Java Script
Java Script
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages JavaScript is a scripting language A scripting language is a lightweight programming language JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation) Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browser JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer
function MsgBox (textstring) { alert (textstring) } // - End of JavaScript - --> </SCRIPT> </HEAD>
<BODY>
<FORM> <INPUT NAME="text1" TYPE=Text> <INPUT NAME="submit" TYPE=Button VALUE="Show Me" onClick="MsgBox(form.text1.value)"> </FORM> </BODY> </HTML>
<HTML> <HEAD>
document.bgColor=code }
// - End of JavaScript - --> </SCRIPT> </HEAD> <BODY> <form> <input type="button" name="Button1" value="RED" onclick="changecolor('red')"> <input type="button" name="Button2" value="GREEN" onclick="changecolor('green')"> <input type="button" name="Button3" value="BLUE" onclick="changecolor('blue')"> <input type="button" name="Button4" value="WHITE" onclick="changecolor('white')"> </form> </BODY> </HTML>
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Chapter 3, If-then statements</TITLE> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript"> <!-- Beginning of JavaScript function password() {
<html> <body> <h1>My First Web Page</h1> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("<p>" + Date() + "</p>"); </script> </body> </html>
<html> <head> <script type="text/JavaScript"> <!-function popup() { alert("Hello World") } //--> </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="popup()" value="popup"> </body> </html>
Pup.js
function popup() { alert("Hello World") }
<html> <head> <script src="myjs.js"> </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="popup()" value="Click Me!"> </body> </html>
e 2+4 6-2
5*3
/ %
15 / 3 43 % 10
Modulus % may be a new operation to you, but it's just a special way of saying "finding the remainder". When you perform a division like 15/3 you get 5, exactly. However, if you do 43/10 you get an answer with a decimal, 4.3. 10 goes into 40 four times and then there is a leftover. This leftover is what is returned by the modulus operator. 43 % 10 would equal 3.
</body>
Display:
two ten ten / two = 5 plus * ten ten = = 12 100
comparison operators
Comparisons are used to check the relationship between variables and/or values. A single equal sign sets a value while a double equal sign (==) compares two values. Comparison operators are used inside conditional statements and evaluate to either true or false. We will talk more about conditional statements in the upcoming lessons.
English Equal To Not Equal To Less Than Greater Than Less Than or Equal To Greater Equal To Than or
>=
x >= y
false
a variable example
When using a variable for the first time it is not necessary to use "var" before the variable name, but it is a good programming practice to make it crystal clear when a variable is being used for the first time in the program. Here we are showing how the same variable can take on different values throughout a script.
Display:
Hello I Script is Finishing up... am learning
World! JavaScript!
what's a function?
A function is a piece of code that sits dormant until it is referenced or called upon to do its "function". In addition to controllable execution, functions are also a great time saver for doing repetitive tasks. Instead of having to type out the code every time you want something done, you can simply call the function multiple times to get the same effect. This benefit is also known as "code reusability".
events in javascript
The absolute coolest thing about JavaScript is its ability to help you create dynamic webpages that increase user interaction, making the visitor feel like the website is almost coming alive right before her eyes. The building blocks of an interactive web page is the JavaScript event system. An event in JavaScript is something that happens with or on the webpage. A few examples of events: A mouse click The webpage loading Mousing over a hot spot on the webpage, also known as hovering Selecting an input box in an HTML form A keystroke
function popup() { alert("Hello World") } //--> </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" value="Click Me!" onclick="popup()"><br /> <a href="#" onmouseover="" onMouseout="popup()"> Hover Me!</a> </body> </html>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> <!-var myNum = 7; if(myNum == 7){ document.write("Lucky 7!"); } //--> </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> <!-var visitor = "principal"; if(visitor == "teacher"){ document.write("My dog ate my homework..."); }else if(visitor == "principal"){ document.write("What stink bombs?"); } else { document.write("How do you do?"); } //--> </script>
1. 2.
is True.
The conditional statement which must be True for the while loop's code to be executed. The while loop's code that is contained in curly braces "{ and }" will be executed if the condition
When a while loop begins, the JavaScript interpreter checks if the condition statement is true. If it is, the code between the curly braces is executed. At the end of the code segment "}", the while loop loops back to the condition statement and begins again. If the condition statement is always True, then you will never exit the while loop, so be very careful when using while loops!
