátní
steep hillside strmé úbočí
at the foot na úpatí

foothills of st mn.č. podhůří něčeho
barren [bArEn] rocks holé skály
gentle slope mírný svah
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mountain stream / torrent [torEnt] bystřina, horský potok

waterwont rocks vodou omleté skály, balvany
boulder [bEuldE] balvan
ravine [rE'vi:n], gorge [go:dž] rokle, strž
glen [glen] úzké horské údolí (zejm. ve Skotsku a v Irsku)
footpath stezka
waterfall vodopád
rapids peřeje
gully [gali] malá rokle, úžlabina (vyhloubená vodou na úbočí)
canyon [kAenjEn] kaňon
reserve rezervace
game preserve rezervace zvěře, obora
wilderness, wild land divočina
warden, amer. park ranger správce národního parku
national park národní park
Desert and tropics
desert [dezEt] poušť
seuidesert polopoušť
wasteland pustina
arid [Erid] vyprahlý
sand dune písečná duna
steppe [step] step
waterhole napajedlo pro zvěř
primeval [prai'mi:vl] forest prales
impenetrable neproniknutelný
lush vegetation bujná vegetace
humid air vlhký vzduch
TREES
conifer [kEunifE, konifE] jehličnatý strom (druhy - viz I. díl)
deciduous [di'sidžuEs] tree listnatý strom
oak dub
acorn [eiko:n] žalud
beech buk
birch bříza
ash [Aš] jasan

maple [meipl] javor
alder [o:ldE] olše
elm jilm
plane(-tree) platan
willow vrba; weeping willow smuteční vrba
catkin [kAtkin] jehněda, kočička
locust [lEaukEst] (tree), false acacia [E'kEišE] akát
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chestnut [česnat] kaštan

yew [ju:] tis
redwood, sequoia [si'kwoiE] sekvoje
poplar [poplE] topol
hazel líska
elderberry bush / tree bezinkový keř, černý bez

hawthorn [ho:So:n] hloh
trunk kmen
bark kůra
stump pařez
root kořen
treetop koruna
bough [bau] silná větev
branch větev
twig větvička, ratolest
needles mn.č. jehličí; needle jehlička
cone [kEun] šiška
wilted leaves zvadlé listí
come into flower / bloom začít kvést
come into blossom [blosEm] začít kvést (o keři n. stromu)
sprout [spraut] rašit, pučet
The trees are coming into leaf. Začíná vyrážet listí.
bud poupě; pupen
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Enumerate as many words as you can think of that involve snow.
2. Decide which of the following notions about weather are true:

1. A red sunset means stormy weather the next day.
2. Lowlands get frost earlier than hilltops.
3. A ring or halo round the moon is a sign of coming rain or unsettled weather.
4. Summer is warmer than winter because the earth is nearer the sun.
5. In summer, the humidity in the air makes you more uncomfortable than I actual
heat.
6. Tornadoes in the US occur only in the Middle West and South.
7. A falling barometer means bad weather is approaching.
8. Swallows fly close to the ground on the approach of a storm.
9. Nights in the Sahara Desert are very warm.
10. We are living at the beginning of an Ice Age.
3. Odd man out:

1. estuary - hedge - creek - spring - weir; 2. swamp - fens - peat bog - marsh - arable
land; 3. glen - ravine - upland - gorge - valley; 4. foothills - hillside- slope - rapids -
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elevation; 5. ash - plane - willow - bark - elm; 6. stump - bud - blossom - flower; 7.
birch - yew - beech - maple - alder.

1. What winter pleasures people miss when they live in a country with a wa climate.
2. Different attitudes to winter.
3. National parks and national monuments in the USA.
4. A story from one of your hiking tours in some "wilderness".
1. How sensitive to cold are you? 2. Do you take an umbrella with you when there's
only a slight likelihood of rain coming? 3. Are you good at guessing the
temperature? 4. Do you agree that last winter was mild and the spring lovely? 5.
What's the weather report for this afternoon? 6. What's the outlook for the rest of the
week? 7. Can you forecast the weather from clouds in the evening sky, the moon, or
the behaviour of birds and insects? 8. How much truth is there in the saying "Sun at
seven, rain at eleven"? 9. Can bad weather completely spoil your hiking tour or your
holidays? 10. Does sunny weather affect your mood? 11. Would you like to live in a
country with a different climate? 12. Can you remember an occasion when you felt
unbearably cold (or hot)? 13. When you are hiking with friends, how much of the
surrounding countryside do you notice; would you observe more if you were alone?
14. Have you forgotten the names of flowers and plants since you left secondary
school, or have you not only remembered them but learnt to identify some new ones?
15. What is your favourite region for hiking and why? 16. Would you like a park
ranger's job? 17. What would you like to plant in your garden?
6. Translate:
orná půda; neúrodná půda; pastvinárský kraj; rovina; močál; vřesoviště; samota;
pramen a ústí řeky; vlévat se do moře; studánka; jez; horská bystřina; háj; paseka;
mýtinka; obora; vysočina; náhorní plošina; nepřístupný vrchol; strmé úbočí; mírný
svah; na úpatí; holé skály a balvany; rokle; kaňon; divočina; správce národního parku;
vyprahlá země; poušť; step; neproniknutelný prales; bujná vegetace; listnatý strom;
buk, jasan, akát, platan, jilm, olše, kaštan, smuteční vrba, topol; pařez; kůra stromu;
hlavní větev, větev, větévka; šiška; žalud; jehličí; zvadlá květina; rašit; začít kvést.
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS OUT III
put out • vybrat:

I gave him L20 and told him to pick out a birthsday present for himself.
point out • upozornit na: I pointed out a mistake to him.
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Let me point out that it's far from easy. He pointed his cousin out to me in the crowd.
Ukázal mi mezi lidmi svou sestřenici.
pour out • vylít, nalít:

Pour out the dirty water. The lady poured (out) the tea for her visitors.
reach out for • sáhnout po, natáhnout (ruku):

He reached out his hand through the half-open door.
He reached his hand out for the knife but it was too far away.
read out • přečíst (nahlas):

The boy read out his homework clearly. Read out the football results for me, please.
roll out • vyválet: Roll out the pastry very thin.
rule out • vyloučit: That's a possibility that can't be ruled out.
run out • dojít: Our money has run out.
scratch out • přeškrtnout (= cross out): Scratch out this word.
sell out • vyprodat: The dress circle is sold out.
send out • rozeslat: We've sent out twenty invitations.
set out • vyložit (vystavit; vysvětlit): The meal was set out on a long table.
The reasons for my decision are set out in this report.
• vyrazit, začít: He set out for work earlier than usual.
Dave set out to paint the whole fence but he only managed to finish part of it.
show out • vyprovodit (z místnosti): Miss Jones, please show Mr Green out.
sort out • roztřídit, vyřadit:

Sort out the papers to be thrown away, and put the rest back.
• dát do pořádku: It'll take some time to sort out the mess.
speak out • promluvit, otevřeně vystoupit:

He spoke out against / in favour of the project?
stick (it) out • vydržet to:

You'll have to stick it out till the morning, when the doctor comes.
• vystrkovat: Don't stick out your head. Stick out your tongue. Vyplázni jazyk.
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stretch out • natáhnout (se):

If you stretch out your hand a little farther, you should be able to reach it.
He stretched (himself) out on the floor / beach.
strike out • přeškrtnout: Strike out the old address and write in the new one.
think out • vymyslet: I've thought out a plan to help you.
tire out • vyčerpat: The long walk tired me out.
walk out • zahájit stávku: The men in the factory walked out over a wage dispute.
watch out • dávat pozor: You'll be cheated if you don't watch out.
Watch out for hidden rocks in the water.
wear out • opotřebovat,unosit: My shoes are worn out - I'll have to get a new pair.
work out • vypracovat: Who'll work out the details?

(Pozor - většinou českému „vypracovat" odpovídá make)
• zjistit: I can't work out what he wants. Nemohu přijít na to, co chce.
• upravit: Things will work themselves out. Všechno se zase upraví / vyjasní.
write out • napsat, vystavit: He wrote out a cheque for L100. The head wrote out
a report.
_____________________________________________________________________

1. A few hohdaymakers were .. on the beach in the sun 2. When the mail hags arrive
at the post office the letters are ..3. The guide . the most interesting sights 4 Mother...
the letter to the whole family 5. He... an ingenious plan. 6. The meal was ... on the
buffet. 7. When they announced plans to build skyscraper next to the cathedral, many
people ... against them. 8 The milk's pone sour - we'll have to … 9. The curry was so
spicy that he... for a glass of water. 10. This paragraph is too long -... the last two
sentences. 11. They ... their last shipment last week. 12. Where's the roller? I must...
the dough.
2. Replace the verb by a phrasal verb with out:

1. I'd like to draw your attention to the fact that it's important. 2 When the mistake was
shown to him, he said: "How stupid of me." 3. I think that we can smiss the possibility
of any other solution 4. All our supplies are gone. 5. My objections are stated in detail
in the enclosed report. 6. He intended to read the complete text aloud, but he soon
realized it was too difficult for him. 7. The secretary conducted the visitor from the
room. 8. He realized that somehow he would have to endure it. 9. The workers went on
strike yesterday. 10. You'd better be careful - it's dark here.
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3. Translate:
1. vypracovat zprávu; 2. vyloučit druhou možnost; 3 vymyslet lepší řešení; 4. vylévat
své trable příteli; 5. vyprovodit k východu; 6 rozeslat vánoční pozdravy; 7. unosit
boty; 8. přeškrtnout řádek, 9 vypláznout jazyk, 10. nalévat čaj z konvice;
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 28 INTERFERENCE Relations
Chybné: I *got acquainted with him last year. Seznámil jsem se s ním loni.
Proč: Užívá se: I met nebo I got to know him nebo I was introduced to him
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * We were a good company Byli jsme dobrá společnost.

* We had a good company at home.
Proč: Pro skupinu přátel se nehodí výraz company. Je třeba říci:
We all had a good time together at home. We all enjoyed ourselves at
home.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: There were quite a lot of *persons at the party.

Proč: Množné číslo k person (osoba) je obvykle people (jen knižně persons).
Podobně. Three people came. Přišly tři osoby.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *good neighbourly relations dobré sousedské vztahy

Proč: V angličtině prostě friendly relations.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: John has a *close relationship with Mary. John má důvěrný vztah k
Mary.
Proč: Vazba s relationship zní: John and Mary have a close relationship.
nebo John's relationship with Mary is very good.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Can you come *to us for dinner? Můžete k nám přijít na večeři?
Proč: „K nám" se nedá vyjádřit zájmenem. Tedy to our place nebo prostě
Can you come for dinner?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: take care *about a patient pečovat o pacienta

Proč: Vazba je take care of sb. Sloveso care about (ne "take care about) má
význam „dbát o něco": All he cares about is food. Stará se jen o jídlo.
Jde mu jen o jídlo. I don't care about his opinions. Nestarám se o jeho
názory. Je mi jedno, jaké jsou jeho názory.
Poznámka: Would you care for...? Chtěl bys ...? Stál bys o ...? je dnes již
zastaralé a je lépe užít Would you like ... ?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Kolik osob jste pozvali? 2. Kde ses s ní seznámil? 3. A co tak přijít k nám na večeři?
4. Budeme mít dobrou společnost. 5. Na jeho názorech mi nezáleží. 6. Jde mi jen o
pravdu. 7. Česká republika má dobré sousedské vztahy s Rakouskem.
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_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 29 HOME AP2
TENANTS' RIGHTS
1. The landlord can't get you out without a court order.

2. The court is empowered to order you to leave only if you have not been paying your
rent or if you are annoying the neighbours or if you have damaged some of the
landlord's furniture.
3. The Rent Tribunal will reduce the rent you pay if it decides it is too high, and it will
fix what it thinks is a fair rent.
4. If the landlord tries to make you leave without a court order, you should report him
to the local council.
5. If you are not sure of your position, you should get further advice from the Housing
Aid Centre or from the Citizens' Advice Bureau.
_____________________________________________________________________
advice bureau poradna; court order soudní příkaz; empower [ím' pauE] oprávnit,
zmocnit; tribunal [trai'bju:nl] soudní dvůr
_____________________________________________________________________
FIRE: FOUR SIMPLE WAYS TO REDUCE FIRE RISK
It is important for everyone to take sensible fire precautions, and know what to do if
fire breaks out.
1. Don't leave children alone where heating or cooking appliances are in use, and keep
matches out of reach.
2. Check the house at bedtime Before going to bed, switch off such things as TV sets,
radios, and portable electric heaters, and pull out the plugs. Check ashtrays for burning
cigarettes or pipes. Close all doors.
3. Check heaters, especially portable ones, making sure they can't be knocked over and
are away from furniture of furnishings.
4. Watch chip pans, making sure that they are not overfull and don't leave without
turning down the heat. If a pan catches fire, turn off the heat, smother the flames with a
lid or damp cloth and leave for half an hour.
What to do if a fire breaks out:

1. Get everybody out and alert neighbours.
2. See if you can tackle the fire yourself - be prepared by having buckets of water
ready or your garden hose attached to a water supply. Do not try to extinguish
electrical or fat fires with water. Above all, don't risk your life.
3. If things look like getting out of hand, dial 999 and ask for assistance.
(British poster)
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_____________________________________________________________________
alert [E'lE:t] zalarmovat, vyhlásit poplach; appliances zařízení, přístroje; get out of
hand vymknout se z rukou, stát se nezvládnutelným; hose hadice, precaution
[pri'ko:šn] opatření; smother [smaDE] udusit; tackle st pustit se do něčeho, pokusit
se zvládnout něco; water supply přívod vody
_____________________________________________________________________
HOME VIDEO
The private screening room, once the exclusive luxury of movie moguls, is quickly
becoming quite common. One in three households in Britain and the U S.A has a video
recorder. For decades television has ruled as a dictator, deciding for you what to
watch. The video does what you want. That freedom began with the technology that
originated in the U.S.A. in 1961 and is now dominated by Japan. A few years ago,
when only a small number of machines were in circulation, people mostly taped a
program to watch at another, more convenient hour or watched X-rated films.
Gradually, a whole black market grew up to satisfy a consumer demand the major film
studios were ignoring. Only in 1978 was Twentieth Century-Fox persuaded to sell the
cassette rights to fifty movies. Now 200 titles, old and new, hit the market each month,
and most films are available within a year of release (and much earlier than on TV).
There are thousands of video outlets - from drugstore counters stocking one hundred
titles to large dealers carrying up to 7,000 titles. And for film studios video rights are
becoming the largest source of revenue after box-office receipts.
Though renting prevails, popular films are bought too - in spite of the price of $80
per cassette. Some bestsellers, however, are sold at half the price (a Paramount sci-fi
movie is so far the top-seller with 600,000 copies sold). Music videos: are mostly
bought: people want to play them repeatedly, like records, not return them after one
viewing. Children's programs have become so popular that toddlers swap cassettes
with Disney cartoons in nursery school. Instructional programs of all kinds, from
cooking to carpentry, are expected to have enormous appeal in the near future. And
finally, the advent of cheap portable video cameras will make it possible to produce
your own "domestic drama" - homemade tapes of various family activities.
Theater owners should be victims in this video revolution, but, on the contrary, they
are flourishing; videos inspire enthusiasm about movies, persuading: some people who
had stopped going to theaters to return. And with increasd revenues from video rights,
Hollywood is turning out more films. Television networks are not going to go
bankrupt either because to some degree many people prefer to watch the same things
that everyone else is watching - and watch them at the same time.
Video is not only a new major mass medium. It is also a great magnet that keeps
people at home. With cassettes available for as little as 99 cents a night, an evening at
home is much cheaper than a trek to the movie theater. And the comforts of home are
unsurpassed. But, whether people are watching so operas or La Traviata, the truth is
that video increases the addiction to television - it provides yet another excuse for
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spending time in front of the tube. Critics of this trend say "Go read a book, go talk to
somebody." Yet video be liberating too. When you can watch anything you want,
there's no sense of urgency, so you end up watching less - and reading a book or
talking, somebody.
_____________________________________________________________________
addiction to st propadnutí něčemu; advent [Advent] příchod; box-office receipts
mn.č. tržba z představení; carry vést (prodávat zboží); go bankrupt přijít na mizinu,
zkrachovat, udělat úpadek; hit the market přijít na trh; mogul [mEugl] magnát;
outlet obchod a / nebo půjčovna; release [ri'li:s] uvedení do distribuce (filmu); rental
najímání; revenue příjem; screening room promítací místnost; sense of urgency
pocit naléhavosti; swap [swop] hovor. vyměnit; theater = movie theater amer.
kino; toddler batole; trek hovor. cesta (nepohodlná); tube slang, zejm. amer.
televizor; tyranny [tirEni] tyranie; X-rated film mládeží nepřístupný film
Disney Walt [,Wo:lt 'dizni] (1901-66) American creator of animated cartoons;

Paramount [pArEmaunt], Twentieth Century-Fox American film companies
_____________________________________________________________________
PARLOUR GAMES
In our great-grandmothers' day, no happy family evening was complete without a

few rounds of parlour games. But with the arrival of the television screen, the only
effort we had to make towards our evening's entertainment was switching on the TV
and passing round the crisps. Now, at last, there are signs that we no longer want to be
anchored to our armchairs hour after hour. Television viewing figures are down.
Games manufacturers report that old favourites like chess and draughts are making a
big comeback. Monopoly and Scrabble are still the top sellers, and more and more
families are discovering the fun of parlour games all over again.
Charades. Players divide into two teams, then each team in turn chooses a film,
play, book, song title or word and, as a group, they mime one syllable at a time, then
lastly the whole word or title. If the word is "pilgrim" you mime "pill", then "grim",
then "pilgrim".
Crambo was already popular three centuries ago; Samuel Pepys even wrote about it
in his famous diaries. One player thinks of a word, then he gives the other players a
word that rhymes with it - for instance, if he thinks of "sand" might give them "bland".
The others take it in turns to guess the word, but they must not name it; the game
might go like this: "Is it at the end of your arm?" No, it isn't hand." "Is it a group
playing music?" "No, it isn't band." "Are beaches made of it?" "Yes, it's sand."
Deadpan. The whole object is to stop yourself laughing. Everyone sits in a circle and
the first player shakes hands with the player on his left and so on around the circle
until everyone has had a turn. Then the first player strokes his neigghhour's hair and
everyone, in turn, follows suit. In the following rounds the first player might tickle his
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neighbour under the chin or blow in her ear or give her a kiss to try to enourage a
smile. All the players have to keep deadpan faces the time and anyone who smiles has
to drop out of the game.
Traveller's A to Z. Each person in turn asks the player on his immediate left the
question, "Where are you going and what are you going to do there?" The first player
has to reply with a place beginning with A and then describe what he plans to do with
a verb and a noun, both beginning with A. He then asks the same questions of the
second player. His answer must begin with B and so on through the alphabet, so the
first player might "go to Africa to advertise aerosols", the second "to Belgium to buy
Bibles". Anyone who fails to come up with an answer drops out. To make the game
more difficult, each answer could have an adjective as well: "advertise astonishing
aerosols".
_____________________________________________________________________
aerosol [eErEsol] sprej, rozprašovač; bland neslaný nemastný; charades [šE'ra:dz]
šarády; comeback: make a big comeback dostat se zase velmi do módy; crisps
smažené bramborové lupínky; deadpan face kamenná tvář, nehybný obličej;
draughts [dra:fts] mn.č. dáma (hra); lastly posléze; mime mimicky zahrát; parlour
game společenská hra; pass round dávat kolovat, rozdávat; stroke pohladit; tickle
polechtat; top seller nejvíce prodávaný
Monopoly [meCnopeli] (Trademark) a board game for two to six players who throw
dice to advance their tokens, the object being to acquire the property on which their
tokens land.
Pepys, Samuel [,sAmjuEl 'pi:ps] (1633-1703) author of a "Diary", a vivid account of
events in the period 1660-9 and an intimate record of the daily life of the time;
Scrabble (Trademark) a game in which words are formed in patterns similar to those
in a crossword puzzle
_____________________________________________________________________
APPLIED ARTS 29
applied art užité umění

Museum of Applied Arts Uměleckoprůmyslové muzeum
ceramics [si'rAmiks], pottery keramika
vase [va:z], amer též [veis] váza
ceramic tile keramický kachel, dlaždice
cut glass broušené sklo
stained glass window barevné / mozaikové okno
decorative / ornamental ironwork dekorativní práce v kovu (železe)
grille [gril] mříž
silverware práce ve stříbře
pewterwarc (dishes and vessels) cínové nádobí (mísy a nádoby)
china, porcelain [po:slin] porcelán
faience [fai'a:ns] fajáns
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delftware delftská keramika (často s modrým dekorem)

ornamentation j.č. ozdoby, dekor
clay hlína, kaolin
terracotta [,terE'kotE] pálená hlína
potter hrnčíř
tapestry gobelín, tapisérie
embroidery [im' broídEri] výšivka
textile textilie
rug kobereček
needlework j.č. výšivky, šití a vyšívání, a (fine) piece of needlework pěkná výšivka
antique [An' ti:k] furniture starožitný nábytek
period furniture dobový nábytek
inlay intarzie
inlaid with mother-of-pearl [pE:l] vykládaný perletí
wallpaper tapeta, tapety
chandelier [,šAnde'liE] lustr
candlestick svícen
jewellery, amer jewelry [džu:Elri] j. č. šperky, klenoty
jeweller's, amer. jeweler's klenotnictví
set with gems [džemz] / precious stones osázen drahokamy
bookbinding knihařství
binding vazba
book design knižní výtvarníctví
poster plakát
metalwork práce s kovem

utilitarian article užitkový předmět
art object umělecký předmět
stage design scénické výtvarníctví
industrial design průmyslové návrhářství, design
craftsman umělecký řemeslník
silversmith stříbrotepec
smith kovář
glassblower foukač skla;
glasscutter brusič skla;
glassworks sklárna, huť
cabinetmaker (zastarává) (umělecký) truhlář
weaver tkadlec
_____________________________________________________________________

1. Restoring an old cottage as a weekend or summer cottage.
2. Planting and growing things in the garden.
3. Landlord-tenant relations.
4. Electrical appliances in a modern household.
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5. Fire precautions.
6. Cooperative ownership of flats.
7. Why I would like to have a video recorder.
8. Parlour games or watching TV?
1. What kind of house would you like to live in? 2. Would you like to live in a flat or a
two-hundred-year-old house or a bungalow or a caravan? 3. Would you rather live in
the centre of a city, the suburbs of a city, a small town, a village, or a completely
isolated spot (give reasons for and against each). 4. Which of these irritates you most:
the sound of traffic, amplified music from radios, noisy children? 5. Are there
pedestrian precincts in your hometown? 6. When you go on a holiday, do you ask a
neighbour to keep an eye on your house or flat? 7. What reminders and warnings can
you give to parents of small children to stop accidents in the home? (Never let them
touch / go near... Keep them away from ... Keep... out of their reach.) 8. Which TV
programmes from the last two weeks do you think would have been worth recording
for repeated viewing? 9. What parlour game appeals to you most and why?
3. Tick off the requirements you find essential in student lodgings:

1. central heating; 2. payment of heating included in the rent; 3. a bath available; 4.
laundry facilities; 5. breakfasts provided; 6. cooking facilities available; 7. price per
month below 250 crowns; 8. payment monthly, not the whole year in advance; 9. a
fridge; 10. possibility of having guests in your room; 11. a telephone available in the
entrance hall; 12. a fair-sized room; 13. plenty of sunshine in the room.
4. Odd man out:

1. ground floor - attic - basement - cellar - balcony; 2. fixtures - electric - stove- central
heating- lift - light fittings; 3. flatlet - bedsitter - cupboard - kitchenette; 4. flat - larder
- lodgings - rooms; 5. caretaker - decorator - electrician - plumber; 6. carpet - curtain -
cover - lampshade; 7. broom - brush - duster - vacuum cleaner; 8. apartment building -
cave - farmstead - ranchhouse; 9. country house - mansion - hovel - palace; 10.
dressing table - settee - sofa - armchair.
5. Translate:
informovat se v poradně; učinit protipožární opatření; dát pozor, aby elektrické

spotřebiče byly vypnuty; majitel domu je oprávněn vám to nařídit; uhasit oheň
zahradní hadicí; videorekordéry vznikly v USA; zdroj příjmu pro filmové ateliéry;
vzbudit nadšení pro filmové umění; nepřekonatelné domácí pohodlí; uvedení filmu do
distribuce; jít nejvíce na odbyt; užitkové a umělecké předměty; umělecký řemeslník;
dobový nábytek; pokoj osvětlený křišťálovým lustrem; zapálit svíčku ve svícnu.
_____________________________________________________________________
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PHRASAL VERBS OFF
branch off • odbočit: The road to Reading branches off about thfee miles from here.
break off • přerušit:

After a frontier incident, diplomatic relations between the two countries were
broken off.
• udělat přestávku:
We've been working for two hours now, so let's break off and have a cup of tea.
bring off • uskutečnit, dokázat:

We were hoping he'd win the race, but he didn't manage to bring it off.
We brought off a big business deal. Podařil se nám velký obchod.
call off • odvolat: The committee meeting was called off.
carry off • odnést si: Jim carried off the first prize in history.
check off • odškrtnout (si) (= tick off): He checked off my name on the list.
come off • utrhnout se: A button has come off (my coat).
• vyjít, podařit se:
My trick came off (all right). Did everything / the experiment come off all right?
• uskutečnit se, konat se: The wedding / proposed visit didn't come off.
cut off
• uříznout: Careful, or you'll cut your finger off.
• odříznout: Several villages were cut off by floods.
• odpojit: We're behind with our payments so they cut off the gas / electricity.
give off • vydávat (o pachu): This liquid is giving off a terrible smell.
go off • vybuchnout.
The bomb went off in the baggage compartment of the plane.
• dopadnout (nějak): The meeting went off very well.
lay off • dočasně propustit z práce:

The firm laid off half of its workers as it was receiving no orders.
• nechat toho, přestat s tím (hovor.): Oh, lay off, I'm tired of your jokes.
make off • utéci:

The only witness to the shoot-out made off before the police arrived.
• odnést, ukrást (with st něco; hovor.):
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In the confusion somebody made off with suitcase.
pass oneself off as sb • vydávat se za někoho:

She tried to pass herself off as a German but her accent gave her away.
He passed himself off as a doctor.
ring off • skončit hovor (telefonický), zavěsit:

I'd better ring off now - the baby's crying.
set off • vyrazit (vyjít): They set off on a trip across Europe.
• dát vymknout (něčemu).
This blue dress sets off the jewels. This frame sets off the painting very well.
• vyvolat: The discovery of gold in California in 1894 set off a gold rush.
• odpálit (třaskavinu):
The bomb can be set off at the slightest touch.
Bomba může vybuchnout při sebemenším dotyku.
• oddělit: Should this clause be set off by commas / quotation marks?
shake off • setřást: The police chased him for miles, but then he managed to shake
them off and escape.
show off • předvádět (se):

Don't pay any attention to Tommy - he always shows off when I visitors come to the
house. She wore a bikini to show off her figure.
Měla na sobě bikini, aby předvedla svou postavu.
In his lecture he was able to show off his vast knowledge of the subject.
tell off • plísnit: The teacher told Charlie off for talking in class.
tip off • dát výstrahu. The police were tipped off that there 'd be a bank raid.
write off • odepsat: The bananas are rotten - we'll have to write them off.
Sports fans had written Smith off as old but he made a comeback.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Replace the verb by a phrasal verb with off:

1. It was time to stop work. 2 Leave me alone, I'm tired of your jokes. 3. I'm afraid I'll
have to end the call now. 4. One strike may lead to another. 5. The important words
are distinguished by bold type. 6. Fortunately, when the bomb exploded there was no
one in the building 7. Tommy broke a mug - I had to scold him again. 8. He visited us
just to draw attention to his new car. 9. The concert was cancelled because the soloist
was ill. 10. Some flowers emit a stronger smell than other. 11. Someone must have
given some information to the burglars about the alarm system in the bank. 12. He
managed to give the impression that he was a rich American.
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2. Use a phrasal verb with off in each sentence:

1. The party … very well - I think everyone had a good time. 2. The workers weren't
dismissed, only ... - they'll be taken back after the holidays. 3. They ... on a trip round
the world yesterday. 4. Her dark complexion ... the silver necklace very strikingly. 5.
Why did you do such a crazy thing? What if your trick didn't ...? 6. No one really
expected him to conclude the deal, but in the end he managed to ... 7. We must ... the
party because of a death m the family. 8. Why did the two countries ... diplomatic
relations? 9. The handle was so loose that it ... when I tried to open the drawer. 10.
How did your interview...? - All right, ghink, but I won't know if I got the job till
tomorrow. 11. If the river flooded the meadow we might be ... Let's pack up the tent
and leave. 12. The Americans have more Nobel prizes for physics than any other
nation.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 29 INTERFERENCE Accommodation
Chybné: It's a ten-storey *house. We live in a *family house in the suburbs.

Proč: House znamená rodinný dům, neříká se tedy *family house. Moderní
obytná budova o více poschodích a více bytech je block (of flats).
(amer. apartment building), přičemž flat je možno ještě specifikovat,
jako např. council flat (podobné povahy jako u nás státní byt) nebo jako
privately-owned flat (nejblíž našemu družstevnímu bytu).
V Británii je však možné užít house i pro starší nájemní dům (ne však
pro novou sídlištní zástavbu).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: We live in a new * tenement house. Bydlíme v novém nájemním domě,

Proč: Tenement house znamená velmi podřadný obytný dům.
Tedy: We live in a new block (of flats). (amer. apartment building).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: live in a *college bydlet v kolejích

Proč: College v britské angličtině znamená samostatnou část univerzity.
Ubytování poskytuje hall(s) (of residence) čili hostel, amer. dormitory.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *live in a hotel bydlet v hotelu

Proč: Live označuje trvalé bydlení. Přechodné se vyjadřuje slovesem stay:
stay at a hotel; stay with friends bydlet u přátel.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Mother *does the rooms. Matka uklízí.

