478 Test Bank Questions and Answers

202. Case 1, x ≥ 0 : then x = |x| , so x ≤ |x| . Case 2, x < 0 : here x < 0 and 0 < |x|, so x < |x|.
203. We prove the statement by cases. The two cases 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 or x ≥ 6 are exhaustive. In the first case, if
1 ≤ x ≤ 5 , then x2 ≤ 25 so x2 6= 27 . In the second case, if x ≥ 6 , then x2 ≥ 36 and x2 6= 27 . So x2 6= 27
for all positive integers x and we conclude that 27 is not a perfect square.
204. It is easier to give a contraposition proof; it is usually easier to proceed from a simple expression (such as n )
to a more complex expression (such as 3n + 5 is even). Begin by supposing that n is not odd. Therefore n
is even and hence n = 2k for some integer k . Therefore 3n + 5 = 3(2k) + 5 = 6k + 5 = 2(3k + 2) + 1 , which
is not even. If we try a direct proof, we assume that 3n + 5 is even; that is, 3n + 5 = 2k for some integer k .
From this we obtain n = (2k − 5)/3 , and it it not obvious from this form that n is even.
205. Prove that (a) and (b) are equivalent and that (a) and (c) are equivalent.
206. If at most three people were born in each of the 12 months of the year, there would be at most 36 people.
207. Give a proof by cases. There are only six cases that need to be considered: x = y = 1; x = 1, y = 2; x = 1,
y = 3; x = 2, y = 1; x = y = 2; x = 2, y = 3.
208. The steps in the “proof” cannot be reversed. Knowing that the squares of two numbers, −3 and 3 , are equal
does not allow us to infer that the two numbers are equal.

Questions for Chapter 2

For each of the pairs of sets in 1–3 determine whether the first is a subset of the second, the second is a subset of
the first, or neither is a subset of the other.
1. The set of people who were born in the U.S., the set of people who are U.S. citizens.
2. The set of students studying a programming language, the set of students studying Java.
3. The set of animals living in the ocean, the set of fish.
4. Prove or disprove: A − (B ∩ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C) .
5. Prove that A ∩ B = A ∪ B by giving a containment proof (that is, prove that the left side is a subset of
the right side and that the right side is a subset of the left side).
6. Prove that A ∩ B = A ∪ B by giving an element table proof.
7. Prove that A ∩ B = A ∪ B by giving a proof using logical equivalence.
8. Prove that A ∩ B = A ∪ B by giving a Venn diagram proof.
9. Prove that A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) by giving a containment proof (that is, prove that the left side
is a subset of the right side and that the right side is a subset of the left side).
10. Prove that A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) by giving an element table proof.
11. Prove that A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) by giving a proof using logical equivalence.
12. Prove that A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) by giving a Venn diagram proof.
13. Prove or disprove: if A , B , and C are sets, then A − (B ∩ C) = (A − B) ∩ (A − C) .
14. Prove or disprove A ⊕ (B ⊕ C) = (A ⊕ B) ⊕ C .
In questions 15–18 use a Venn diagram to determine which relationship, ⊆, = , or ⊇, is true for the pair of sets.
15. A ∪ B , A ∪ (B − A)
16. A ∪ (B ∩ C) , (A ∪ B) ∩ C
17. (A − B) ∪ (A − C) , A − (B ∩ C)
18. (A − C) − (B − C) , A − B
In questions 19–23 determine whether the given set is the power set of some set. If the set is a power set, give the
set of which it is a power set.
19. {∅, {∅}, {a}, {{a}}, {{{a}}}, {∅, a}, {∅, {a}}, {∅, {{a}}}, {a, {a}}, {a, {{a}}}, {{a}, {{a}}},
{∅, a, {a}}, {∅, a, {{a}}}, {∅, {a}, {{a}}}, {a, {a}, {{a}}}, {∅, a, {a}, {{a}}}}
20. {∅, {a}}
Chapter 2 Test Bank 479