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> <!-var myCounter = 0; var linebreak = "<br />";
document.write("While loop is beginning"); document.write(linebreak); while(myCounter < 10){ document.write("myCounter = " + myCounter); document.write(linebreak); myCounter++; } document.write("While loop is finished!"); </script>
Display:
While myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter myCounter While loop is finished!
loop = = = = = = = = = =
is
beginning 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.
The counter variable is something that is created and usually used only in the for loop to count how many times the for loop has looped. i is the normal label for this counter variable and what we will be using. 2. The conditional statement. It is what decides whether the for loop continues executing or not. This check usually includes the counter variable in some way.
3. 4.
The counter variable is incremented after every loop in the increment section of the for loop. The code that is executed for each loop through the for loop.
This may seem strange, but 1-3 all occur on the same line of code. This is because the for loop is such a standardized programming practice that the designers felt they might as well save some space and clutter when creating thefor loop.
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> <!-var linebreak = "<br />"; document.write("For loop code is beginning"); document.write(linebreak); for(i = 0; i < 5; i++){ document.write("Counter i = " + i); document.write(linebreak); } document.write("For loop code is finished!"); </script>
Display:
For Counter Counter Counter Counter Counter
loop i i i i i
code
is = = = = =
beginning 0 1 2 3 4
javascript array
An array is a variable that can store many variables within it. Many programmers have seen arrays in other languages, and they aren't that different in JavaScript. The following points should always be remembered when using arrays in JavaScript: The array is a special type of variable. Values are stored into an array by using the array name and by stating the location in the array you wish to store the value in brackets. Example: myArray[2] = "Hello World";
Values in an array are accessed by the array name and location of the value. Example: myArray[2]; JavaScript has built-in functions for arrays, so check out these built-in array functions before writing the code yourself!
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> <!-var myArray = new Array(); myArray[0] = "Football"; myArray[1] = "Baseball"; myArray[2] = "Cricket"; document.write(myArray[0] + myArray[1] + myArray[2]); //--> </script>
Display:
FootballBaseballCricket Notice that you set values and get values from an array by specifying the position, in brackets, of the value you want to use.
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> <!-var myArray2= new Array(); myArray2[0] = "Football"; myArray2[1] = "Baseball"; myArray2[2] = "Cricket"; myArray2.sort(); document.write(myArray2[0] + myArray2[1] + myArray2[2]); //--> </script>
Display:
BaseballCricketFootball
javascript confirm
The JavaScript confirm function is very similar to the JavaScript alert function. A small dialogue box pops up and appears in front of the web page currently in focus. The confirm box is different from the alert box. It supplies the user with a choice; they can either press OK to confirm the popup's message or they can press cancel and not agree to the popup's request. Confirmation are most often used to confirm an important actions that are taking place on a website. For example, they may be used to confirm an order submission or notify visitors that a link they clicked will take them to another website.
javascript prompt
The JavaScript prompt is a relic from the 1990's that you seldom see being used in modern day websites. The point of the JavaScript prompt is to gather information from the user so that the information can be used throughout the site to give the visitor a personalized feel.
javascript redirect
You're moving to a new domain name. You have a time-delay placeholder on your download site. You have a list of external web servers that are helping to mirror your site. What will help you deal with and/or take advantage of these situations? JavaScript redirects will.
javascript window.location
Control over what page is loaded into the browser rests in the JavaScript property window.location. By setting window.location equal to a new URL, you will in turn change the current webpage to the one that is specified. If you wanted to redirect all your visitors to www.google.com when they arrived at your site, you would just need the script below:
The code for this timed delay is slightly involved and is beyond the scope of this tutorial. However, we have tested it and it seems to function properly.
javascript popups
Chances are, if you are reading this webpage, then you have experienced hundreds of JavaScript popup windows throughout your web surfing lifetime. Want to dish out some pain of your own creation onto unsuspecting visitors? I hope not! Because websites with irrelevant popups are bad!