Proč: Do the rooms se dá říci jen o práci pokojské v hotelu. Uklízet doma je
clean up the house / flat / room. Do je však možné s názvem určitého
pokoje, např. do the bedroom uklízet v ložnici. Tidy (up) the room
znamená „uklidit" ve významu „dát věci na místo".
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chybné: in *hotel Hilton v hotelu Hilton

Proč: Jméno hotelu musí stát před slovem hotel; tedy in the Hilton Hotel.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Use the right verb:

1. For a small sum I can (lodge - stay) at a friend's house. 2. Are you (live -stay) with
Henry or at the Grand Hotel? 3. My mother is (lodge - stay) with us this week. 4. I'd
like to (remain - stay) at home; I feel a bit unwell. 5. A few dirty plates (remain - stay)
on the table. 6. He's such a stay-at-home - I wonder how he'll get accustomed to (live -
stay) for three years in India.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 30 SEASONAL CITSTOMS AP2
HALLOWEEN
Halloween comes on October 31; it is the day or evening before AH Saints´ Day (the
older term is Allhallows), which is followed by All Souls' Day, when the Christian
church honours the memory of the dead. In Britain, it is celebrated only in parts of the
North and in Scotland; in the U.S.A. and Canada, however, it is universally observed,
though it is not a legal or national holiday.
Many Halloween stories and games are hundreds of years old; the customs date back
to a time when people believed in devils and witches and ghosts. Children celebrate it
by dressing up in Halloween costumes, with masks over their faces. Carrying baskets
and bags, they go to the houses of their friends and neighbours. They knock on the
door or ring the bell. When people come to the door, the children say, "Trick or treat!
Trick or treat!" This means, "Give us a treat or we will play a trick on you." The
people treat the children by giving them candy, popcorn, cookies, and apples. The
most common trick is soaping the windows of houses and cars; the children draw
pictures or write on the Windows with soap.
A favourite Halloween custom is to make a jack-o'-lantern; the children scrape out a

pumpkin and cut the outlines of eyes, nose, and mouth in the side, and then they light a
candle inside the pumpkin to scare their friends.
People sometimes give parties on Halloween. The guests wear every kind of costume
and various masks. The hosts decorate the rooms with paper moons, witches, bats,
ghosts, and black cats, and they set jack-o'-lanterns in the windows. The guests often
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tell fortunes. Young people try to discover who they will marry. A young girl
sometimes pares an apple so carefully that the peeling comes off in a long strip. She
throws the peeling on the floor and hopes it will form the initials of the young man she
will marry. Sometimes the guests try to frighten one another by telling ghost stories
around an open fire.
_____________________________________________________________________
All Saints' Day, řidčeji Allhallows [,o:l'hAlEuz] Všech svatých; All Souls´ Day
Dušičky. Den památky zemřelých; bat netopýr; candy amer. bonbón, bonbóny;
cookie amer. kousek čajového pečiva; Halloween [,hAlEu'i:n] večer před svátkem
Všech svatých; Trick or treat! Obdarujte nás nebo vám něco vyvedeme; jack-o'-
lantern [,džAkE'lAntE] svítilna z dýně; pare [peE] loupat; pumpkin dýně, tykev;
scrape out vyškrábat; soap natřít mýdlem, namydlit
_____________________________________________________________________
ENGLISH CHRISTMAS SEASON
Unnlike most Continental nations, the English have no traditional celebration on

Christmas Eve. December 24 has never been a holiday, but, on the other hand, it is not
a day when much work gets done. It is the one day of the year reserved for the "office
party". At about lunchtime, everybody gathers together a drink or two and when all the
bottles are empty, the office closes.
In the home the day is marked by a feeling of mounting excitement at the approach
of Christmas Day. A lot of people spend the day shopping. Everywhere there are
crowds of shoppers. The shops are open until late in the evening; during this last-
minute shopping people buy all the things that they have either forgotten or left till the
last minute. Besides, people like being out on Christmas Eve, when the streets and the
shops are all lit up.
In this country, on the other hand, Christmas Eve is a sort of family affair: the family
get together, no parties are given, and everybody prefers to be at home. It is early
closing day for the shops. The family has a special dinner - fish soup, fried carp, and
potato salad, or perhaps some traditional regional dish.
After the fish they have homemade fancy biscuits - women like to make many
different kinds. While the women get the dinner, the men and big children decorate the
tree. Presents are wrapped in pretty paper and labelled and put under the tree, to be
given out, by Father or a child, after the meal, when everybody gathers around the
Christmas tree. On Christmas Day there is of course a special midday meal too and in
the afternoon people may go to see other people.
Before English children go to bed on Christmas Eve, they hang up a large sock at the
end of their beds. It is called a Christmas stocking (Czech children used to put their
stockings out on the windowsill on St Nicholas' Eve). Santa Claus rides through the air
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and comes down the chimney and fills up the socks with small presents. Larger things
are found by the children at the foot of their beds or under the Christmas tree.
Christmas trees in Britain are often decorated with fairy lights as well as all sorts of
bright coloured ornaments. Sweets or fruit are not hung on the tree, and sparklers are
not a custom either. Most people now use electric lights, though they never look as
good as lit candles (but they do not ruin the carpet with dripping wax and do not set
the tree on fire). The holly hanging as a decoration in the rooms is supposed to date
back to the Teutonic custom of hanging up evergreens to allow wood spirits to shelter
from the cold. A sprig of mistletoe is hung in a central position and if you catch a girl
standing under it, you are allowed to kiss her.
The main social occasion of the season is Christmas dinner, usually at midday, but
sometimes in the evening, on Christmas Day. The Christmas table is decorated with
crackers - one at the side of each plate. When you tug at the two ends of this roll of
coloured paper, the paper tears and the cracker explodes. The centrepiece of the feast
is stuffed roast turkey; the meal finishes with the Christmas pudding. Brandy is poured
over the pudding and set alight; it makes a lovely blue flame (but one which is not
enough to burn the pudding). There is also an old custom of stirring into the pudding,
when it is being prepared, a coin, a thimble, and a ring (to bring wealth, work, and a
wedding to the three" lucky recipients).
Not everybody manages to get his Christmas cards sent off early. The cards bear
such messages as "A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year" or "All the best for
Christmas and the New Year", or "To wish you a Happy Chnstmas and a Prosperous
New Year" or just "Season's greetings".
Every Christmas Day the monarch addresses the nation and the Commonwealth on
radio and television. The tradition was started by George V in the 1930s. The royal
family spend their Christmas at Sandringham Castle in East Anglia.
There are plenty of carols on the radio and TV and various professional a amateur
choirs sing carols to the patients in hospitals or in old people's homes, or in the main
squares or in or outside churches The custom of children going round in twos or threes
and standing outside people's doors singing carols and then getting a few coins or
something sweet has practically died out - as it has in Bohemia, where it used to be
common on St Stephen's Day, 26 December, and on Twelfth Night, 5 January.
The day after Christmas Day, also a public holiday, is called Boxing Day from the
custom in earlier times of giving postmen, milkmen, dustmen, newspaper boys, and
similar people small sums of money which they collected in their "Christmas boxes".
For children it marks the beginning of the pantomime season. A pantomime is not, as
in Czech, a play without words; it is a type of theatre performance based on a fairy tale
or traditional story, with music, dancing, and clowning. Lots of people go visiting on
Boxing Day or to parties in the evening.
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On New Year's Eve, the Engli sh people stay up till midnight to see the old year out
and drink a toast to the New Year. New Year's Day has only recently become a
holiday. But for many years before that, although places of work were officially open,
large numbers of workers used to stay away, with colds, head-'acheb, or minor
stomacn upsets offered as the excuse.
The January sales begin just after Christmas. (Most large shops have sales twice a
year - in January and in July.) They sell off their old stock at low or "bargain" prices.
The reductions on the goods in the sales ensure that the shops will be busy in January -
otherwise they would be empty because nobody has much money left after the
Christmas season. Buying at a sale makes some people feel clever and proud of their
skill in getting things so cheaply.
_____________________________________________________________________
centrepiece střed, hlavní bod; cracker žertovná petarda, fairy light barevné světlo
na stromeček; fancy biscuits [biskits] mn.č. cukroví; holly cesmína, homemade
domácí; mistletoe [misltEu] jmelí; mount [maunt] stoupat; recipient [ri'sipiEnt]
příjemce; sparkler (vánoční) prskavka, stomach upsety j.č žaludeční potíže;
Teutonic [tju:'tonik] germánský; thimble náprstek, two: in twos ve dvojicích, wax
vosk; windowsill parapet
Nicholas [nikElEs], Sandringham [sAndrinNEm], Santa Claus ['sAntE ,klo:z]
_____________________________________________________________________
HOGMANAY
People in Scotland celebrate New Year's Eve more than Christmas. They call
Hogmanay. Hogmanay begins with the arrival of the guests who have been invited to
join the family to see in the New Year. Everyone sits down to dinner, it begins with
haggis, Scotland's national dish, which is set upon the table amidst great applause.
(Haggis is the minced heart, lungs and liver of a sheep, boiled in a sheep's stomach
with oatmeal.)
As midnight approaches, many townsfolk leave their houses to join neighbours and
friends in the square, where a large cheering crowd has gathered, singing and dancing
in the Scottish style. Excitement mounts as the bells begin to chime twelve, and on the
last stroke there is a great cheer. Crossing arms, everyone links hands for the
traditional song, "Auld Lang Syne".
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
chime [čaim] odbíjet (čas), haggis [hAgis] skotská skopová tlačenka, oatmeal
hrubozrnná ovesná mouka, krupice; see in the New Year přivítat nový rok; stroke
úder
Auld Lang Syne [,o:ld lAN 'sain] n ['zain] a popular song, words partly traditional
and fy by Robert Burnt, set to an ancient Scottish tune; Hogmanay [hogmEnei]
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APRIL FOOL!
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"There's a snake in my bedroom!" "Come quickly - the kitchen's on fire!' Don't

panic, it's the morning of April 1. Someone is trying to play an April Fool trick on you.
The custom started a long time ago and' it's still popular today. The idea is simple:
for the first twelve hours of April 1, you are allowed to play as many tricks as you like
on as many people as you can deceive, so that you can shout "April fool!" and laugh at
your friends' discomfort.
It isn't just children that play these jokes, however: the television, radio, and
newspapers occasionally try to deceive the public with a cleverly constructed April
Fool story. A scientific correspondent reported, for example, that, because of strange
geographical conditions, gravity was getting weaker in different parts of Britain. He
asked the people who were listening to the programme to jump up and down and, if
they could jump higher than they normally could, to telephone the BBC. The BBC had
hundreds of calls. It was at twelve o'clock that the BBC gently informed its listeners
that it was an April Fool trick. Another time, the Guardian newspaper did a special
report on an island which didn't actually exist.
_____________________________________________________________________
April Fool! April!; play an April Fool trick on sb vyvést někoho aprílem, cleverly
constructed chytře vymyšlený, promyšlený, discomfort j.č rozpaky, vyvedení z míry;
gravity přitažlivost
_____________________________________________________________________
FAIRY-TALE WORLD 30
SUPERNATURAL BEINGS
supernatural being nadpřirozená bytost
phantom [fAntEm] přízrak, phantom ship strašidelná loď, loď přízrak
spectre přízrak, zjevení
ghost [gEust] duch, strašidlo
ghostly light přízračné, strašidelné světlo
haunt a house strašit v domě, haunted house dům, kde straší
appear at the stroke of twelve zjevovat se úderem dvanácté
have the likeness of a dead person mít podobu mrtvého
I saw the apparition [,ApE'rišn] of XY. Zjevil se mi XY.
be under the control of evil spirits být ovládán zlými duchy
benevolent - mischievous [misčivEs] being dobrotivá - zlomyslná / zlá bytost
mythical creature [miSikl kri:čE] bájná bytost
elf skřitek (zejm. zlomyslný)
play tricks on people vyvádět lidem různé kousky
goblin, hobgoblin [hob´goblin] skřítek
sprite [sprait] skřítek (zejm. hravý, neškodný)
dwarf [dwo:f] mn. č dwarfs trpaslík, pidimužík, mužíček
threaten a child with a bogey / bogie / bogy [bEugi] pohrozit dítěti bubákem
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poltergeist [poltEgaist] hlučící duch (který dělá rámus a přemísťuje věci)

leprechaun [leprEko:n] skřítek (z irských pohádek)
be given to pranks [prANks] mít rád / provádět šprýmy
reveal the hiding place of a treasure prozradit, kde je ukryt poklad

lure into a bog vlákat do bažiny (anglický folklór nezná „bludičku")
fairy [feEri] víla, skřítek
water sprite vodní víla, rusalka (Dvorak's opera „Rusalka")
mermaid [mE:meid] mořská panna
merman [mE:mEn] mořský muž (v irských bájích běžnějši než „mermaid")
dryad [draiAd] dryáda (duch žijící ve stromě a hynoucí se zámkem stromu)
wood sprite lesní víla
water goblin vodník
pull down into the depths [depSs] stáhnout do hlubiny
pots with human souls [sEulz] hrníčky s dušičkami
the Fates [feits] sudičky
attend the birth být přítomen při narozeni
decide the course of human life určit běh lidského života
bestow [bi'stEu] a gift of st on sb udělit někomu dar něčeho

Good Fairy 1. dobrá víla, 2. dobrá sudička (= Fairy godmother)
changeling podvržené dítě
giant [džaiEnt] obr
ogre [EugE] obr lidožrout
man-eating monster [monstE] příšera požírající lidi
dragon [drAgEn] drak
fiery three-headed dragon [drAgEn] ohnivá tříhlavá saň
fire-breathing vydechující oheň
headless knight / horseman bezhlavý rytíř / jezdec
devil (in hell), imp čert (v pekle)
MAGIC
use magic [ju:s mAdžik] užívat kouzla
black magie černá magie (magie ke zlým účelům)
bewitch [biwič] očarovat
put a magic charm / curse on sb uvalit na někoho kouzlo, zaklít někoho
lay an enchantment on sb očarovat někoho
enchanted [inCča:ntid] wood začarovaný les

fall under sb´s spell upadnout v moc něčího kouzla
cast a spell on sb uvrhnout na někoho kouzlo
break the spell překonat / zlomit moc kouzla
be under a curse [kE:s] být proklet, být v moci kletby
call down evil / harm on sb přivolat na někoho zlo / škodu
swear revenge [,sweE ri'vendž] on sb přísahat někomu pomstu
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put a jinx [džiNks] / amer hex on sb hovor poslat na někoho smůlu

have the power to harm people by looking at them mít moc uhranout lidi pohledem
the Evil Eye uhrančivé oko (způsobující ochrnutí vůle)

Malign [mEa'lain] forces are at work. Působí tu zlé síly.
Deliver us from evil. [diClivE as from i:vl] Zbav nás všeho zlého. Osvoboď nás od ...
witch čarodějnice
call up a spirit from the dead přivolat ducha ze záhrobí
the nether regions [ri:džEns] / world podsvětí (antické), záhrobí

conjure [kandžEr] up a spirit vyvolat ducha
sabbath, witches' sabbath [sAbES] sněm čarodějnic
fly on a broomstick [bru:mstik] létat na koštěti
practise witchcraft [wič´kra:ft] / sorcery zabývat se čarodějnictvím, čarovat
witch-trial proces s čarodějnicemi
witch-hunt hon na čarodějnice (dnes zejména politické protivníky)
worship [wE:šip] the devil uctívat ďábla
Beelzebub [bi'elzibab] Belzebub („Pán much" v hebrejštině)
angel [eindžl] anděl
archangel [a:keindžl] archanděl

pray to one's guardian angel [ga:diEn eindžl] modlit se k andělu strážnému
wizard [wizEd] čaroděj, mág, černokněžník
magician [mECdžišn] kouzelník
sorcerer [so:sErE] čaroděj
sorceress, enchantress čarodějka

bring misfortune (up) on sb přivodit někomu neštěstí
avert [E'vE: t] odvrátit
wave the magic wand [wond] mávnout kouzelnou hůlkou
become invisible stát se neviditelným
change into an animal začarovat ve zvíře

make disappear nechat zmizet
vanish zmizet, ztratit se
divining rod virgule (proutek k hledání vody, kovů apod }
tell fortunes předpovídat budoucnost; tell sb's fortune věštit někomu budoucnost
fortune-teller [Cfo:čen,telE] věštkyně, kartářka
seer [siE] knižně, zastarale vědma, prorok
prophet [profit] prorok, prorokyně

prophesy [profEsai] prorokovat, věštit
prophesy [profEsi] věštba, proroctví
have a premonition [,premECnišn, ,pri:mEnišn] mít předtuchu
necromancy [nekrEmAnsi] magie, nekromantie (vyvolávání zemřelých)
skeleton [skelitn] kostlivec
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Death [deS] (rod mužský) Smrt

the Grim Reaper [ri:pE] Kmotřička Smrt
weird [wiEd] podivný, nepřirozený

odd divný
eerie [iEri] podivný (strašidelný)
uncanny [anCkAni] podivný (protože rozumem nepochopitelný)
mysterious [mi'stiEriEs] záhadný
imaginary [iCmAdžinEri] vymyšlený, smyšlený
unearthly nepřirozený (ne z toho světa)
be beyond comprehension [,kompri´henšn] být k nepochopení
incomprehensible nepochopitelný
TRADITIONAL FAIRY TALES
Babes in the wood. Hansel and Gretel. Perníková chaloupka.

gingerbread cottage perníková chaloupka
wicked witch baba jaga
Sleeping Beauty Šípková Růženka
put sb to sleep uspat někoho
prick oneself with a spindle [spindl] píchnout se vřetenem

be awakened from one's sleep by a kiss být probuzen ze spánku polibkem
Cinderella [,sindE' relE] Popelka (v jiné verzi nazývaná Tattercoats „Otrhánek")
She was cruelly used by her wicked stepmother. Zlá macecha s ní krutě nakládala.
do the household drudgery [dradžEri] konat nejhrubší domácí práce
marry whoever the slipper fits oženit se s tou, které střevíc padne
Beauty and the Beast Kráska a zvíře
pluck a rose utrhnout růži
threaten sb with death as the penalty for a theft hrozit smrtí jako trest za krádež
sacrifice oneself obětovat se
fill with pity and affection for the Beast naplnit soucitem a láskou ke zvířeti
turn into a prince změnit se v prince
released from a magic spell by the girl's virtue and courage …
released from … vysvobozen z prokletí dívčinou ctností a statečností
Jack the Giant-killer Hloupý Honza (který zabil obra)
acquire a coat that makes you invisible získat kabát, který činí neviditelným
a sword [so:d] of magic potency [pEutEnsi] meč s kouzelnou mocí
destroy all the giants in the land vyhubit všechny obry v zemi
Jack and the Beanstalk [bi:nsto:k] Janek a kouzelná fazole
Tom Thumb [Sam] Paleček
The Ugly Duckling Ošklivé kačátko
Snow-White and the Seven Dwarfs Sněhurka a sedm trpaslíků
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the Wicked Queen zlá královna

The Pied Piper Krysař
The Princess and the Pea Princezna na hrášku
Little Red Ridinghood Červená karkulka
resuscitate [ri' sasiteit] vzkřísit
Puss in Boots [pus in bu:ts] Kocour v botách

leave / bequeath [bi'kwi:D, bi'kwi:S] a resourceful cat odkázat chytrého kocoura
achieve st by a ruse [ru:z] dosáhnout něčeho lstí
Bluebeard Modrovous
strictly forbid [fECbid] to enter a particular room zakázat vstoupit do jisté komnaty
discover sb's disobedience přijít na něčí neposlušnost
order sb to be put to death přikázat někoho usmrtit
Once upon [wans ECpon] a time, there was a ... Žil jednou jeden …
There was once a ... Byl jednou jeden …
want to get a princess for a wife chtít princeznu za ženu
have to undertake three tasks muset splnit tři úkoly
set out upon a quest for st vydat se hledat něco
solve a riddle (vy)řeštt hádanku
find the water of life najít živou vodu
fountain of youth pramen mládí
nearly meet one's death téměř zahynout

meet a miserable death sejít bídnou
lose all one's worldly goods ztratit vš svůj pozemsky majetek
accompanied by a faithful servant doprovázen věrným sluhou
be kind to an old beggar woman být hodný ke staré žebračce
receive a purse from which you can at any time draw pieces of gold …
receive a purse … obdržet váček, z kterého můžete kdykoli vytáhnout zlaťáky
Your wish will come true. Splní se ti přání.
have three whishes mít tři přání
exchange shape with sb vyměnit si s někým podobu
The magie carpet [mAdžik ka:pit] transporte you wherever you wish to go. …
The magie carpet … Kouzelný koberec tě zanese, kam chceš
talking raven [reivn] / rook mluvící krkavec / havran
fabulous beast (eg. unicorn [ju:niko:n]) bájné zvíře (např. jednorožec)
werewolf [weEwulf, wiEwulf] vlkodlak
... and they lived happily ever after. A jestli nezemřeli, žijí šťastně dosud
_____________________________________________________________________

1. Holly is hung up as a (decoration, ornament) in the rooms. 2. Christmas trees are
decorated with (colour lights, fairy lights) and various bright-coloured (decorations,
ornaments). 3. (Dripping, dropping) wax ruined the carpet. 4. Children (dress, dress up
375 / 474
in) Halloween costumes. 5. A (spring, twig, branch) of mistletoe is (hanged, hung) in

the room.
1. haggis; 2 mistletoe; 3 cracker; 4. pantomime (in England and in this country); 5.
Twelfth Night; 6. Santa Claus; 7. Boxing Day; 8. Hogmanay; 9. Sandringham Castle;
10. jack-o-lantern; 11. witches' sabbath; 12. Good Fairy; 13. water goblin; 14. magic
wand; 15. phantom ship.

1. Halloween.
2. Remembering our dead on the second of November.
3. Old Chnstmas customs.
4. The difference between the English and Czech Christmas Eves.
5. The Scottish way of celebrating the end of the year.
6. Some of the commonest trials of the fairy-tale hero.
7. How treasures and money are treated in fairy tales.
1. How much do you remember of Christmas when you were a child? 2. What presents
were you particularly happy to get? 3. Was is difficult to think up presents for the
other members of the family? 4. What is New Year's Eve like in your family? 5. What
was your favourite fairy tale as a child? 6. Are you fond of watching fairy tales on TV?
If so, why? 7. Do you believe in any of the following superstitions: you have a lucky
number; the number thirteen should be avoided; walking under a ladder brings
misfortune; a black cat crossing your path is unlucky; breaking a mirror brings seven
years of bad luck. 8. Do you know any other irrational beliefs which are held by some
people? 9. Have you ever taken your own horoscope? If so, has it come true?
5. Translate
strašit v domě; zjevovat se úderem dvanácté; vyvádět lidem různé kousky, vyvolat
ducha; zaklít někoho; začarovaný les; zlomit moc kouzla; provozovat čarodejnictví;
proces s čarodějnicemi; stát se neviditelným; mávnout kouzelnou hůlkou; čaroděj;
věstit budoucnost; zlá macecha; Perníková chaloupka; Sněhurka a sedm trpaslíků;
Kocour v botách; Červená karkulka; Paleček; zabít obra; dosáhnout něčeho lstí; muset
splnit tn úkoly; vymyšlený příběh; Žil jednou jeden...
_____________________________________________________________________
PHRASAL VERBS UP
blow up • vybuchnout: The plane blew up in midair.
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• vyhodit do povětří: The guerillas blew up a bridge.

• zvětšit (fotografii):
If you want to see the details in this picture, you 'll have to have it blown up.
• nafouknout: Blow up the tyre, please. He blew up the balloon for his little son.
bring up • vychovat:
Dennis was brought up by his aunt after his parents died.
What a well brought-up child. To je ale vychované dítě!
brush up • zopakovat si (látku):

I'll have to brush up my French before we go to Paris - it's so long since I spoke the
language.
call up • povolat (k vojenské službě), mobilizovat:

If war breaks out you'll be called up.
catch up on • dohonit (něco): I've got to catch up on a lot of letter-writing.
catch up with • dohonit (někoho): Japan has caught up with the US.
come up • vyskytnout se:

Do you think this question will come up in the examination?
come up against • narazit na: We came up against an insoluble problem.
come up to • přistoupit k: He came up to me and said: ...
come up to one's expectations • splnit očekávání:

I was very disappointed - it didn't come up to my expectations.
come up with • přijít s (nápadem):

I wonder who first came up with the idea of a supermarket.
draw up • zastavit: The car drew up outside our house / at the kerb.
• sestavit: I've drawn up a list.
dress up • přestrojit se: At the fancy-dress party Diana was dressed up as a cook.
• obléci se slavnostně: Surely you'll dress up before going to the theatre.
drink up • dopít: Let's drink up and go.
eat up • dojíst: Eat up your lunch - you mustn't waste anything.
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be fed up with • mít dost / po krk (něčeho):

I'm fed up with seeing the same programmes on television week after week.
fold up • složit: The dresses were folded up and packed in suitcases.

• položit se, udělat bankrot: That firm is sure to fold (up).
follow up • jít za:

I'd follow up his hint if I were you. Být tebou, řídil bych se tím, co naznačil.
• udělat pokračování k:
The television series was very successful and so the director decided to follow it up
with something similar.
grow up • vyrůst: He has a grown-up son. Má dospělého syna.

Sometimes I wonder whether you'll ever grow up. (zda nabudeš rozumu apod.)
join up • vstoupit do armády: He couldn't decide whether to join up.
lay up • upoutat na lůžko: He was laid up with a broken leg for two months.
let up • polevit: Don't let up now - we've nearly finished.

I wonder if the rain will let up enough for us to go out.
look up to • vzhlížet k (někomu), zbožňovat:

People look up to him - he's done a lot for the town.
patch up one's marriage • dát / slepit své manželství dohromady:

Jack and Pamela seem to have patched up their marriage.
pick up • pochytit: The little German I know I picked up in Austria.

• vyzvednout: The concert starts at eight - I'll pick you up at 7.30.
• sbírat, zotavovat se: Trade is picking up again.
• nabírat: The car picked up speed on a straight stretch of road.
read up on • přečíst si o (něčem), nastudovat (hovor.):

If you don't know anything about the American Civil War, you should read up on it.
run up against • narazit na (hovor.):

I've never run up against a problem like this before.
run up a bill• udělat útratu:

She has run up an enormous bill at the dress shop.
They've run up huge debts. Nadělali obrovské dluhy.
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saw up • pořezat: It took an hour to saw up the tree I had cut.
set up • zřídit:
The government has set up a special department to deal with the problem.
set up house • zřídit si domácnost (svou / s někým), usadit se (někde):

It's time I left home and set up house for myself / on my own.
I'm planning to set up house with Jane-we aren't thinking of marriage, though.
show up • ukázat se, být vidět (hovor.):

Her wrinkles showed up in the strong sunlight.
John hasn 't show up at the office all morning - I wonder whether he's ill.
If he shows up at all, it'll be after ten.
• odhalit (někoho):
Everyone knew he was lying, but no one was able to show him up.
sign up • zapsat se, přihlásit se:

I've signed up for an evening course at the polytechnic.
If you sign up, we shall send you our catalogue.
size up • odhadnout (hovor):

How do you size up the situation / the possibilities?
stand up for • bránit, obhajovat:

He knows how to stand up for himself. Dovede se bránit.
strike up • začít hrát (píseň): The band struck up "Yankee Doodle".
strike up an acquaintance • navázat známost, seznámit se:

On the journey I struck up an acquaintance an MP.
sum up • shrnout: Let me sum up the situation
think up • vymyslet: I've thought up a game we could play to pass the time.
His excuse can´t be true - he must have thought it up.
throw up • praštit s (nechat něčeho):

He threw up his job and went off to Australia.
• zvracet (hovor): I threw up (what I´d eaten)
____________________________________________________________________
1. Use a phrasal verb with up in each sentence:
379 / 474
1. A bomb was placed in a lift and the whole building ... 2. When war broke out, the
25-30 age group was ... 3. Now that we've reached some agreement we should ... it by
arranging a further meeting. 4. It's raining very heavily just now, I hope it ... soon. 5.
To deal with that particular problem, perhaps we should ... a special committee. 6.
There's no need to attend these lectures; you can ... the subject yourself. 7. I'll take you
round the town in the morning. I'll... (you) at the hotel at 9.30. 8. As soon as the ship ...
the SOS signal, it hurried to the site of the disaster. 9. My English isn't what it used to
be. I must... (it) before my English visitors arrive.
2. Replace the verb by a phrasal verb with up:

1. She has reared several children. 2. I don't think that topic will occur in the
conversation. 3. We encountered many difficulties at the time. 4. This work doesn't
match your earlier standards. 5. The taxi stopped at the main entrance. 6. Let's make a
list of our requirements. 7. Finish your drink. 8. The company went bankrupt. 9. I was
confined to bed with a sore back 10. If he doesn't relax, he's going to have a nervous
breakdown. 11. I've never come across anything as difficult as this. 12. They're
planning to establish a whole new department. 13. It's difficult to summarize the
problem in a sentence or two. 14. He has devised a better plan than yours. 15. If he
eats too much ice cream and cake he's sure to be sick.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION INTERFERENCE Work
Chybné: He's at his *workplace. Je na svém pracovišti.

Proč: Workplace nebo běžnější place of work jsou úřední termíny.
Lépe: He's at work. He's at the office (apod.).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *workers in education pracovníci ve školství; *workers in the health

service pracovníci ve zdravotnictví
Proč: Angličtina je konkrétnější a vystačí s teachers a doctors and nurses,
případně health professions (jde-li o lékaře). Worker jako „pracovník"
se vyskytne zřídka, např. v research worker výzkumný pracovník
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: In the supermarket is *missing some *labour. V samoobsluze chybí

několik pracovních sil.
Proč: Výraz labour se užívá jen o velkém počtu pracovníků, ne o jednotlivcích.
Např. China is not short of labour. Tedy: The supermarket staff is
several people short, nebo The supermarket is shortstaffed.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: a *colleague of mine (o úředníkovi)

Proč: Colleague se vztahuje jen na professions; vhodnější je someone from the
office; a girl at work; (v množném čísle) some of the men in my office,
some people I work with.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Chybné: What *to do? Co dělat?

Proč: Užívá se tázací věta, ne infinitiv: What should we do?
Podobně ne How *to tell him? Jak mu to říct?
nýbrž How can we / I tell him?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Alan Bates *played in that film. He *played very well.

Proč: Hrát jako herec je act. Play je možné, když následuje role:
Every actress wants to play (the part of) Juliet.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Pracovníci ve školství a zdravotnictví vyslechli pozorně projevy svých ministrů. 2.
Herec, který hrál Šaška v „Králi Learovi", hrál velmi dobře. 3. Stavebnictví chybí
pracovní síly. 4. V naší kanceláři chybí jedna pracovní síla, protože jeden můj kolega
dal výpověď. 5. Jak jí to říct, abych ji neurazil. 6. Buďte iniciativní.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 31 DISASTERS AP2
MOUNT ST HELENS
For many weeks the mountain seemed to doze. Though the volcano trembled and its
north flank bulged, its very beauty helped to deceive people. Then on Sunday May 18,
1980, at 8.32 a.m, a geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey announced the end of the
calm: "Vancouver! This is it..." Those words were his last. He was stationed at a camp
ten kilometers from the mountain top, to monitor eruptions. The blast from Mt St
Helens threw the geologist and his house trailer off a high ridge into Goldwater Creek.
The hurricane wave of hot gases and debris was traveling at three hundred kilometers
an hour. The energy was computed to be that of five hundred Hiroshima bombs. The
entire mountainside disappeared as the gases exploded with a roar heard three hundred
kilometers away. The height of the mountain was reduced by four hundred meters. The
blast cut down five hundred square kilometers of forest. Within five kilometers of the
summit the trees simply vanished - transported through the air for unknown distances.
A motor home was parked eighteen kilometers north of the peak. The blast blew the
vehicle two hundred meters and searchers looked for two months before recovering the
bodies of its young owners.
Then came hot, suffocating ash and a hail of boulders and ice from the glacier - some
chunks of ice as big as boxcars. The colorful world of trees, hills, and sky became a
lunar landscape. Ashes fell on the earth, piling up inches and than feet deep. (In towns
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they had to be trucked away later by National Guard vehicles.) The black cloud turned
the Sunday mid-morning into deep night in a town one hundred kilometers away. No
headlight could cut the blackness. Planes were grounded and trains and trucks stopped;
food distribution started to break down. The Columbia River channel, normally twelve
meters deep, silted up until it was only five meters deep. At the mountain itself, the
heat of the eruption melted the snow and ice and soon after the explosion the whole
mountainside began to slide at fifty kilometers per hour into the valley, covering
homes with mud up to the roof.
Sixty-one people, five thousand deer, fifteen hundred elk, and two hundred black
bears were killed. In the next eighteen months the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
moved one hundred million cubic meters - a third of the material rated in twenty-four
years for the Panama Canal.
_____________________________________________________________________
boulder [bEuldEs] balvan; boxcar amer nákladní vagón; bulge vzdout se,
vypouknout se; channel řečiště, koryto; corps [ko:] of engineers ženijní sbor; elk los;
flank úbočí, bok; ground a plane nepovolit letadlu start, hail krupobití; motor home
obytný automobil; National Guard národní garda; ridge hřeben, sift up zanést se;
trailer amer obytný přivěs; truck away odvézt nákladními auty
Columbia [kEa'lambiE] River in northwest US and western Canada, rising tn the

Rocky Mountains; Mount St Helens [helEnz] in Washington, named after a diplomat,
not St Helen; Panama Canal [,jpAnEma: kE'nAl] Panamský průplav
FLOODS DEVASTATE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY
Devastating floods have driven twenty-six thousand people from their homes in the
Mississippi Valley. Damage estimates from the flooding touched off by storms in the
region late last week approached the half-billion dollar mark. At least twenty people
have been killed and several are missing. The rivers reached levels attained only about
once in a hundred years, officials said. National guardsmen patrolled some suburbs to
guard against looting. Still others were on the alert for possible duty, because the
water, though receding in some areas, was still rising downstream. According to the
emergency service, the worst was not over yet. The governors of Illinois, Missouri,
and Arkansas asked the President to declare the devastated counties disaster areas and
provide them with federal assistance.
_____________________________________________________________________
alert [ElE:t] : on the alert ve stavu pohotovosti; county amer. okres; loot [lu:t]
plenit; mark: the billion dollar mark výše / hranice miliardy dolarů; touch off
vyvolat, spustit
Arkansas [a:kEnso:]; Illinois [,ili'noi]; Mississippi (,misi´sipi]; Missouri [mi'zuEri]
_____________________________________________________________________
NINE KILLED IN TRAIN CRASH
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At least nine people were killed and more than fifty injured when an excursion train
from Glamorgan crashed near Milton, Berkshire, yesterday. Of the dead, six, all
women, had still not been identified late last night. A fleet of ambulances bounced
slowly over the thousand metres of ground from the road to the track to take away the
survivors.
The engine arid-four coaches plunged down a six-metre embankment. The giant
150-ton engine toppled and rolled down the embankment first and coach; No. 1 came
next, falling on top of the engine. Airmen and soldiers from a nearby RAF depot were
on the scene within minutes. They worked in rain and mist, helping the injured through
twisted doors and rents in the shattered coaches, searching for the dead. The wreckage
of the first coach lay smashed like an old toy and seats, doors, and odds and ends of
luggage were strewn along the embankment. Hours later, as rescue workers laboured
on under arc lights railway maintenance men toiled to restore the line for traffic. The
wrecked engine is not expected to be moved before the weekend. It is believed that it
will ha to be cut up.
_____________________________________________________________________
arc light obloukové světlo; bounce [bauns] zde drkotat, jet s otřesy; depot [depEu],
amer. [di:pEu] sklad; odds and ends of luggage různé části zavazadel; rent trhlina;
shatter roztříštit; smash rozbit, rozdrtit; topple převrátit; twist zkroutit
Berkshire [ba:kšE]; Glamorgan [glE'mo:gEsn]; RAF = the Royal Air Force

Britské královské letectvo
_____________________________________________________________________
DESTINATION DISASTER
A Turkish Airlines DC-10 crashed late last night, nine minutes after taking; from
Paris airport. About one minute before the crash, at an altitude of four thousand
metres, the plane's rear cargo door came off. When that happened, the pressurized air
within the plane escaped through the opening, hurling six passengers, still strapped in
their seats, out the hole. The violent rush of air crushed the plane's steeririg apparatus,
leaving the plane helpless. It hit the ground at 800 km an hour after cutting a half-mile
path through the forest. The crew and the remaining passengers were minced into
thousands of pieces. No one knows for sure how many people the pieces add up to.
The usual guess is 346, but the chief forensic expert in the investigation believes the
pieces totalled 350 or 351 bodies. Among them were fifteen entire families. As a result
of the crash eighty women were widowed and twenty-nine men lost their wives. Fifty-
two children lost both their parents and another two hundred and seven children lost
one parent.
_____________________________________________________________________
add up to ... pieces tvořit, skládat se do ... kusů; cargo náklad; come off utrhnout se;
forensic [fE'rensik] expert odborník na soudní lékařství; mince rozsekat; pressurized
ný pod tlakem, stlačený; rash proud; steer řídit (kormidlovat); steering apparatus
navigační zařízení; strap připoutat
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_____________________________________________________________________
TEN DIE IN ARMS PLANT BLAST
At least ten people died yesterday when a munitions factory blew up at Rockville in
Maryland, U.S.A. For ten minutes explosions that could be heard twenty kilometres
away swept through the works. Firemen and police cleared all the houses in the area
when it was feared large stores of other explosives would also blow up. Fire brigades
were called in from neighboring towns and the National Guard was mobilized.
_____________________________________________________________________
arms plant zbrojovka; munitions [mju:'nišnz] factory muniční továrna
_____________________________________________________________________
FORES FIRES RAVAGE CORSICA
Forest fires in southern Corsica over the weekend destroyed thousands of hectares of
brush and pine and forced the evacuation of many campers. Most fires had been
brought under control by early Sunday morning, but during the day they were again
fanned by winds, which died down only in the evening. A witness described the
landscape as resembling a smoking lunar landscape, with three trunks looking like
telephone poles. Several villages suffered extensive damage. About 2,500 firemen,
soldiers, and volunteers were battling the blazes. Summer fires are a perpetual problem
in this warm, sunny region, which attracts thousands of tourists during the summer
months.
_____________________________________________________________________
brush j.č. křoviny, mlázi; ravage [rAvidž] pustošit; Corsica [ko:sikE] Korsika
_____________________________________________________________________
DISASTERS 31
FLOOD
flood [flad] zátopa, povodeň; zatopit

inundate [inandeit] zaplavit
Widespread flooding occured in ... K roztálým záplavám došlo v ...
flood region / area zátopová oblast
The water is going down / rising. Voda klesá / stoupá.
flood waters front upstream vysoká voda z horního toku
break the dike prolomit hráz
make a breach [bri:č] in the dike udělat v hrázi průlom
plug die break ucpat průrvu
cause great damage způsobit velkou škodu
devastate a low-lying region zpustošit nízko položenou oblast
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cover with mud [mad] pokrýt bahnem

evacuate [i'vAkjueit] evakuovat, vyklidit
rescue the stranded people zachraňovat osoby odříznuté od světa
The flood waters are receding. The flood is receding. Zátopa ustupuje.
the Flood, Noah's [nEuEz] Flood Potopa světa
FIRE
A fire broke out. Vypukl požár / oheň.
A fire is raging. [reidžiN] Požár / Oheň zuří.
spread šířit se
blaze planout; A fire is blazing. Šlehají plameny.
burn brightly / with bright flames hořet jasně / jasným plamenem
burn out vyhořet

burn down shořet (do základů)
burn to ashes lehnout popelem
give the alarm udělat poplach
call (in) the fire brigade / the firemen / amer. the fire department zavolat hasiče
fire engine hasičský vůz