21. {∅, {a}, {∅, a}}

22. {∅, {a}, {∅}, {a, ∅}}
23. {∅, {a, ∅}}
24. Prove that S ∪ T = S ∩ T for all sets S and T .
In 25–35 mark each statement TRUE or FALSE. Assume that the statement applies to all sets.
25. A − (B − C) = (A − B) − C
26. (A − C) − (B − C) = A − B
27. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
28. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
29. A ∪ B ∪ A = A
30. If A ∪ C = B ∪ C , then A = B .
31. If A ∩ C = B ∩ C , then A = B .
32. If A ∩ B = A ∪ B , then A = B .
33. If A ⊕ B = A, then B = A.
34. There is a set A such that |P(A)| = 12.
35. A ⊕ A = A
36. Find three subsets of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} such that the intersection of any two has size 2 and the intersection
of all three has size 1.
+∞
[
37. Find [−1/i, 1/i ] .
i=1
+∞
\ 1
38. Find (1 − , 1 ) .
i=1
i
+∞
\ 1
39. Find [1 − , 1 ] .
i=1
i
+∞
\
40. Find (i, ∞ ) .
i=1
41. Suppose U = {1, 2, . . . , 9}, A = all multiples of 2, B = all multiples of 3, and C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} . Find
C − (B − A) .
42. Suppose S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Find |P(S)| .
In questions 43–46 suppose A = {x, y} and B = {x, {x}} . Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.
43. x ⊆ B
44. ∅ ∈ P(B)
45. {x} ⊆ A − B
46. |P(A)| = 4
In questions 47–54 suppose A = {a, b, c} . Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.
47. {b, c} ∈ P(A)
48. {{a}} ⊆ P(A)
49. ∅ ⊆ A
50. {∅} ⊆ P(A)
51. ∅ ⊆ A × A
52. {a, c} ∈ A
53. {a, b} ∈ A × A
480 Test Bank Questions and Answers

54. (c, c) ∈ A × A
In questions 55–62 suppose A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} . Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.
55. {1} ∈ P(A)
56. {{3}} ⊆ P(A)
57. ∅ ⊆ A
58. {∅} ⊆ P(A)
59. ∅ ⊆ P(A)
60. {2, 4} ∈ A × A
61. {∅} ∈ P(A)
62. (1, 1) ∈ A × A
In questions 63–66, suppose the following are multisets:

S = {6 · a, 3 · b, 2 · c, 5 · d},
T = {2 · a, 4 · b, 2 · c}

63. Find S ∪ T .
64. Find S ∩ T .
65. Find S − T .
66. Find S + T .
In questions 67–69 suppose the following are fuzzy sets:

F = {0.7 Ann, 0.1 Bill, 0.8 F ran, 0.3 Olive, 0.5 T om},
R = {0.4 Ann, 0.9 Bill, 0.9 F ran, 0.6 Olive, 0.7 T om}

67. Find F and R .

68. Find F ∪ R .
69. Find F ∩ R .
In questions 70–79, suppose A = {a, b, c} and B = {b, {c}} . Mark the statement TRUE or FALSE.
70. c ∈ A − B
71. |P(A × B)| = 64
72. ∅ ∈ P(B)
73. B ⊆ A
74. {c} ⊆ B
75. {a, b} ∈ A × A
76. {b, c} ∈ P(A)
77. {b, {c}} ∈ P(B)
78. ∅ ⊆ A × A
79. {{{c}}} ⊆ P(B)
80. Find A2 if A = {1, a}.
In questions 81–93 determine whether the set is finite or infinite. If the set is finite, find its size.
81. { x | x ∈ Z and x2 < 10 }
82. P({a, b, c, d}) , where P denotes the power set
83. {1, 3, 5, 7, . . .}
84. A × B , where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3}
Chapter 2 Test Bank 485