Naming a window is very useful if you want to manipulate it later with JavaScript. However, this is beyond the scope of this lesson, and we will instead be focusing on the different properties you can set with your brand spanking new JavaScript window. Below are some of the more important properties: dependent - Subwindow closes if the parent window (the window that opened it) closes fullscreen - Display browser in fullscreen mode height - The height of the new window, in pixels width - The width of the new window, in pixels left - Pixel offset from the left side of the screen top - Pixel offset from the top of the screen resizable - Allow the user to resize the window or prevent the user from resizing, currently broken in Firefox. status - Display or don't display the status bar Dependent, fullscreen, resizable, and status are all examples of ON/OFF properties. You can either set them equal to zero to turn them off, or set them to one to turn them ON. There is no inbetween setting for these types of properties.
getMinutes() - Number of minutes (0-59) getHours() - Number of hours (0-23) getDay() - Day of the week(0-6). 0 = Sunday, ... , 6 = Saturday getDate() - Day of the month (0-31) getMonth() - Number of month (0-11) getFullYear() - The four digit year (1970-9999)
Now we can print out the date information. We will be using the getDate,getMonth, and getFullYear methods in this example.
JavaScript Code:
// If the length of the element's string is 0 then display helper message function notEmpty(elem, helperMsg){ if(elem.value.length == 0){ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); // set the focus to this input return false; } return true; }
The function notEmpty will check to see that the HTML input that we send it has something in it. elem is a HTML text input that we send this function. JavaScriptstrings have built in properties, one of which is the length property which returns the length of the string. The chunk of code elem.value will grab the string inside the input and by adding on length elem.value.length we can see how long the string is. As long as elem.value.length isn't 0 then it's not empty and we return true, otherwise we send an alert to the user with a helperMsg to inform them of their error and return false.
Working Example:
<script type='text/javascript'> function notEmpty(elem, helperMsg){ if(elem.value.length == 0){ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } return true; } </script> <form> Required Field: <input type='text' id='req1'/> <input type='button' onclick="notEmpty(document.getElementById('req1'), 'Please Enter a Value')" value='Check Field' /> </form>
JavaScript Code:
// If the element's string matches the regular expression it is all numbers function isNumeric(elem, helperMsg){ var numericExpression = /^[0-9]+$/; if(elem.value.match(numericExpression)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } }
What we're doing here is using JavaScript existing framework to have it do all the hard work for us. Inside each string is a function called match that you can use to see if the string matches a certain regular expression. We accessed this function like so: elem.value.match(expressionhere). We wanted to see if the input's string was all numbers so we made a regular expression to check for numbers [0-9] and stored it as numericExpression. We then used the match function with our regular expression. If it is numeric then match will return true, making our if statement pass the test and our functionisNumeric will also return true. However, if the expression fails because there is a letter or other character in our input's string then we'll display our helperMsg and return false.
Working Example:
<script type='text/javascript'> function isNumeric(elem, helperMsg){ var numericExpression = /^[0-9]+$/; if(elem.value.match(numericExpression)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } } </script> <form> Numbers Only: <input type='text' id='numbers'/> <input type='button' onclick="isNumeric(document.getElementById('numbers'), 'Numbers Only Please')" value='Check Field' /> </form>
JavaScript Code:
// If the element's string matches the regular expression it is all letters function isAlphabet(elem, helperMsg){ var alphaExp = /^[a-zA-Z]+$/; if(elem.value.match(alphaExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } }
Working Example:
<script type='text/javascript'> function isAlphabet(elem, helperMsg){ var alphaExp = /^[a-zA-Z]+$/; if(elem.value.match(alphaExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } }
</script> <form> Letters Only: <input type='text' id='letters'/> <input type='button' onclick="isAlphabet(document.getElementById('letters'), 'Letters Only Please')" value='Check Field' /> </form>
JavaScript Code:
// If the element's string matches the regular expression it is numbers and letters function isAlphanumeric(elem, helperMsg){ var alphaExp = /^[0-9a-zA-Z]+$/; if(elem.value.match(alphaExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } }
JavaScript Code:
function lengthRestriction(elem, min, max){ var uInput = elem.value; if(uInput.length >= min && uInput.length <= max){ return true; }else{ alert("Please enter between " +min+ " and " +max+ " characters"); elem.focus(); return false; } }
Here's an example of this function for a field that requires 6 to 8 characters for a valid username.