(fire) hydrant [haidrEnt], amer. fire plug (požární) hydrant
turn the hose on st zamířit hadicí na něco
spray postříkat
put out a small fire with a (fire) extinguisher uhasit menší oheň hasicím přístrojem
extinguish a cigarette uhasit cigaretu

fight the fire / blaze bojovat s ohněm / požárem
bring under control zvládnout
make / light a fire udělat / zapálit oheň
catch fire chytnout, zapálit se
set fire to st podpálit něco

arson [a:sEn] žhářství
arsonist žhář
scorch [sko:č] ožehnout, spálit
suffer severe burns utrpět těžké popáleniny
leave a building by a fire escape opustit budovu po požárním žebříku
The wooden house was quickly ablaze. Dřevěný dům se ocitl v plamenech.
He will never set the Thames on fire. Nikdy neudělá díru do světa, (úsloví)
EARTHQUAKE, AVALANCHE, VOLCANIC ERUPTION

earthquake, [E:Skweik] quake zemětřesení
shudder [šadE] otřást se; otřes
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tremor [tremE] otřes půdy

cause great destruction způsobit velkou zkázu
eruption [i' rapšn] výbuch
collapse [kE'lAps] like a pack of cards zhroutit se jako domeček z karet

bury under the debris [debri:, deibri:] and rubble pohřbít pod troskami a sutinami
conceal an unknown number of dead skrývat neznámý počet mrtvých
recover a body vyprostit tělo
free a buried victim vysvobodit zasypanou oběť
crush rozdrtit
The avalanche [AvEla:nš] hit / struck ... Lavina zasáhla ...
plunge 600 m from the mountaintop sesout se 600 metrů z horského vrcholu
thundering masses of snow mn. č. hřmící / dunící sněhová masa
roaring noise rachot, burácení
set in motion [mEušn] uvést do pohybu

destroy everything in its path (on the stope) zničit vše, co je v cestě (na svahu)
slide into the valley sesunout se do údolí
landslide sesuv půdy
suffocate in a cavity (u)dusit se v kaverně
clear the snow odklízet sníh

bring earth movers nasadit stroje na odklízení zeminy
direct rescue operations řídit záchrané práce
extinct volcano [ik,stiNkt vol'keinEu] vyhaslá sopka
resume volcanic [vol'kAnik] activity obnovit sopečnou činnost
belch forth smoke chrlit dým

crater jícen, kráter
hot stream of lava [la:vE] horký proud lávy
flow down the side stékat po úbočí
underground runble podzemní dunění
CRASH, EXPLOSION
have an accident mít nehodu
crash [krAš] havarovat; havárie, nehoda
crash soon after takeoff zřítit se krátce po startu
make an emergency landing nouzově přistát
parachute [pArEšu:t] seskočit padákem; padák
strike st narazit na něco
collide srazit se
collision [kECližn] srážka
The engine developed trouble. Na motoru vznikla porucha.
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avert [ECvE:t] the crash odvrátit havárii

loss of fifty lives ztráta padesáti lidských životů
seriously injured vážně zraněn

weckage [rekidž] j.č. trosky
strewn about the place / all over the place rozesety po místě
wreck a house učinit z domu trosky
take the survivors away to hospitl odvézt do nemocnice ty, kteří přežili
blast [bla:st] výbuch

A petrol tank blew up. Vybuchla benzínová nádrž.
The explosion swept through the works. Výbuch postihl celý závod
investigate [in´vestigeit] the cause vyšetřovat příčinu
open an inquiry into the accident zahájit vyšetřování nehody
disregard a warning nedbat na varování
sb´s fault [fo:lt] nečí vina
neglect [niCglekt] of safety precautions zanedbávat bezpečnostní opatření
Don´t neglect toswitch off the electric light. Nezaponeň vypnout světlo / elektřinu.
increased hazard [hAzEd] zvýšené riziko
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. The blast threw the house trailer off a high ridge. 2. Then came suffocating ash and
a hail of boulders and ice from the glacier, some chunks of ice as big as boxcars. 3.
The flooding was touched off by storms. 4. Six passengers, still strapped in their seats,
were hurled out the hole. 5. The giant engine toppled and plunged down the
embankment. 6. Fires ravaged thousands of hectares of brush.
2. Complete the questions and answers, using details of an unpleasant experience

(as specified in brackets):
1. (a bus crash) A: Do you think you could manage to tell us about... B: You can't
imagine how terrifying it is to ...
2. (being cut off by a flood) A: Now that it's all over, perhaps you could bring youself
to ... B: I can't describe how depressing it is to ...
3. (a fire) A: It must have been a horrifying experience. Tell us... B: The thing that
frightened me most was...
4. (a rescue of somebody) A: I tried to imagine what I would have done in your
situation. What did you think of when ... B: I knew it was taking a change but I felt I
had to try to ...
5. (a car crash) A: It may seem heartless but I'm not clear about how... B: It was
dreadful. One minute I...
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1. a grounded plane; 2. the Army Corps of Engineers; 3. the National Guard; 4. a

perpetual problem; 5. a forensic expert; 6. safety precautions.
4. Enumerate:
1. several verbs relating to the impact and to damage in a crash; 2. various words
involving an explosion; 3. a number of words expressing fear.

1. Volcano eruptions.
2. Floods.
3. Train crashes.
4. Air crashes.
5. Forest fires.
6. Relief aid for people in a quake area.
1. Have you ever been involved in a crash or witnessed an accident? 2. What are the
most common causes of car accidents? 3. What kinds of natural disasters occur in this
country? 4. What would you do in case of a fire in your block of flats? 5 When have
you been most frightened?
7. Fear quiz. Imagine how you would react in the following situations:
1. You are in a crowded lift and it gets stuck between floors. Would you: a) happily
chat to the passengers; b) remain calm but silent; c) feel mild panic; d) feel your heart
racing; e) become hysterical?
2. You are in a crowded Underground train when there is a power failure. The lights
go out and the train stops. Would you:
a) cheer up the other passengers; b) feel uneasy; c) worry about the other
passengers; d) break out in a cold sweat; e) pass out?
3. A friend takes you to the top of a very high building to show you the view. There is
only a low wall at the edge. Would you:
a) lean over and admire the view; b) admire the view from a distance; c) shake like
a leaf; d) freeze with terror?
4. The plane you are flying in cannot land because of bad weather. The pilot says he
must fly another hour through the storm to antoher airport. Would you: a) cheer up the
other passengers; b) think nothing of it; c) feel apprehensive; d) start praying; e) be
scared to death?
5. You are about to attend an interview for an important job. Would you: a) be cool as
a cucumber; b) have butterflies; c) resort to drink; d) feel your knees go weak?
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6. You are all alone in a house and you hear noises. There are some large, scissors in
the room. Would you:
a) go and investigate with the scissors, b) tell yourself you imagined it; c) be
frightened out of your life and stay in the room?
7. You are walking home alone late at night. You think someone is following; you.
Would you:
a) slow down and see who it is; b) ignore it; c) walk faster; d) feel scared?
_____________________________________________________________________
apprehensive [,Apri'hensiv] feel apprehensive pociťovat obavy; break out: I broke
out a cold sweat Vyrazil na mně studený pot; butterflies: I have butterflies (in my
stomach). Žaludek se mi svírá strachem; cool as a cucumber [kju:kambE] zcela
klidný (chladný, nevzrušený); freeze with terror ztuhnout hrůzou; frighten sb out of
his life vyděsit někoho k smrti, get stuck uváznout, knee: my knees are going weak
podklesávají mi kolena, pass out omdlít; scared to death vylekán / vystrašen k smrti;
think nothing of it nic si z to nedělat
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Translate:
udělat v hrázi průlom, způsobit velké škody; zpustošit širokou oblastí chraňovat osoby
a majetek, vyhořet následkem neopatrnosti; lehnout popelem; udělat poplach; zavolat
hasiče; postříkat vodou z hydrantu; uhasit minimaxern; zvládnout požár; podpálit
pojištěný dům; žhářství; utrpět těžké popáleniny; být brzy celý v plamenech; opustit
budovu po požárním žebříku; nouzový východ; způsobit velkou zkázu; otřesy půdy;
zasypat pod troskami a sutinami; vyprostit tělo; rozdrcen lavinou; sesout se z horského
vrcholu; uvést do pohybu; zničit všechno, co je v cestě; sesuv půdy; vyhaslá sopka;
obnovit sopečnou činnost; proud lávy; stékat po úboči; nouzově přistát; seskočit
padákem; srazit se s protijedoucím vozidlem; odvrátit havárii; trosky rozeseté po místě
nehody; výbuch benzínové nádrže; nedbat na varování; zahájit vyšetřování nehody.
WORD STUDY SYNONYMA I
Rozlišujte částečně synonymní adjektiva:
High - tall (vysoký)

• U high se bere v úvahu vzdálenost nad zemí: a mountain 3,000 metres high; It's too
high for me to reach it.
• Tall implikuje délku od shora dolů a většinou i úzký tvar: a tall man / tree /
building.
Wide - broad (široký)

• Wide více zdůrazňuje vzdálenost od kraje k okraji: a wide road; The road is 8
metres wide.
• Broad implikuje širokou plochu: broad shoulders / road / field / river.
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Wide bývá o věcech delších než širších; u oděvu znamená „volný" (wide skirt) a užívá
se i v přeneseném významu: wide selection / interests / publicity; ale in the broad
sense of the word.
Large - great - big (veliký)

• Large je bezpříznakový výraz: large country / garden / tree / house / room /
amount.
• Great se pojí s abstrakty: great care / distant / hope / loss / ocassion; great friend a
Great Britain. Dále Great může znamenat „velký výkonem“ : great composer / king /
discovery
• Big kromě velikosti implikuje váhu, sílu nebo důlržitost: big girl / question.
Huge - vast - enormous - immense (obrovský, ohromný)

• Huge je obrovský objemem a hmotností: huge ballon / house / man; hovorově i v
přeneseném významu „závažný": huge problem / success.
• Vast implikuje rozlohu: vast lawn / ocean / plain.
• Enormous implikuje, že jde o více než obvyklý stupeň velikosti: enormous room,
nejčastěji bývá s abstrakty: enormous change / crime / distance / expenditure /
problem.
• Immense u velikosti zdůrazňuje prvek dramatičnosti a překvapívosti: immense
statue / influence / variety.
Middle – central – mean – medium – intermediate (střední)

• Middle znamená „uprostřed mezi dvěma extrémy": the Middle East, middle age, the
Middle Ages (tj. období 500-l 500), Middle English (tj. období 1100-1450), middle
class, middle distance (běžecká disciplína), middle school (v Británii střední škola pro
věk 14-15 let); dále termín middle ear.
• Central se užívá o zeměpisném středu: central Asia / Europe / Bohemia, a též
central station (hlavní nádraží).
• Mean je matematický termín synonymní s adjektivem „průměrný": mean value,
mean yearly rainfall, Greenwich Mean Time.
• Medium se užívá o velikosti, kvalitě a hodnotě: medium size / quality / value.
• Intermediate bývá nejčastěji ve spojení: intermediate students středně pokročilí.
Existují ještě další termíny: secondary school střední škola, neuter gender střední rod,
centre forward střední útočník.
Main - chief - principal (hlavní)

• Užití main a chief je jen zčásti idiomatické; main road / gate / point / interest, chief
hope / crop;
• chief v titulech označuje nejvyšší hodnost: chief constable / inspector / priest.
• Principal je knižní výraz: principal need / river.
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Week - feeble - faint (slabý)

• Weak je neutrální výraz: weak eyes / heart, the weaker sex, be weak in / at English,
my legs feel weak, be weak from an illness.
• Feeble znamená „nedostatečný": feeble cry / effort / joke / light, feel feeble (zejm.
slabý stářím), feebleminded slabého ducha.
• Faint označuje velmi slabou intenzitu, může odpovídat českému „slabounký": faint
sound; znamená i tělesně velmi slabý: feel faint (cítit se na omdlení).
frail - fragile - brittle (křehký)

• Frail oproti fragile implikuje navíc ůtlost. Fragile znamená prostě „rozbitný" (např.
jako výstraha na nálepce při přepravě zboží). Srovnejte s tím frail teacup, frail old
man.
• Brittle zdůrazňuje snadnou lámatelnost a může se užít i o těžké hmotě, glass /
marble / cast iron is brittle.
damp - moist - humid (vlhký)

• Damp znamená „nepříjemně vlhký": Rooms with damp walls are unhealthy.
• Moist je spíše příjemně vlhký: You can breathe better when the air in the room / is
moist rather than dry. We often moisten our lips while speaking.
• Humid se vztahuje na atmosférickou vlhkost. The humidity of the air makes it hard
to work.
dirty - filthy - squalid - sordid (špinavý)

• Dirty je neutrální výraz; zdůrazfiuje-li se výsledek procesu umazání, zašpinění, užije
se soiled.
• Filthy znamená „odporně, hnusně špinavý": filthy clothesi / boots / rags / room
• Squalid [skwolid] implikuje zanedbanost: squalid room.
• Sordid se pojí s abstrakty: sordid living conditions, sordid business, sordid affairs
(nechutná záležitost).
quick - fast - swift - rapid (rychlý)

• Quick implikuje čilost, hbitost, obratnost (quick player) nebo rychlé ukončení
činnosti (quick answer / drink / learner).
• Fast se vztahuje ke způsobu přepravy osob, zvířat, vozidel: runner / animal / car /
train.
• Swift je literání výraz: swift change of mood, swift fading of autumn, swift
transition.
• Rapid charakterizuje sám proces pohybu a užívá se zejména s abstrakty: rapid
improvement / journet / results / recovery / work, in rapid succession v rychlém sledu
po sobě. Někdy se může užít kterýkoli z těchto výrazů, např. u worker.
back - rear - hind (zadní)
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• Back je bezpříznakový výraz: back door / room.

• Rear implikuje „za v protikladu s předním": rear end / light / wheel / window.
• Hind se užívá jen o zadních nohou zvěře: hind legs.
mature - ripe (zralý)

• Mature oproti ripe vyjadřuje zralost v přeneseném slova smyslu: ripe corn /
tomatoes - mature artist / judgement.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Choose the right word:

1. a (high, tall) man; 2. a peak 3,000 metres (high, tall); 3. a (broad, wide) margin; 4. a
(big, great) musician; 5. an (enormous, vast) lake; 6. an (enormous, huge) distance; 7.
a (huge, immense) man; 8. (Central, Middle) Europe; 9. a (medium, middle) distance
runner; 10. Greenwich (mean, medium) time; 11. textbooks for (mean, intermediate)
students; 12. the (chief, main) inspector; 13. feel (feeble, weak) from flu; 14. a (weak,
feeble) light; 15. a (faint, weak) heart; 16. a (faint, feeble) echo; 17. put a (Fragile,
Frail) label on a parcel; 18. marble is (brittle, frail); 19. move away from a (damp,
moist) flat; 20. (dampen, moisten) one's lips; 21. a (dirty, sordid) business; 22. a (dirty,
squalid) shirt; 23. a (fast, quick) car; 24. a (fast, rapid) animal; 25. a (fast, quick)
answer; 26. (back, rear) wheels; 27. (mature, ripe) oranges; 28. a (mature, ripe) play.
2. Odd man out from the series of synonyms:

1. noted - distinguished - neglected - famous - celebrated - well-known; 2. indifferent -
intrepid - courageous - bold; 3. odd - strange - scared - peculiar - queer; 4. cheerful -
carefree - merry - grim.
____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 31 INTERFERENCE Politeness
Chybné: How are you? - *Thanks, fine. *Thank you, fine.

Proč: V odpovědi na otázku „Jak se daří?" má výraz „děkuji" stát na konci
věty. Tedy I'm fine, thanks. I'm much better, thank you.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I can't move the table. * Could you help me?

Proč: Chybí please; doporučuje se připojit i ke zdvořilé žádosti s tvarem could.
V psané podobě je please odděleno čárkou, jen když stojí na konci věty;
na začátku věty je bez čárky.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Are you coming with us?- *Of course. Samozřejmě. Ovšem.
Proč: Of course zní hrubě v odpovědi na dotaz, žádost o informaci. Na místě je
užít: I'd love to. nebo Certainly. Naproti tomu je of course vhodné jako
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odpověď na prosbu: Can you help me, please? - Yes, of course.

(Implikuje „Ovšem, jak se můžeš ptát?")
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cybné: Excuse me, *madam ... (dotaz k cizí ženě)

Proč: Madam se přestává užívat, přežívá jen u zdvořilých policistů a
prodavačů.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * Waiter ... Pane vrchní,...

Proč: Oslovení Waiter je možné, ale mnohem častější je Excuse me.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: * Would you be so kind as to ...

Proč: Tato formulace dnes zní více sarkasticky než prosebně. Tedy: Do you
think you could...? nebo Would you ...? Could you please ...?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Think out five questions to which the suitable response is "Of course", and five
that can be answered "Certainly", or "I'd love to".
2. What's the proper response to "How are you?" What's wrong with addressing
people "Officer", "Driver", and "Waiter"?
3. What´s wrong with addressing people: „Officer“, „Driver“, „Waiter“
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 32 CONSERVATION AP2
CONSERVATION IN BRITAIN
Two Countryside Commissions - one for England and Wales, the other for Scotland
- are responsible for encouraging and promoting measures to conserve and enhance the
natural beauty of the country. Ten national parks have been established covering 9 per
cent of the area of England and Wales, and over thirty areas of outstanding natural
beauty have been designated, covering another 9 per cent. In Scotland there are no
national parks as such, but there are forty "national scenic areas". There are, in
addition, seven forest parks in Britain, where camping and other recreational facilities
are provided. The commissions encourage the provision or improvement of
recreational paths, tree-planting schemes, the removal of eyesores, and the increased
use of reservoirs, canals, and other waterways for bathing, sailing, and other activities.
All national parks have warden services, information centres, car parks, and camping
and caravan sites. Some two hundred picnic sites within easy reach of towns have been
recognized. Local authorities have declared local nature reserves. Nature conservation
trusts and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have established between them
some twelve hundred reserves. This society, with more than four hundred thousand
members, is the largest voluntary wildlife conservation body in Europe. The Wildlife
and Countryside Act 1981 extended the list of protected, species.
_____________________________________________________________________
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conservation ochrana (uchování); wildlife conservation ochrana přírody, designate

vyznačit; enhance [in'ha:ns]zvýšit; eyesore ohyzdnost; nature reserve přírodní
rezervace
_____________________________________________________________________
TREES ARE BETTER SEEN FROM A DISTANCE
Most gardens are too small to have room for a single big tree. As the centre of the
lawn needs to be kept open, the only place for trees is round the edge, and here the
neighbours should be taken into account, particularly those who have to live in the
shade of your planting. So enthusiasts for large trees will be unable to possess a single
one.
But a colleague of mine collects lighthouses. He visits and photographs them and
keeps postcards of them. He has not a single lighthouse in his garden, I´m fairly sure.
Some people collect waterfalls in the same way, and many of us are avid collectors of
cathedrals. Tree people do not have to grow trees, although it is nice for them to be
able to. Let no one who happens not to own rolling acres be put off.
George Greville, of Springfield, Hampshire, acquired an intense addiction to big

trees after the war, when his father's estate - which had been used during the war as an
aerodrome - was returned to him without a single copse. His immediate reaction was
that, however much he could now plant trees, he would never possess the huge and
venerable specimens that he admired so much. But no use moaning about it, he said to
himself, and so he got on his bike and went and looked at other people's trees. He has
found, measured, and photographed hundreds of fine trees: superb oaks, alders, even a
couple of rare trees such as redwoods and giant sequoias. Now he believes that it could
even be an advantage not to have trees of one's own. Gardeners usually have no time
to see trees in other people's gardens.
_____________________________________________________________________
addiction to st náklonnost k něčemu; copse ( = coppice) porost, mlází, aerodrome -
[eErEdrEum] brit. letiště (zejm. polní); avid horlivý, dychtivý; moan naříkat; roll vlnit
se (krajina)
_____________________________________________________________________
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Ecology runs counter to some old ways of thinking of Western man. We speak of
man's conquest of Nature. Ecology tells us we are dependent for our wellbeing and
even survival upon systems in which Nature obeys not our rules but its own. We
believe in limitless growth (or did until recently). Ecology tells us all growth is
limited. We say that man can adapt to almost anything. Ecology tells us that as we
adapt to dirt, pollution, and noise, something perhaps worse than extinction will take
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place - a progressive degradation of the quality of human life. Ecologists are

accustomed to looking at nature as a system and they point out that man in the
"struggle for existence" cannot afford to triumph too completely. Winning the war
against insect pests causing damage to crops has led to fewer birds in the countryside
and more DDT in the streams. In the USA, sfter years of spraying pesticides to kill
insects, they have come close to wiping out their national symbol, the bald eagle. In
Florida many swamplands have been drained, thus reducing the outflow of fresh water
into estuaries, with the result that salinity has increased in the swamps, thereby
damaging environments for fish. An ecologist once said that the ecosystem is not only
more complex than we think, it is more complex than we can think. The first law of
ecology is that everything is related to everything else.
There are two forms of suicide for an advanced industrial society: a nuclear war, and
a slower but equally sure extinction through the exhaustion of the earth's fossil fuels
and mineral resources and the destruction of the natural environment, through the
pollution of water and the atmosphere, the destruction of the forests and plant life that
we depend upon for the re-creation of oxygen, and the exhaustion of fertile topsoil as a
result of greedy farming methods.
Tomorrow's world must be a conserving world. There will have to be radical

changes in marketing and in consumer attitudes. We shall have to be content with
things lasting longer; change for change's sake will be unacceptable, and fashion will
be an unnecessary luxury in the 21st century. Fewer things will be made and they will
last very much longer and be cherished and repaired rather than thrown away. Only the
most suitable materials will be used. Otherwise the countries of the world will have to
resort to war to get a large enough share of the remaining raw materials. Entirely new
methods must be developed for recycling the products of technology and agriculture. It
is no longer possible to incinerate all organic wastes, to dump them into water, or to
use them as land fill.
Our control of air and water pollution is still limited. We have learned from the 19th
century sanitarians how to detect and control the contamination of water by bacteria.
But water pollution is now chiefly chemical in nature: even the clear water in most of
our city reservoirs now contains chemical substances that may be harmful to health.
Recent discoveries suggest that the mineral composition of water has an effect on the
rate of heart disease, and it would not be surprising to learn that other chemical
contaminants of water have undesirable biological effects. The same holds for air
pollution due to the emission of soot, carbon monoxide, and sulphur dioxide. The
effects of air contaminants on human beings and on ecological systems have not been
determined beyond the elementary stage. Ecologists do not exaggerate when they call
their work a race for survival.
Perhaps a fitting motto for the new science of ecology might be the following
quotation from Henry David Thoreau: "What is the use of a house if you haven't got a
tolerable planet to put it on?"
_____________________________________________________________________
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bald eagle [,bo:ld 'i:gl] americký orel, orel bělohlavý (symbol ve státním znaku USA);
carbon monoxide [,ka:bEn mE'noksaid] kysličník uhelnatý; cherish st vážit si
něčeho; contaminant [kEn'tAminEnt] znečišťující látka; dump odhodit; emission
[i'misn] emise, vypouštění; incinerate [in'sinEreit] spálit, zpopelnit; land fill zavážka;
marketing marketink, tržní hospodářství; pest škůdce, insect pest škodlivý hmyz;
recycle [,ri:'saikl] znovu zpracovat (použitý materiál); salinity [sElinEti] obsah soli,
slanost; sanitarian [,sAniCteEriEn] hygienik, sulphur, amer. sulfur [salfE] síra;
sulphur dioxide [dai'oksaid] kysličník siřičitý; wipe out vyhubit, vyhladit
Thorcau, Henry David [So:rEu] (1817-62) American poet, naturalist, and essayist,
he is best known jor "Waiden" (1854), an account of his experiment in living alone at
Walden Pond, near Concord [koNkEd]. Massachusetts, to observe the life of the
woods
_____________________________________________________________________
CONVERSATIONS WITH A GORILLA
Apes are one of the most endangered animal species on the earth. This fact has
stimulated some intensified research into their "way of life" and the possibility of
communicating with them. This is a shortened account of some I rather extraordinary
research carried out by Francine Patterson that appeared in the National Geographic
Magazine.
Enrolling at Stanford as a graduate student, I chose nonhuman primates rather than

children for my research. I became familiar with the work of R.P. Allen and Beatrice
Gardner, well-known for their success in an area where others had failed - in two-way
communication with a chimpanzee. Their breakthrough was to perceive that the
chimp's difficulty in acquiring language might not be stupidity, but rather an inability
to control lips and tongue. So they decided to try to teach Washoe (that was the name
of their female chimpanzee) America Sign Language, used by an estimated two
hundred thousand deaf Americans. The language consists of gestures, each of which
signifies a word or idea. Washoe learned eight times the number of words that another
chimpanzee, the subject of a traditional speaking experiment, learned to utter in the
first twenty-two months. After four years of Project Washoe, the chimp had acquired
132 signs and was able to use them in combinations similar to those employed by
children during the first stages of learning to talk.
After spending nine months learning the sign language, I asked the San Francisco
zoo for a one-year-old gorilla. At first, every time I took Koko's hands to mold a sign,
she would try to bite me. Some of my colleagues questioned the gorilla's dexterity as
compared with the chimpanzee's, others were skeptical about the animal's intellect. But
I believed that the gorilla, while being inferior to the chimpanzee in ability to use and
make implements and to operate mechanisms, possesses higher intelligence than any
other ape.
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The first two signs Koko learned, within the first few weeks, were for "drink" and
"more". Every day from the start I recorded her signing as well as her casual signing
on videotape and film. Vocabulary development is one of the best indexes of human
intelligence. Koko's vocabulary grew at a remarkable pace. In the first thirty-six
months of training, she was reliably using 184 signs, that is, she used them
spontaneously at least once a day, fifteen days out of the month. By the age of six and
a half years she had used 645 different signs, but her current working vocabulary
stands at about 375.
Koko's mobile home situated on the Stanford University campus contains a kitchen,
living room, hallway, small bedroom, bathroom, and master bedroom. After four years
a young male gorilla, Michael, arrived to live with us. So far, Mike's vocabulary is
only thirty-five signs and he doesn't always sign fast enough for Koko, so that she
often adds the sign "hurry" when speaking to him, e.g. "Do visit Koko hurry" or "Mike
think hurry". When Mike chooses the correct sign, she praises him with "Good know
Mike".
Koko has a sense of past and future ("first", "then", "later"). "Tell me what you did,"
I demanded one day. "Later; me drink," was Koko's reply. She can describe, like the
chimps, objects for which she has no sign, calling e.g. swans "water birds", or a zebra
"white tiger". She can define objects: "What do you do with a stove, Koko?" - "Cook
with." "What is an orange?" - "Food, drink."
She has remembrance of events and emotions. Once she broke the sink and later she
signed "Koko there bad". Three days after she bit me, I cross-examined her; "What did
you do to me?" - "Bite." (at the time of the incident she called it a scratch). "You admit
it?" - "Sorry bite." Then I showed her another mark in my hand, a scratch but not from
her, and she said: "Wrong bite." I asked her: "Why bite?" She answered: "Because
mad." - "Why mad?" - "I don't know."
When scolded, she puts her hands to her head: sign "trouble". Or sometimes,
"Trouble again." Sometimes she is punished by being banished to the punishment
corner. Later she turns around and signs that she is sorry and asks for a hug. She hates
alligators, though she has never seen a real one. The sign for the alligator is two palms
together in imitation of an alligator's closing jaws. Koko sometimes resorts'to scare
tactics. When a girl was slow in delivery of a snack. Koko reacted by signing
"Alligator chase girl". She has words for insults - bird, nut, dirty toilet. She can use
evasion: once she removed a chopstick from a drawer and tried to poke a hole
through the screen on the window. Discovered, she pretended to smoke the chopstick
and signed "I'm smoking."
She has a sense of identity. When she looks at some picture of gorillas, she points
correctly to the pictures of Mike and herself and signs "Think that Michael." "Think
that me." She has even learned self-esteem. When a reporter asked her: "Are you an
animal or a person?" Koko's instant reponse was "Fine animal gorilla."
_____________________________________________________________________
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alligator [,eligeitE] aligátor: ape lidoop; banish zahnat, zapudit; chimpanzee

[,čimpenzi:], hovor. chimp šimpanz; chopstick jídelní tyčinka (čínská); dexterity
obratnost; gorila [gECrilE] gorila; hug obejmutí; index ukazatel; jaw čelist; modifier
přívlastek; mold amer, formovat (brit. mould); palm dlaň; poke a hole prorazit díru;
scare tactics mn.č zastrašovací taktika; scratch škrábnutí; sign vytvářet znaky,
signalizovat: swan [swon] labuť
Koko [kEukEu], Stanford [stasnfEd] private university at Stanford, California, near
San Francisco; Washoe [wošEu]
_____________________________________________________________________
1. lighthouse; 2. sequoia; 3. eyesore; 4. estuary; 5. struggle for existence; 6 greedy
farming methods; 7. recycling; 8. sign language; 9. chopsticks; 10. be banished to the
punishment corner.
2. Enumerate:
1. various types of protected areas; 2. some services found in national parks; 3. all the
trees whose names you know in English.

1. Areas of outstanding natural beauty.
2. The beauty of trees.
3. The consequences of rapid industrial growth.
4. Fashion and waste.
5. Man's war against insect pests.
6. Water pollution.
7. Attempts at two-way communication with chimpanzees.
8. A portrait of Koko, an "educated" gorilla.
1. How much did you hear about ecology at secondary school? 2. Where in the
surroundings of your hometown can you fish? 3. What do you consider to be the main
threats to the environment in present-day society? 4. What specific recommendations
would you make to improve the environment in the region where you live? 5. Have
you read anything by the author Gerald Durrell? 6. How much do you contribute to the
recycling of materials? 7. Would you have the patience to tram an ape to communicate
with humans?
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY PŘÍPONY
Adjektiva končící na -ic a -ical v některých případech nejsou synonymní (příkladem

na synonymitu může být analytic / analytical).
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• Historical implikuje, že něco se v minulosti skutečně událo: historical character /

event; historické události popisuje historical novel. Historie se užije o historicky
významné události, na kterou se vzpomíná či bude v dějinách vzpomínat; historic
times, historická budova je historic building.
• Classic „klasický" se užívá pro vzor nebo příklad: classic comedy / example.
Classical je vhodné, jde-h o navázání na antiku nebo o protiklad s romantickým:
classical education / fashion. Classical music má nejčastěji český ekvivalent „vážná
hudba“
• Economic znamená hospodářský, economical hospodárný.
• Comical na rozdíl od comic je mírně pejorativní.
Je-li něco produkováno nebo poháněno elektřinou nebo ji produkuje označí se
adjektivem electric (např. light, clock, shock, generator, chair, fence). Jde-li o
volnější souvislost (např. elektrické povahy nebo pracující s elektřinou), užije se tvar
electrical (např. fault, engineer); též electrical appliances / devices.
Rozdíl mezi adjektivy typu gold - golden je založen na rozdílu konkrétní – abstraktní,
tj. vyroben z materiálu - připomínající materiál. Golden lze však užít pro obojí.
Srovnejte gold dust / watch - golden age / jubilee / rule / wedding.
Přívlastky typu Africa a African se liší tím, že v prvém případě jde o Afriku jako např.
předmět studia, v druhém o původ z Afriky.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Decide between the two forms for each noun:

1. historic - historical: event, figure, novel, occasion, research, scene; 2. classic-
classical: literature, mistake; 3. comic - comical: hat, character, opera; 4. economic –
economical - assistance, car, growth, resources, situation; 5. electric-electrical:
appliances, clock, engineer, light, shock; 6. gold-golden, memories, watch; 7. lead-
leaden: pipe, sky; 8. silk-silken: skin, stocking; 9. Africa-African: Mr Novák, an ...
specialist, Mr Ngobo, an ... specialist.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 32 INTERFERENCE Prepositions
Chybné: Správné:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
knowledge *about st knowledge of st znalosti o něčem

discuss *about st discuss st diskutovat o něčem
I´m *after breakfast, I've had breakfast. Jsem po snídani.
end *by divorce end in divorce skončit rozvodem
sense *for humour sense of humour smysl pro humor
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
typical *for sl/sb typical of st / sb typický pro něco / někoho
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spend money *for st spend money on st utrácet za něco

west *from west of západně od
*in television on television v televizi
visit *in a country visit to a country návštěva v zemi
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
reason *of st reason for st důvod něčeho

crease*of population increase in population vzrůst počtu obyvatelstva
visitors *of a town visitors to a town návštěvnici města
view *on st view of st výhled na něco
invite *on a party invite to a party pozvat na večírek
think only *on oneself think only of oneself myslet jen na sebe
*on a high level at a high level na vysoké úrovni
*on the picture / sky in the picture / sky na obraze / obloze
hatred *to st hatred for / of st nenávist k něčemu
arrive *to a town arrive in / at a town přijet do města
love *to sb love for sb láska k někomu
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
substitute *A with st substitute st for A nahradit A něčím

deal *with cars deal in cars obchodovat s auty
pay *it pay for it (e.g. lunch, a dress) zaplatit to,
ale pay the bill
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He's acting *as a fool. He's acting like a fool. Chová se jako blázen.
He's the same *like his brother. He's the same as his brother. Je stejný jako jeho
bratr.
I worked *like a postman in the holidays. I worked as a postman ...
O prázdninách jsem pracoval jako listonoš.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Fill in the prepositions (where necessary):

1. a thorough knowledge . . philosophy; 2. discuss... world affairs; 3. It was typical...
him to be so polite. 4. What did you spend all that money... ? 5. end.., a quarrel; 6.
west... the French coast; 7. reasons ... being in debt; 8. visitors... the flower show; 9.
think only ... one's family; 10. a view ... the mountains; 11. his hatred ... her; 12. his
love ... Mary; 13. Who's that girl... the picture? 14. Stop acting... a fool. 15. She's the
same ... her sister. 16. Someone will have to pay ... it. 17. It's my turn now to pay ... the
bill. 18. She worked ... a traffic warden in the vacations. 19. I can't understand why the
marriage ended ... divorce. 20. John Smith deals ... furniture.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 33 SCIENCE AP2
WHO'S WHO IN SCIENCE
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Sir William Harvey (1578-1657), physician to James I and Charles I, discovered and
convincingly demonstrated the circulation of the blood, showing that it was caused by
the muscular action of the heart.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher.

