Mathematics

Analytic Geometry
1
 Descartes` Method:
1. Never accept anything as true if I did not
have evident knowledge of its truth.
2. To divide each difficulties I examine as
many parts as possible.

3. I direct my thoughts in an orderly manner,

by beginning at the easily known objects in
order to ascend little by little..to knowledge
of the most complex.
4. I make enumerations so complete and
reviews so comprehensive, that I could be
sure of leaving nothing out.

Co
 Important Notes:
1.Analytic Geometry can be solved graphically.
2.Analytic Geometry is the immediate foundation
of Calculus.

Dis tance Formula :

? d = (x 2 - x1 )2 + (y 2 - y1 )2
where :
d = dis tance
( x1,y1 ) = coordinate of P1
( x 2,y 2 ) = coordinate of P2
Ax1 + By1 + C
? d=
± A 2 + B2
Rectangular/Cartesian Coordinate System:
Ordinate

Abscissa
 y
8
7
(– 4, 6) 1
6 y=- x+4
1 (– 2, 5)
y =- x+4 5 2
2 4 (0, 4)
(2, 3)
3
x y (x , y) 2 (4, 2)

–4 6 (– 4, 6) 1
–2 5 (– 2, 5) -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
0 4 (0, 4) -1
-2
2 3 (2, 3)
-3
4 2 (4, 2) -4
-5
-6
-7
-8

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.4

 y
8
7
6
3x - 2 y = 6
3x - 2 y = 6 5
4
x y (x , y) (4, 3)
3
–4 –9 (– 4, – 9) 2
–2 –6 (– 2, – 6) 1
(2, 0)
0 –3 (0, – 3) -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
2 0 (2, 0)
-2
4 3 (4, 3) -3
(0, – 3 )
-4
-5
(– 2, – 6) -6
-7
-8
(– 4, – 9)

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.5

 The picture can't be displayed.
y
8
2( x - 1) = 6 - 8 y 7
6
5
x y (x , y) 4
–4 2 (– 4, 2)
2( x - 1) = 6 - 8 y
3 3
(2, ) 2
3 3 2
–2 (– 2, ) (– 4, 2) (0, 1 ) 1
2 2 1 (2, )
2 (4, 0)
0 1 (0, 1) -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
1 1
2 2 (2, ) -2
2
-3
4 0 (4, 0) -4
-5
-6
-7
-8

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.6

 y
8
7
6
5
y=2
y=2 4

(– 3, 2) 3 (0, 2 )
2 (4, 2)
x y (x , y) (– 1, 2) (2, 2)
1
–3 2 (– 3, 2)
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
–1 2 (– 1, 2) -1
-2
0 2 (0, 2)
-3
2 2 (2, 2)
-4
4 2 (4, 2) -5
-6
-7
-8

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.7

 y
8
x = -3 7
6
x = -3 5
(– 3, 4)4
x y (x , y) 3
–3 –4 (– 3, – 4) (– 3, 2)2
1
–3 –2 (– 3, – 2) (– 3, 0)
–3 0 (– 3, 0) -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
–3 2 (– 3, 2) (– 3, –- 22)
–3 4 (– 3, 4) -3
(– 3, –- 44)
-5
-6
-7
-8

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.8

 APPLICATION
Example 1:
A car purchased for $17,000 is expected to depreciate
according to the formula
y = – 1,360x + 17,000. When will the car be worthless?

Solution : The car is worthless when y = 0.

– 1360x + 17000 = 0
+1360x +1360x
17000 = 1360x
17000
x=
1360
x = 12.5
© M Cabatuan 2004
The car will be worthless in 12.5 years. Slide 3.9
 The Distance Formula
y
Q( x2 , y 2 )

d |y2 – y1|

P( x1 , y1 )
R( x2 , y1 )
|x2 – x1|

x
d 2 = ( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 - y1 ) 2

d = ( x 2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 - y1 ) 2
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.10
 The Slope of a Non-vertical Line
y

Q( x2 , y 2 )

y2 – y1

P( x1 , y1 )
R( x2 , y1 )
x2 – x1

change in y y2 - y1
Slope of a non - vertical line = m = =
change in x x2 - x1
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.13
 EXAMPLE 1: Find the slope of the line passing through
P(–1, –2) and Q(7, 8).
y
8 Q(7, 8)
7
6
5
4
3 Rise = 10
2
1