Working Example:
<script type='text/javascript'> function lengthRestriction(elem, min, max){ var uInput = elem.value; if(uInput.length >= min && uInput.length <= max){ return true; }else{ alert("Please enter between " +min+ " and " +max+ " characters"); elem.focus(); return false; } } </script> <form> Username(6-8 characters): <input type='text' id='restrict'/> <input type='button' onclick="lengthRestriction(document.getElementById('restrict'), 6, 8)" value='Check Field' /> </form>
JavaScript Code:
function madeSelection(elem, helperMsg){ if(elem.value == "Please Choose"){ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; }else{ return true; } }
Working Example:
<script type='text/javascript'> function madeSelection(elem, helperMsg){ if(elem.value == "Please Choose"){ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; }else{
return true;
} </script> <form> Selection: <select id='selection'> <option>Please Choose</option> <option>CA</option> <option>WI</option> <option>XX</option> </select> <input type='button' onclick="madeSelection(document.getElementById('selection'), 'Please Choose Something')" value='Check Field' /> </form>
Invalid Examples: @deleted.net - no characters before the @ free!dom@bravehe.art - invalid character ! shoes@need_shining.com - underscores are not allowed in the domain name
The regular expression to check for all of this is a little overkill and beyond the scope of this tutorial to explain thoroughly. However, test it out and you'll see that it gets the job done.
JavaScript Code:
function emailValidator(elem, helperMsg){ var emailExp = /^[\w\-\.\+]+\@[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-]+\.[a-zA-z0-9]{2,4}$/; if(elem.value.match(emailExp)){ return true;
}else{
Working Example:
<script type='text/javascript'> function emailValidator(elem, helperMsg){ var emailExp = /^[\w\-\.\+]+\@[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-]+\.[a-zA-z0-9]{2,4}$/; if(elem.value.match(emailExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } } </script> <form> Email: <input type='text' id='emailer'/> <input type='button' onclick="emailValidator1(document.getElementById('emailer'), 'Not a Valid Email')" value='Check Field' /> </form>
Email: <input type='text' id='email' /><br /> <input type='submit' value='Check Form' /><br /> </form>
That's a lot of data to verify and the first thing we would probably want to check is that each field was at least filled out. To check for completion we will ensure no fields are empty and that the SELECT field has a selection. Here are the starting pieces of our master validation function formValidator.
JavaScript Code:
function formValidator(){ // Make quick references to our fields var firstname = document.getElementById('firstname'); var addr = document.getElementById('addr'); var zip = document.getElementById('zip'); var state = document.getElementById('state'); var username = document.getElementById('username'); var email = document.getElementById('email'); // Check each input in the order that it appears in the form! if(isAlphabet(firstname, "Please enter only letters for your name")){ if(isAlphanumeric(addr, "Numbers and Letters Only for Address")){ if(isNumeric(zip, "Please enter a valid zip code")){ if(madeSelection(state, "Please Choose a State")){ if(lengthRestriction(username, 6, 8)){ if(emailValidator(email, "Please enter a valid email address")){ return true; } } } } } } return false; }
firstname = document.getElementById('firstname'); addr = document.getElementById('addr'); zip = document.getElementById('zip'); state = document.getElementById('state'); username = document.getElementById('username'); email = document.getElementById('email');
// Check each input in the order that it appears in the form! if(isAlphabet(firstname, "Please enter only letters for your name")){ if(isAlphanumeric(addr, "Numbers and Letters Only for Address")){ if(isNumeric(zip, "Please enter a valid zip code")){ if(madeSelection(state, "Please Choose a State")){ if(lengthRestriction(username, 6, 8)){ if(emailValidator(email, "Please enter a valid email address")){ return true; } } } } } } return false; } function notEmpty(elem, helperMsg){ if(elem.value.length == 0){ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); // set the focus to this input return false; } return true; } function isNumeric(elem, helperMsg){ var numericExpression = /^[0-9]+$/; if(elem.value.match(numericExpression)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } } function isAlphabet(elem, helperMsg){ var alphaExp = /^[a-zA-Z]+$/; if(elem.value.match(alphaExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } } function isAlphanumeric(elem, helperMsg){
var alphaExp = /^[0-9a-zA-Z]+$/; if(elem.value.match(alphaExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } } function lengthRestriction(elem, min, max){ var uInput = elem.value; if(uInput.length >= min && uInput.length <= max){ return true; }else{ alert("Please enter between " +min+ " and " +max+ " characters"); elem.focus(); return false; } } function madeSelection(elem, helperMsg){ if(elem.value == "Please Choose"){ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; }else{ return true; } } function emailValidator(elem, helperMsg){ var emailExp = /^[\w\-\.\+]+\@[a-zA-Z0-9\.\-]+\.[a-zA-z0-9]{2,4}$/; if(elem.value.match(emailExp)){ return true; }else{ alert(helperMsg); elem.focus(); return false; } } </script> <form onsubmit='return formValidator()' > First Name: <input type='text' id='firstname' /><br /> Address: <input type='text' id='addr' /><br /> Zip Code: <input type='text' id='zip' /><br /> State: <select id='state'> <option>Please Choose</option> <option>AL</option> <option>CA</option> <option>TX</option> <option>WI</option> </select><br /> Username(6-8 characters): <input type='text' id='username' /><br /> Email: <input type='text' id='email' /><br /> <input type='submit' value='Check Form' /> </form>
As you can see, the most important part to accessing string properties and functions is to first create them. In this case, myString was our guinea pig.