His Principia Mathematica (1687) explained for the first time through a single
mathematical law the phenomena of the universe, the tides, and f the motion of objects
on the earth. From 1703 until his death he was President of the Royal Society. He was
buried in Westminster Abbey.
Edmund Halley (1656-1742), astronomer, was the first to predict the return of a
comet (since known as Halley's comet). He made contributions to the study of the
moon and the motion of the stars and of Venus, and produced the first catalogue of
stars visible in the southern hemisphere (drawing on his own observations on St
Helena).
James Watt (1736-1819), Scottish inventor, developed a new type of steam engine of
much greater efficiency than the previous types.
Robert Fulton (1765-1815), American engineer and inventor. He pioneered steam

navigation with his Clermont, the first commercially successful steamboat (1807). He
experimented with submarines (the Nautilus) and torpedoes, and built the Fulton, the
first steam warship.
George Stephenson (1781-1848), British engineer. He constructed the first successful

steam locomotive (1814) and built the first British passenger railway.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867), English physical scientist. He is known especially for

the discovery of the transformation of energy from mechanical to electrical, which led
to the later discovery of the electric generator.
Charles Darwin (1809-82). As official naturalist on the survey vessel HMS Beagle he
sailed round the world (1831-6). This started the work of investigation that led to his
theory of evolution, published as On the Origin of Species by means of Natural
Selection - the many species of living creatures are not the pult of acts of creation, but
have developed from slight differences in individuals due to their special surroundings
and their struggle for existence. The 1st edition of his work in 1859 was sold out on
publication day and caused an uproar; the theory was interpreted as saying that we
were descended from monkeys and the Church took it as an attack on the validity of
the Scriptures. But Darwin lived to see his theories widely accepted.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), British physicist. His major echievements included

the identification of particles and rays in radioactive decay, the discovery of the atomic
nucleus (1909), and the artificial transmutation of one element ttp another. He was
awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1908).
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Albert Einstein (1879-1955), mathematical physicist of German birth, naturalized

American (1940). He profoundly influenced science in many fields, but ist best known
for his enunciation of the theory of relativity. He is also distinguished for his work for
peace and justice. Nobel Prize in physics (1921).
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), Scottish bacteriologist. He was best known for
his discovery of penicilin. Nobel Prize in medicine (1945).
James D. Watson (1928-), American biologist. When working in 1951-53 in Britain

at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, in collaboration with Francis Crick and
Maurice Wilkins he discovered the structure of DNA - the molecule of heredity - so
that now it is known how the forms of life are passed on in the cells of the double helix
from the parents to the next generation. This major scientific advance in genetics led to
the awarding of the 1962 Nobel Prize to the team, and to genetic engineering - an
American discovery in the 1970s.
_____________________________________________________________________
decay [dikei] rozpad; draw on st využívat něco; enunciation [i,nansi' eišn] vyslovení,
formulováni; genetic engineering genetické inženýrství; genetics [dži'netiks] j.č.
genetika; helix [hi:liks], mn.č. helices [hi:lisi:z] n. helixes závitnice; muscular action
svalová činnost; penicilin [,peni´silin] penicilin; ray paprsek; the Scriptures
[skripčEz] mn.č. Písmo (svaté); transmutation přeměna; uproar povyk
Beagle [bi:gl] from "beagle", a type of hunting dog with targe ears, used in the
hunting of hares; Clermont [klE:mont]; Einstein [ainstain]; Faraday [fArEdei];
Fulton [fultEn]; Halley [hAli], Isaac [aizEk]; Nautilus [no:tilEs] from "nautilus"
(loděnka), a type of mollusc which lives in a spiral-shaped shell; Rutherford
[raDEfEd]; Stephenson [sti:vEnsEn]; St Helena [sEnt hECli:nE, ,senti'li:nE]; Watt
[wot]
_____________________________________________________________________
NOBEL PRIZE AWARDING CEREMONY
The Deputy Chairman of the board of the Nobel Foundation opened the 1982 Nobel
Prize awarding ceremony in Stockholm on Friday. He addressed the seven winners of
the Nobel Prizes in science and literature in Stockholm's Concert Hall, packed with
some 1,750 guests. The Swedish king, Carl Gustaf XVI, handed the prizes to the
Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Márquez and the other six laureates (two Americans,
two Swedes, two Britons) amid trumpet s fanfares. The winners of the 1994 Nobel
Peace Prize were the two statesmen, former enemies, who signed the peace treaty
between the Palestinians and the Israelis.
_____________________________________________________________________
Colombian [kE'lambiEn] kolumbijský; fanfares [fAnfeEz] fanfáry, foundation
nadace; laureate [lo:riEt] laureát
_____________________________________________________________________
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FROM A SMALL DISTANT WORLD
A thousand million years from now all the things we know and love on Earth will
have long ceased to exist. But perhaps at that time, for someone far out in
unimaginably distant interstellar space, life on Earth will appear just as it was in 1977.
When the Voyager I and Voyager II spacecraft were launched in August and
September 1977 from the Kennedy Space Center, a twelve-inch copper disc portraying
20th-century Earth and its inhabitants through sounds and electronic symbols was
placed aboard each of the ships. In 1989, after the two probes had finished a detailed
scientific investigation of Jupiter, the ringed planet Saturn, eleven of their moons, the
planet Uranus and its moohs, and the planet Neptune, the Voyagers' odyssey as
messengers from Earth beyond the soar system began. If millions of years hence, an
advanced space fa ring civilization should come across the spacecraft in interstellar
space, they will have a great deal of information to puzzle over.
The record begins with 115 photographs and diagrams in analog form, depicting the
mathematics, chemistry, geology, and biology of the Earth, photographs of human
beings of many countries, and some hint of the richness of our varied civilizations.
Included are schematic diagrams of the solar systems, its dimensions and its location
in the Milky Way galaxy, descriptions of DNA and the human chromosome, and
photographs of Earth, the Voyager launch vehicle, a large radio telescope, and human
beings as a fetus, at birth, as a nursing child, and in a family portrait.
The spoken part of the record includes greetings in fifty-five human languages, from
ancient Sumerian to modern Czech. The United Nations Secretary General is also
recorded, saying in English: "I send greetings on behalf of the people of our planet.
We step out of our solar system into the universe seeking only peace and friendship -
to teach if we are called upon, to be taught if we are fortunate. We know full well that
our planet and all its inhabitants are but a small part of the immense universe that
surrounds us. It is with humility and hope that we take this step."
The Voyager record text includes a sound essay: the chirping of birds, the barking of
dogs, footsteps, laughter, an automobile starting up, and a baby's cry can be heard.
Heartbeats, a train whistle, and the sound of a kiss are also recorded. For ninety
minutes of the two-hour record, musical selections that include almost every cultural
tradition are played. Included is ethnic music from: Senegal, Australia, Zaire, Peru,
Bulgaria, and Azerbaijan as well as American jazz and rock and roll. In the classical
repertoire there are compositions by Bach, Beethoven, Mozart and Stravinsky, as well
as Javanese, Indian, Japanese and Chinese music.
Because of the aluminum cover and the emptiness of interstellar space, the record is
likely to survive more than a billion years. Thus it represents not only a message into
space but also a message into time. The American President declared in his electronic
message: "This is a present from a small distant world, a token of our sounds, our
science, our images, our music, our thoughts, and our feelings. We are attempting to
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survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope some day, having solved the
problems we face, to join a community of galactic civilizations. This record represents
our hope and our determination, and our good will in a vast and awesome universe."
Carl Sagan, the astronomer who first thought of the idea of the record, has
commented. "The launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean is a vivid
demonstration that for mankind home is Earth, not just a particular region of it."
_____________________________________________________________________
aluminum [E'lu:minEam] amer.. aluminium [,Alju'miniEm] brit. hliník; analog
[AnElog] analogový (s převodem číslic a jiných proměnlivých hodnot na fyzikální
veličiny); awesome [o:sEm] děsivý, naplňující úctou a bázní; chirp cvrlikat;
chromosome [krEumEsEum] chromozóm; DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribonukleová kyselina; fetus [fi:tEs] plod; hence za, od této chvíle; humility
pokora; inscribe zapsat; interstellar mezihvězdný; Javanese [,dža:vEa'ni:z] jávský;
know full well velmi dobře vědět, uvědomovat si; launch wehicle nosná raketa; the
Milky Way Mléčná dráha; nursing child kojenec; odyssey [odisi] odysea; probe
sonda; puzzle lámat si hlavu; ringed opatřený prstenci; schematic [skiCmAtik]
schematický; spacefaring cestující vesmírem; sound essay zvuková esej; start up
rozjíždět se; Sumerian [su'mi:EriEn] sumerštína; token ukázka; unimaginably
nepředstavitelně
Peru [pE'ru:]; Sagan,Carl [,ka:l'seigEn] (1934-) American astronomer and

popularizer of the exploration of space; Senegal [,seni´go:l]; Zaire [za:'iE]
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Complete the sentences:

1. Harvey discovered... 2. Newton explained through a single law... 3. Halley predicted
... 4. Watt developed ... 5. Fulton pioneered ... 6. Stephenson constructed ... 7. Faraday
learned to transform... 8. Darwin formulated the theory of ... 9. Rutherford
experimented with ... 10. Einstein is best known for ... 11. Fleming was awarded the
Nobel Prize for ...
2. Associate each invention or idea with a name:

1. the motion of the stars; 2. the tides; 3. torpedoes; 4. the passenger railway; 5. the
electric generator; 6. the struggle for existence; 7. the atomic nucleus; 8. bacteria; 9.
space travel.
3. Explain the names and terms:

1. St Helena; 2. the Nautilus; 3. HMS Beagle; 4. the Scriptures; 5. penicillin; 6. a
naturalized American; 7. the Nobel foundation; 8. the Kennedy Space Center; 9. DNA;
10. the Milky Way.
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1. Which inventions have captured your imagination most? 2. How does science and
technology afTect your own life? 3. Have you ever taken penicillin when you were ill?
4. Do you agree that the development of speech, the use of fire, agriculture, and
pottery are the four most important prerequisites of civilization? 5. Why has the
invention of writing been indispensable for the further development of mankind? 6. Is
anyone in your family (or among your relatives) involved in some branch of science or
technology?
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY SYNONYMA II
Rozlišujte částečně synonymní substantiva:
journey - trip - way - tour (cesta)

• Journey implikuje delší cestování po souši: make a long (train) journey, break
one's journey.
• Trip implikuje, že jde o určitý cíl nebo účel: go on a trip to the USA, i make a
business trip. (Jde-li o kratší zábavnou cestu, anglickému trip odpovídá český výraz
„výlet".)
• Way naznačuje vzdálenost a směr: It's a long way to... Is, this the right way to...?
Way out. (Východ.)
• Tour implikuje cestování po různých, místech: a tour of Europe cesta po Evropě;
může mu odpovídat i český výrazs „zájezd (do Evropy)".
shortage - lack - shortcoming (nedostatek)

• Shortage označuje přechodný nedostatek, nedostupnost něčeho: a shortage water in
the summer months.
• Lack vyjadřuje úplnou nepřítomnost: the lack water in this part of the Sahara.
• Shortcoming znamená nedostatek ve smyslu „závada" (defect): overcome the
shortcomings; My friend's main shortcoming is his lack of dependability.
freedom - liberty (svoboda)

• Liberty je slavnostnější a knižnější výraz pro svobodu než freedom a netýká se jen
jednotlivce: his wife has complete freedom; freedom from want and freedom from fear;
fight for freedom; erect the Statue of Liberty. V obdobném vztahu jsou slovesa
„osvobodit": (set) free a prisoner / captive (man) - liberate a country.
enmity - hostility (nepřátelství)

• Enmity vyjadřuje nepřátelský vztah, hostility implikuje větší aktivitu v tomto
vztahu: meet with hostility setkat se s projevy nepřátelství. Množné číslo hostilities
znamená stav války, válečné akce: hostilities have broken out between ...
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fame - glory (sláva)

• Fame implikuje poctu, proslulost: his fame as a scientist; think only about fame and
money.
• Glory více implikuje patos slávy: fight for glory, not money.
spectator - viewer - onlooker (divák)

• Spectator je divák na představení (v množném čísle „diváci" by se užilo spíše -
výrazu audience).
• Viewer je divák u obrazovky.
• Onlooker je divák náhodně i něčemu přihlížející, „čumil".
_____________________________________________________________________

1. go on a business (trip, way); 2. a (tour, trip) of the Balkan countries; 3. during our
(journey, way); 4. There's often a (lack, shortage) of spare parts here. 5. He tried to
overcome his (shortages, shortcomings). 6. such (onlooker, spectator) sports as racing
and professional football.
2. Distinguish the "container" words from each other by taking into account the
material, !." shape (including with / without lid, handle, spout), size, function
(storing, pouring, h decoration, etc.), and the substance for which the container Is
normally used:
barrel - bottle - bowl - bucket - can - canteen - cistern - cup - flask - glass - jar - jug -
pail - pitcher - pot - tub - urn – vase
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 33 Interference Appraisal
Chybné: The food was very *fine. Jídlo bylo velmi dobré. We went to a *fine
concert.
Proč: Fine se užívá jen o pocitu zdraví (I feel fine today.), o počasí (It's fine
today.), o krásných věcech (wear fine clothes), o souhlase (Is it
comfortable / all right? Yes, it's fine.). O potravě však nutno říci
delicious (nikdy ne *very delicious), o zábavě very good nebo
enjoyable. Tedy: We went to a very good concert, nebo The concert was
very enjoyable.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: The meat was very * tasteful. Maso bylo velice chutné.
Proč: Tasteful znamená „vkusný" .Tedy The meat was delicious / very tasty.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I like *very much going to the pictures. Velmi rád chodím do kina.
406 / 474
Proč: Příslovce normálně nemá stát mezi slovesem a jeho předmětem. Tedy: I
like going to the pictures very much. Platí to i o jiných příslovcích, např
ne They *easily can do it Snadno to mohou udělat, nýbrž They can do it
easily
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: Jim and Bill are *so much similar (jsou si tak moc podobní) that it's
impossible to tell which is which.
Proč: Náležitá vazba je so much alike (that . ) nebo so similar (that. .)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: He bought a *so-cailed (takzvaný) backpack

Proč: So-called se v angličtině normálně neužívá, až na případy, kdy uvádíme
neznámý, nebo málo užívaný nebo mluvčím nepřijímaný výraz, je zde
přítomný odstín nedůvěry v přesnost výrazu, takže tím někdy vyjádříme
zlehčení až pohrdání. Doporučuje se tedy so-called pokud možno vůbec
neužívat. Např. „Chodí do takzvaného gymnázia". He attends a
"gymnázium", which roughly corresponds to a grammar school in
England
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: *Important is to do it carefully. Důležité je udělat to pečlivě. *Interesting

are also his later novels.
Proč: Anglická věta nemá začínat přídavným jménem. Tedy: It is important to
do it carefully. The important thing is to do it carefully.
A druhý příklad: Also of interest are his later novels. Uvedenými
konstrukcemi se zachová aktuální členění větné členění.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: He's very *excited having to take an exam the next day. Je velmi
rozrušen, protože další den musí dělat zkoušku.
Proč: Excited implikuje radostné vzrušení, např He's very excited at the
thought of visiting the USA. Hořejší příklad však má znít: He's very
nervous / upset about having to take an exam nebo .. that he has to take
an exam.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: The film was *appreciated at a film festival in Venice. Film byl oceněn ..
Proč „Ocenit" ve významech „odměnit cenou" a „mít dobrou odezvu" není
appreciate. Toto sloveso je užito vhodně v kontextu / appreciate your
help. O filmu však třeba říci bud The film was awarded a prize / some
prizes (dostal-li ceny), nebo The film was regarded highly / was widely
praised / received high praise / (měl-li dobré kritiky v tisku). * Podobně
The boss thinks highly of I praises his work. Šéf si cení jehopráce.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: the *most favourite author, the * newest fashion; the *most known singer
Proč: Favourite se nedá stupňovat, tedy „nejoblíbenější autor" the favourite
author. „Nejnovější" se vyjadřuje jako „nejposlednější": the latest
fashion / news. A konečně known se stupňuje pomocí best, ne pomocí
most the best-known singer nejznámější zpěvák.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: That's *different. To je různé.
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Proč: Different znamená „různý" ve významu „odlišný". V kontextu „to je

různé" se zdůrazňuje rozmanitost. Proto It varies. Nebo (často,; chceme-
li říci „to záleží na okolnostech") It depends.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: The novel *has a big success. Román má velký úspěch.

Proč: Vazba zní The novel is a big success. Pozor v češtině na sloveso „mít,
mít pravdu be right; mít na sobě be wearing - mít naspěch be in a hurry;
mít štěstí be lucky, mít rád be fond of; mít hlad be hungry.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Correct the mistakes due to interference with Czech:

1. It was a fine concert, wasn't it? 2. The pie was very tasteful. 3.1 like very much
hiking. 4. Czech and Slovak are so much similar that we understand each other very
easily. 5 I attended the so-called Basic School. 6. Important is to be there m time 7. I'm
very excited about having to take that exam. 8. The film Closely Watched Trains was
appreciated at several film festivals 9. Who's your most favourite writer? 10. The play
hadn't a big success.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 34 EXPLORATION AP2
WHO DISCOVERED AMERICA?
Iceland and Ireland set off a heated General Assembly debate in the United Nations
when they challenged a Spanish-American resolution proposing to commemorate
Christopher Columbus as the discoverer of America. A resolution sponsored by thirty-
six nations including the USA, Cuba, Caribbean and Latin American nations, Spain,
and Italy, called for the UN to prepare a dignified commemoration on October
12,1992, of the 500th anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America. Columbus,
born in Genoa, sailed his Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria to the New World under the
Spanish flag. Ireland's ambassador offended Spanish and Latin American sensibilities
when he asked: "Is it not something of an exaggeration to speak so confidently of
Columbus's 1492 landing in San Salvador as the discovery of America?" Then he put
in an Irish claim to the discovery, referring to Irish chronicles of a transatlantic
crossing by Irish monks led by St Brendan in the 6th century. He hastened to add that
he did not want to begrudge Columbus his due but he questioned the wisdom of
celebrating the Columbus quincentenary. Then the Icelandic ambassador put in a claim
on behalf of Leif Ericson, a Viking who discovered "Vinland", now believed to have
been Newfoundland, in about the year 1000.
_____________________________________________________________________
begrudge [bi'gradž] sb st upírat někomu něco; challenge [čAlindž] st napadnout něco,
vzepřít se něčemu; heated debate prudká, vášnivá debata, put in a claim vznést nárok
Brendan [brendEn] an Irish abbot, said to have sailed westward to a wonderful island
in the ocean; the story occurs in most of the medieval literatures of Europe, died c.
408 / 474
577; Carribbean [(kAri' bi(:)En] karibský; Columbus, Christopher [,kristefE

kE'lambEs] (c 1451-1506) landed on San Salvador Island on 12 October 1492;
Ericson, Leif [,li:f 'eriksn] according to the "Saga of Eric the Red" Ericson on the
return journey from Norway to Greenland tn 1000 AD, blown off his course,
discovered Vinland, now variously identified as Labrador or Newfoundland; Genoa
[dženEuE] Janov; Greenland Grónsko; Viking [vaikiN]viking-one of the
Scandinavian warriors who raided the coasts of Europe, the British Isles, Iceland, and
Greenland in the 8th-l0th centuries, Vinland [vinlEnd]
_____________________________________________________________________
IN DEFENCE OF COLUMBUS
Much of 1992 was spent celebrating or decrying the Spanish colonization of

America. Latin America faced its biggest birthday, the quincentenary, with mixed
emotions. Some Latin Americans identified with an indigenous tradition and remarked
that Columbus makes Hitler look like a juvenile delinquent (on Salvador Dali's
painting The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus the ship's sails drip with
blood). Other Latin Americans are on the side of the conquistadors. Was 1992 worth
celebrating?
One myth is that 16th century was only atrocities, cruelty, and greed. The second
myth is that the New World was a kind of earthly paradise uncorrupted until Columbus
arrived. Every long-term historical change is a tragedy, not just a culture shock. And
no society is ever free of man's inhumanity to man, not even pre-Columbian America.
From a 20th-century perspective jt is easy to condemn the cultural vandalism that
burnt most of the sacred books of the Maya, demolished the buildings of Tenochtitlan,
and put an end to most nomadic habits. But all these practices had existed in South
America. Aztec reliefs contain scenes of the burning temples of vanquished
adversaries. The dedication of the main temple of the Aztec capital was reputedly
marked by the sacrifice of 80,000 human victims. The Incas resettled whole
populations in unfamiliar places and bodies of 20,000 slaughtered enemies are said to
have been thrown into a lake a few years before the Spaniards arrived. The Arawaks of
the Bahamas welcomed Columbus as a deliverer from the imperialism of the
neighbouring Caribs.
The Spanish did show some respect for the vanishing native cultures by attempting
to record their history and achievements. In their vandalism they meant well - to
remove the demonic heritage. The pax Hispanica was so comprehensive that an
unarmed mule train could cross early 16th-century Mexico. Beautiful churches were
built and Mexico City got its first printing press only a few years after Madrid.
Christian shrines could combine pre-conquest traditions with Christian religion (e.g.
Virgin Mother and Earth Mother).
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409 / 474
adversary [AdvEsri], amer. [AdvErsEri] protivník; atrocity [E'trosEati] ukrutnost,

zvěrstvo; conquistador [kon'kwistEdo:] konkvistador; decry [di'krai] ostře odsoudit;
dedication zasvěceni, deliverer osvoboditel, demonic [di'monik] démonický,
indigenous [in 'didžEnEs] domorodý, mule train karavana mezků s nákladem;
quincentenary [kwin'sentnEri] 500. výročí; reputedly údajně; vanquish [vANkwiš]
přemoci
Dali, Salvador (1904-1989) Spanish painter, lived in the U.S 1940-55
_____________________________________________________________________
CAPTAIN SCOTT
Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912) set sail in the Discovery in June 1910 on his
second Antarctic expedition and in November 1911 began his sledge journey to reach
the South Pole. Though delayed by bad weather, Scott and his four companions
reached the pole on 18 January 1912, only to find that they had been forestalled by
Amundsen. At the pole, in the midst of the waste of snow, stood a tent, with the
Norwegian flag flying above it. In the tent was a letter adressed to Scott saying:
"Welcome to 90 degrees. With kind regards. I wish you a safe return. Roald
Amundsen."
Disappointed, the British expedition set out on the return journey. It had taken them
seventy-six days to get there; though it was still the Antarctic summer, blizzards were
blowing, the ice was rough, and food was short. All this made traveiling very slow. In
February Evans broke down and died. Without him it was almost impossible for the
others to pull the sledge. The weather grew worse and they had not enough fuel to
warm their food. In March, Oates, who was too ill to travel further, walked out into a
blizzard, hoping by his sacrifice to save his companions. All of them, however,
perished on or about 27 March 1912.
In November 1912 a search party found Scott's tent, containing three bodies as well
as Scott's diaries, in which was given the full account of the journey and deaths of
Oates and Evans. Scott was the last to die. "We are weak," he wrote on the last page,
"writing is difficult, but for my own sake I do not regret this journey, which has shown
that Englishmen can endure hardship, help one another, and meet death with as great a
fortitude as ever in the past..."
The diary and letters were by Scott's side; there was no food whatever, but on the
sledge outside were still the rocks, fifteen kilograms in weight, for scientific study that
they had brought back from the pole. The body of Oates was never found, but
somewhere about the place where he went away they put up a heap of stones with the
words: "Hereabouts died a very gallant gentleman, Captain L. E. G. Oates, who, on the
return journey from the pole in March 1912, willingly walked to his death in a blizzard
to try to save his companions."
_____________________________________________________________________
410 / 474
endure [in'djuE] snášet; forestall [fo:'sto:l] předejít; fortitude sila ducha; gallant
statečný; hereabouts [,hiErECbauts] zde někde; search party pátrací výprava; walk
to one's death jit na smrt; willingly dobrovolně
Amundsen [a:mundsEn]; Evans [evenz], Falcon [fo:lkEn], Oates [Euts]
_____________________________________________________________________
WHO'S WHO IN EXPLORATION
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557), French navigator who made three voyages to Canada
(1534-42) and took possession of the country in the name of the French king. He
named the St Lawrence River and explored it as far as present-day Montreal.
Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-96), English sailor. In 1577-80 he circumnavigated the
globe in the Golden Hind. During his last expedition against the Spanish in the West
Indies he died of dysentery and was buned at sea.
Sir Walter Raleigh (c.1552-1618), English courtier and explorer. His attempts to
found settlements in Virginia were unsuccessful. Under James I he was imprisoned
(1603-16) in the Tower of London, where he wrote his history of the World. After the
failure of his second expedition to the Orinoco (1616) in search of gold he was
executed.
Henry Hudson (?-1611), English navigator. After unsuccessful attempts to find the
Northeast Passage, he began searching for the Northwest Passage. He explored the
Hudson River and Hudson Bay, where his crew mutinied, setting him and his little son
and seven sailors who volunteered out of loyalty adrift in, a small boat without food or
other necessities, to perish on the sea. His discoveries gave England her claim to the
Hudson Bay region.
Samuel de Champlain (c. 1567-1635), French explorer and colonizer. He explored

Lakes Huron and Ontario, founded the settlement of Quebec (1608) and a trading post,
Place Royale, later Montreal, and was the first governor of New France.
Captain James Cook (1728-79), English navigator and explorer. He led three
scientific expeditions to the southern hemisphere, making many discoveries in the
regions of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. He was the first to
penetrate the Antarctic Circle. He searched in vain for the Northwest Passage. He was
murdered by natives in Hawaii.
Sir John Franklin (1786-1847), English explorer. He explored the coastline of

northern Canada for some twenty-five years. In 1845 he set out to explore the
Northwest Passage, but the next year both his ships were caught in the ice. The men
were forced to spend two winters there and in the spring of 1848 they tried to make
their way overland to civilization, but of the entire expedition of 129 men, not one
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survived. It was the greatest tragedy in polar exploration (relics od the expedition were
only discovered by search parties in 1857).
David Livingstone (1813-73), Scottish missionary and explorer. When he began his
pioneering work, the map of central Africa was virtually a blank. His travels covered
one third of the continent. He crossed Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean,
and from the Cape across the Kalahari Desert to near the equator. In 1855 he
discovered Victoria Falls. He carefully observed and recorded all that he thought
worthy of note, both the customs of the natives and the behaviour of the wildlife.
Feared lost, he was found in 1871 in central Africa by a British expedition led by
Stanley. In Britain he campaigned against the slave trade in Africa. He died in Africa.
Sir Richard Burton (1821-90), British explorer and linguist. While in the service of
the East India Company he acquired a good knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Afghan,
and Hindustani In 1853 he visited Mecca, disguised as an Afghan pilgrim. For several
years he explored Africa, where he discovered Lake Tanganyika. While consul in
Brazil, he crossed the whole South American continent. He translated The Thousand
Nights and a Night (The Arabian Nights) into English.
_____________________________________________________________________
Afghan [AfgAn] afgánský, afgánština; Arabic arabština, blank bílé místo (na mapě);
campaign [kAm'pein] agitovat, circumnavigate [,sE:kEmnAvigeit] obeplout;
courtier [ko:'tiE] dvořan; dysentery [disEntri] úplavice; hind [haind] laň; Hindustani
[,híndu'sta:ni] hindustánština; mutiny [mju:tini] vzbouřit se; navigator plavec;
necessities nezbytné potřeby; overland po souši; passage cesta, průchod, perish
zahynout; set adrift in a boat vydat / nechat na pospas osudu ve člunu; take
possession of st zabrat něco
Burton [bE:tn]; Cartier, Jacques [,ža.k 'kartiei], franc [kar'tje]; Champlain