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
P(–1, –2) - 2
-3 Run = 8 R(7, –2)
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

change in y y2 - y1 8 - (-2) 10 5
m= = = = =
change in x x2 - x1 7 - (-1) 8 4
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.14
 EXAMPLE 2: Find the slope of the line determined
by 3x – 2y =9.
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Q(3, 0)
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
-2
Rise = 4.5
-3 x = 0 , y = – 4.5
-4
P(0, –4.5)
-5 R(3, –4.5) y = 0, x = 3
-6
-7 Run = 3
-8

change in y y2 - y1 0 - (-4.5) 4.5 3

m= = = = =
change in x x2 - x1 3-0 3 2
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.15
 y y

Q( x2 , y 2 ) note : x1 = x2
Q( x2 , y 2 )

P( x1 , y1 )
note : y1 = y2 P( x1 , y1 )

x x

Slope = 0 Slope undefined

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.17

 The Slope of Parallel Lines
y
1
C
Slope = m1 Dy1 of  1

A Dx of  1 1
B
2
F
Slope = m2 Dy2 of  2 = Dy1 of 1

D
Dx2 of  2 = Dx1 of 1 E
x

Dy1 of  1 Dy2 of  2
m1 = = = m2
Dx1 of  1 Dx2 of  2
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.19
 Point – Slope of the Equation of a Line

y

Q ( x, y )

Slope = m
Δy = y – y1

P( x1 , y1 )
Δx = x – x1

x
y - y1
Slope m =
x - x1
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.23
 -2
EXAMPLE 5: Write the equation of the line with slope
3
passing through P(–4, 5).
y
8
7

Run = 3 6
P(–4, 5) 5
4
Rise = – 2
Q(x, y) 3
2
1

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

y - y1= m( x - x1 )
2 2 8
y - 5 = - ( x - (-4)) = - x -
3 3 3
2 8 2 7
y = - x- +5 = - x+
© M Cabatuan 2004 3 3 3 3 Slide 3.24
 EXAMPLE 6: Find the equation of the line passing through P(–5, 4)
and Q(8, –6).
y
8
7
y2 - y1 - 6 - 4 - 10 6
m= = =
x2 - x1 8 - (-5) 13 5 Run = 13
4
P(–5, 4)
y - y1= m( x - x1 ) 3
2
1
10 10 50 x
y-4= - ( x - (-5)) = - x - -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
13 13 13 -2 Rise = -10
-3
10 50 10 2 -4
y =- x- +4=- x+ -5
13 13 13 13 -6
-7
Q(8, –6)
-8

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.25

 Example 7: Find the slope and the y – intercept of
the line with equation 2(x – 3) = – 3(y + 5). Then
graph it. y
8
7
2x – 6 = – 3y – 15 6
5
4
3y – 6 = – 2x – 15 3
2
3y = – 2x – 9 1

2 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
y = - x -3 -1
-2
3 (0, –3) - 3 3

2 -4 –2
slope is - -5
3 -6
(3, –5)

y – intercept is (0, – 3) -7
-8

2(x – 3) = – 3(y + 5)

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.28

 Example 8: Are the lines represented by the
equations y = 3x + 2 and 6x + 2y = 5 parallel?

Example 9: Are the lines represented by the

equations 2x + 3y = 9 and 3x – 2y = 5
perpendicular?

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.29

 Summary
1. General Form Ax + By = C
A and B cannot both be 0.

2. Slope – intercept form y = mx + b

The slope m, and the y-intercept is (0, b).

3. Point – slope form y – y1 = m(x – x1)

The slope is m, and the line passes
through (x1, y1).
4. A horizontal line y=b
The slope is 0, and the y intercept is (0, b).

5. A vertical Line x=a

There is no defined slope, and the x-intercept is (a, 0).

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.32

 Graphing an Equation

y = x -4
2
8
y
7
x y (x, y) y = x2 - 4
6
(-3, 5) (3, 5)
5
-3 5 (-3, 5) 4
3
-2 0 (-2, 0) 2
1
-1 -3 (-1, -3) (-2, 0) (2, 0)
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
0 -4 (0, -4) -1
-2
1 -3 (1, -3) (-1, -3) - 3 (1, -3)
-4
V(0, -4)
2 0 (2, 0) -5
-6
3 5 (3, 5) -7
-8

This is an example of a Parabola. The lowest point being the vertex V(0,– 4).
Since the y – axis divides the graph into two congruent halves it is called the
axis of symmetry. The parabola is symmetric about the y – axis.
© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.35
3.1
Q-1 The distance between (5,-2) and
(x,-6) is 5. Find the x.

