D.D.Es com be branstormed into sepecable Des Consider the equation dy 2 plaxtbyte) where Ob, ¢ are constonts. dx This equation con be temspormed into a seperable DE by mabing the transformation aes Yaa Ly -ply) 3 ve arbp lw) pee 6 aeby! sui Stool Si Hh(aanici si (axawace Kee en Jy x Ktytteul vated > vewal Ss =jdx > arctanu= xtc veal (xa ga” lagieu' S ee bani +ysD= 4c ive (xay)dx-dy<0 cannes totu-vsleo & ula letaru l4yieu! Fe Sh > Seostedne See Ve ton u ( Qeos*u-! ) Cos Qu= J-2sidu Secosudu= J (tecos2u) dae oot sind Matsinduenge 3 S941 sinaGery) ante a > Lce aang ues Quu'-2=2u 2Q+vyi=duv visust +f 4 Ju-(dx uw Soa as co aa) dueS da > u-laluttlexte (Qeaya—la Lrxsyeale xae 8 2G ae y-hneu Coulee? o@ vevtib ‘ (ag yi-heu vs dx oF ora A, Blo. a (Ae B)usna- 2801 und 2 uta AaB=0 } LAs! @Ael, Bet 2A-2Be! - u ifs a4 -S Sh Jq xe T ln need. wee \q [42 eulese) o In |orbs- 2s |= u(x+e) | yobs pu u veryHomogeneous D.Es pny) function is said to be homogeneous with degree a, it g Ax, ty)et® > (ey) x } Gaydon? Qnyt+y? p Lx dye P2- agte Owe PL. aeytsy J re) Dos xf payee oe hy * p Ux ty) 2 eo 4 ln be we ald . PGay) het us consider the De mH Cay) dx4N (xy) dy2o lp om (bast de Ben bois) Ahan, Doe 's v Ux, ty)2t°u (xy) homogeneous D.E To solve the H.DE, we use the Leon sformation Sie Sometimes Roa et ( ¥ a Apter using this Leaspormotion, Die becomes seperoble Deae / (xe *+y)dx -xdy<0 Soy eo yeur ' dy sudxexdu (eae Cudssadaled (xe* Hue Pune xtdus0 xetdx-xdu+0 oe fox dy 2fo = laxte tec laxae =e Con43y)da+ (y-x)dyeo y = ux (ax Bun)de+Cux-n)udx4xdu) ed dycudxtndu | C2x+3ux4u2x- un) dat lux-xxduct 2 (Pe ruseddas lu-t dusd Ss Jude Jo 5 Inne Ef aside fade 9 ut e2ue2 74 2u+2 vous Mone h Vobut+2usal- 2} _du =C Gana N--” uslet 4 dt care honk = duedt 14d 2 arclon (ust) lax eh i lal *s2us2b-2are ton (ust) ae Inga t lol usa Bsa|-roreten(Zai)ec 2 ePOO *S (yale dx -xdy=o \ (ux alee Vee s (udxaxdul=d Deu 7 Yeux 2 dysudk+xdu (Nau fteue va urdde- x dusod x View dx dusd Se fs, lnx-aresinus Ine 3 Inn-Ine = oresinu In Xe oresinu c eee] aresinu oresin & ee ee Ydx - xsin ZB dys ° > (aay si 0 yeur } (asunsinwlde-xsinu Cudnaxdw=0 dys udk+xdu Contig sinu -uinsinulde «1 sinu das “if xdx-x'siau du «0 ~Sae -Ssinuduef ° lant cosuelnc > Ia % =- Cosy a \ Ay eyt eR y a Y= un «Culkguleuns 2 va t4 2 yleuK+u WW wedu_ x UE Ke x4 g4¥. = * eee Asudue de ow urllnnge 3 Boalxse % ax By le dks (ye dyeo $ } vy Ute) (udy aydu)+ (y wy ed y=0 =u 2 Xe uy dk sudy +ydu Coysdyetaye’- wyetldy + yr ( l+e")duzo 4 luse’dy sy Cite") dua0 ie +f beetle. fo Ing tla Cuset)= Ine, > y (ute*) se Kye)ec ~ y (dre ) Homewor k A Cayy'-y2) In dex” I. 2. Solve the Iv.P xe “ay-nyleo , ylided 1 Bio. 3. y= ay ay D.ts which con be transformed into seperable or home geneous DEs Let us consider the equation Ay bri cry Qe lan+byyte, )dx+ la, x4 bytealdy=o bare, eRCase I Vp 22. bak, ther the transformation a b usaxaby Cor usagntby) ceduces the De ts o seperoble DE.