[šAm'plein]; Huron [hjuErEn]; Kalahari [,kAlE'ha:ri]; Livingstone [liviNstEan];
Montreal [,montri'o:1]; Ontario [on' teEriEu], Raleigh [ro:li]; Stanley, Henry
[stAnli] (1841-1904) British explorer; Tanganyika [,tange'njI:kE], Victoria Falls
Viktoriiny vodopády (a waterfall over 100 m high. 1,4 km wide, on the Zambezi)
_____________________________________________________________________
THE FIRST MEN ON THE MOON: WHY ARMSTRONG + ALDRIN?
From among the astronauts, Slayton, the project director, picked Armstrong first.
Armstrong had been one of the best pilots in America, yet unlike many of the other
astronauts, his personality did not suggest that there were a lot of posible occupations
he had left behind. He would not have been a politician, a professional athlete, an Air
Force general, a top corporation executive - no, something in his personality and in his
history would insist that he seemed to be born to be a pilot. He had learned to fly
before he could drive a car; he had paid for his lessons nine dollars each, out of the
forty cents an hour he earned from deliveries for a pharmacy. He had built model
airplanes, read every issue od Air Trails, and had not excelled at much else. He had not
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been an athlete in high school. He went to college, by Navy scholarship, to study

aeronautical engineering, then to flight training. At twenty-one, he was flying Panther
jets, had seventy-eight combat missions and three Air Medals, and had almost been
lost twice. Once he flew a crippled plane back to the carrier; another time he brought a
plane with one wing half-lost back form the enemy lines to parachute in safety. As
there are bullfighters who will go back and fight bulls as soon as they recuperate from
their last wounds, so Armstrong was always back in a plane, no matter how many
experiences he had had which would have encouraged a man to quit. And he was the
only astronaut who did soaring in his spare time. It was apparent that his life was
founded upon the fact of being aloft.
Armstrong had many qualifications in another regard. Over the years he had intimate
acquaintance with the nearness of death. There were not only the crashes and near-
crashes in planes, there was also the death of his young daughter from a brain tumor,
and the near-loss of his family when their house caught fire one night and burned to
the ground (they were saved by the astronaut White, who was later burned to death). In
the Gemini 8 after docking the capsule went into a spin, revolving around once each
second, the sun flashing through the window. When asked about their emotions
concerning death at a press conference - "What will your plans be in the extremely
unlikely event that the lunar module does not come up off the lunar surface?" -
Armstrong answered: "Well, that's an unpleasant thing to think about. We've chosen
not to think about that up to the present time. We don't think that's at all a likely
situation. It's simply a possible one."
Aldrin, the second man to step on the moon, was not among the most accomplished
aviators - in relation to the other astronauts; he had not m fact even been a test pilot
Yet he was the nearest human equivalent of a computer at NASA, and had a Doctor of
Science degree in Astronautics from MIT - the best scientific mind we've sent into
space. One question at the press conference was addressed to Aldrin: "How would the
astronauts spend their time if they found they could not get off the moon? Would they
pray, would they leave messages for their families, or would they send back,
information on the moon?" Aldrinn replied: "I'd probably spend it working on the
ascent engine."
(Adapted from Norman Mailer: Of a Fire on the Moon)
_____________________________________________________________________
accomplished schopný, velmi dobrý; aloft vysoko, nahoře; be aloft vznášet se, ascent
engine [E'sent ,endžin] motor výstupového modulu; astronaut [AstrEno:t] kosmonaut
(americký), astronautics [,AstrE'no:tiks] kosmonautika; aviator [eivieitE] letec;
bullfighter zápasník s býky, be burned to death uhořet; burn to the ground vyhořet
do základů; carrier [kAriE] letadlová loď; combat mission [,kombAt ,mišn] bojová
akce; come up vznést se; docking spojení s další kosmickou lodí, executive [ig'
zekjutiv] vedoucí řídící pracovník; fly st létat na něčem; lunar module [,lu:nE
'modju:l] měsíční modul; quit [kwit] hovor, odejít, nechat toho; recuperate
[rilkju:pEareit] zotavit se; soaring bezmotorové létání; spin víření, otáčení, test pilot
[pailEt] zkušební pilot; tumor, brit tumour [tju:mE] nádor
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Aldrin [o:ldrin], Armstrong, Neil [,ni:l á:mstroN] (1930-) now a university

professor, Mailer [meilE], Norman (1923-) American author, MIT [.em ai ´ti:] =
Massachusetts [,mAsE'ču:sits] Institute of Technology prestigious technical
university in Boston; NASA [nAsE] = National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Národní úřad pro aeronautiku a kosmický prostor (founded in 1958);
Slayton [sleitEn]
_____________________________________________________________________
SPACE EXPLORATION 34
UNMANNED EXPLORATION
unmanned / manned spacecraft kosmická loď bez posádky / s posádkou

launch a space probe vypustit kosmickou sondu
launch a three-stage rocket vypustit třístupňovou raketu
lunching site kosmodrom
launch(ing) pad odpalovací rampa
Takeoff / Launching is scheduled for 0915 hours. Start plánován na 9:15

check all the systems of the spaceship zkontrolovat všechny systémy kosmické lodi
start the countdown začít odpočítávání
go off without a hitch proběhnout bez problému
switch on the rocket engines zapnout raketové motory
use liquid oxygen as the propellant [prElpelEnt] tekutý kyslík = pohonnoá látka
belch flames [belč fleimz] chrlit plameny
lift / blast off / lift with a deafening roar odstartovat s ohlušujícím rachotem
be visible as a small dot být viditelný jako malá tečka
go out of sight zmizet z dohledu
jettison [džetisn] the fuel tanks odhodit palivové nádrže
go into an elliptical / circular orbit přejít na eliptickou / kruhovou oběžnou dráhu
make several orbits / revolutions několikrát obletět Zemi po oběžné dráze
place / put an artificial / manmade body into about Mars [ma:z] …
place / put … navést uměle i na oběžnou dráhu kolem Marsu
send back pictures of the surface of Mercury [mE:kjuri] …

send back pictures … odeslat snímky povrchu Merkuru
také photographs of the cratered surface snímky povrchu s mnoha krátery
pitted with craters posetý krátery
study the dense atmosphere / cloud cover of Venus [vi:nas] …
study the dense … studovat hustou atmosféru / mrakovou přikrývku Venuše
make a soft landing měkce přistát
explore interplanetary space prozkoumávat planetární prostor
pass through the asteroid belt proletět pásmem asteroidů
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pass within 30,000 miles of Jupiter [džu:pitE] minout Jupiter -vzdálenosti 50 000
km
photograph Saturn's [sAtEnz] rings and sattellites fotografovat Saturnovy prstence
detect the presence of ice odkrýt přítomnost ledu
shed some light on the origin of the universe out trochu světla na původ vesmíru
make various measurements provádět různá měření
transmit observations to Earth by radio signals …

transmit … přenášet / vysílat pozorování na Zemi radiovými signály
carry sensitive TV cameras mít na palubě citlivé televizní kamery
provide much data for later analysis poskytnout mnoho údajů pro pozdější analýzu
perform faultlessly fungovat bezvadně
go dead přestat fungovat

make a circuit of the sun oběhnout kolem Slunce
leave the solar system opustit sluneční soustavu
encounter with extraterrestrial life setkání s mimozemským životem
perform a chemical analysis of the soil on Mars chemický rozbor půdy na Marsu
in search of evidence of life při pátrání po dokladech života
MANNED SPACE FLIGHT

manned space flight kosmický let s posádkou
carry astronauts / cosmonauts / a crew of seven mít na palubě 7-člennou posádku
withstand increased gravity at takeoff zvýšená přitažlivost při startu
effect of weightlessness in orbital flight účinek beztíže během orbitálního letu
achieve a mission objective dosáhnout / splnit cíl letu
set down / land in the target area snést se / přistát v cílové oblasti
make six lunar landings uskutečnit šest přistání na Měsíci
collect / gather rocks and samples of lunar soil sběr hornin a vzorků měsíční půdy
report the findings to Earth hlásit nálezy Zemi
on command from ground control na příkaz letového střediska
make a course correction provést korekci dráhy letu
dock with another spacecraft spojit se s další kosmickou lodí
carry out experiments on the melting of metals provádět pokusy s tavením kovů
observe a solar eclipse pozorovat sluneční zatmění
launch a space shuttle (a reusable spacecraft) vypusht raketoplán
put on a space suit and make a space walk …
put on a space … obléci si skafandr a vystoupit do kosmického prostoru
use rocket backpacks použít raketového pohonu k pohybu osob
jet over to a satellite zaletět si k družici
The 50-foot-long robot arm of the space shuttle captures the satellite.
The 50… Patnáctimetrové mechanické rameno raketoplánu zachytí družici
bring into the cargo bay přenést do nákladního prostoru
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exhaust the oxygen supply vyčerpat zásoby kyslíku

Fuel is running low. Palivo dochází.
reenter (into the) earth's atmosphere vrátit se do zemské atmosféry
decelerate snížit rychlost
parachute down snést se pomoci padáku
splashdown in the Atlantic přistání na moři v Atlantiku

land at the Kennedy Space Center on Cape Canaveral [, keip kE' nAvErEl] …
land at … přistát v Kennedyho kosmickém středisku na mysu Canaveral (na Floridě)
make one's tenth trip into space podniknout desátou cestu do kosmu
____________________________________________________________________
1. bicentenary; 2. Scott was forestalled by Amundsen. 3. The crew mutinied. 4.
begrudge Columbus his due; 5. set adrift m a boat; 6. Caribbean; 7. St Brendan; 8.
Captain Oates; 9. the Golden Hind; 10. the Northwest Passage; 11. Victoria Falls; 12.
Mecca; 13. the Kalahari Desert; 14. the Hudson River; 15. The Arabian Nights.
2. Associate each activity with a name:

1. the circumnavigation of the globe; 2. writing a History of the World; 3. the search
for the Northwest Passage; 4. the exploration of the Canadian lakes; 5. leading a
scientific expedition to the southern hemisphere; 6. polar exnloration; 7. crossing
Africa from ocean to ocean; 7. visiting mecca disguised as pilgrim;
3. Make a list of ten statements about countries - some true, some false. Ask your
partner to confirm and supplement them or correct them.
Example: A: In Britain the traffic keeps to the left.
B: Correct In Australia they also drive on the left-hand side of the road.
In Europe Sweden switched over to traffic on the right-hand side around
1970
I. What Czech explorers can you name? 2. Have you read any travel books? 3. Are you
familiar with the National Geographic Magazine! 4. How much do you know about
the first landing of man on the moon? 5. Have you read Mailer's Of a Fire on the
Moon! 6. Are there still places on the Earth which need more exploring? 7. Have you
heard of the Seven Wonders of the World (in antiquity)? Can you name a few? 8.
Name a few mysteries pointed out Danniken, Souček, and others (e.g. the statues on
Easter Island). 9. What meant by the Bermuda Triangle mystery? 10. How far do you
think space exploration will advance in your lifetime?
5. Translate:
vypustit kosmickou loď bez posádky; odpočítávám na kosmodromu; plánovaný na
8.30; zmizet z dohledu; provést několik obletů země; měsíční povrch posetý krátery;
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provádět různá měření; fungovat bezvadně; studovat původ vesmíru; pátrání po

dokladech života; setkání s mimozemským životem; splnit cíl letu; nasbírat vzorky
měsíčních hornin; odolávat zvýšené přitažlivosti při startu; účinek beztíže; skafandr;
vystoupit do kosmického prostoru; opravit družici v kosmu; sedmičlenná posádka
raketoplánu.
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY SYNONYMA III
Rozlišujte částečně synonymní slovesa:
start - begin - commence (začít)

• Start je hovorovější: It's starting / beginning to rain. The race starts at ten He began
a letter.
• Commence je knižní výraz: The summer term commences on April 20.
shut - close (zavřít)

• Shut a door / window / book / one's mouth / one's eyes.
• Close je idiomatické (I could do it with my eyes closed.) a tam, kde nejde o fyzický
proces zavírání, vyjadřuje skončení provozu nebo nepřistupnost: The park is closed.
This street is closed to traffic.
hide - conceal (ukrýt)

• Conceal častěji implikuje úmysl nebo úspěšnost skrývání: It must be hidden
somewhere. He managed to conceal it very well.
forbid - prohibit - ban (zakázat)

• Prohibit oproti forbid implikuje, že zákaz platí na základě nařízení nebo zákona:
forbid a child to use the matches; Mother forbade Father to smoke in the jhouse;
prohibit smoking in cinemas.
• Ban naznačuje, že jde o zákaz závažné věci zákonem: ban motor traffic in some
streets; ban the bomb.
cancel - abolish (zrušit)

• Cancel znamená „odvolat plánovanou akci": cancel a performance / trip / order.
• Abolish znamená „zrušit, co bylo založeno, co platilo“: abolish the L1 note / slavery
/ a law / a custom.
hire - rent - lease - charter (najmout)
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V britské angličtině se hire užívá:

o šatstvu (hire clothes) a o vozidle (hire mboat / car / taxi),
• rent o nemovitosti nebo vozidle: rent a house / room / piece of land / car.
V americké angličtině se užije o všem rent. Pro najmutí pracovníka v americké a v
hovorové britské angličtině sloveso hire (hire a worker / field hand); v knižní britské
angličtině engage, v hovorové též take on.
• Pro význam „pronajmout někomu" je v americké angličtině zevšeobecněno rent out,
v britské angličtině se rozlišuje pronájem domu nebo místnosti (let a house, let out a
room or apart of a building) a pronájem šatstva nebo vozidla (Hire out clothes / a
boat). Dát se najmout jako pracovník je v britské i americké angtičtině hire oneself
out.
• Lease implikuje nájem nemovitosti na základě smlouvy. • Charter označuje nájem
dopravního prostředku (chartered bus / ship /plane).
lend - loan (půjčit)

• Loan implikuje, že jde o formální transakci, o něco závažnějšího půjčovaného na
delší období: loan a Picasso to the National Gallery; lend a friend a few pounds. V
americké angličtině loan = lend, např. loan a bit of money to a friend.
allow - permit (dovolit)

• Allow je neutrální, • permit je knižní: I cannot permit such cruelty. Někdy mu v
češtině odpovídá spíše „dát svolení k".
contain - comprise (obsahovat)

• Contain zdůrazňuje jednotliviny přítomné uvnitř většího předmětu: The box contains
some fruit.
• Comprise znamená „zahrnovat": The anthology comprises poems by twelve authors.
answer - reply (odpovědět)

• Answer je hovorovější než reply; v určitých kontextech má answer ještě význam
„reagovat na něco": answer the telephone vzít telefon, answer the door (bell) jít otevřít.
speak - talk (mluvit)

• Speak poukazuje pouze na akt řeči: speak clearly, speak at a meeting, speak up
(promluvit nahlas), speak the truth, speak one's mind (říci své mínění).
• Talk implikuje námět a posluchače. Říct někomu "Good morning" znamená speak to
him, ale to ještě není talk to him. People are beginning to talk. Lidé začínají mít řeči /
mluvit. Učitel napomíná žáky, kteří se baví: Stop talking. - ne Stop speaking.
Srovnejte též: speak English - talk shop.
_____________________________________________________________________
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1. The exhibition is (closed, shut). 2. Nuclear weapons should be (forbidden,
prohibited). 3. I can't (ban, prohibit) anything. 4. We'd better (abolish, cancel) the trip.
5. A room to (let, rent). 6. He won't (speak, talk) to me - he never even (answers,
replies to) my letters.
2. Explain in English the meaning of the verbs of motion:

1. He trudged up the mountain wearily. 2. He strode across a puddle. 3. Let's stroll
along the beach. 4. He strutted about the square in his new clothes but no one was
impressed. 5. He sneaked into the room - I didn't hear the door open. 6. We staggered
with exhaustion. 7. An old man tottered along with a cane. 8. The hikers roamed
through the woods. 9. The river wanders among the rocks. 10. We wandered through
the rooms till it got dark. 11. The child pattered across the room. 12. Jack sprinted to
catch the bus. 13. Cars crawled at ten miles an hour on the congested road. 14. The
baby crawled across the room. 15. The train was snaking through the mountains.
3. Odd man oat from the series of synonyms:

1. grab - drop - grip - seize - snatch - clutch; 2.-tickle - frighten - scare - startle -
terrify; 3. catch - capture - captivate escape; 4. laugh - giggle - guffaw - sneer; 5.
stroke - embrace - hug; 6. look - gaze - gape - stare - peer - imitate - peek - glance; 7.
whisper - cry otit - shout - shriek - yell; 8. throw - toss - capture - hurl - fling.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 34 INTERFERENCE
Chybné: The rain caused*that the match was cancelled. Déšť způsobil, že utkání
se muselo odvolat
Proč: Po cause má následovat vazba akuzativu s infinitivem: The rain caused
the match to be cancelled.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: (He sold his car.) *It was because he needed money.
Proč: Hlavní větu musí zastupovat this, ne it. Tedy: This was because he
needed money.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné. *For the case I come. Pro případ, že přijdu.

Proč: Správně: In case I come.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: I'll come and visit you *in case I'm in town. Přijdu tě navštívit v případě,
že budu ve městě.
Proč: In case se hodí jen na situace s problémem nebo nebezpečím, kterému se
chceme vyhnout, např I'll take my umbrella in case it rains. I've
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insured the motor bike in case it's stolen. V předchozím případě se užije
spojka if. if I'm in, town.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: He's a *self-conscious man. Je to sebevědomý člověk.

Proč: Conscious sice znamená „vědomý", ale self-conscious má význam opaku
sebevědomí ("nervous and uncomfortable about oneself, as seen by
others") Vhodné výrazy jsou self-confident, self-assured, sure of
himself; self-important má jedině záporný význam „nadutý, domýšlivý".
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chybné: The museum has a large collection of*relics of art. Muzeum má velkou
sbírku uměleckých památek.
Proč: Relic je památka na minulost; má vazbu s of'. This stone axe / custom is
a relic of ancient times. Českému „památka" odpovídá v případě budovy
historic building nebo (oficiálně) ancient monument, kdežto předmět se
vyjádří různě: The museum has a large collection of. . (specifikuje se:
modem, folk apod.) art. The museum has many exhibits from .. period.
The museum has a lot of examples of art from ... periods.
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Zabloudili jsme. To proto, že jsme minuli značku. 2. Na rozdíl od svého ratra, který
je velmi skromný, John je dost sebevědomý. 3. V případě, že budu městě, podivám se
do muzea; má prý velkou sbírku různých památek. 4. Tyto zlaté ostruhy (spurs) jsou
památka z období říše Velkomoravské. 5. Dům zvonu je cenná historická památka. 6.
V případě ohně použijte zadního schodiště. 7 Jeho nemoc způsobila, že představení
muselo být odloženo.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 35 SIGHTSEEING AP2
WASHINGTON, D.C.
The abbreviation D.C. following after the name of "Washington stands for the
District of Columbia, which was established by Congress in 1790. Compromise
between the North and the South led to the location of the Federal District on the
Potomac, halfway between New England and Georgia. George Washington chose the
precise site and a French architect, Pierre L'Enfant, was chosen to make the plan for
the city. Maryland and Virginia gave land for the District, originally a square, ten
miles on each side, with the corners oriented north-south and east-west. The dome of
the U.S. Capitol was located exactly at the center.
The symmetric design of the city makes it easy to find one's way around it once you
understand the plan and observe the street names and numbers: north-south streets are
numbered from the Capitol, east-west streets are lettered from the Capitol; the broad
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avenues, named after the states, run diagonally. For example the intersection of 10th
and G streets, N.W., occurs ten blocks west and seven blocks north of the Capitol.
The development of the federal city progressed slowly and L'Enfant lived out the rest
of his life in obscurity. Only early m this century was his obscure grave moved to the
present site above the Arlington National Cemetery, overlooking the city he shaped.
The capital moved to Washington from Philadelphia in 1800. President John Adams
lived in the still unfinished President's House. There were only slightly over one
hundred federal employees at that time. Thomas Jefferson was the first President to be
inaugurated in Washington. During the War of 1812, the city was captured by the
British, who burned the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings.
Until the Civil War, the capital remained a provincial town, one of the slowest
growing in the whole country. But in the 1920s a large public building program was
adopted, and many of the present downtown federal buildings come from that time.
With the coming of Roosevelt's New Deal and the growth of federal agencies,
Washington's population and the number of civil servants rose sharply. Now the city's
population is 600,000 (more than half black), and the wholes metropolitan area has a
population of three million. The federal government employs over 400,000 civilian
and military personnel, a fourth of the total labor force in the area.
Washington has many imposing buildings. The Capitol and the White House' are the
most historic. The Capitol consists of the House side and the Senate side separated by
the central Rotunda with a dome. Directly below the Rotunda is a crypt with an empty
tomb. If Washington's relatives had not refused to have his body removed from Mount
Vernon, his farm, he would be buried here.
The White House has been home to every President and his family since 1800. In
1801 Thomas Jefferson brought back from France, where he had served as U.S.
Ambassador, furniture to be used in the White House. It was burned in the fire in
1814-the President's wife, Mrs Madison, was able to save only the famous portrait of
Washington. The house was reconstructed and it still keeps its early 19th-century
appearance. Five rooms are open to the public. The President's office is known as the
Oval Office.
Other leading tourist attractions in Washington are the Washington Monument and
Lincoln and Jefferson Memonals, the Library of Congress (in which the Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution are kept), the Supreme Court Building, the
Pentagon, the Smithsonian Institution (with exhibits in the fields of natural history,
technology, and science), the Space Museum, the Kennedy Center of Performing Arts
(with three halls presenting concerts, ballet, and opera), Ford's Theater (where Lincoln
was assassinated), the National Gallery of Art, and several other art galleries and
museums.
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block blok (zástavba domů); diagonal [dai' AgEnEl] přičný, downtown amer. v
centru (města); letter označit písmeny; live in obscurity [Eb'skjuErEti] žít
zapomenut; rotunda [rEuCtandE] rotunda
Adams [AdEmz], John second President of the US (1797-1801), served as
Washington's Vice-President, Jefferson [džefEsn], Thomas third President of the U.S
(1801-09), author of the Declaration of Independence, Lincoln, Abraham
[,eibrEhAm 'liNkEn] 16th President (1861-65); Madison [mAdisn], James fourth
President (1809-17), the chief drafter of the Constitution; Mount Vernon [,maunt
'vE:nEn] home of George Washington from 1747 to his death; national shrine, in
Virginia, overlooking the Potomac River, the New Deal Nový úděl (a programme of
reform laws under F D. Roosevelt's administration), the Pentagon [pentEgEon] (=
pětiúhelník) a pentagonal building in Arlington, Virginia, headquarters of the U.S.
Department of Defence, the Potomac [pE'tEumEak] a river flowing into Chesapeake I
Bay, noted for its beauty and historical associations, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
[,frANklin ,delEnEu 'rEuzvelt] President of the US (1933-45); Smithsonian
[smiS'sEauniEn] Institution Smithsonův institut (established in 1846, founded from
the bequest of the Englishman James Smithson - died in 1829 - for the "increase and
diffusion of knowledge among men")
_____________________________________________________________________
LONDON: FROM WESTMINSTER TO HYDE PARK
The Houses of Parliament are still sometimes called the Palace of Westminister,
which stood on this site from the early 11th century, when the seat of government was
moved here from Winchester The king Uved in the palace, with a view of Westminster
Abbey, where he was crowned and where he would probably be buried. The first shire
representatives met here in 1265, so that the British Parliament is over seven hundred
years old now. In the 16th century the king moved out of Westminster but Parliament
remained in the palace. When in 1834 it burned down, the present neo-Gothic building
was constructed on its site. The only part of the old building that has survived is
Westminster Hall. Under the magnificent wooden roof of the hall, the chief court of
the law for six hundred years, many death sentences were passed, including that of
King Charles I during the English Revolution.
The construction of Westminster Abbey was begun about 1050 by King Edward the
Confessor. The abbey has survived in its mainly 13th-century form (the towers were
added much later). It is now regarded as a national monument because virtually all the
kings and queens of England have been crowned on the Coronation Chair there.
Besides monarchs many famous men have been buried here, statesmen as well as
writers and poets. Czech visitors might be interested in the monument of Richard II
and his queen, Anne of Bohemia, the daughter of the Czech king Charles IV.
When in Westminster, you should have a look at Whitehall. Originally the site of a
royal palace - though the court did not really settle in one home till the Stuarts - it later
became the centre of government and administration, with many ministries
422 / 474
establishing themselves in various buildings here (the Foreign Office, the Ministry of
Defence, the Admiralty, etc.). Whitehall is now a synonym for government. A popular
tourist attraction here is the Horse Guards, where two cavalrymen in colourful
uniforms and high boots stand sentry on horseback.
From Whitehall turn left into Downing Street. No. 10 is the official residence of the
Prime Minister. The Cabinet Room is on the ground floor. The Chancellor of the
Exchequer lives next door, in No. 11. And not far from Downing Street, nearer to the
river, is New Scotland Yard, the headquartes of the Metropolitan Police.
Walking up Whitehall, you reach Trafalgar Square. Turning left, through the
Admiralty Arch, you proceed along the Mall, the avenue leading to Buckingham
Palace. On your right there are several imposing buildings, on your left the beautiful St
James's Park. After walking for about one kilometre westwards you come to the
Victoria Memorial and behind it you can see Buckingham Palace, the London home of
every monarch since Queen Victoria.
Passing through Green Park you arrive at the best known of the five royal parks in
London Hyde Park. Originally a monastic forest, it was a private area for Henry VIII's
hunting, but James I opened it to the public. At its eastern end, Hyde Park is bounded
by Park Lane, a street of luxury hotels; on the western end a lake named the Serpentine
separates it from another park, Kensington Gardens.
At the top of Park Lane is Marble Arch, a well-known landmark. For centuries public
executions were carried out on its site. Now a new tradition has developed here -
Speakers' Corner. On Saturday afternoons and on Sundays, audiences - especially
foreign visitors - come to listen to speakers.
_____________________________________________________________________
the Admiralty [AdmirElti] admiralita (the headquarters of the British naval

administration), the Chancellor of the Exchequer [ča:nslE, iks'čekE] kancléř
pokladu (ministr financí); the Coronation Chair korunovační trůn; the Horse
Guards mn.č. tělesná jízdní stráž; též budova velitelství; pass a death sentence vynést
rozsudek smrti; statesman státník;
Anne of Bohemia Anna Česká (died 1394); Buckingham Palace [bakiNEm]
Buckinghamský palác (a possession of the royal family since 1761, Victoria was the
first sovereign to use it as the royal residence in London; it was reconstructed 1825—
36); Downing [dauniN] Street; Edward the Confessor [kEan'fesEa] Eduard
Vyznávač (king of England 1042-66, William of Normandy, the "Conqueror", claimed
that Edward had made him his heir); Hyde [haid] Park takes its name from the 11th-
century Manor of Hyde, now a park of 145 hectares; Kensington [kenziNtn] a district
in the West End of London, the Mall [mo:l] a thoroughfare; the Serpentine
[sE:pEntain] an artificial lake
_____________________________________________________________________
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SHOPPING IN LONDON
London's grander stores merit some attention. You will find here-expensive shops
keeping their rigid traditional ways as well as tiny, chic boutiques and large
department stores. Each area of London has its own particular shopping character. But
remember that most shops observe an early closing day (oftten Wednesday), when
they close at noon, and that almost everything is closed on Sunday. Most areas,
however, have a corner shop open seven days a week and late at night. Also remember
that virtually every major store has sales in July.
Oxford Street is one of the busiest shopping streets in the world, but tends to be very
crowded. If you want to buy something there, shop for the products that are still made
so much better in Britain: china, certain woollens, and foods such as homemade jams,
biscuits, and all kinds of tea. Oxford Street is dominated by two outstanding
department stores: Selfridges, in a huge Renaissance-style building, and Marks &
Spencer, the most prominent British chain store, offering good quality at reasonable
prices. Marks & Spencer has reliable bargains in British staples such as raincoats,
umbrellas, and knitwear.
From Oxford Circus, Regent Street leads south down to Liberty & Co. It was a
leading representative of the arts and crafts movement in the 19th century. Silk
scarves, fine cotton fabrics, and elegant fashions and furnishings are sold in their
unusual Tudor-style buildings. Further south toward Piccadilly Circus is Ham-ley's,
one of the largest toy stores in the world, with an enormous railway in the centre. The
Craftsmen Potters Association in nearby Marshall Street displays works by almost all
the major potters in Britain. And if you want to visit a well-established sporting goods
store, try Lillywhile's in Piccadilly Circus. Fortnum and Mason, at 181 Piccadilly, is
best known for its expensive foods, sold in halls with red carpets and chandeliers.
South of Hyde Park, in Brompton Road, is Harrods. It traces its origins to the mid-
19th century and is now the most elegant and expensive of London's stores. It is also
the most complete. Harrods can do everything from selling you a live rhinoceros to
arranging your funeral. The food halls of Harrods are perhaps the most interesting.
Their variety is enormous - they sell more than 450 kinds of cheese alone. In the 1980s
Harrods even introduced sightseeing trips of London. Several times a day an
airconditioned coach takes passengers on - a two-hour trip beginning and ending at
Harrods. The passengers can plug in earphones and listen to taped commentaries (in
any of eight languages) as they travel past such sights as St Paul's, the Houses of
Parliament, and Marble Arch.
At the opposite end of the scale, the budget shopper may visit the nearby Reject
China Shop in Beauchamp Place, which offers a selection of factory seconds and
incomplete sets.
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Chelsea has changed somewhat since the swinging '60s, but King's Road and Fulham
Road still offer a variety of food, clothing, antiques, and fancy speciality goods.
Saturday is the liveliest shopping - and viewing - day; the spectrum of types you can
see here ranges from pensioner to punk.
London is also a book lover's paradise. Charing Cross Road - between the Tottenham
Court Road and Leicester Square tube stations - has the broadest selection of
bookshops, many of which sell secondhand paperbacks. Great Russel Street is the
place for more specialized books on subjects ranging from avant-garde theatre to
Buddhism. Foyles in Charing Cross Road is the largest bookstore in London, with over
four million books in two buildings. Dillon's near the University of London, is almost
as well-stocked as Foyles, but its focus is academic, particularly literature and politics.
There is a fair selection of cut-price and second-hand books here too. There are many
specialized shops - for magazines and film posters, for science fiction and fantasy, for
radical books, for children's books, for radical feminist literature, for maps.
Smithfield meatmarket sells only wholesale produce but is worth a sightseeing visit.
The street markets in Portobello Road (tube: Notting Hill Gate), Camden Passage
(tube: Angel), and Petticoat Lane (tube: Liverpool St.) are lively and informal, full of
good-natured, fast-talking salesmen. They have a variety of cheap clothes, antiques,
and knick-knacks.
_____________________________________________________________________
arts and crafts (movement) umělecká řemesla; budget shopper úsporně nakupující
osoba; fancy goods bižutérie, galantérie; knick-knack tretky; merit zasluhovat; punk
brit. člen protestního hnutí mládeže v 70.-80. letech, se svým specifickým účesem,
odíváním a punk rockem; reject china shop porcelánový bazar; rhinoceros
[rai'nosErEs] nosorožec; seconds mn. č. zboží horší kvality; staples základní artikly;
the swinging '60s „odvázaná" léta šedesátá (s volnějšími mravy a nápadnou módou);
well-established zavedený, známý (o podniku)
Beauchamp [bi:čEm]; Charing [čeEriN]; Dillon [dilEn]; Fortnum & Mason
[fo:tnEm, meisn]; Foyles [foilz]; Harrods [hArEdz]; Leicester [lestE]; Portobello
[po:tECbelEu]; Russell [rasl]; Tottenham [totnEm]
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Complete the sentences:

1. Jefferson is commemorated in Washington by ... 2. The Declaration of
Independence is kept in ... 3. Moon rocks are on show in ... 4. In Washington concert
and ballet and opera performances are held in ... 5. The building housing the US
Ministry of Defense is called ... 6. The main science museum in the US capital is ... 7.
Lincoln was assassinated in ... 8. The main art treasures in Washington are kept in ...

1. George Washington prepared the plan for the city of Washington himself.
2. The architect L'Enfant lived out the last part of his life in obscurity.
3. George Washington was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington.
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4. The White House was burned down in the Civil War.

5. Many downtown federal buildings in Washington date from the 1920s.
6. Washington is buried in a crypt in the Capitol.
7. The White House is not open to the public.
8. The President's office is known as the Oval Office.

1. The British Parliament is one thousand years old.
2. No part of Westminster Palace has survived.
3. The kings and queens of England are crowned on the Coronation Chair in the
Tower.
4. The court did not really settle in one home till the Tudors.
5. Whitehall is a synonym for government,
6. Both the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer live in
Downing Street.
7. The Mall and Park Lane are busy shopping streets.
8. Speakers´ Corner is at Marble Arch.
9. The Serpentine separates Hyde Park from St James's Park.
10. Hyde Park used to be a monastic forest, and later the royal hunting area.

1. The largest stores in London.
2. The local department store (opening hours; advisory service; cafeteria; play
area for children).
3. How to attract customers.
4. Shoppers' frustrations (Closed due to illness. Stocktaking. Be back in a
moment. Lunch hour.).
5. The job of a shop assistant.
6. Window shopping.
7. Book tokens - an incentive to buy more books?
5. Where in Prague is / are:

1. the twelve signs of the Zodiac painted by Josef Mánes; 2. the statue of Charles IV;
3. the English Library; 4. the monument of Tycho Brahe; 5. the television studios; 6.
the Central Bohemia Gallery; 7. the Old-New Synagogue; 8. Wallenstein Palace; 9.
Queen Anne's Summer House; 10. the Strahov Monastery; 11. the Convent of the
Blessed Agnes; 12. the Loretto?
1. What do you take into account when deciding on your holiday? 2. Do you try to
plan a completely different holiday every year? 3. Do you try to obtain detailed
information on the place you intend to go to? 4. Do you decide on where to go yourself
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or do you ask other people for suggestions? 5. What kind of holiday can you as a
student afford? 6. Are you prepared to save money the whole year and then spend it on
a two-week luxury holiday? 7. Which do you find more attractive - the mountains or
the beach? 8. Do you prefer sparsely inhabited regions to regions with picturesque old
towns? 9. Do you usually bring back from your holidays some specimens of the
traditional crafts of the region (pottery, woodcarving, weaving)? 10. Do you read up
on what you saw after you come back from your trip? 11. Do you ever go on a
shopping spree? 12. Do you prefer to shop in small shops'? Why (not)? 13. Do you
find shopping a nuisance or a pleasure? 14. Are you a difficult customer? 15. Do you
rush around the shops or queue up to obtain the thing you want or do you simply give
it up when it can't be had? 16. What's the most extravagant or expensive thing you've
got? 17. Do you believe advertisements and sales gimmicks?" ([gimik] reklamní trik)
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY ANTONYMA
1. Find antonyms to the adjectives:

1. harmful drug; 2. He's single. 3. single ticket; 4. thin book; 5. quiet street; 6. shallow
stream; 7. quiet day; 8. tall building; 9. narrow street; 10. simple problem; 11. clean
shirt; 12. blunt knife; 13, dull colour; 14. humble man; 15. crooked street; 16. short
man; 17. tame animal; 18. postwar world; 19. postgraduate student; 20. obscure
author.
2. Find a suitable antonym from among slight, mild, calm, weak, light
1. strong beer; 2. strong wind; 3. severe pain; 4. heavy seas; 5. heavy traffic; 6. major
increase; 7. strong voice; 8. severe frost; 9. heavy smoker; 10. heavy rain.
3. Find opposites to the adjectives:

1. It's likely to rain today. 2. a readable book 3. a resolute person; 4. a tolerant father;
5. decent clothing; 6. make life possible; 7. a responsible approach; 8. a logical
conclusion; 9. a regular occurrence; 10. relevant information; 11. pure drugs; 12. a
proper remark; 13. a just solution; 14. find a book comprehensible; 15. a reverent
attitude; 16. necessary measures; 17. be sensitive to pain; 18. equal opportunities; 19. a
faithful husband; 20. essential information.
4. Find antonyms to the verbs:

1. borrow a large amount of money; 2. accept a suggestion; 3. accept an invitation; 4.
give permission; 5. agree with a proposal (choose from among reject, refuse, decline),
6. lose the match; 7. slow down a process; 8. catch the train; 9. scold a boy; 10. Push,
(inscription on a door)
_____________________________________________________________________
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REVISION INTERFERENCE
Chybné: Správné:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
enterprise firm, company závod

