Methods and Techniques Used in Teaching

Methods and techniques used in teaching:
I. Brainstorming
What is brainstorming?
Brainstorming is a large- or small-group discussion that encourages students to generate a wide range of
perspectives or potential next steps or solutions regarding a specific topic.
1. The teacher may begin a brainstorming session by posing a question or a problem, or by

introducing a topic.
2. Students then express possible answers and relevant words and ideas.
3. Contributions are accepted without criticism or judgement and are usually summarized on a
whiteboard by the teacher or a scribe as the ideas are called out.
4. These ideas are then examined, usually in a open discussion format.
Why use brainstorming?

By expressing ideas and listening to what others say, students adjust their previous knowledge or
understanding, accommodate new information and increase their levels of awareness. Brainstorming's main
purposes are to:
 focus students' attention on a particular topic

 generate a quantity of ideas
 teach acceptance and respect for individual differences
 encourage learners to take risks in sharing their ideas and opinions
 demonstrate to students that their knowledge and their language abilities are valued and accepted
 introduce the practice of idea collection prior to beginning tasks such as writing or solving
problems
 provide an opportunity for students to share ideas and expand their existing knowledge by building
on each other's contributions.
Although there has been some dispute about the effectiveness of brainstorming (Furnham, 2000; Al-
Samarraie & Hurmuzan, 2018; Johnson & D'Lauro, 2018), it remains a widely used technique in a variety
of contexts, including the tertiary classroom.
Common issues using brainstorming

Initially, some students may be reluctant to speak out in a group setting, but brainstorming is an open
sharing activity that encourages all students to participate. Teachers should emphasize active listening
during these sessions.
Students should be encouraged to:
 listen carefully and politely to what their classmates contribute

 tell the speakers or the teacher when they cannot hear others clearly and
 think of different suggestions or responses to share.
Effective brainstorming: How do I achieve it?

1) Select a leader and a scribe (the teacher may take on one or both of these roles).
2) Define the problem or idea to be brainstormed. Make sure everyone is clear on the topic being
explored.
3) Set up the rules for the session. They should include:
 letting the leader have control

 allowing everyone to contribute
 suspending evaluation of ideas until all ideas are gathered
 assuming that all contributions are valid
 recording each answer, unless it is a repeat
 setting a time limit and stopping when that time is up.
4) Start the brainstorming. The leader can open the floor or select members of the group to share
their answers. The scribe should write down all responses, ideally so that everyone can see them.
Make sure not to evaluate or criticize any answers until the brainstorming is complete.
5) Once you have finished brainstorming, go through the results and begin evaluating the responses.
This can be done quickly by a show of hands to rank the ideas.
6) Some initial qualities to look for when examining the responses include:
 looking for any answers that are repeated or similar

 grouping similar concepts together
 eliminating responses that definitely do not fit.
7) Now that you have narrowed your list down somewhat, discuss the remaining responses as a
group.
It is important for the teacher to:

establish a warm, supportive environment;
emphasize that a quantity of ideas, rather than their quality, is the goal at this stage, and that it's okay for
students to suggest unconventional or improbable ideas;
discourage evaluative or critical comments from peers during the brainstorming phase;
encourage all students to participate, and provide opportunities for them to do so;
initially emphasize the importance of listening to expressed ideas, and model the recording of each idea.
How can I adapt brainstorming?
 Use this procedure to plan a classroom activity such as a research project, a field trip, a concert or a
party.
 Groups and individuals can use brainstorming to generate pre-writing ideas for projects or
assignments.
 Categorize brainstormed words, ideas and suggestions.
 Use brainstormed words and sentences for exploring discipline-based jargon.
4 types of brainstorming:
Reverse Brainstorming
A creative problem-solving technique in which the problem is turned around and considered from a
different point of view to spur new and different solutions.
Stop-and-Go Brainstorming
A problem-solving technique in which a group alternately engages in brainstorming solutions without
evaluation for ten minutes then engages in a short period of evaluation. The group continues alternating
between brainstorming and evaluation.
Phillips 66 Brainstorming
A problem-solving technique in which a group of six people brainstorms for six minutes and then a
spokesman for each group presents either the best ideas or all ideas to the larger group.
Brainwriting
A problem-solving technique in which participants individually brainstorm ideas and document them,
then share them with a group to further push their thinking.

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Methods and techniques used in teaching:

1. The teacher may begin a brainstorming session by posing a question or a problem, or by

Why use brainstorming?

 focus students' attention on a particular topic

Common issues using brainstorming

Students should be encouraged to:

 listen carefully and politely to what their classmates contribute

Effective brainstorming: How do I achieve it?

3) Set up the rules for the session. They should include:

 letting the leader have control

 looking for any answers that are repeated or similar

It is important for the teacher to:

How can I adapt brainstorming?

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