~ a Ch ne hysidet (x4y-idy=0 X+Yeu (hus $ Cu-t) (du-dx)=0 dxtdy-du J Chutt-utiids+ (u-dusd (utadxs (u-idueo Sona feet 1 du=To [ea ate ule V-]| w 2 \deels 37:5 «Jo oo xg EL (Sueade eo 4 RY a 2. Bln (sxe 3yea)ec TP (avesGs)) de (xay4l)dy=0 Kayeu Gu-ide- Cu4i(du-de)=0 dy sdy-du ) (Su-teuside - (usiiduso hudx- (utiduco Jide Svat du-Jo bx-u-louse o bn-x-y-ln (arya dx-y-ln (eeyleeHo mewor k. (x4 Qytidde- (axtby-%)dy=0 Case T \p 22 2 ba, ther the transformation a, br eet | he ChE) is the solution of ys yitk ceduce the DE into the homogeneous DB. the 34s tem fear (xay-Idy=0 ke ky th nelied } (eth -y,- kata ¢ Gyshty theless, yey tk, dyady, h—teheeb et bo fae hak-ls0 3 he ket kel | yaya (x -y dept Cty, dye 0 Breur Brun, a“ dy, = udn,+%, da (x,-ux,) de, + Cavey) luda 4xjdu) 20 Cx, = Og 40K, ade, dx ae sunt) duso x, Cast) days? Claudduco San sJClvisa -§ =f A Vu\ax, toretonustin(Itur)sc \a wroreten (2) 41 \n (tant )=e S& (24-94 de + (x4 249) dyad nexsh , pat (24,-y a ah-eblde, +(x, +24, 2h+2k+7bs, geyitk ,dyedy, a pers 3 oo Reed h+2ke-7 | k=-2 yey 2) y= yer (axy-y day 4 Gy +2y.) dy, <0 y= wy a dy, sudan exydu Can, ~ erty tadailday + Ce 2ux2 duno Qn, tut) de, 4%? (sau) duso ace ghtsde dustp 3 2hxtorctonus (lew d= Ine ‘Ke Vau> ; norcton 2 we Cant) | oot gt (at) ace os ereaian *m yr (atay2)= i S vay 2 a 4). ~weton(2e2) (x43)a (yard =ce Homewer k (x-3y)de + Cary L)dy=0 49Exact D.Es Consider the DE m Cay) dee wary) dy=o whee OM amd N have continnous portial deivotives at all points to domain D lp 2m. BY a5 (OX yor all Guyer, dha DEG om Brack DE” Solution Let the solution of an exact DE be the Dune tion v Gay) ek Ch is & cons tont) The total dippecetial of u is dus Ba des Ba dyso = en(niydde sw (ny) dy Beam) , Be ew ley) ® Thus, we aim to pind a punction ulniy) which solisties ® od GD. let us assume thot u sotispies (4), ther with integrating ( ,we obtain wGaigde} mary dax+ o(y) Ip we Integ cotes unig) with cespect bo ®y, Oui £6) dé _ SS = | = Gey) do . — ' ar NG) Bint y)dx 20By intearoting go with cespeet to y, we find @. y > (Gxt ¢ ling) det (2 8+2y)dyed See S__—~— on Vv AM = lee BWebx Exact DE ay x ged Ke on dy (4x? thxy )dx 4 (oe +2y dyed " »- Ste bry) ulay d= 4 2x%y +O(y) * Ou, oxt42y 24 2 oxty db 9 oul @y dy % 2x +38 = Ox 4 2y +o. 2y > olyeyte u (ny = ae Oty ey? 4ezk ae Casycosxddas (ya sinx) dyso Va wee m NV Om = cose = BM = cosx