*national enterprise national corporation národní podnik
(velký,) state(-owned) firm
a walk in the *nature a walk in the countryside / the woods
and fields / the mountains procházka v přírodě
like *nature like the out-of-doors / outdoors mít rád přírodu
camp in *nature camp outdoors, camp in the open air
tábořit v přírodě
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What's the *nature there? What's the scenery like there? Jakájetam příroda?
*old numbers back numbers stará čísla (časopisu)
*big letters' block / capital letters velká písmena
*smaller man a rather small man, a smallish man menší člověk
*poorer sight weak eyesight, rather poor (eye)sight slabší zrak
speak *shortly speak briefly mluvit krátce
*belong among the best be among the best, be one of the best
patřit mezi nejlepší
*represent progress be an improvement představovat pokrok The clock
The clock *beats. The clock strikes. Hodiny bijí.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*stand before a decision be faced with / face a decision

stát před rozhodnutím
pick *up blueberries pick blueberries sbírat borůvky
Are you *sleeping? Are you asleep? Spíš?
She *divorced. She got divorced. Rozvedla se.
He *married. He got married. Oženil se.
The book *solves the problem of .. The book deals with the problem of..
nothing *than nothing but nic než
all *what all that vše co
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 36 THE SEA AP2
SCIENCE'S WINDOW ON THE SEA
One of the most comprehensive underwater research projects in recent years was a
mission with the curious name of Tektite. Named after small glassy meteoric rocks
found on ocean floors as well as on land, the project's objective was the study of the
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ocean environment, one of our most precious and increasingly threatened resources.
NASA joined other government agencies in sponsoring the project because the study
of the behaviour of scientists working in isolation could be useful for the NASA
project of rotating crews on future space stations. More than forty American and
foreign scientists joined in this seven-month study of the ocean bed near the Virgin
Islands, with its wide spectrum of tropical marine life. Others before had lived on the
ocean floor. Those pioneers, however, were primarily divers and engineers, concerned
more with techniques and equipment than with pure marine research. The crews of
Tektite, on the other hand, were scientists who had learned to dive in order to study the
ocean in detail. In the first part of the project four men lived on the sea floor for sixty
days, at a depth of fifteen meters; in the second part teams rotated every three weeks.
The habitat consisted of two towers on the sandy floor beside the coral reef.
Electrical and television cables, water lines, and air hoses led off toward the life-
support equipment ashore, some two hundred meters away. The divers entered through
a hatch that was always open because the air pressure held back the sea. The divers
were able to take fresh-water showers after returning from the sea floor A special
apparatus removed carbon dioxide chemically and fresh air was added from the
surface. The living quarters were comfortable: the home offered a pleasant 28 C
temperature and a healthy 40 per cent humidity. There was wall-to-wall carpeting, hot
and cold running water, stereo, television - and, outside, a giant swimming pool and
aquarium Every moment of the men's life in the habitat was scrutinized via television
by the monitoring personnel. If danger had threatened an aquanaut or the life-support
system, a team of rescue divers would have been able to be at the habitat within three
minutes. The same close watch was kept on all diving expeditions, with surface boats
tracking each team.
The study of human behaviour in isolation, based on observations of some forty

aquanauts, turned up some totally unexpected findings. Perhaps the strangest discovery
was that the more religious the crew member, the less well he seemed to perform in
isolation. Equally surprising was the fact that top performers included those who had
been either the oldest or the only child in a family, and those who had earned high
marks in grade school - but not necessarily in college. Those born in small towns
outdid those from big cities.
_____________________________________________________________________
aquanaut [AkEno:t] akvanaut; aquarium [ECkweEriEm] akvárium; carbon dioxide
[dai'oksaid] kysličník uhličitý; coral [korEl] reef korálový utes; diver potápěč; earn
high marks mít velmi dobrý prospěch; hatch otvor (s poklopem); life-support
equipment kyslíkový přístroj; living quarters obytná část, příbytek; primarily
[praimEreli] v prvé řadě; religious [ri'lidžEs] nábožensky založený; rigid přísný;
rotate [rEu'teit] střídat; scrutinize podrobně sledovat; tektite [tektait] tektit (glass of
meteoric origin; moldavite is a local variant of tektite), trace sledovat, watch: keep
close watch on sb bedlivě sledovat někoho
the Virgin Islands Panenské ostrovy (a group of islands in the West Indies,
purchased from Denmark in 1917; now a U.S territory, population 100,000)
_____________________________________________________________________
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THE MYSTERIOUS SONGS OF HUMPBACK WHALES
Humpback whales pass Bermuda each spring on their way north from Puerto Rico.
During this period they fill the ocean with complex sounds. Analysis of recordings of
these sounds shows that they are in fact long songs - songs in the sense of regular
sequences of repeated sounds, such as the calls made by birds, frogs, and crickets.
Most bird songs are high-pitched and last only a few seconds, while the whale songs
vary widely in pitch and last between six and thirty minutes. Yet if a whale song is
recorded and then sped up about fourteen times the normal rate, it sounds amazingly
like the song of a bird.
All whales in Bermuda waters sing the same song. But scientists who have collected
the songs for twenty years have found that each yearly recording is slightly different.
The whales are constantly changing their songs, and the scientists have no idea why.
The song appears to be evolving but each year all the whales sing the same song.
The songs recorded off Hawaii, a major wintering area for humpback whales, are
different from the Bermuda songs but are based on the same laws of structure. Each
song is composed of about six themes, i.e. passages with several phrases in them, each
phrase containing from two to five sounds. In any one song the themes always follow
the same order, though one or more themes may be absent. The analysis revealed
another interesting fact: the song does not change during the six-month period between
breeding seasons, but only gradually as the breeding season progresses. It is also
curious that the whales always sing new phrases faster than the old ones.
All this suggests that humpback whales have some kind of mental ability. That is
why a whale song was included m the recordings carried by the Voyager I and 2 -
spacecraft that are travelling towards other worlds in our galaxy.
_____________________________________________________________________
breeding odchov mláďat; cricket cvrček; evolve [i'volv] vyvíjet se; high-pitched
vysoký (o tónu), humpback whale [weil] keporkak (megaptera novaeangliae,
druh plejtváka, veletryba)
Bermuda [bE'mju:dE] main island of the Bermudas in the Atlantic
_____________________________________________________________________
CRUSOE BOYS
Six Polynesian youths shipwrecked for fifteen months on a lonely South Pacific
island were rescued recently by an Australian yacht The yacht's captain told the press
of their Robinson Crusoe saga. The boys went adrift in a whaleboat on a fishing
expedition and were shipwrecked three thousand kilometres east of Australia. The first
month they lived on a rock ledge, catching seabirds with their bare hands, eating the
birds' raw flesh and drinking their blood, as there was no water. Later they drank
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coconut milk. The boys made an attempt to escape by building a raft of logs but it
broke up about one kilometre off the shore and they had to swim back. Then they built
a crude thatched hut in the crater of an extinct volcano. They made strict rules about
duties, with two always on watch while others rested or hunted for food. They started
and ended each day with prayers and also kept a calendar. They had lost all their
clothing m the wreck but although completely naked, were in good health and in good
spirits. Four times they signalled some craft but were unsuccessful because their fire
was not powerful enough. When they saw the fifth vessel after fifteen months, they
burnt a large area of scrub to make their plight more obvious. The yacht then cruised
along the coast until the crew saw one of the boys waving. The island once had a small
population but the last islanders were removed to another island in 1860. When the
shipwrecked boys arrived in port they received a tumultuous welcome from relatives,
who had given them up for dead.
coconut [kEukEnat] kokosový ořech; crude primitivní; give up for dead pokládat za
mrtvého; plight situace (špatná); raft vor; rock ledge skalní římsa, saga [sa:gE] sága;
scrub houština, křovmatý porost; tumultuous [tju:'malčuEs] bouřlivý, whaleboat
velrybářský člun
Polynesia [,poli'ni:žE] Polynésie (the eastern division of Oceania, including the
Hawaiian Islands, French Polynesia, Samoa, etc )
_____________________________________________________________________
GHOST SHIP BAFFLES EXPERTS
After examining the "ghost ship" Joyita, a team of marine detectives reported that
they were unable to understand why the ship had been abandoned. The seventy-ton
inter-island trader, found drifting in the South Pacific by a British cargo ship without
any sign of her twenty-five passengers and crew, was towed into a harbour in the Fiji
Islands. Twenty-four hours later an air-sea search for possible survivors was called off.
Before that there was some hope that the people were still alive on one of the scores of
uninhabited islands in the area. The marine investigators said that what deepened the
mystery was the fact that the ship was intact when abandoned and that it had plenty of
fuel, provisions, and water in its hold.
_____________________________________________________________________
baffle sb být záhadou pro někoho; ghost ship záhadně opuštěná loď; trader obchodní
loď; the Fiji [fidži] Islands Fidži (a state in the southwest Pacific)
_____________________________________________________________________
THE SEA 36
BY SHIP
go by sea / ship / boat, take a ship jet lodí
book a passage on a ship zakoupit si lodní lístek
direct sea service přímé lodní spojení
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lie / be at anchor [ANkE] kotvit

anchor, drop / lower anchor spustit kotvu
be berthed [bE:St] at a pier [piE] kotvit u mola

quay [ki:] přístavní hráz
jetty přístavní hráz, molo, vlnolam
mole [mEul] molo, vlnolam
embark [im'ba:k] nalodit se
disembark [,disim'ba:k] vylodit se

go on board vstoupit / jít na palubu
All aboard! Nastupovat1
gangway [gANwei] lodní můstek
drop the gangway spustit můstek
go up the gangway vstoupit po můstku
stow [stEu] the luggage in the hold uskladnit / uložit zavazadla v podpalubí
stowaway [stEuEwei] černý pasažér
The siren [saiErEn] is blowing [blEuiN]. Siréna houká.
stand on the deck stát na palubě
lean [li:n] against the railing [reiliN] opírat se o zábradlí

sail from the port vyplout z přístavu
set sail vyplout
be at sea být na moři, být námořníkem
on the high seas na širém moři
cross the ocean přeplout oceán

operate on the Atlantic route [ru:t], amer též [raut] jezdit na trase v Atlantiku
enter port vjet do přístavu
go ashore at a port [gEu ECšo: At E po:t] vystoupit v přístavu na břeh
set loot [lu:t] on firm land stanout na pevné zemi
SHIPS
oceangoing / seagoing vessel námořní plavidlo
passenger ship loď pro osobní přepravu
boat menši loď
merchant ship obchodní loď
merchant marine [mE:čEnt mE'ri:n] obchodní loď
fleet [fli:t] loďstvo, flotila
carry passengers [kAri pAsindžEs] přepravovat cestující

carry cargo [kAri ka:gEu] vézt naklad
steamer, steamship [sti:mšip] parník
sailing ship, sailing boat, amer sailboat [seilbEut] plachetnice
cargo ship, amet freight [freit] ship nákladní loď
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tanker [tANkE] cisternová loď

supertanker obři cisternová loď
fishing boat, trawler rybářská loď
fish with a net lovit sítí
process the catch zpracovat úlovek
tug [tag] vlečný člun, remorker

tow [tEu] into the harbour [ha:bE] vléci do přístavu (přístavní zátoky)
cruise [kru: z] křižovat, zábavní plavba
ferry (boat) převozní loď, trajekt
car ferry trajekt (převoz aut)
liner linková loď
load - unload the cargo naložit – vyložit náklad
crane [krein] jeřáb
derrick [derik] lodní jeřáb
lift / hoist (crates, bales) aboard vyzdvihnout (bedny, balíky) na palubu
docker, amer longshoreman [loNšo:mEn] dokařský dělník
stevedore [sti: vEdo:] vykladač, nakladač (dělník)
SHIP, CREW
bow, bows [bau(z)] příď
stern [stE:n] záď; from stem to stern od přídě po záď
prow [prau] špice lodi
starboard [sta:bEd] pravá strana (lodi)
port levá strana (lodi)
keel kýl
hull [hal] trup
upper / promenade deck horní paluba

lower deck dolní paluba
fore / aft deck přední / zadní paluba
rudder [radE] kormidlo
propellor [prE'pelE], screw [skru:] lodní šroub
engine room strojovna
boiler kotel
funnel [fanl] komín
nuclear-powered poháněný atomovou energií

bridge kapitánský můstek
cabin [kAbin] kabina
berth [be:S] lůžko (na lodi)
porthole [po:thEul] kulaté lodní okénko
sail plachta
mast stožár, stěžen
rigging lanoví
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crew [kru:] posádka

helmsman, steersman kormidelník
steer [stiE] kormidlovat, řídit
radio operator radista
lieutenant [lefCtenEnt] (námořní) důstojník (amer výslovnost [lu:'tenEnt])
mate důstojník
sailor, seaman námořník
pilot [pailEt] lodivod
shipyard [šipja:d] loděnice
dry dock suchy dok, a ship in dry dock loď na opravě v doku
launch [lo:nč] spustit
set out on one's maiden voyage [meidn voiidž] vyjet na první plavbu
christen [krisn] with a bottle of champagne pokřtít lahví šampaňského
NAVY
navy, Navy válečné námořnictvo / loďstvo
protect trade routes [ru:ts] chránit obchodní cesty
do patrol [pE'trEul] duty hlídkovat
naval escort [neivl esko't] doprovod válečných lodí
travel in a convoy [trAvl in E konvoi] plout v konvoji
cruise [kru:z] off the coast křižovat nedaleko pobřeží

be on the lookout for submarines pátrat po ponorkách
torpedo [to:'pi:dEu] torpédo; torpédovat
nuclear submarine atomová ponorka
armed with missiles with multiple warheads [wo:hedz] s vícehlav.střelami
destroyer [di'stroiE] torpédoborec

cruiser [kru:'zE] křižník
battleship bitevní loď
aircraft carrier [eEkra:ft kAriE] mateřská letadlová loď
minesweeper [mainswi:pE] minolovka
speedboat rychlý člun
ROUGH SEA, WRECKING

smooth / calm - rough sea [raf si:] klidné - rozbouřené moře
rough crossing / sailing neklidná přeplavba
stormy bouřlivý
toss about zmítat (se)
battle with the wind and waves zápolit s větrem a vlnami
be seasick [si:sik] mít mořskou nemoc

suffer from seasickness trpět mořskou nemocí
fall overboard spadnout přes palubu
throw a life belt hodit záchranný pás
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life jacket záchranná vesta

lower the lifeboat spustit záchranný člun
take to the boats uchýlit se do člunů
abandon ship [ECcbAndEn šip] opustit loď
wreck [rek] ztroskotat
send out a distress signal vyslat nouzový signál
ship in distress loď v nebezpečí
collide with a vessel srazit se s plavidlem
run aground najet na mělčinu

strike a mine narazit / najet na minu
sink in a gale potopit se v houři (vichřici)
scene of disaster místo katastrofy
strewn with wreckage posetý troskami
buried at sea pohřben v moři
search for possible survivors pátrat po osobách, které mohly zůstat naživu
A violent storm prevented a search. Prudká bouře znemožnila pátrání.
Rescue work is hampered by heavy seas. Rozbouřené moře ztěžuje záchranné práce.
pick up a drowning man vytáhnout tonoucího na palubu
rescue a shipwrecked man zachránit trosečníka

drift with the current být unášen proudem
float on the sea plout na moři
spot a wreck / sunken ship zahlédnout vrak / potopenou loď
salvage [sAvidž] operation záchranné práce, vyzdvižení lodi
ocean floor, seabed mořské dno

tide příliv a odliv (obvykle v mn. č.)
flood tide příliv
ebb tide odliv
high tide - low tide hranice / okamžik nejvyššího stoupnutí - nejnižšího poklesu moře
____________________________________________________________________
1. Answer the questions according to the texts:

1. Why is the ocean environment being studied? 2. Why did NASA join the sponsors
of the Tektite project? 3. What is a tektite? 4. Where did this seven-month study of the
ocean bed take place? Why there? 5. Who were the pioneers of life on the ocean floor?
6. What were the Tektite crews concerned with? 7. Did the teams rotate? 8. Was the
habitat connected with the shore? 9. How comfortable were the living quarters? 10.
How were the aquanauts´ activities watched? 11. What psychological observations
could be made on human behaviour in isolation?

1. The songs of humpback whales remind you of birds' songs.
2. The whole song lasts only a few seconds.
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3. Each whale sings a different song.

4. Each yearly recording is slightly different.
5. The whales winter off Hawaii.
6. Each song is composed of about six themes.
7. The whales sing new phrases slower than the old ones.
8. A whale song was included in the recordings carried by the Voyager spacecraft.

1. Six youths ... for fifteen months on a ... island were ... recently by an Australian... 2.
The boys made an ... to ... by building a ... but it broke up one kilometre ... the shore. 3.
They built a ... hut in the crater of an ... volcano. 4. When the boys arrived in ... they
received a ... welcome from ..., who had ... for dead.
4. Explain the following names and terms:

1. lighthouse; 2. pilot; 3. fathom; 4. octopus; 5. ghost ship; 6. the Flying Dutchman; 7.
the Spanish Armada; 8. clipper; 9. Captain Kidd; 10. the call of the sea; 11. Lloyd's;
12. HMS; 13. mermaid; 14. siren; 15. sea wolf.
5. Which of these famous ships can you identify?

1. the Beagle; 2. the Bounty; 3. the Cutty Sark; 4. the Discovery; 5. the Golden Hind;
6. the Mary Celeste; 7, the Mayflower; 8. the Santa Maria; 9. the Titanic; 10. the
Queen Elizabeth.
6. Read aloud this tongue twister:

She sells seashells on the seashore. If she sells seashells on the seashore, then I'm sure
the shells she sells are seashore seashells.
7. Topics for spinning the yarn (students take turns in developing the story):
1. A pirate story. 2. The story of a mermaid. 3. The story of an island with buried
treasure. 4. The story of a sea monster.
8. Name a sea story by each of the following writers:

1. Defoe; 2. Cooper; 3. Marryat; 4. Melville; 5. Conrad; 6. London; 7. Monsarrat; 8.
Golding; 9. Hemingway.
9. Translate:
kotvit u mola; spustit / vytáhnout kotvu; vstoupit na palubu; nalodit se; spustit můstek;
uložit zavazadla v podpalubí; slyšet houkání sirény; vyplout z přístavu; být na širém
moři; vjet do přístavu; stanout opět na pevné zemi; flotila obchodních lodí;
přepravovat cestující; jezdit na trase Ostende - Dover; odvézt náklad; nákladní loď
(brit., amer.); obří cisternová loď; trajekt; zábavní lavba; vyložit náklad jeřábem;
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dokařský dělník; příď a záď; kormidlo; strojovna; poháněný atomovou energii;

kapitánský můstek; lůžko v kabině; posádka plachetnice; spustit na vodu novou loď;
nedaleko pobřeží; válečné námořnictvo; klidná přeplavba; mít mořskou nemoc;
záchranná vesta; uchýlit se do záchranných člunů; loď v nebezpečí; najet na mělčinu;
potopit se ve vichřici; záchranné práce.
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY EXPRESIVITA
1. Determine whether the word has positive or negative connotations:

scoundrel, angel, playboy, patriot, pet, busybody, sweetheart, saviour, coward,
monster, dropout, thickheaded, trash, masterpiece.
2. Find emotional one-word Czech equivalents for the noun groups:

1. He never has enough, the greedy bastard. 2. You've been cheated, you silly fool. 3.
Don't think him incompetent, in fact, he's quite a clever chap. 4. He married a beautiful
woman but soon divorced her. 5. He's been promoted again - he must be the boss's boy
6. It's easy to intimidate him - he's a timid man.
3. Find informal variants of the following names:

Anthony, Catherine, Dorothy, Edward, Francis, James, Jane, Margaret, Mary, Richard,
Thomas, William.
4. Point out how emotions are expressed in the two dialogues:

Wife: You're in a really cheery mood this morning, aren't you?
Husband: If there's one thing I can't stand it's a cold egg. This one's stone cold. It
tastes revolting.
W: Oh, good grief, not again. Wouldn't it be rather nice if for once you got up a bit
earlier?
H: Could we keep off that subject, please. Don't keep nagging at me,
W: I'll be back with another egg in a second. In the meantime help yourself to bread
and butter.
H: I will. I'm ravenous.
(a bit later)
The wife's sister: Morning, all. I take it you two have patched up your little
differences?
H: Oh yes, I'm afraid I flew off the handle.

W: I shouldn't have blown my top either. But I was furious with you.
H: No need to apologize. I could kick myself for being so rude.
WS: Funny thing, life.
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5. Fill in the blanks with verbs of sound. Choose from among: bark, boo, cluck,
grunt, hiss, neigh, twitter, whine, whinny
1. Snakes ... when they're disturbed. 2. The crowd ... -ed the speaker. 3. The dog
always ... at the postman. 4. Pigs ... with pleasure when food is brought to them. 5.
Horses .. or... when they sense some danger or a strange horse. 6. The dog ... -ed at the
door, asking to be let out. 7. Hens brooding or calling their chicks.. 8. I can't
concentrate on my work - even the birds ... -ing in the garden disturb me.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 36 INTERFERENCE Foreign words in Czech I
česky - správně anglicky Interference angličtiny - český ekvivalent
aktuální topical (e.g. make a topical film) actual = skutečný

asociální antisocial (behaviour, attitude, elements)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
existenční minimum subsistence level existential existenciální (e.g.philosophy)

frekventovaná ulice busy street frequented = navštěvovaný
geniální brilliant genial = srdečný, bodrý
humánní humane [hju:'mein] human = lidský
(approach, principle)
komfortní byt luxury flat comfortable = pohodlný
konkrétní particular, definite concrete (zřídka: např. concrete thoughts)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
seriózní obchodník reliable dealer / businessman,

seriózní člověk respectable man, serious = vážný (může být „serious artist"
seriózní vystupování good manners - kdo bere své umění vážně)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sugestivní slova / podívaná enthralling words / show,

sugestivní slova / řečník persuasive words / speaker,
sugestivní účinek forceful effect suggestive = dvojsmyslný, lascivní; podnětný
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sympatický amiable, likeable, nice sympathetic = soucitný, nakloněný

eventuálně or eventually =nakonec
respektive or respectively = navzájem
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
absolvovat (na ...) graduate (from ...) absolve = odpustit

angažovat se commit oneself engage oneself = zavázat se
charakterizovat (vhodněji:) characterize (e.g. The donkey is
describe (e.g. the setting of a story) characterized by long ears. (Osel=dl.uši)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kontrolovat (dělat revizi) check control = ovládat

maturovat pass the (school) leaving exanimation mature = zrát
suplovat substitute, take sb else's class supply = zásobovat, dodávat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1. Translate:
1. Otázka asociálního smýšlení nepřestává být aktuální. 2. Jeho důchod bych
charakterizoval jako existenční minimum. 3. Jan maturoval roku 1980 a pět let poté
absolvoval univerzitu. 4. Smith je geniální vědec a sugestivní řečník. 5. Má humánní
cítění a angažuje se pro každou dobrou věc. 6. Brown, respektive Jones to musí
zkontrolovat. 7. Byt je komfortní, ale je na příliš frekventované ulici; prodám jej,
eventuálně vyměním za jiný.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 37 THE LIFE SCIENCES AP2
WHY IT IS RIGHT TO FOLLOW THE NOSE
Since the mid-seventies, when it was shown convincingly that the ability of bacteria
to orientate themselves to a magnetic field is due to the presence of magnetic centre
within the organisms, the hunt has been on for magnetic centres in higher creatures.
Scientists argued that if there is a magnetic centre that enables an organism to detect a
magnetic field and use this knowledge for direction finding or "homing", it has to exist
as a distinct area whose magnetic properties differ from those of all other tissues.
Over the past few years it has been discovered that almost every creature known to
have direction-finding abilities, among them dolphins, bees, and pigeons, possesses
accumulation of magnetite in specific tissues. And how a team at the Department of
Zoology at the University of Manchester has found just such a centre of magnetite in
humans; we appear to be steered by our noses, or rather our sinuses. Virtually all soft
tissues and bones of the head were found to be negative except the sinuses. The thin
hard bones that form the walls of the sinuses have a thin layer of high iron content and
appear to form a natural magnetic centre at the heart of our other sensing systems.
Orientation experiments carried out with Manchester students seem to show that we
still possess the remnants of some primitive direction-finding and homing ability, still
possessed in its full vigour by Australian aborigines. Now the team is attempting to
solve the second and crucial question: whether there exists some hitherto unrecognized
neural network connecting the sinus iron deposits to the brain or central nervous
system. It is remarkable that the tissue area with magnetic properties is situated fairly
close to the brain. Further research may finally demonstrate the functioning of a sixth
sense.
_____________________________________________________________________
bacteria [bAkCtiEriE] mn.č. (j.č. bacterium) baktérie; dolphin delfín; homing
směřování domů; homing pigeon (cvičený) poštovní holub; magnetite [mAgnitait]
magnetit; neural [njuErEl] nervový; sensing organ smyslový orgán, sinus [sainEs]
nosní dutina; tissue [tišu:, tisju:] tkáň
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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POLARIZATION AS A NAVIGATIONAL AID
The light radiated by the sun is unpolarized, that is, its waves vibrate in all
directions. In travelling through the earth's atmoshpere, however, it is scattered by
molecules and other particles so that at each point in the sky the light waves tend to
vibrate in a specific direction, which is always perpendicular to the plane of the
triangle formed by the sun, the observer, and the point observed. Though this
phenomenon of polarization was discovered in the 19th century, it was not until
recently that anyone suspected that it might serve a navigational purpose. Then various
experiments demonstrated that bees and ants use the polarization of the light of the sky
to find their way home.
In insects the structures that are sensitive to polarized light are located within the
visual cells, but only in those that are responsibe to ultraviolent wavelengths. Man's
eye, however, cannot perceive ultraviolet light. Nevertheless it has recently been
suggested (hat the Vikings were taking advantage of the polarization of skylight in
their voyages west from Iceland and Greenland to Newfoundland around the year
1000. A Danish archaeologist has pointed out that the sun-stones described in the old
sagas were nothing other than crystals that could serve as polarization analysers.
As I am writing this article I have on my desk a small crystal of cordierite. When I

look through it at any point in the sky, 1 can determine the direction of polarization by
observing the changes of colour and brightness as I rotate the crystal around the line of
sight. Some years ago an airplane was steered with fair precision from Norway to an
airfield in Greenland with this crystal as the only navigational aid. These crystals can
be found as pebbles on the coast of Norway. Although it is unlikely that the Vikings
knew anything about polarized light, they apparently perceived the relation between
what they saw through a sun-stone and the position of the sun, which was often hidden
by clouds in those northern latitudes.
_____________________________________________________________________
cordierite [ko:diErait] kordierk; pebble oblázek; perpendicular [,pE:pEn 'dikjulE]
kolmý; plane rovina; radiate vyzařovat; triangle [traiANgl] trojúhelník, ultraviolet
[,altrE'vaiElit] ultrafialový; visual [vížuEl] zrakový
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
YOUR LIFE SPAN COULD BE NINETY

The average life span could rise to ninety, with few people dying of disease before
seventy, an eminent medical scientist predicted in the British Medical Journal.
Already, he said, the most likely age of death is seventy-five to seventy- nine in men.
Prevention of disease may now offer more opportunities than treatment. If people
stopped smoking, the death rate from cancer would be reduced by a third, some lung
and circulatory diseases would be almost eliminated, and deaths from heart attacks
would be cut by a quarter. The effects of improving the diet are less certain, but
changes to more cereals, vegetables, fruit, and fish and less meat, fat, dairy products,
eggs, and sugar would probably mean less heart disease, diabetes, and ulcers. While
440 / 474
heavy consumption of alcohol is seriously harmful, there is evidence that a daily quota
of a pint of beer or a glass of wine reduces the risk of death from blood vessel disease.
Still, it would be better if there were a reversal of the trend of the past thirty years,
when alcohol has become progressively cheaper in terms of the labour required to buy
it.
Preventive action against road accidents has kept the death toll steady at around six
thousand a year, despite an enormous increase in traffic. But the rising cost of public
transport and petrol is driving people, particularly the young, to ride motorbikes where
the risk of death is eighteen times as great as at of driving a car and two hundred and
fifty times that of travelling by train.
Whatever is done, however, to increase the expectation of life, it is believed unlikely

that the present human life-span of something over seventy years will ever be stretched
to more than five score. There seems to be an inbuilt biological clock ensuring that
very few ever live to become centenarians.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
blood vessel céva; centenarian [,sentiCneEriEn] stoletý (člověk), circulatory disease

choroba krevního oběhu; death toll počet úmrti; diabetes [,daiE'bi.ti:z, ,daiE'bi:tis]
cukrovka; life span délka života; ulcer [alsE] vřed
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SCIENCE ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS
There is no denying it: boys think differently from girls. At present, schooling and
testing ignore the differences Many differences traditionally believed to exist between
the sexes (boys are expected to be more aggressive, while girls are encouraged to be
gentle) are based on stereotypes. But evidence from recent brain research indicates that
some behavioural differences between men and women are based on differences in
brain functioning and are unlikely to be changed by cultural factors alone.
One study of infants found that shortly after birth, females are more sensitive to
certain types of sounds, particularly to a mother's voice. Female babies are also more
easily startled by loud noises. Girls have increased skin sensitivity, especially in the
fingertips, and are generally more attentive to social contexts - faces, speech patterns,
subtle vocal cues. At a time when boys fail to distinguish between a face and an
inanimate object, such as a blinking light or a dangling toy, reacting and babbling
equally to both, girls recognize mother as a person. By five months, a female can
distinguish photographs of familiar people, a task rarely performed well by boys of
that age. Female infants speak sooner, have larger vocabularies and rarely demonstrate
speech defects (stuttering occurs almost exclusively among boys). Girls exceed boys in
language abilities and this often prevails throughout life. Girls read sooner and learn
foreign languages more easily.
Boys, in contrast, show an early visual, superiority. They are also clumsier,
performing poorly at something like arranging a row of beads, but excel at other
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activities calling on total body coordination. A boy will manipulate an object and
attempt to take it apart. A study of preschool children finds boys more curious,
especially in regard to exploring their environment. Some psychologists suggest that
sexual stereotypes are a block to creativity, since creativity requires sensitivity - a
female trait - as well as autonomy and independence – traits usually associated with
males.
This does not mean that one sex is generally superior or inferior to another. But it
should be pointed out that at present boys suffer in elementary-school classrooms,
while girls suffer later. More than 90 per cent of hypersensitives at school are males.
This is not surprising since the male brain is primarily visual, while classroom
instruction demands attentive listening. The male brain learns by manipulating its
environment, yet the typical pupil is forced to sit still for long hours. Primary grades
are geared to skills that come naturally to girls but develop very slowly in boys.
_____________________________________________________________________
bead korálek; blink mrkat; dangle kývat se; gear vázat, pojit, hypersensitive
nadměrně citlivý (člověk); stutter koktat, trait [treit] rys; vocal cues významová
modulace hlasu
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Answer the questions according to the texts:

1. Which creatures are known to have good direction-finding abilities? 2.. What kind
of material is found in some of their tissues? 3. Where is a tissue with magnetic
properties situated in man? 4. What diseases could be reduced if people stopped
smoking? 5. How could people's diets be improved? 6. Is the consumption of alcohol
harmful? 7. What is the total death toll from road accidents in Britain? 8. How big is
the risk of death in riding motorbikes? 9. How much more can the present human life
span be stretched? 10. What was the Viking's sunstone?
2. Give the substance of the text in the differences between boys and girls using
the following points:
1. traditional views of boys and girls;
2. cultural factors as well as different brain functioning;
3. responses to sounds shortly after birth;
4. recognizing the mother, attention to social context;
5. skin sensitivity;
6. distinguishing photographs;
7. language abilities;
8. clumsiness, but good total body coordination;
9. curiosity, exploring and manipulating one's environment;
10. achievement at elementary and secondary schools;
11. creativity = sensitivity + independence;
12. Is any sex generally superior to the other?
3. Explain the following terms:
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1. homing pigeon; 2. sinus; 3. sixth sense; 4. ultraviolet light; 5. Viking saga; 6.

northern latitude; 7. diabetes; 8. life span; 9. biological clock; 10. centenarian; 11.
babbling; 12. stuttering.
1. Can you find your direction easily? 2. Where did you get lost lately? 3. What age
would you like to reach? 4. Do you do anything for your health in order to live till
ninety? 5. Do you smoke? If you do, why! 6. How long have you gone without sleep
on some special occasions? 7. Have you got good body coordination? Have you had
any falls? 8. Have you observed the growth and mental development of an infant? 9.
Do you agree with the conclusion of the article on the differences between boys and
girls? 10. Are boys or girls better off in the modern world? 11. Did you "suffer" in the
elementary-school classroom? 12. Do you believe that the stereotypes in bringing up
boys and girls should change?
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY VÍCESLOVNÁ POJMENOVÁNÍ
1. Give Czech equivalents of the similes (if they exist):

a) 1. clear as day; 2. deaf as a post; 3. easy as pie / ABC: 4. fit as a fiddle; 5. good as
gold (especially about good behaviour of children); 6. hard as nails; 7. heavy as lead;
8. light as a feather; 9. old as the hills; 10. plain as the nose on your face (= completely
obvious); 11. pleased as Punch; 12. regular as clockwork; 13. silent as the grave; 14.
strong as a horse; 15. (they're) thick as thieves (= very friendly with each other); 16.
white as a sheet; 17. alike as two peas;
b) 1. drink like a fish; 2. drop st like a hot potato; 3. behave like a bull in a china shop;
4. look like a ghost; 5. speak like a book;
c) 1. coal-black; 2, raven-black; 3. snow-white; 4. pitch-dark; 5. stone-deaf; 6. dog-

tired; 7. dead-drunk; 8. soaking wet; 9. piping hot; 10. brand-new; 11. cocksure; 12.
dirt cheap.
2. Fill in the blanks and set each phrase into a wider context:
1. clear as ...; 2. fit as a ...; 3. hard as ...; 4. heavy as ...; 5. light as a ...; 6. plain as ...; 7.
pleased as ...; 8. pretty as a ...; 9. quick as ...; 10. regular as ...; 11. strong as a ...; 12.
They're thick as ...; 13. white as a...; 14. ... as the hills; 15. ... like a ghost; 16. ...-deaf;
17. ...-tired; 18. ... drunk; 19. ...-new; 20. ... hot.
3. Enumerate idioms that involve the eye, head, heart, leg, and nose.
_____________________________________________________________________
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REVISION INTERFERENCE Foreign words in Czech II
Česky - správné anglicky Interference angličtiny - český ekvivalent

absence Má tři absence. absence = nepřítomnost
He missed three classes / lectures / attendances
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
advokát lawyer, (obhájce) brit. advocate = zastínce; skot. advokát

barrister, amer attorney
afekt emotion, passion affect = působit na
akce Dnes měl dvě akce. action = děj, působení;
He had two committee meetings today. heart action srdeční činnost
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ambulance outpatients' department ambulance = sanitka

atestace (medical) specialist's examination attestation = vzít do přísahy, ověření
/ diploma
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
bar nightclub bar = výčep

cimbál cymbalom cymbal = činel
dekáda ten days, a ten-day period decade = desetiletí
dóm cathedral dome = kupole
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
dres strip, shirt (and shorts) dress = dámské šaty

ekonomie (obor) economics economy = hospodářství, hospodárnost
espreso (snack bar) coffee bar, café espresso = přísroj na vaření kávy
etiketa (nálepka) label etiquette = pravidla chování (etiketa)
exkurze (educational) visit, amer. field trip excursion = zájezd, výlet
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
expozice ( část výstavy) exhibit exposition = mezinárodní výstava (obchodní)

funkce: mít funkci serve / sit on a committee function = funkce
have an official position
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
infarkt heart attack infarct = (odborný termín)

interupce termination of pregnancy, abortion interruption = přerušení
inzerce advertising insertion = vložení
kempink, kemp (tábořiště) campsite, camping = táboření
campground, (tábor) camp
klozet lavatory, toilet, WC, closet = šatna (vestavěná skříň)
amer. bathroom
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
kolej (vysokoškolská) hall (of residence), college = (kolej jako zaří.vyuč.i obytné)
(student) hostel, amer. dormitory
komfort: byt se vším komfortem live in comfort = žít si pohodlně;
a flat with all the conveniences, comforts of home life = domácí pohodlí
well-equipped flat, luxury flat
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
komik comedian comic = komik (pouze zlehčující a hovor.);

comic book = komiks
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komisař (polic.) brit, superintendent, commissar = komisař

officer (SSSR do 1946 ministr; polit.prac.v armádě)
koncese (povolení k provoz.) licence concession ústupek; koncese (právo k těžbě)
kondice (vyučování) private lesson condition = podmínka; tělesný stav
kritika criticism (hodnocení); critic = kritik
review (recenze)
literatura faktu nonfiction
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
manifestace rally, public meeting, manifestation = projev