A. 1 or 7 C. 5 or 9
B. 3 or 5 D. 2 or 8
Q-2 How far is the intersection of the
lines 4x – 5y = 26 and 3x + 7y + 2 = 0
from the origin?

A. 4.47 C. 2.24
B. 6.71 D. 8.94
Q-3 If (x,4) is equidistant from (5,-2)
and (3,4), find x.

A. 9 C. 13
B. 15 D. 11
Slope of a Line:
Line:
 Division of Line Segment (Alternate Formula)
y
x = x1 + k(x 2 - x1 ) PP2
P2(x2,y2)

y = y1 + k(y 2 - y1 ) P1 P P(x,y)

Where: P1(x1,y1)
x
P1P
k =
P1P2
Q-4 The segment from (-1, 4) to (2,-2)
is extended three times its own length.
Find the terminal point. ECE Board Apr.
1998

A. (11, -24) C. (-11, -20)

B. (11, -18) D. (11, -20)
Q-5 Determine the coordinates of the
point which is three-fifths of the way
from the point (2,–5) to the point (–3,5).
ECE Board Nov. 1998:

A. (–1,1) C.(–2,–1)
B (–1,–2) D. (1,1)
 The Midpoint Formula
y
Q( x2 , y 2 )

æ x + x 2 y1 + y 2 ö
Mç 1 , ÷
è 2 2 ø

P( x1 , y1 )

© M Cabatuan 2004 Slide 3.11

Q-6 The line segment connecting (x,6)
and (9,y) is bisected by point (7,3). Find
the value of x and y.

A. 5,0 C. 5,2
B. 4,0 D. 4,1
Q-7 Find the inclination of the line
passing through (-5,3) and (10,7).

A. 14.73 C. 14.93
B. 14.83 D. 14.63

Angle of Inclination – the smallest positive angle that the line

makes with the positive x-axis.
Q-8 Let m1 and m2 be the respective
slopes of two perpendicular lines.
Then

A. m1 + m2 = -1
B. m1 x m2 = -1
C. m1 = m2
D. m1 x m2 = 0
Q-9 If the points (-3,-5),(p,q) and (3,4)
lie on a straight line, then which of the
following is correct?
A. 2p – 3q = 1
B. p + q = -3
C. 3p – 2q = 1
D. 2p – q = 3
Q-10 Given 3 vertices of a triangle
whose coordinates are A(1,1), B(3,-3)
and (5,-3). Find the area of the triangle.

A. 3 C. 4
B. 5 D. 6
Q-12 In a Cartesian coordinates,
the coordinates of a quadrilateral are
(1, 1), (0, 8), (4, 5), and (-3, 4). What is
the area?

A. 25 C. 20
B. 18 D. 14
Q-13 Find the area of the polygon
whose vertices are at ( 2, -6) , (4, 0) ,
(2, 4), (-3, 2) and (-3, -3).

A. 45.2 C. 55.3
B. 47.5 D. 57.4
Q-14 Find the equation of a straight line
with a slope 3 and a y-intercept of 1.

A. 3x – y + 1 = 0
B. 3x + y + 1 = 0
C. 3x – y – 1 = 0
D. 3x + y – 1 = 0
Slope-Intercept Form:
Q-15 What is the x – intercept
of the line passing through (1, 4 )
and (4, 1) .

A. 4.5 C. 5
B. 6 D. 4
Q-16 The equation of a line that
intercepts the x–axis at x = 4 and the y-
axis at y= – 6 is :

A. 3x + 2y = 12
B. 2x – 3y = 12
C. 3x – 2y = 12
D. 2x – 37 = 12
Q-17 What is the equation of the line
that passes through (-3, 5) and is
parallel to the line 4x – 2y + 2 = 0?
ECE Board April 2004
A. 4x – 2y + 22 = 0
B. 4x + 2y - 11 = 0
C. 2x + y + 10 = 0
D. 2x – y + 11 = 0
Q-18 The straight lines ax + by + c = 0
and bx + cy + a = 0 are parallel. Which
of the following is true?