Answers for Chapter 2

1. The first is a subset of the second, but the second is not a subset of the first.
2. The second is a subset of the first, but the first is not a subset of the second.
3. Neither is a subset of the other.
4. True, since A − (B ∩ C) = A ∩ B ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) = (A − B) ∪ (A − C).
5. A ∩ B ⊆ A ∪ B : Let x ∈ A ∩ B . ∴ x ∈/ A ∩ B, ∴ x ∈
/ A or x ∈
/ B, ∴ x ∈ A or x ∈ B, ∴ x ∈ A ∪ B . Reversing
the steps shows that A ∪ B ⊆ A ∩ B .
6. The columns for A ∩ B and A ∪ B match: each entry is 0 if and only if A and B have the value 1.
7. A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A ∩ B} = {x | x ∈
/ A ∩ B} = {x | ¬(x ∈ A ∩ B)} = {x | ¬(x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B)} = {x | ¬(x ∈
A) ∨ ¬(x ∈ B)} = {x | x ∈
/A ∨ x∈ / B} = {x | x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B} = {x | x ∈ A ∪ B} = A ∪ B .
486 Test Bank Questions and Answers

8.
A B A B

U U
A∩B A∩B

A B A B A B
S

U U U
A B A∪B
9. A ∩ (B ∪ C) ⊆ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) : Let x ∈ A ∩ (B ∪ C) . ∴ x ∈ A and x ∈ B ∪ C, ∴ x ∈ A and x ∈ B , or
x ∈ A and x ∈ C, ∴ x ∈ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) . Reversing the steps gives the opposite containment.
10. Each set has the same values in the element table: the value is 1 if and only if A has the value 1 and either
B or C has the value 1.
11. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {x | x ∈ A ∩ (B ∪ C)} = {x | x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ (B ∪ C)} = {x | x ∈ A ∧ (x ∈ B ∨ x ∈ C)} = {x |
(x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B) ∨ (x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ C)} = {x | x ∈ A ∩ B ∨ x ∈ A ∩ C} = {x | x ∈ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)} =
(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) .
12.
A A

B C B C

B∪C A ∩ (B ∪ C)

A A A

B C B C B C

A∩B A∩C (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
13. False. For example, let A = {1, 2}, B = {1} , C = {2}.
14. True, using either a membership table or a containment proof, for example.
15. =
16. ⊇
17. =
18. ⊆
19. Yes, {∅, a, {a}, {{a}}} .
20. Yes, {a} .
21. No, it lacks {∅}.
Chapter 2 Test Bank 487

22. Yes, {{a, ∅}}.

23. No, it lacks {a} and {∅}.
24. Since S ∪ T = S ∩ T (De Morgan’s law), the complements are equal.
25. False
26. False
27. True
28. False
29. True
30. False
31. False
32. True
33. False
34. False
35. False
36. For example, {1, 2, 3} , {2, 3, 4} , {1, 3, 4}
37. [−1, 1]
38. ∅
39. {1}
40. ∅
41. {4, 5, 6, 7}
42. 32
43. False
44. True
45. False
46. True
47. True
48. True
49. True
50. True
51. True
52. True
53. False
54. True
55. True
56. True
57. True
58. True
59. True
60. False
61. False
62. True
63. {6 · a, 4 · b, 2 · c, 5 · d}
488 Test Bank Questions and Answers

64. {2 · a, 3 · b, 2 · c}
65. {4 · a, 5 · d}
66. {8 · a, 7 · b, 4 · c, 5 · d}
67. F = {0.3 Ann, 0.9 Bill, 0.2 F ran, 0.7 Olive, 0.5 T om} ,
R = {0.6 Ann, 0.1 Bill, 0.1 F ran, 0.4 Olive, 0.3 T om}
68. {0.7 Ann, 0.9 Bill, 0.9 F ran, 0.6 Olive, 0.7 T om}
69. {0.4 Ann, 0.1 Bill, 0.8 F ran, 0.3 Olive, 0.5 T om}
70. True
71. True
72. True
73. False
74. False
75. False
76. True
77. True
78. True
79. True
80. A2 = {(1, 1), (1, a), (a, 1), (a, a)}
81. 7
82. 16
83. Infinite
84. 15