(s průvody) demonstration;
účastník manif. demonstrator;
manifestovat demonstrate,
take part in a demonstration / rally
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Ve funkci náměstka ředitele měl tolik akcí, že nakonec z toho dostal infarkt a museli
ho odvézt sanitkou. 2. Jeho kritika byla pozorně vyslechnuta, protože je odborník na
ekonomii. 3. Naproti dómu je espreso. 4. Na naší koleji se čte hodně literatura faktu 5.
Obchod splnil roční plán už v první prosincové" dekádě. 6. Bydleli jsme v komfortním
kempinku. 7. Manifestace za mír se účastnily tisíce lidí. 8. Vraždu v baru vyšetřuje
jeden známý komisař Scotland Yardu. 9. Po druhé atestaci se dr. Novák stal vedoucím
oddělení. 10. Jan hraje na cimbál ve folklórní skupině. 11. Arsenál hrál v červeném
dresu 12. Francouzská expozice na veletrhu byla menší než obvykle. 13. Měl by sis
vzít "advokáta. 14. Jaké víno je v té láhvi? Etiketa se odlepila.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 38 CRIME I AP2
PINKERTON DETECTIVE AGENCY SOLD
On Tuesday the takeover of Pinkerton's, the world's oldest and biggest detective
agency, was announced by American Brands, a vast conglomerate. It purchased the
132-year-old private security organization for about 160 million dollars. Pinkerton's
was founded in Chicago in 1850 by Allan Pinkerton, who came from Glasgow in
Scotland. In the days of good guys and bad guys, Pinkerton's tracked outlaws such as
Jesse James, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and the Reno gang train robbers -
and with them they entered into Hollywood westerns. Before a secret service existed,
Pinkerton men guarded Abraham Lincoln, foiling a plot against his life before he was
assassinated in 1865. Pinkerton was very much anti-slavery and often helped runaway
slaves escape before the Civil War broke out; then he offered his agency's help on the
Union side. Now more than ninety per cent of Pinkerton's revenue comes from security
services and ten per cent is investigation.
_____________________________________________________________________
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conglomerate [kEn'glomErEat] obchodní firma (řidicí různě nesourodé podniky);

foil zmařit; gay amer chlapík; plot spiknuti
Butch Cassidy [,buč 'kAsidi] (Butch přezdívka silného chlapa); James, Jesse [džesi]
(1847-82); he and his brother Frank were leaders of a gang that robbed and murdered
through most of the central states; Pinkerton, Allan [piNkEtn] (1819-84); Reno
[ri:nEu] a city in Nevada
_____________________________________________________________________
HOUSEHOLDS AND BURGLARIES
A survey undertaken by British insurance companies showed that 24 per cent of

people admit to leaving windows open at hight, 15 per cent do not bolt their front and
back doors and do not cancel milk or newspapers while on holiday, 80 per cent do
not tell the police they are going away, 60 per cent do not lock away valuables, and 40
per cent do not leave a light on in a room or close the curtains when they go out. One
in four households does not insure his belong ings at all, and many of those who do
only have half to two-thirds of the coverage they need. On the other hand, 20 per cent
of all polled admitted to keeping a weapon - from clubs to knives - to deal with
intruders and claimed they would use a weapon if one was handy to protect themselves
or their family and would even use it to stop the burglar escaping. Half of Britain's
male householders would rather deal with a burglar themselves than call the police.
_____________________________________________________________________
belongings věci (které nám patří), bolt zavřít na zástrčku; club hůl, klacek, coverage
krytí; rozsah pojistky, pojištěni; deal with sb vyřídit si to s někým; intruder vetřelec;
polled dotazovaný
_____________________________________________________________________
MET CHIEF ON CRIME STATISTICS
London's police chief, Sir Kenneth Newman, defended the record of the
Metropolitan Police at a recent news conference in New Scotland Yard. He described
as unfair comparisons between the Meťs low overall clear-up rate (16 per cent) and the
clear-up rates of other forces in the country. He said the rise in serious crime masked
the increased number of arrests and clear-ups. The Met manage a better clear-up rate
for assaults and homicide and for fraud and forgery than for city robberies and violent
thefts, criminal damage, autocrimes, and burglaries. The last two have the lowest
clear-up rate, because these crimes are mostly committed randomly. He also pointed
out that the Met force was roughly the same size as during the 1920s and blamed
demonstrations and London's traffic for taking police officers away from other duties.
Sir Kenneth refused to comment on the views expressed by his predecessor as Met
chief, Sir James Bannister, in the Sunday Mirror. Sir James, whose account of five and
a half years as head of Scotland Yard is being serialized by the paper, asserted that
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"hanging should be restored because it's the only way to beat the gunman. When
Britain still had capital punishment (abolished in 1969), cases of armed crime were
rarely encountered, because the man who contemplated arming himself for a robbery
also contemplated the prospect of a noose. Today a killer faces the prospect of eight or
nine years in prison if he behaves himself. He knows that, whatever happens, he will
survive, even if his victims do not.
____________________________________________________________________
alarming znepokojivý; assailant [E'seilEent] útočník, assert [E'sEt] tvrdit; autocrime
krádež auta; clear-up objasněný případ; gunman ozbrojený útočník; incident případ
(výskyt), killer vrah, Met zkratka z Metropolitan Police Městská policie; mugging
[magiN] přepadení (na ulici, zejm za tmy), noose smyčka, oprátka, prospect vyhlídka;
record povést; serialize [siEriElaiz] uveřejňovat na pokračování
_____________________________________________________________________
ARMED ROBBERY FROM ATOP AN ELEVATOR
Eight guests at luxury San Francisco hotels paid $5,000 for an elevator ride. They
were victims of what police call a "unique operation" - armed robbery from atop an
elevator. In the two such stickups reported in the past two weeks, the same thing
happened, the elevator suddenly stopped between floors. The escape hatch on the roof
opened slowly, a hand in a surgical glove pointed a shotgun at the terrified passengers,
and a male voice ordered them to drop all their valuables on the floor. A mail sack
dropped to the floor of the elevator, and the passengers were told to load it with their
jewelry, cash, credit cards, and wallets. Then the sack was hoisted, the escape hatch
was slammed shut, and the robbers made their getaway.
_____________________________________________________________________
hatch poklop, make one's getaway uniknout; sack pytel
_____________________________________________________________________
RANSOM MONEY OF 1971 MYSTERY HIJACK OUND BY PICNICKERS
An eight-year-old boy on a family outing over the weekend found several tousand
dollars of the money obtained by the airplane hijacker, calling himself simply
"Cooper", who parachuted from a jet with a $200,000 ransom in 1971. The money is
the first found from the only successful airline hijacking for ransom in American
history. The FBI showed reporters twelve piles of weather-beaten and decomposed
twenty-dollar bills and said the serial numbers matched those on some of the bills paid
to Cooper by the airline. The bills were partially buried in sand on the north bank of
the Columbia River. The crime, which captured the fancy of America on Thanksgiving
Eve, began when a midle-aged man using the name Cooper boarded a Northwest flight
at Portland, Oregon. Before the flight reached Seattle, Cooper told the crew he had a
bomb in his briefcase and demanded that Northwest give him $200,000 and four
parachutes and fly him to Reno, Nevada. The other thirty-six passengers were allowed
to leave the plane at Seattle. After the plane took off again, Cooper forced the entire
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crew to the flight deck. When the plane arrived at Reno, Cooper and the money were
gone. The flight recorder indicated that Cooper had jumped in southwestern
Washington, a densely wooded area in the foothils of the Cascade Mountains. Cooper,
whose actual identity has never been determined, was never found and most
investigators believe he was killed in the jump. Numerous searches of the region failed
to find his body.
_____________________________________________________________________
bill amer. bankovka; capture the fancy of sb zaujmout někoho; decompose
rozpadnout se; hijacker [haidžAkE] únosce letadla; weather-beaten zničený počasím
Cascade [kAs'keid]; FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation Federální vyšetřovací
úřad; Northwest name of an airline; Oregon [orEgEn]; Seattle [si'Atl]
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CRIME I OFFENCES, CRIMES

be against the law být proti zákonu
violate the law porušit / přestoupit zákon
illegal [i'li:gl] nezákonný, protizákonný
commit an offence [E'fens] / a crime dopustit se přestupku / zločinu
get st unlawfully získat něco nezákonně
minor traffic offence menši dopravní přestupek

slander [sla:ndE] pomluva (uveřejněná nepravda)
slanderous pomlouvačný
libel [laibl] urážka na cti
libel action pře pro urážku na cti
steal krást
theft krádež
petty larceny drobná krádež (právnický termín)
catch the pickpocket red-handed chytit kapsáře při činu
shoplifting j.č. krádeže v obchodech
shoplifter zloděj v obchodě
break into a house vloupat se do domu
Somebody's broken in. Někdo se vloupal dovnitř.
bolt the door zavřít na zástrčku / závoru
housebreaking vloupáni
burglary [bE:glEri] vloupání

burgle amer. též burglarize a house vyloupit dům, vloupat se do domu.
I've been burgled. Byl jsem vyloupen,
burglar lupič
disturb the thief vyrušit zloděje
The camera's gone. Fotoaparát je pryč.
receiving (stolen goods) přechovávání / překupnictví (kradeného)

receiver překupník
swindle podvést; podvod;
448 / 474
swindle sb out of st podvodně vylákat něco od někoho

cheat podvádět, šidit
cheat a trusting person out of st ošidit důvěřivou osobu o něco
keep unlawfully nezákonně si ponechat
defraud [di'fro:d] zpronevěřit, podvodně získat
fraud [fro:d] podvod fraudulent [fro:djulEnt] podvodný
embezle [im'bezl] some money from a bank, company
embezle … zpronevěřit peníze v bance, u společnosti
embezzlement zpronevěra
embezzler defraudant
confidence triek, slang con podvod (zneužití důvěry)
con man slang podvodník
graft amer. nezákonné obohacováni se (machinacemi); peníze získané nezákonně
bribe podplatit; úplatek
receive / take bribes přijímat úplatky
bribery úplatkářství, podplácení
extort [ik´sto:t] money from sb vybírat (násilím, hrozbou) peníze na někom
use threats užívat pohrůžky
obtain a promise by extortion získat slib vydíráním
blackmail vydírat (znát zatajovaná fakta a hrozit jejich uveřejněním);
blackmail sb into doing st vydíráním přimět někoho něco udělat

threaten [Sretn] to make a fact known hrozit zveřejněním nějaké skutečnosti
rake in a lot of money shrábnout spoustu peněz
run a protection racket „ochraňovat" za poplatky vymáhané pod pohrůžkou
blackmarketeer, profiteer [,profi'tiE] šmelinář, obchodník na černém trhu
make unfairly large profits by selling much-needed goods …

make … mit nepřiměřené zisky z prodeje velmi žádaného / potřebného zboží
profiteering šmelinaření, spekulantství
smuggle cocaine [kEuCkein], hashish [hAši(:)š] pašovat kokain, hašiš
(drug) pusher slang překupník drog
head of a narcotics ring vůdce gangu obchodujícího s drogami

smuggler pašerák
counterfeit [kauntEfit] money padělat peníze
counterfeit coin padělaná mince
counterfeiter, forger padělatel
forge a signature padělat podpis
forged passport padělaný / falešný pas
The painting is a forgery. Obraz je padělek.
CRIMES OF VIOLENCE
crime of violence násilný zločin
rob sb of st oloupit, někoho o něco
449 / 474
robbery (with violence) loupež (spojená s násilím)

robber lupič
holdup, slang stickup přepadení
hold up a cashier přepadnout pokladníka
attacked by masked men napaden maskovanými muži
cosh the wages clerk hovor, omráčit pokladníka (s výplatami pro zaměstnance)
grab the wages zmocnit se peněz na výplaty

beat off the attack odrazit útok
raid a bank, a jeweller's shop přepadnout banku, klenotnictví
smash-and-grab zejm. brit. vyloupeni výlohy (po rozbití skla)
raise the alarm udělat poplach
set off the alarm systém spustit poplašné zařízení
armed with an offensive weapon ozbrojen útočnou zbraní
threaten with a gun ohrožovat střelnou zbrani
carry a gun mít u sebe revolver
brandish an iron bar, a botcher's knife mávat železnou tyči, řeznickým nožem
stab in the chest bodnout do hrudi / prsou
assault [E'so:lt] a policeman napadnout policistu
brawl rvačka
scuffle potyčka
be drunk disordely (policejní terminologie) být opilý a ztropit výtržnost
rape, (žurnalisticky a právnicky) criminal / indecent assault znásilnění
have sex with a woman against her will, rape a woman znásilnit ženu
sexual offence, sex crime sexuální přestupek, sexuální zločin
incest [insest] krvesmilstvo
manslaughter [mAnslo:tE] zabití
death through misadventure smrt nešťastnou náhodou
murder in cold blood chladnokrevně zavraždit
cruel, hideous [hidiEs], outrageous [autCreidžEs], abominable [ECbominEbl] act
…
cruel,… krutý, ohavný, odporný, hanebný čin
premeditated [pri:' mediteitid] murder předem uvážená a promyšlená vražda
incite to murder vybízet k vraždě
revenge [ri'vendž] oneself / take revenge on the murderer pomstít se vrahovi

revenge an injustice pomstít (se za) nespravedlnost / křivdu
in revenge, out of revenge z pomsty, ze msty
avenge [E'vendž] spravedlivě pomstít
swear vengeance [vendžEns] on sb přísahat někomu pomstu
take vengeance (up)on sb pomstít se někomu

blood feud [fju:d] krevní msta
strangle (za)rdousit, uškrtit
hit / strike on the head with a blunt instrument udeřit do hlavy tupým nástrojem
punch sb in the eye uhodit někoho do oka, dát někomu ránu do oka
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beat up ztlouci, zmlátit

with intent to do grievous [gri:vEs] bodily harm …
with … (odborně) s úmyslem dopustit se těžkého ublíženi na těle
kidnap unést
released by the kidnapper / amer. kidnaper / (úředně též) abductor [AbCdaktE] …
released by the kidnapper … propuštěn únoscem
pay the ransom [rAnsEm] zaplatit výkupné
He turned into a hardened criminal. Stal se z něho otrlý zločinec.
vandalism vandalství
rowdyism [raudiizm], hooliganism [hu:ligEnizm] výtržnictví, chuligánství
rowdies at football matches výtržnici na fotbalových zápasech
fight and break things rvát se a rozbíjet věcí
hoodlum [hu:dlEm] slang násilník
punch-up hovor, rváč
juvenile delinquent [,džu:vEnail di' liNkwent] mladistvý provinilec
delinquency delikvence
involve oneself in criminal activity zaplést se do trestné činnosti
_____________________________________________________________________

1. burglary; 2. clear-up rate for homicide; 3. the prospect of a noose; 4. capital
punishment; 5. stick-up; 6. hijacker.

A ... undertaken by an ... company showed that many people do not... their front doors
and do not... milk or ... while on ..., do not lock away ..., do not leave a... on in a room
or.,. the curtains when they go out. One in four do not insure their ... or have half of the
... they need: On the other ..., they admit to keeping a ... - from ... to knives - to deal
with ... and ... they would use a weapon to ... themselves and to stop the ... escaping.
3. Find a suitable name for each criminal activity:

1. He stole a few tins in a supermarket. 2. He killed bis wife in a fit of jealousy. 3. The
gunman stopped a man in the street and took his purse. 4. He stole a car. 5. He broke
the lock and entered the house and took away all the valuables. 6. He v smashed up a
telephone kiosk. 7. He carefully planned the killing of an employee who was carrying
a lot of cash. 8, He copied his brother's signature on a cheque. 9. He got some trusting
people to lend him large amounts of money and then disappeared. 10. He seized a
member of the family and demanded ransom money. 11. He forced a plane to change
its course of flight.

1. Trying to track down a criminal in London is like looking for a needle in a haystack.
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2. Pinkerton's agency.
3. The crime rate in Britain.
4. The mystery hijack over the western USA.
1. Two masked men stop you in the street and demand your money. What would you
do? 2. A lonely policeman is chasing a criminal. Would you join in the chase? 3. Is
your household insured? Against what? 4. Have you ever asked the insurance
company for some money? 5. Have you or your friends ever been the victims of a
burglary?
6. Translate:
dopustit se přestupku; porušit zákon; krádeže v obchodech; chytit kapsáře při činu;
vyrušit zloděje; vloupání; přechovávání kradeného; zpronevěřit částku; podvodník;
přijímat úplatky; vydírat peníze na někom; užívat pohrůžky; spekulant; pašovat drogy;
překupník drog; padělaná mince; padělat podpis; násilný zločin; přepadnout
pokladníka; přepadnout klenotnictví; udělat poplach; spustit poplašné zařízení;
napadnout policistu; ozbrojen střelnou zbraní; ztropit výtržnost v opilství; znásilnění;
chladnokrevně zavraždit; pomstít se za někoho; ze msty; přísahat někomu pomstu;
zardousit; ztlouci; těžké ublížení na těle; propuštěn únoscem; výtržnictví; otrlý
zločinec; násilník; mladistvý provinilec; zaplést se do trestné činnosti.
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY RČENÍ A PŘÍSLOVÍ
1. Explain the meanings of the sayings and proverbs:

1. When in Rome do as the Romans do. 2. Dead men tell no tales. 3. That's just sour
grapes. 4. It would be (like) carrying coals to Newcastle. 5. Prevention is better than
cure. 6. It's like searching for a needle in haystack. 7. You can't take it with you. 8.
They have sown the wind and they shall reap the whirl wind. 9. The longest day must
have an end. 10. Never do things by halves. 11. Love me, love my dog. 12. You can't
have your cake end eat it. 13. Once bitten, twice shy. 14. Out of sight, out of mind. 15.
He who laughs last, laughs longest / best. 16. Blood is thicker than water. 17. Beggars
can't be chosers. 18. Pride goes before a fall. 19.There's no smoke without fire. 20.
You can't teach an old dog new tricks.
2. Find Czech equivalents of the following sayings and proverbs:

1. He's in a tight spot / corner, 2. He can't see (an inch) beyond'the end of his nose. 3.
Nothing ventured nothing gained. 4. Where there's a will, there's a way. 5. You've
made your bed and you must lie on it. 6. Look before you leap. . 7. Don't count your
chickens before they're hatched. 8. There's many a slip between cup and lip. 9. A bird
in the hand is worth two in the bush. 10. First come first served. 11. Necessity is the
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mother of invention. 12. Easy come, easy go. 13. Troubles never come singly. 14. In
the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. 15. He who / that pays the piper
calls the tune. lrj. Birds of a feather flock together. 17. Like father like son. 18. Never
look a gift horse in the mouth. 19. Curiosity killed the cat. 20. Still waters run deep.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 38 INTERFERENCE Foreign Words in Czech III
Česky - správné anglicky Interference angličtiny - český ekvivalent

paráda: být v plné parádě parade = přehlídka
be all dressed up;
být jen pro parádu be just for show;
Potrpí si na parádu. She's very particular / choosy about the clothes she wears.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
partyzán (mimo východní Evropu) partisan = partyzán (jen vých.Evropa)

guerrilla
perspektiva perspectice = right / wrong perspective
Toto povolání nemá perspektivu.
There's no future in this job.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
polemizovat argue
prezence: zjišťovat prezenci presence = přítomnost
pretend check the attendance
proces (soudní) trial process = postup
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
produkce: film naši produkce production = výroba

Czech film
projektovat design project = promítat, vyčnívat, vystrčit;
projected visit = zamýšlená návštěva
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
promoce graduation ceremony promotion = povýšení

propaganda (podpora) publicity propaganda = (má záporný odstín)
publicista journalist publicist = reklamní pracovník
realizovat se: Projekt se realizoval. *The project was realized.
The project was implemented. realize an intention = uskutečnit záměr
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
recenze review
recese: z recese as a joke, for fun recession = ustupování, krize
redigovat edit
reflektor headlight reflector = odrazové zrcátko / sklíčko
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
reflektovat na něco reflect = odrážet

show interest in st
reklamovat vadné zboží reclaim = znovu nabýt / získat
453 / 474
ask for defective / damaged goods to be exchanged or refunded

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
rekonvalescence convalescence
relace (vysíláni) broadcast relation = vztah
replika (odpověd) response, answer, reply replica = kopie
repríza repeat performance
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
resort department; division resort = útočiště; letovisko

rezervace (území) reserve reservation = rezervace (jen indiánská);
výhrada; zajištění
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
scéna: navrhnout scénu pro divadelní scene = výstup (v divadelní hře), výjev
hru design the set for a play
seriál (samostatná pokračováni) series serial = (navazující pokračování)
signatura (knihy) bookmark signature = podpis
smoking dinner jacket, amer. tuxedo smoking = kouření
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
statista (herec) extra, super (numerary)

stáž fellowship stage = etapa, stádium, fáze
subvence subsidy subvention (zřídka)
TBC TB
toaleta (šaty) gown, evening dress toilet = záchod, záchodová mísa; (ranní)t.
transparent banner (with a slogan) transparent = průhledný
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
urgence reminder, (placení) urgency naléhavost

request for payment
vagón carriage, coach, amer. car waggon = povoz
vizita round visit = návštěva
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Translate:
1. Smith je známý publicista; také redigoval jeden populární časopis. 2. Kdo navrhl
scénu pro Krále Leara? 3. John nemohl již dělat statistu při repríze hry - jeho
rekonvalescence z TBC dosud neskončila. 4. Studenti - jen tak z recese - nesli
transparent „Ať žije menza!" 5. Polemizoval jsem s jeho tvrzením, že naše práce nemá
žádnou perspektivu. 6. Reflektoval někdo na naši nabídku? 7. Vizitu dnes dělali ti dva
sympatičtí lékaři. 8. Ona byla ve večerní toaletě, on ve smokinku. 9. Náš rezort pečuje
o přírodní rezervace. 10. Neznáš signaturu toho svazku recenzí? 11. Relace o slavných
procesech byla velmi zajímavá. 12. Do kterého vagónu máme místenky? 13. Nejdříve
zjisti prezenci. 14. Jana si potrpí na parádu.
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 39 CRIME II AP2
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KIDNAP WIFE FREED
The release of Mrs Kirkpatrick, aged 27, "wife of supergrass", ended a 105-day
ordeal for her family, and came eight days after husband's stepfather and half-sister,
who had also been kidnapped and threatened with execution by the Provisional IRA,
were set free when Irish police raided a house in Co. Donegal. But the details of her
abduction, where she was held, and how she came to be found by Father Paul, who
played a mysterious go-between role and who drove her home, are not known. Nor is
the reason why the terrorists decided to release her unharmed after threatening to kill
her, It is thought, however, that there were internal divisions within the IRA over her.
Once it became apparent that nothing would make Mr Kirkpatrick, who is serving five
life sentences for murder, retract his statements, the IRA decided to release the
hostages, especially as the cost in manpower and money of holding someone is high.
Mrs Kirkpatrick said of the captors: "They always treated me well. But I would not
identify them - I would be too scared for my life." She claimed that she had no idea
where she had been held. For the previous fourteen weeks the kidnappers had moved
her from place to place, taking the precaution of cutting her long blonde hair so that
she should not be recognized. From the start there was a woman looking after her. She
had never made conversation with her captors and although she was given everything
she asked for she lost half a stone during her captivity. "My lowest point," she said,
"was when I knew I was the only hostage left. I felt my days were numbered. I felt
they were going to lead me away and shoot me. I prayed to St Jude (the patron saint of
hopeless causes) every day. I thought I had had it." Mrs Kirkpatrick does not think her
husband will retract his evidence against forty-four former IRA terrorists. "He didn't
give a damn about me," she explained. "I will file for divorce if he doesn't retract.
There's no future in carrying on." When Mrs Kirkpatrick walked into her home, her
mother did not recognize her at first and then collapsed. When she recovered she
summoned a family reunion - Mrs Kirkpatrick has eight brothers and sisters - to
celebrate her homecoming.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
abduction únos; captor vězni tel; cause věc; Co. zkratka z county; damn: I don't
give a damn. hovor Je mi to fuk; execution poprava; file for divorce zažádat o
rozvod; go-between prostředník; have: I have had it. hovor. To je můj konec. Je se
mnou konec; ordeal [o:' di:l] utrpení, soužení, retract vát zpět; serve five life
sentences odpykávat si pětinásobný doživotní trest (za pět zločinů); stone (britská
jednotka) 14 liber; supergrass slang mnohonásobný udavač (grass udavač)
Donegal [donigo:l]; Jude [džu:d] Juda; Kirkpatrick [kEk'pAtrik], Provisional IRA

[,aiar'ei] one of the two factions of the IR4 and Sinn Fein that have existed since a split
in 1969. The Provisional movement advocates terrorism to achieve Irish unity.
_____________________________________________________________________
"PERFECT CRIME" MAN FREE AFTER 26 YEARS
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Britain's second-longest serving prisoner, Kenneth Barlow, was freed from jail
yesterday after twenty-six years. Barlow, 65', was imprisoned for the so-called "perfect
murder" of his wife by injecting her with insulin. He left Leyhill open prison near
Bristol shortly after 7 a.m., the Home Office said. Barlow, once reported to have been
unsure whether he wanted to go free, has been released on licence from the prison.
This means he could be recalled if he fails to comply with the conditions of the
licence, which include living at an approved address and keeping in touch with
probation officers.
Barlow was found guilty at Leeds assizes of murdering his pregnant wife Elizabeth,
30, by injecting her with large doses of insulin. She drowned in the bath after going
into a coma. The couple had been married only eleven months when she was found
dead at home. The case made legal history and received widespread press coverage. It
was the first murder case involving insulin. Painstaking work by police on the crime
led to the discovery by a pathologist of needle puncture marks on his wife's skin after
the body had been exhumed for a second postmortem.
Barlow has repeatedly protested his innocence. He says he will try to write a book
about the case. He has a son who is now married with children. Barlow was believed
to be heading for the home in Margate, Kent, of woman who has befriended him and
campaigned for his relase. Barlow's first wife Nancy, 33, also died after being in a
coma, but an inquest found she died of natural causes.
_____________________________________________________________________
assizes [E'saiziz] mn.č. brit. pravidelné zasedám porotních soudů v jednotlivých
hrabstvich; od roku 1971 je nahradil Crown Court; befriend [bi´frend] sb přátelsky
někomu pomáhat; coma [kEumE] koma go into coma upadnout do hlubokého
bezvědomí, komatu; comply [kEm'plai] with st dodržet něco (splnit podmínky),
exhume [ig'zju:m, eks'hju:m] exhumovat; Home Office britské ministerstvo vnitra;
insulin [insjulin] inzulín; open prison vězení s možností vycházek; painstaking
usilovný; pathologist [pE'SolEdžist] patolog; postmortem [,pEusťmo:tEm]
(examination) pitva; probation officer (sociální) kurátor, osoba pověřená dohledem
nad osobou podmínečně propuštěnou; protest [prE'test] one's innocence prohlašovat,
že jsem nevinen; puncture mark stopa po vpichu jehly (injekci)
Barlow [ba:lEu]; Leyhill [leihil]
_____________________________________________________________________
PAGETT LOSES APPEAL ON KILLING OF GIRLFRIEND
An appeal by David Pagett against conviction for the manslaughter of his sixteen-
year-old pregnant girlfriend, who was shot by the police while he was using her as a
shield, was dismissed by the Appeal Court in London yesterday. The Lord Chief
Justice and his fellow judges held that Pagett was responsible for the girl's death
because he had committed a criminal act which put her in danger. They said they
would not consider reducing Pagetťs twelve-year sentence. Miss Lynn Swan was hit in
the side three times by bullets fired by one of the police officers, Constable Andrew
456 / 474
Gibbons, at Pagetťs Birmingham flat. Pagetťs counsel had argued that he was not
guilty of manslaughter because he did not fire the bullets. But the three appeal judges
felt that Pagett had committed two criminal acts - that he had fired first and therefore
provoked police to fire at him, and that he had used Miss Swan as a human shield.
Either act would, in the Appeal Court's view, have been sufficient to convict him of
manslaughter, even if had fired, provoked the police into firing back, and an innocent
bystander had died.
Counsel for Pagett, Lord Gilbert, QC, asked for leave to appeal to the House of
Lords for a ruling on the responsibility where a death results from a criminal act but is
directly caused by a third party.
_____________________________________________________________________
bystander [bai' stAndE] přihlížející (osoba); counsel [kaunsl] for sb obhájce někoho;
dismiss an appeal zamítnout odvoláni; Justice soudce (titul; napf. Mr Justice Smith);
Lord Justice soudce odvolacího soudu, QC [,kju: 'si;] zkratka z Queen's Counsel (titul
udělovaný předním právníkům); ruling usnesení, výrok; shield štít Gibbons [gibEnz];
Gilbert [gilbEt]; Pagett [pAdžit]
_____________________________________________________________________
FIFTH US PRESIDENT TO BE SHOT, FIRST TO SURVIVE
President Ronald Regan was shot in the chest on March 30, 1981 as he was heading
for his waiting limousine, its bulletproof door open. Others of the six bullets gravely
injured the White House Press Secretary and two lawmen - a Secret Service agent and
a Washington policeman. The attack occurred at 2.25 p.m. EST (19.25 GMT). The
assailant was identified as John Hinckley, 25, a college dropout, of Evergreen,
Colorado. Later it was found by the investigators that Hinckley was obsessed by his
love for Jodie Foster, an American starlet, and wanted to attract her attention by killing
the President.
Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were all
killed by guns, the first in 1865, the last in 1963. Four presidents escaped the bullets of
would-be assassins. In 1835 Andrew Jackson was attacked in Washington by a
deranged house painter who fired two pistols from six feet away and missed. In 1933
in Miami an anarchist shot at Franklin D. Roosevelt but a woman seized his arm and
the bullet fatally wounded Mayor Anton J. Cerrnak, of Chicago. In 1950 two Puerto
Rican nationalists tried to shoot their way into Harry Truman's residence in
Washington and killed a guard. In 1975 Gerald Ford escaped unharmed from two
assassination attempts - both by women - within a month.
Lincoln was shot in Washington while attending a performance in Ford's Theater on

April 14,1865. He died the following day. Garfield died two months after he was shot
in the back at a Washington railway station by a disappointed office-seeker in 1881.
McKinley was shot in Buffalo, N.Y., in 1901, and died eight days later. On November
457 / 474
2,1963 John F. Kennedy was shot as he rode in a motorcade through Dallas. Within
hours he was dead. Controversy still surrounds the circumstances of his death.
_____________________________________________________________________
bulletproof [bulEtpru:f] neprůstřelný; controversy [kontrEvE:si, kEan'trovEsi] j.č.
spory; deranged [di'remdžd] nepříčetný; dropout bývalý student (nedokončivši
školu); EST [,i: es ´ ti:] = Eastern Standard Time (čas východního pásma USA );
GMT (,dži: em 'ti:] = Greenwich Mean Time greenwichský střední čas; lawman
strážce zákona; motorcade kolona aut; obsessed [Eb'sest] posedlý; office-seeker
uchazeč o úřad; would-be assassin [E'sAsin] osoba pokoušející se o atentát / zabití
_____________________________________________________________________
CRIME II INVESTIGATION
investigate a crime vyšetřovat zločin

dial 999 and ask for the police volat pohotovost a chtít policii (v Británii)
receive an emergency call dostat hlášeni (o požáru, nehodě, zločinu)
race, rush to the spot ujíždět, řítit se na místo činu / nehody
crackdown on organized crime soustředěná akce proti organizovanému zločinu
flash a radio message to other patrol [pE' trEul] cars

flash a radio … podat hlášení rádiem ostatním policejním (hlídkovým) vozům
scene of the shooting / shootout místo přestřelky
question witnesses to the crime vyslýchat svědky zločinu
take fingerprints vzít / sejmout otisky prstů
look for a clue hledat stopu
find the motive najít motiv
search for the murder weapon pátrat po vražedné zbrani
make an inch-by-inch search of the ground prohledat terén centimetr po centimetru
house search domovní prohlídka
carry out a routine inquiry provést běžné vyšetřování
find a partially clothed body najít neúplně oděnou mrtvolu
corpse of a nude woman mrtvola nahé ženy
launch a nationwide search for sb vyhlásit / zahájit celostátní pátrání po někom
make checks on traffic kontrolovat v dopravních prostředcích a na silnicích
set up roadblocks zablokovat silnice (a kontrolovat vozidla)
Volunteers have joined in the search. Do pátrání se zapojili dobrovolníci.
use an informant from the underworld použít informátora z řad podsvětí
seek a suspect [saspekt] hledat podezřelého
wanted by police in connection with ... hledán policii v souvislosti s ...
HUNT, ESCAPE
interview, question vyslechnout
obstruct [Eb'strakt] the course of justice bránit výkonu spravedlnosti
458 / 474
issue a picture of the missing person uveřejnit fotografii pohřešovaného

issue an arrest warrant [worEnt] vydat zatykač
search warrant povolení k prohlídce
intensify the hunt for sb zintenzívmt pátrání po někom

keep (a) watch on all departing planes stálákontrola všech odletů letadel
alert the ports zalarmovat přístavy, vyhlásit pohotovost v přístavech
post officers around the building rozmístit policisty kolem budovy
report a sighting of sb hlásit, že někdo byl spatřen
false alarm falešný poplach

identify sb with certainty s určitostí někoho poznat / identifikovat
take part in an identity parade identifikace (výběr z několika přítomných osob)
identikit [ai' denti´kit] identikit, pravděpodobný portrét
swoop on a house, raid a house udělat přepad v domě
cordon [ko:dn] off an area uzavřít oblast policejním kordonem

close an area to the public uzavřít oblast pro veřejnost
call in police reinforcements povolat policejní posily
reinforce the police on duty posílit policii ve službě
extradite [ekstrEdait] to (Britain) vydat (Británii) (policii jiné země)
trace a telephone call demanding ransom …

trace a telephone call … vysledovat telefonní hovor, ve kterém se požaduje výkupné
track to a hideout vystopovat k úkrytu
on sb's track na něčí stopě
hide skrývat se, ukrývat se
barricade oneself in a house zabarikádovat se v domě
flee in disguise [dis'gaiz] prchat v přestrojení
be on the run být na útěku
flee, bolt through the back entrance uniknout, utéci zadním vchodem
make off in a stolen car uprchnout v kradeném autě
chase [čeis] honit, honička
arrest after a car chase zatknout po automobilové honičce
ram the getaway car zablokovat cestu prchajícímu vozu (vůz napříč vozovky…)
fire a warning shot vystřelit na výstrahu
The shot went wide. Střela šla zcela mimo.
shoot one's way out prostřilet si cestu
have a narrow escape uniknout jen o vlas, jen tak tak uniknout
put up resistance klást odpor
grapple with sb zápasit s někým (držet, aby neutekl)
throw to the ground povalit na zem
disarm odzbrojit
handcuff [hAndkaf] sb spoutat někomu
put handcuffs on sb's wrists dát někomu pouta
459 / 474
capture chytit
recover the cash získat peníze zpět
detain [di' tein] for questioning zadržet pro vyšetřování
surrender [sE' rendE] / give oneself up without resistance vzdát se bez odporu
arrest [E'rest] zatknout
You're under arrest. Jste zatčen.
lead away to a police van / slang a Black Maria odvést k policejnímu vozu
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Replace the words in italics by other words:

1. He refused to retract his evidence. 2. They took the precaution of cutting the
captive's hair. 3. She lost half a stone during her captivity. 4. Her pleas failed to move
them. 5. A family reunion was summoned. 6. I'll try to make a go of out marriage. 7.
Needle puncture marks were found on the skin. 8. We must wait for a ruling of the
Appeal Court.