A. a=b=c C. b2 + ac = 0
B. b2 – ac =0 D. b2 – 4ac
Q-19 Determine B such that 3x + 2y
– 7 = 0 is perpendicular to 2x – By +
2 = 0. ECE Board Apr. 1998

A. 5 C. 4
B. 3 D. 2
Distance from point to a line:

Ax1 + By1 + C
? d=
± A 2 + B2

The value of d is:

“ + ” if the point is above or to the right of the line

“ — ” if the point is below or to the left of the line
Q-20 What is the distance between line x
+ 2y + 8 = 0 and the point (5, -2)?
ECE Board April 2004

A. 4.20 C. 4.02
B. 4.44 D. 4.22
Q-21 Find the distance between the
lines, 3x + y – 12 = 0 and 3x + y – 4
= 0.

A. 5.06 C. 3.79
B. 1.26 D. 2.53
Q-22 What is the equation of the line
through (-3, 5) which makes an
angle of 45 degrees with the line 2x
+ y = 12? ECE Board April 2003
A. x +3y - 12 = 0
B. x + 3y + 18 = 0
C. x + 2y – 7 = 0
D. x – 3y – 18 = 0
Q-23 Determine the acute angle
between the lines y – 3x = 2 and y –
4x = 9. ECE Board Nov. 2003

A. 4.39 deg C. 3.75 deg

B. 5.35 deg D. 2.53 deg
Q-4 Find the measure of angle A in
triangle ABC with vertices at A(7,4),
B(1,7) and C(-3,-4).

A. 31.04° C. 24.78°
B. 12.09° D. 65.22°
 ( 7 - 4 ) + (1 - 7 )
2 2
c= = 6.71

( -4 - 7 ) + ( -3 - 1)
2 2
a= = 11.7

( -4 - 4 ) + ( -3 - 7 )
2 2
b= = 12.81
By Cosine Law:
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2ab cos A
11.7 = 6.71 + 12.8 - 2(6.71)(12.8) cos A
2 2 2

A = 65.22
Q-24 What is the equation of the line
bisector of the acute angle formed
by the intersection of the lines
4x+3y-24=0 and 5x-12y+30=0
A. 9x+33y=154
B. 3x+19y= 154
C. 33x-9y=145
D. 9x-33y=154
12
1. Find the area of triangle whose vertices
are ( -3, -1), (5, 3), and (2, -8).
A. 36
B. 30
C. 38
D. 25
2. In how many ways can 9 books be
arranged on a shelf so that 5 of the books
are always together?
A.15, 120
B.14, 400
C.126
D.3024
3. Find the harmonic mean
between 3/8 and 75/4.

A. 25/34 C. 34/25
B. 24/35 D. 35/24
 4. [ECE Licensure Apr 2004]
What time after 2 o’clock
will the hands of the clock
extend in opposite directions
for the first time?

A. 2:43.64 C. 2:34.64
B. 2:43.46 D. 2:34.46
5. How many terms of the progression 3, 5, 7,
… should there be so that their sum will be
2600. [ECE Licensure April 2005]
A. 60
B. 50
C. 52
D. 55
 p
6. Convert q= to Cartesian equation.
3

A. x = sqrt. of 3 y
B. y = 3x
C. y = sqrt. of 3 x
D. x = 2y
7. Equations relating x and y that cannot readily be
solved explicitly for y as a function of x or vice
versa, such a function is called

A. Logarithmic function
B. Implicit function
C. Continuous function
D. Explicit function
8. Find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices
are ( 2 , 3 ), ( -4, 6 ), and ( 2, -6).

A. ( 0 , 1)
B. ( 0 , -1)
C. ( 1 , 0 )
D. ( 0 , 0 )
9. Find the angle that the line 2y – 9x – 18 = 0
makes with the x-axis.

A. 12.6 degrees
B. 75.1 degrees
C. 77.5 degrees
D. 62.7 degrees
 10. The point of intersection of the
planes x + 5y – 2z = 9, 3x - 2y + z = 3, and
x + y + z = 2 is:

A. (2, 1, -1)
B. (1, 0, -4)
C. (2, 2, -1)
D. (1, -1, 4)
 11. The distance between points (5,30o)
and (-8,-50o) .

A. 8
B. 12
C. 9
D. 10
 12. Find the area of a rectangular
skylight with vertices (3,0,0), (3,3,0),
(0,3,4) and (0,0,4).

A. 15
B. 12
C. 9
D. 20
Answers:
1. C. 38* 7. B. Implicit*
2. B. 14,400* 8. A. (0, 1)*
3. A. 25/34* 9. C. 77.5 degrees*
4. A. 2:43.64* 10. A. (2, 1, -1)*
5. B. 50* 11. D. 10*
6. C y = 3x * 12. A. 15*
 め
る
び
ん
Ｃｏ

www.percdc.com