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myString = "123456"; var length = myString.length; document.write("The string is this long: " + length); // Same thing, but using the property inside the write function document.write("<br />The string is this long: " + myString.length); </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myString = "123456"; document.write("The string is this long: " + myString.length); myString = myString + "7890"; document.write("<br />The string is now this long: " + myString.length); </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myString = "123456789"; var mySplitResult = myString.split("5"); document.write("The first element is " + mySplitResult[0]); document.write("<br /> The second element is " + mySplitResult[1]); </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myString = "zero one two three four"; var mySplitResult = myString.split(" "); for(i = 0; i < mySplitResult.length; i++){ document.write("<br /> Element " + i + " = " + mySplitResult[i]); } </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myRegExp = /Alex/; var string1 = "Today John went to the store and talked with Alex."; var matchPos1 = string1.search(myRegExp); if(matchPos1 != -1) document.write("There was a match at position " + matchPos1); else document.write("There was no match in the first string"); </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myRegExp = /Alex|John/; var string1 = "Today John went to the store and talked with Alex."; var matchPos1 = string1.search(myRegExp); if(matchPos1 != -1) document.write("There was a match at position " + matchPos1); else document.write("There was no match in the first string"); </script>
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> var myRegExp1 = /Tom|Jan|Alex/; var string1 = "John went to the store and talked with Alexandra today."; var matchPos1 = string1.search(myRegExp1); if(matchPos1 != -1) document.write("The first string found a match at " + matchPos1); else document.write("No match was found in the first string"); var myRegExp2 = /Tom|Jan|Alex /; var string2 = "John went to the store and talked with Alexandra today."; var matchPos2 = string2.search(myRegExp2); if(matchPos2 != -1) document.write("<br />The second string found a match at " + matchPos2); else document.write("<br />No match was found in the second string"); var myRegExp3 = /Tom|Jan|Alexandra/; var string3 = "John went to the store and talked with Alexandra today."; var matchPos3 = string3.search(myRegExp3); if(matchPos3 != -1) document.write("<br />The third string found a match at " + matchPos3); else document.write("<br />No match was found in the third string"); var myRegExp4 = /Tom|Jan|Alexandra/; var string4 = "John went to the store and talked with Alex today."; var matchPos4 = string4.search(myRegExp4); if(matchPos4 != -1) document.write("<br />The fourth string found a match at " + matchPos4); else document.write("<br />No match was found in the fourth string"); </script>
javascript document.getelementbyid
If you want to quickly access the value of an HTML input give it an id to make your life a lot easier. This small script below will check to see if there is any text in the text field "myText". The argument that getElementById requires is the id of the HTML element you wish to utilize.
JavaScript Code:
<script type="text/javascript"> function notEmpty(){ var myTextField = document.getElementById('myText'); if(myTextField.value != "") alert("You entered: " + myTextField.value) else alert("Would you please enter some text?") } </script> <input type='text' id='myText' /> <input type='button' onclick='notEmpty()' value='Form Checker' />
<html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function displayDate() { document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date(); } </script> </head> <body> <h1>My First Web Page</h1> <p id="demo"></p> <button type="button" onclick="displayDate()">Display Date</button> </body> </html>