1. Provisional IRA; 2. a grass, 3. go-between; 4. Co. (Donegal); 5. abduction; 6.
captor; 7. half-sister; 8. postmortem; 9. assizes; 10. probation officer; 11. be in a coma;
12. vale of tears; 13. deranged man; 14. would-be assassin.
1. What particular instances of vandalism have you met with? 2. Have you ever had an
opportunity to prevent an act of vandalism? 3. Do you believe that most criminals
would commit their crimes even if they had grown up in a better family environment?
4. What do you do with things you find (on a train, in the street)? 5. Someone has
stolen your guitar; now accidentally you have found one; would k you be tempted to
keep it although it isn't yours? 6. How tolerant are you of drunks? 7. Do you think that
dishonesty is on the increase?
5. Translate:
vyšetřovat závažný trestný čin; vyslýchat svědky zločinu; hledat stopy; zahájit
celostátní pátrání po pohřešovaném; vydat zatykač na podezřelého; ukrývat se; být
někomu na stopě; být na útěku; klást odpor; odzbrojit a spoutat; získat zpět ukradené
peníze.
_____________________________________________________________________
WORD STUDY SÉMANTICKÉ ROZDÍLY

1. I always (carry, wear) the watch you gave me. 2. Peonies were in (blossom, flower).
3. When will peaches be in (blossom, flower)? 4. Hold it carefully - don't drop it on the
460 / 474
(earth, ground). 5. (ground, land) travel and sea travel are equally pleasant 6. You are
on my (ground, land) - that's trespassing. 7. Tall factory (chimneys, stacks) have
spoiled the countryside. 8. Unlike steamships, nuclear-powered ships have no
(chimneys, funnels, stacks). 9. Ayckbourn's comedies are usually (booking-office,
box-office) successes. 10. In the supermarket you must pay at the (box office, cash
desk). 11. This (strip, stripe) of land is mine. 12. There are thirteen (stripes, strips) in
the US flag. 13. The abbreviation IQ stands for (intelligence, intelligentsia) quotient.
14. He's a (fragile, frail) old man. 15. This old Venetian glass is very (fragile, frail) -
be careful. 16. His voice (shivered, trembled) with fear as he spoke. 17. The
temperature dropped to below zero and we (shivered, trembled) with cold. 18. On the
train we sat in the third (compartment, department). 19. The Suez (canal, channel) was
built in the 19th century. 20. There's some (suspense, tension) between the boss and
the staff.
2. Make sentences to distinguish the meanings:

1. price - prize; 2. wild - savage; 3. tongue - language; 4. poison - venom; 5. library -
bookcase; 6. comment - commentary; 7. skin - hide - leather; 8. leg -foot; 9 finger-toe;
10. picture-painting-image; 11. fate-destiny; 12. referee-umpire-judge; 13. tower-spire;
14. habit-custom; 15. ground-soil; 16. visit- attend; 17. foretell - forecast - predict; 18.
free - loose; 19. home-made - homegrown; 20. subtle - gentle; 21. ten-year-old - ten-
year; 22. boundary - border - frontier; 23. spirit - ghost; 24. end - ending; 25 different -
various - varied.
3. Find different meanings of each word:

1. man, 2. character, 3. youth, 4. hair, 5 dull; 6. side; 7. hang; 8. line; 9. cousin; 10.
poor.
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 39
1. Find the formal expressions in:

Her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs requests and
requires in the name of Her Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer
to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford the bearer such assistance and
protection as may be necessary.
I, the undersigned Secretary of State of the United States of America, hereby request
all whom it may concern to permit the citizen(s) of the United States named herein to
pass without delay or hindrance and in case of need to give said citizen(s) all lawful
aid and protection.
2. Specify which field of science or scholarship each term conies from:
461 / 474
asteroid; bark; constitutional monarchy; cross-breeding; ego; eclipse; equation;

estuary; fraction; galaxy; gland; karst; gravity; meridian; molar; Neanderthal man;
nomad; nuclear fission; pistil; tranquillizer.
3. Explain what kinds of progress have made these words outdated:

alchemy, bow and arrows, flail, guild, quack, quill pen, sailing ship, scythe, serfdom,
slavery, stagecoach, torch.
4. Specify the situations and styles of the following:

• 1. Get the glasses out. They'll be here soon.
• 2. Last orders, gentlemen.
• 3. Bless us, O Lord, and these thy gifts.
• 4. You shall gain your bread by the sweat of your brow.
• 5. Being of sound mind I hereby leave all my worldly goods ...
• 6. Dear Sir / Madam,
We have pleasure in sending you this complimentary copy and hope that you will
evaluate it for possible use with courses that you may have.
N.B. Yours faithfully
Please acknowledge receipt of this parcel.
• 7. With the compliments of the author.
• 8. The Trustees, President, Faculty and Graduating Class of the Moravian College,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, announce their Annual Commencement Exercises.
Thursday evening, June the tenth, 19.., at eight o'clock.
• 9. I ..., spinster, born .. in ..., and now residing at ... and employed as a teacher by ...,
do hereby invite XY to visit me in England for a period of approximately six weeks in
19.., and to undertake to pay all the expenses incurred by the said XY, during the
period of her stay in Great Britain.
Signed …
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• 10. These chocolates should be in perfect condition. If they have been damaged in
any way please return the complete package to us, with this slip, stating when and
where it was bought. We shall be glad to replace it and refund the postage.(Applies to
UK only.)
• 11. We heard with great regret of the death of ... on ...
• 12. We are in large measure indebted to all who offered additions and emendations
for the improvement of this dictionary. Further suggestions will be gladly received.
In particular, we should like to express our gratitude to ...
• •13. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the copyright owner.
• 14. The post has been filled. We'll keep your letter on record in case a suitable
post arises.
462 / 474
• 15. By an error, which we much regret and for which we offer apologies, the name
of ... was misspelt.
• 16. We, the undersigned, ...
• 17. Come unto me all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.
• 18. Back to Washington for the latest news flash.
• 19. Please have the correct change ready.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• 20. The giving or receiving of assistance during a Final Examination is a cause for
summary dismissal from the University.
• 21. Attendance at lectures is important for what you contribute as well as for what
you may learn. Please do not miss any except for compelling reasons. Regulations
require that anyone absent for 3 days or more from illness must obtain a medical
certificate.
• 22. Caution. Guard dogs.
• 23. Caution. Hazard. Take care in this area. Uneven surface.
• 24. When the bus is moving do not speak to or distract the driver. You must stand
behind this notice. Luggage must not be put in the gangway. Press the alarm signal to
alert the driver.
• 25. Please offer this seat to an elderly or disabled person.
• 26. Metroline. Welcome aboard. Please pay the driver or show your pass. Exact fare
if possible. 20 standing passengers are allowed on lower deck unless seats are
available.
• 27. No smoking. Maximum penalty L400.
• 28. If you have any comments or suggestions regarding this bus service, please write
to the commercial manager.
• 29. Work is now in progress on a major improvement scheme. There will inevitably
be some disruption, but our staff are working hard to minimize the incoveniences to
passengers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• 30. An inspector can get you anywhere. Will your heart stop every time the bus does?
• 31. Boat hire and ticket cruises. Enquiries and bookings. The last pleasure boat
departure at 5 p.m.
• 32. All goods delivered to rear door.
• 33. London Buses Limited will prosecute anyone who assaults staff or vandalizes
vehicles.
• 34. Seen anyone suspicious? Seen anything suspicious? Have you let accommodation
for cash? Or sold a car for cash? Anti-terrorist branch, hotline ...
• 35. Rabies prevention. No animal from abroad permitted ashore.
• 36. Permitted to land on condition that the holder does not remain in the United
Kingdom longer than ... and does not enter any employment paid or unpaid. Seen at
the British Embassy (Visa Section). Good for a single journey to the U.K.
• 37. Thank you for using our services and have a nice day.
• 38. The Lord helps those who help themselves.
463 / 474
• 39. By advice of the Board of Trustees of the University of ... and upon
recommendation of the University Senate at..., XY has been admitted to the Degree of
Master of Arts and is entitled to all rights and honors thereto appertaining.
Witness the Seal of the University and the signatures of its Officers, this eleventh
day of August, 19..
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
40. Czechoslovakian Community Festival Honoring the Czech and Slovak Nations in
Celebration of the... th Anniversary of Immigration to America
Saturday: 10:00 AM Festival begins: Displays - Demonstrations - Gift Booth -
Hospitality Table - Entertainment
8:00 PM Old-fashioned "Zábava" (Dance)
Sunday: Church of your choice
11:00 AM until food is gone:
Czech-Slovak Dinner ($5.00): Pork, Sauerkraut, Dumplings,
Jaternice, Koláčky, Beverage (Children up to 12 - $2.50)
Lidice Memorial Service (Auditorium) - Following Dinner
Motorcade to Sokol Park
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 40 CRIME III AP2
DRIVER IN DEAD TROUBLE
Boston has never been renowned as one of America's great centers of law and order -
the current mayor is accused of all sorts of skulduggery. But the city has now clearly
established that it is going to accept no excuses for illegal parking. William Harrison
had parked his car in Beacon Street, right in the middle of the city near the public
garden. At 10.50 a.m. a traffic warden saw it and put a parking ticket on the
windshield. When the car had still not been moved after lunch, a second ticket was put
under the wiper at 2.30 p.m. If none of this seems out of the ordinary, it is worth
noting that the car door was wide open and Mr Harrison was slumped dead over the
steering wheel, with a gunshot wound in the neck. After he had lain there for
something like six hours collecting posthumous parking tickets, a passerby, as it is
officially recorded, "became suspicious and called the police". A police department
spokesman said later that it was "not clear why the meter maid did not also become
suspicious. The homicide unit will have to find out who she was and talk to her."
_____________________________________________________________________
current [karEnt] současný, nynejší; in dead trouble v naprostých koncích (zde slovní
hříčka se smrti), gunshot wound [wu:nd] střelná rána; homicide [homisaid] unit
oddělení vražd; meter maid amer. hovor, kontrolorka parkování; out of the ordinary
mimořádný; posthumous [postjumEs] posmrtný; public garden park; skulduggery
[skal'dagEri] hovor., zejm. humorně machinace; slumped zhroucený, sesutý,
something like six hours nějakých šest hodin; suspicious [sE'spišEs] podezřívavý;
464 / 474
become suspicious pojmout podezření; windshield [windši:ld] amer přední sklo (auta
= brit. windscreen); wiper stěrač
_____________________________________________________________________
THE YORKSHIRE RIPPER GETS LIFE FOR COLD-BLOODED MURDERS
At London's Old Bailey court yesterday, the jury of six men and six women in the
trial of the "Yorkshire Ripper" decided by a ten to two majority after six hours that
Sutcliffe was not mad, as his defence had claimed. The killer, whose standard
technique was to kill with a hammer from behind before mutilating his victims, was
responsible for the deaths of eleven women in various big cities of the industrial north
- Leeds, Manchester, Bradford, Huddersfield, and Halifax. Sutcliffe had managed to
elude the police for a long time, though he was in fact interviewed by the police nine
times before being caught by accident. Police condemned the "cynical hoaxer" who
misled them with a false tape. The father of the killer said: "I wish I could get my
hands on whoever made that tape. But for him, my son might have been caught years
sooner and lives would have been saved."
The Yorkshire police had been criticized for not calling in the most experienced
murder squad in Britain - Scotland Yard. This squad from the London police
headquarters will go anywhere, but it has to be invited, and some provincial police do
not like outsiders on their,cases. The two Yorkshire policemen who finally arrested the
murderer received .a framed certificate of commendation, the highest award a chief
constable can give. The Ripper hunt cost four million pounds. A team of two hundred
detectives was assigned permanently to the hunt and police interviewed 21,000 men
and checked 130,000 vehicles.
_____________________________________________________________________
certificate of commendation diplom s čestným uznáním, commendation pochvala;
constable [kanstEbl] strážník; get one's bands on sb dostat někoho do rukou; hoaxer
šprýmař; mutilate zohavit; Ripper Rozparovač
_____________________________________________________________________
LET THE PEOPLE BE THE JUDGE
Since the televising of courts began in the USA around 1980, 46 of the 50 US states
allow television cameras in their courts. The lawyers say that television does not
disrupt proceedings and can add to the public understanding of the legal system. When
a famous rape trial was on, it was run virtually uninterrupted on both Cable News
Network and Court TV - the cable network dedicated to trials, especially the dramatic
and sensational ones. National networks and local stations also offered hefty chunks of
each day's action. While a few in America said such exposure was voyeurism, most
welcomed it and were glued to their sets for what became the most exciting of soaps.
Court TV says it is emulating C-Span, the cable channel which offers coverage of
proceedings in the US Senate.
465 / 474
In Britain, where the cameras are not allowed into court, there is the worry that they
would hamper proceedings and intimidate witnesses. Despite those fears, the Bar
Council is in favour of cameras, arguing for better public understanding of the legal
process, although trials involving rape and children would not be televised. Judges
would retain the right to stop filming if they thought a case was inappropriate or
particularly sensitive.
A private Memeber's Bill to introduce cameras into court failed in 1991, but its
supporters, pointing to the success of parliamentary television, say their arrival is only
a matter of time.
_____________________________________________________________________
hamper narušovat; hefty chunk hovor, pořádný kus, mohutná dávka; private
(member's) bill návrh zákona podaný členem Dolní sněmovny; voyeurism
[vwai'E:rizm] voajérství (sexuální slidičství); Bar Council advokátní komora
_____________________________________________________________________
CRIME III
COURT PROCEEDINGS
in court u soudu
start legal proceedings zahájit soudní řízení
take / bring an action against sb, sue [su: , sju:] sb žalovat někoho
I sue for damages žalovat o náhradu škody
lawsuit, suit [su: t, sju:t] soudní pře
trial [traiEl] proces, přelíčení

try soudit
The case came up for trial. Případ se začal soudně projednávat.
accuse of murder obžalovat z vraždy
charge sb with st, bring a charge of st against sb obvinit někoho z něčeho
plaintiff žalobce
defendant [diCfendEnt] obžalovaný
counsel [kaunsl] for the prosecution státní žalobce, prokurátor
counsel for the defence obhájce
give evidence svědčit
stand in the dock sedět na lavici obžalovaných
swear an oath [EuS] přísahat, složit přísahu
interrogate [in'terEgeit] vyslýchat
hearing výslech
cross-examine podrobit křížovému výslechu
466 / 474
withhold [wiD'hEuld, wiS'hEauld] evidence zatajit některá fakta (v svědecké

výpovědi) contradictions in the testimony rozpory ve svědectví
testify to sb's honesty potvrdit / dosvědčit něčí poctivost
testify against sb svědčit proti někomu
witness svědek
entangle oneself in lies zaplést se do lží
perjury [pE:'džEri] křivá přísaha; commit perjury křivě přisahat
reveal new facts odhalit nová fakta

New facts came out. Vyšla najevo nová fakta.
have an excellent alibi [AlEbai] mít výborné alibi
disclose the name of one's accomplice [E'kamplis]
disclose … prozradit / sdělit jméno svého společníka / spoluviníka / spolupachatele
admit one's guilt připustit svou vinu

confess to a crime přiznat se k zločinu
plead guilty přiznat svou vinu
deny one's participation popírat svou účast
plead ignorance vymlouvat se na nevědomost / neznalost
insist on one's innocence [inEsEns] trvat na své nevině

innocent [inEsEnt] nevinný; plead innocent trvat na své nevině, tvrdit, že je nevinný
He claims innocence. Tvrdí, že je nevinný.
allege [E'ledž] tvrdit, vypovídat
speak evasively [i' veisivli] mluvit vyhýbavě
prevaricate [pri' vArikeit] vytáčet se, lhát

put the blame on sb svalovat vinu na někoho
trumped-up charge vymyšlené / zkonstruované obvinění
frame-up hovor, nastražený zločin, falešné obvinění
trial by jury proces s porotou
return a verdict of (not) guilty vynést rozhodnuti (poroty) (ne)vinen

find guilty shledat vinným
acquit [E'kwit] zprostit viny
The court ruled that... Soud rozhodl, že ...
aggravating circumstance přitěžující okolnost
extenuating [ik'stenjueitiN] polehčující

The allegation [,AliCgeišn] of cruelty was not proved.
The allegation … Obvinění z krutosti nebylo prokázáno.
suspended [sE'spendid] sentence podmíněné odsouzení
sentence to death / ten years' imprisonment odsoudit na smrt / deset let do vězení
appeal against the decision of the court odvolat se proti rozhodnutí soudu
reject the appeal zamítnout odvolání
467 / 474
PRISON
prison [prizn] vězení, věznice
jail, brit. těž gaol [džeil] věznice, vězení
penitentiary [,peniCtenšeri] amer. věznice
clink, jug, amer pen slang basa, kriminál
end up in prison skončit ve vězení
He's doing a term. hovor. Sedí.

put under lock and key strčit pod zámek, zavřít
behind bars za mřížemi
serve a sentence of five years odpykávat si trest pěti let
jail for five years uvěznit / zavřít na pět let
life (imprisonment) doživotní vězeni

high / maximum-security prison maximálně střežené vězení
cell with a barred window cela se zamřížovaným oknem
hard labour j č. nucené práce
borstal, Borstal brit. polepšovana, nápravné zařízeni pro mladistvé provinilce
approved school, amer. reformatory, reform school polepšovna

prisoner vězeň
inmate of a prison vězeň, chovanec
habitual offender, recidivist recidivista
gevernor, amer. warden ředitel věznice
(prison) guard, warder (vězeňský) dozorce

heavily guarded silně střežený
escape, hovor, break out from a prison uprchnout z vězení
jail breakout, jailbreak útěk z vězení
The fugitive [fju:džitiv] / escapee [,eskei 'pi:] is still at large.
The fugitive … Uprchlík je dosud na svobodě .
announce a reward for recapture vypsat odměnu za dopadení

recapture (znovu) dopadnout
be granted bail být propuštěn na záruku / kauci
let out on bail propustit na kauci
without possibility of parole [pE'rEul] bez možnosti propuštění za dobré chování
place on probation podmínečně propustit, dát podmíněný trest
give a chance to live honestly dát příležitost žít poctivě
solitary confinement samovazba
execute [eksikju:t] popravit
executioner [,eksi'kju:šEnE] kat, popravčí
postpone the execution odložit popravu
ask for mercy žádat o milost
turn down the petition for mercy zamítnout žádost o milost
commute [kE'mju:t] the death penalty / death sentence to penal [pi:nl] servitude
468 / 474
commute … změnit trest smrti v trest káznice (vězení s těžkou prací)
escape the gallows [gAlEuz] uniknout šibenici

die in the electric chair zemřít na elektrickém křesle
electrocute [i' IektrEkju:t] popravit elektrickým proudem
hang (sloveso s pravidelnými tvary) oběsit
deserve one's fate zasluhovat si svůj osud
grant a general amnesty vyhlásit všeobecnou amnestii

release from prison propustit z vězení
turn a new page začít nový život
lead an honest life vést poctivý život
abolish capital punishment zrušit trest smrtí
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Let's play an "alibi" game:

A crime has been committed - a bank or shop has been broken into - and two people
are suspected. They deny their guilt. They were together at the time, but not near the
bank or shop; indeed, they have (they say) a perfect alibi.
Two students are chosen as the "thieves". They go outside and together make up a
detailed story to account for their movements on the evening of the crime. They must
be able to say where they were at certain times, what and whom they saw, and exactly
what they were doing and saying.
On their return to the classroom, the rest of the class, representing the police, put
questions to them. Only one suspect is called in at a time; while he is interrogated, the
other one is sent out. The object is to expose contradictions in the two suspects' stories.
For instance, one of them may say they sat upstairs at the cinema, the other that they
sat downstairs. Requestioning of each suspect soon reveals all the differences between
their stories, and the alibi breaks down.
2. Translate:
žalovat někoho; soudní pře; přelíčení; žalovat o náhradu škody; začít se soudně
projednávat; obvinit z něčeho; obžalovat z vraždy; žalobce a obžalovaný; prokurátor a
obhájce; sedět na lavici obžalovaných; složit přísahu; vyslýchat; výslech; zatajit
některá fakta; rozpory ve svědectví; dosvědčit něčí poctivost; zaplést se do lží; dopustit
se křivé přísahy; odhalit nové skutečnosti; prozradit jméno svého společníka; připustit
svou vinu; trvat na své nevině; popírat svou účast; tvrdit, zeje nevinen; přiznat se ke
zločinu; svalovat vinu na někoho jiného; proces s porotou; shledat vinným; vynést
rozhodnutí (poroty); zprostit viny; přitěžující / polehčující okolnosti; odsoudit na rok
do vězení; zkonstruované obvinění; odvolat se proti rozhodnutí soudu; zamítnout
odvolání; polepsovna; silně střežená věznice; útěk z vězení; odpykávat si trest pěti let;
recidivista; vypsat odměnu na znovudopadení; propustit na kauci; trest smrti; udělit
amnestii; propustit z vězeni; vést poctivý život.
469 / 474
1. When you see something "suspicious", do you investigate it or do you let it be? 2.
Would you like to work in the homicide squad? 3. Do you think that the law is too
lenient in the case of murderers (life sentence v. death sentence)? 4. How would you
treat cases of cruelty and violence if you were a judge? 5. Do you think that the
policeman who arrests a murderer deserves a better reward than a framed certificate of
commendation? 6. Has anyone you know ever needed to ask the police for help?
_____________________________________________________________________
REVISION 40
COULD YOU TAKE THE CAMBRIDGE CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY?
The examination for the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency is for very advanced
students of English. Many schools of English in most parts of the world now run
preparatory courses leading to the examination. The certificate is widely recognized by
educational institutions. A close look at the five papers will suggest the kind of exam it
is.
Paper One (1 1/4 hours)

Section A (Vocabulary test): 40 multiple-choice questions, in which the candidate has
to choose the most appropriate item from a choice of five to fill in a blank in a
sentence. It requires a very wide range of vocabulary, as can be seen
from the following sample:
1. My friend's son, who is a soldier, was delighted when he was... only a few miles
from home, (camped - situated - placed - directed - stationed)
2. His poor standard of play fully justifies his ... from the team for the match next
Saturday, (rejection - expulsion - exclusion - exception - ban)
3. Even a small dog in a house can ...a thief (deter - arrest - waylay - counter -
forestall)
4. His carelessness ... the whole enterprise, (ventured- risked - jeopardized - chanced -
hazarded)
Section B (Reading comprehension): two or three passages for reading with 20

multiple-choice comprehension questions, which are often very tricky and require the
candidate to read in great detail, not just for general understanding.
Paper Two (3 hours)

Section A (Composition): the candidate has to write two compositions, one involving
description and narrative, the other involving a topic for discussion. There is a choice
of subjects for each composition.
470 / 474
Section B (Literary criticism): a short text for reading followed by questions that
mainly test the candidate's awareness of the writer's use of stylistic devices,
Paper Three (3 hours)

Section A (Grammar): exercises testing a wide range of grammatical points.
Section B (Summmary): a reading passage followed by a number of questions which
test comprehension of the text and stylistic devices in it; writing a summary based on
some of the main points of the text.
Section C (Style): writing a composition based on information given in a short text,
diagram, notes, or statistics. The composition has to be written in a style appropriate to
the subject.
Paper Four (30 minutes)

Listening comprehension: three short narrative texts are read aloud by the examiner
(taped dialogues are never used). The candidate has to answer five multiple-choice
questions on each of the texts.
Paper Five (Oral test)

Part A (interview - about 5 mins.): an interview with the examiner, using a
photograph as a starting point for the examiner's questions.
Part B (Topics - about 2 mins.): the candidate has to give a short speech chosen from
a list of three subjects. There is about 15 minutes before the interview to prepare the
speech and make notes.
Part C (Dialogue reading - 2-3 mins.): before the interview, the candidate is given a
printed extract from a play and has to prepare to read the lines of one of the characters
aloud. During the test, the examiner reads the part of the other character.
Part D (Situation): the candidate is given a booklet containing a list describing
various social situations. The examiner chooses three of these and reads them aloud to
the candidate, who then has to make an appropriate response.
The whole oral paper tests the candidate's general fluency, the ability to communicate
effectively and express ideas in an original way, and the accuracy of his or her
pronunciation. As can be seen, the emphasis of the proficiency examination is very
much on reading and writing (the oral and listening comprehension papers together
account for 25 per cent of the marks).
_____________________________________________________________________
TOEFL
471 / 474
The Test of English as a Foreign Language is designed to evaluate the English

proficiency of persons whose native language is not English. Most people who take the
TOEFL test are secondary-level students preparing to study at a North American
college or university. The questions in the test are based on common problems that
nonnative speakers of English may have with the language.
The TOEFL test has three separate sections.
Section One
Listening Comprehension. It measures your ability to understand spoken Native
American English.
In Part A, you hear a short sentence (it will be spoken just one time). Then you read
four choices in your test book and you must choose the sentence that is closest in
meaning to the sentence you heard and mark it on your answer sheet. There are 20
questions in part A, e.g.: Would you mind helping me with this load of books?'- A.
Please remind me to read this book. B. Could you help me carry these books? C. /
don't mind if you help me. D. Do you have a heavy course load this term? (B is
correct)
In Part B you will hear conversations between two speakers and in Part C short talks
or conversations. Then you will be asked a question about what was said and you must
decide which of the four possible answers in your test book is the best. There are 30
questions, e.g.: Why are gas balloons considered dangerous? - A. They are impossible
to guide. B. They may go up inflames. C. They tend to leak gas. D. They are cheaply
made. Another of the 30 questions is: What must balloon pilots be careful to do?-A.
Watch for changes in weather. B. Watch their altitude. C. Check for weak spots in
their balloons. D. Test the strength of the ropes.
Another sample from Part C is a talk which goes like this; We're doing everything we
can to prevent the small population of whooping cranes from becoming still smaller.
For some reason, they raise only one chick. Scientists have been collecting the "extra"
eggs and placing them tn the nests of other cranes. The smaller, more common
sandhill cranes hatch the eggs and care for the young whopping cranes. We hope that
the adopted whooping cranes, when they mature, will eventually mate with each other
and establish a second wild flock with a different migratory route ... (this is about one
half of the text). Five questions follow; again, each answer consists of four choices
Section Two
Structure and Written English. Time 25 minutes. The test is designed to measure your
ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. From four words or phrases (marked A, B,
C, D) beneath each sentence, you must choose the one that best completes the
472 / 474
sentence. E.g. The juice containedin the bristles of the nettle causes an intense itch
when ... aperson's skin (A. it enters B. entering it C. there it enters D. lis entry into)
In questions 16-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases, marked A, B,
C, D. You must identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in
order for the sentence to be correct. E.g.
Grasses form a substantial partly of the diet of many ruminants (correct answer is
A
C).
B C D
Antibiotics can be convenience grouped according to the species of
A B C
microorganisms they inhibit (A is to be marked). Accurate meteorological
A
predictions can be formulated using techniques derived from chemicals,
B C D
physics, and mathematics.
Section Three
Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension. This test is designed to measure your
comprehension of standard written English.
In questions 1-30 each sentence has an underlined word or phrase. Below each
sentence are four other words or phrases, marked A, B, C, D. You are to choose the
one that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the
underlined word or phrase. E.g. Dotting the marshy expanse of the Florida Everglades
are little islands known locally as hummocks. (A. generally B. to all C. in that area D.
occasionally) Sand is found in abundance on the seashore and is often blown inland to
form sand hills and dunes. (A. at random B. at high tide C. in dry mounds D. in great
quantities) Other words checked for comprehension are e.g. faithful, ranging,
insufficient, sequence, raucous, pristine, fragrance, lofty.
Questions 31-60 are asked about several passages you read. E.g. a passage is the
sentence A snake may lose its old skin as often as four times a years. The question is
How often does a rattle-snake shed its skin? (A. once every four years B. once every
four months C. up to four times every year D. four times more often than other snakes)
Altogether there are 6 passages about which questions are asked. This is one of the
passages:
A new atomic clock being developed for navigation satellites will perform better than
previous devices. The clock, which incorporates a hydrogen maser, will use a new
microwave cavity design to provide a compact and lightweight package, and new
electronic techniques to maintain long'term stability. The clock can provide precise
navigation information because it is stable to one second in three million years. The
differences in the time when signals from four satellites arrive at one location can be
used to calculate that position to within a few yards. One of the questions is: Which of
473 / 474
the following characteristics of the clock will be most impressive? (A. its compact size
B. its weight C. its accuracy D. its ability to measure distance)
_____________________________________________________________________
474 / 474

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Angličtina Peprník 2 – pro pokročilé (lekce 1-40) Verze 2013-04-10

03 Work and labour 32

04 Advertising and publicity 45

10 War and armaments 121

13 Radio and television 161

15 The fine arts 186

18 Folk heroes, legendary figures 225

23 Change in life 288

30 Seasonal customs 361

36 The sea 421

37 The life sciences 431

40 Crime III 455

LESSON 01 READING NEWSPAPERS AP2

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

podrobně, do hloubky; fortnightly čtrnáctideník; give over věnovat; gossip column

THE AGONY AUNTS

From the letters:

žili) šťastně až do smrti - (jako v pohádkách a románech); jeopardize [džepEdaiz]

NEWS AND NEWSPAPERS 01

news item, news report, piece of news zpráva, novinka

give detailed news / reports přinášet podrobné zprávy

write from first-band / direct observation psát na základě přímého pozorování

pay a handsome sum of money zaplatit pořádně vysokou sumu

come / run up against censorship [sensECšip] narazit na cenzuru

NEWSPAPER LAY-OUT AND CONTENT

article [a:tikl] článek

crossword puzzle [pazl] křížovka

unbiased [an'baiEst] and frank [frANk] nepředpojatý / nezkreslený a otevřený

write truthfully [rait tru:SfEli] psát pravdivě

attack and denounce [di'nauns] corruption [kE'rapšn] napadnout a odsoudit korupci

unconvincing argument nepřesvědčivý argument

false statement nepravdivé tvrzení

canard [kACna:d], a false piece of news novinářská kachna

use empty phrases psát frázovitě

widely read hojně čtený, rozšířený

read by an influential section of the public čtený vlivnými kruhy

The paper says .. V novinách stojí ...

1. Topics for minitatks:

Všechny tři předložky mají ve spojení se slovesy sdělování a myšlení „týkající se

write about a friend in a letter write on foreign affairs for a newspaper

1. Fill in the prepositions:

3. Fill in the prepositions where necessary:

REVISION LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS

► Asking for information

◘ Saying you don't know

1. Translate (revision of modal verbs):

2. Fill in the infinitive with or without to

LESSON 02 PEOPLE, NATIONS AP2

People going abroad - to a distant country or a different continent – may experience

7. Eye movement. American eye movement might be characterized as polite

other people is not regarded as obscene. Marriage is thought of as a partnership,

BRITAIN'S SIKHS JUBILANT

A private school headmaster was found guilty of racial discrimination in refusing

BP Chemicals requests the pleasure

Travel arrangements - please indicate your requirement with an x:

Delete [di'li:t] where nonapphcable. Nehodící se škrtnete R,S,V,P Prosím

(From the Guinness Book of Records)

deteriorate [di' tiEriEreit], grow worse zhoršit se

go from bad to worse být čím dal horší, stále se zhoršovat

disagreement on minor issues neshoda v méně důležitých otázkách