ey On Qu - (ery dea? sing Cy) oh. 4° bly) s 4¢ ey ulay)e Eaysinns Sy eek mat\dx20 s (ets Ss agaildy + (axed lnys Vex 2M Ores 1 = BW 2One 24) ay y OK y Mm 2 dxerslnys x V=x? Rute +. Byet BY Londe lage dd ay 3 x dn : (x,y) « weaning Pays (x) \ Deere = Dke do 4 do. Re+ly +! kethyrdd 2 = a I-* O (x)= oresinn +e u (ay) = re? +xlny —yrey 4 ore sink +o k Honsewerk oc esinndys y4afi-n® ‘cos dx=0 Van® Integcating Factor Conside the DE 1 Cry dat N Orig) dye 0 Assume that Oma QV 39 Ip fhere is a Junction X (x,y) whieh males the DE ACeyeGayddxt Gay) VCay) dyso as m exact DE, the Aly) is called “integ eating eck of the De. 22mw d=A(x) GI (ay )des ACY (x,y) dy 20 S LaGd mlny) d= Btw wluy)d dG) am 2 dA ah dx aK >) dd warts) |. Bm) 4 AR 1 fam ahd Qx« Qn Sy INE Sy Lek gen. BY $ @3 2 dx Jee “ fee d= dy) rnCgden Cray ele a dC) Cagdedye 0 2 Trtyyend= @ [xy ay & Lyn) BD m4 2 2K 2M 5 Prima rLBh_ 2m | dy ay Ox dy ar ey dx) Fav am dy » ™ ax ay ary am ae 29 dy rOydee a3B (ayrdatuydy-0 2M =Dyy Way OY On 1°) R2K(e) Ses S229 de Soe %y nx \Qee 2 =e me =x (ard + Fydy= Oo en ulayy rs wet +6(y) _ W = (aystydes (29-2) dy= 0 2) = Qeysl se BN ee =-l ay Qn _ am -)-2 ' 5 Beds Seas 2 dy rary) @ Alylee mee =2eysl) y ~2dy nlye® mB a eae eqn ry. ; z ahie Mo ale (x, aan ee 3a a ‘ y F+S+oy) Steen ) Qu. pdb ey By Sy yt dy Ds ie oye, le db. 2 a 3 ee ie? ee ular yee ye teak y + > +2lny c (Se —~ y sink + sink -ycosx=0 L sinndy + (sitx-yeosx)dx=0 ee tosxy BY = Cosx n= Mx) 5s 3 i dxf SEO24 OF dy rx ye _e SINK ~2S cotndx cite dGdee aol site te Cay cose )dxeo aie sink Qu_ = I-y co3x udxy = +6) sin x 4 SINK Bu 2) gu __ ycosx » dO ey sink er inte da as-y sen =-y Se = aatetn OW )=K+e ae sew 4 a Codes tren k sink = ydxs (axy-2*)dy=o am 1, BN go ay OK au _ ar “t Srey SA ses r= rly) Pe =e =e ay —hny \eeuwe “= <9 y e’des (ane L)dy=0 2 ause® liye xe 2+ bly) Qx* 4 ay Ba Layee 2M 2 Ixe I db o ¥° ey ay a are Lakes dé 2 be ba bU)e-hyse 2 u (ay)ene Ingte= & 26Linear Difperetial Equations The Jer, of gy! +P (x) y =8(«) is called nex dipferedial equation For the solution, let us write the L.DE as dys [LP (x) y-a(x) J dx-0 are): 2h ey nent) 9 Bide SPO peau Oe! =e =e ore Srddx Srddx ysrikdye =Olxe a SPidd x SP) dx axe y lt ae By tlegrelige Me: equation, Se (dx Se(ddx e y = \eGle dete Spd SPlddx yee aWe dete ye LT Sa adre] a= yle y cotxs+ sink - YcotKe sinx r P(xde-cotx , (x= sinx Scotts _ \Ginx) rK(kee =e . aie ' Ys Sinx [Ss Sinw. Sink ie o* Hee set <0 pide als) ee — sin % w SSE ah ridee wee ye LTS oh sion = Sink xcsclei fle *,eosx te a Syaminiec co” y +( = )y e Pla)e 2K), A(dee Kw Slart)ds onthe an Ine a idee =e =e.e@ 2e.% ye te ES ele eee ! (2,6) xe 2 as