Acknowledgement

In the accomplishment of this study tour report successfully,

many people have best owned us their blessings and heart-pledged support.

We would like to express our special gratitude to the management of

KLS GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, our beloved Principal DR. J. K. KITTUR and the
Head of the Architecture Department DR. RUPALI KAVILKAR.

We would, especially like to thank PROF. SHRUTI MUTKEKAR and PROF. PRASANNA MATTIKOP
for organizing and accompanying us to the tour and giving us the necessary advice and guidance.
Special thanks to Vi. Vi. tours and travels for organizing and providing us with all the facilities to make our tour easier.

Last but not least thanking all the students of V24 for actively participating in the study tour and making the report and the panel.
Special thanks to the entire technical team for their hard work and sincere efforts.
 INDEX
• BADAMI 1-7
HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
LOCATION
CAVE 1-4
BHUTHANATHA TEMPLE

• AIHOLE 8-10
HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
DURGA TEMPLE
LADKHAN TEMPLE
MEGUTI TEMPLE
• PATTADKAL 11-14
HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE
PAPANATHA TEMPLE
SANGAMESHWARA TEMPLE
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE

• BADAMI- CLIMATOLOGY 15-17

LOCATION, CLIMATE, LANDSCAPE
SETTLEMENT STUDY
• HAMPI 18-29
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHY
PART-I
PART-II
PART-III
• ANEGUNDI- HERITAGE WALK 30-38
GEOGRAPHY-FROM MACRO TO MICRO
VILLAGE HISTORY
VILLAGE SCENES

• ANEGUNDI- WORKSHOP 39-48

THE KISHKINDA TRUST
 HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
•HAMPI formerly known as VATAPI, is a city in Bagalkot district
of North Karnataka. Badami was the capital of the Early Chalukyas,
who ruled most of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh between the 6th
and the 8th century. It was found in 540 A.D. by Pulakesi-I an early
ruler of the Chalukyas.

• Temperature ranges from 22 degrees to 40 degrees during summer

and 14 to 29 degrees in winter.

•Megalithic dolmens confirm the existence of Badami pre-historic

period

•Badami was the capital of the Chalukyas from

CE 540 to 757.

•It is famous for its rock cut monuments such as

the Badami cave temples, as well as the
structural temples such as the bhootanaath
temples, Badami Shivalaya and Badami
Jambulingesvara temple.

1
 LOCATION
•Badami is located 23 km from Pattadakal, that
occupies an important place in heritage history
of Karnataka. Badami is picturesquely nestled
at the mouth of a ravine between two rocky
hills.
•Badami has eighteen inscriptions, with major
historical and mythological information.
•The first Sanskrit inscription is in old Kannada
script on the hillltop, dates back to 543 CE. The
second inscription is from the period of The
Pulakeshi-II from 578 CE of Mangalesha in
Kannada script and the third is the Kappe
Arabhatta records.
The red dot shows the exact location of
• The earliest available Kannada poetry is Hampi and the marked territory shows
in tripadi metre. the Chalukyan empire
•Inscription near the Bhootanaatha temple
dates back to the 12th century in Jain rock-cut
temple dedicated to the Tirtankara Adinatha.
• The sculptures and sandstone cliffs of Badami bring
forth tales from the yesteryears.
• Four rock-cut caves are adorned with ancient carved
pillars and bracket figures cut out of red sandstone.
• The caves are faced towards the Agastya Theertha
Lake.

2
CAVE-1
•The Badami cave temples are a complex
of Hindu and Jain cave temples

• The first cave is dedicated to Lord Shiva and it

represents the Brahmanical style. Built in 550 AD, the
cave has an L-shaped open courtyard in front, an open
verandah, a pillared hall, and a sanctum excavated into
the center of its rear wall.

•Cave 1 is about 18 m above ground level on the north-west

part of the hill. Access is through a series of steps that
depict carvings of dwarpalak and ganas in different
postures.

• The verandah, with an inner measurement of 21 m by 20 m, has five sculpted

columns with reliefs of flower garlands, foliage and jewelry.

• Cave portrays The Tandava-dancing Shiva as Nataraja on the rock face to

right of entrance and also a part of Gandharveda. The sculpture is 1.5 m tall
and has 18 arms (9 in left and 9 on right) in a form that expresses the dance
position in total of 81 combinations.

3
 CAVE -2
•The second cave was created in late 6th or early 7th century. It is smaller than
Cave 1, somewhat similar in terms of its floor plan, but it is dedicated primarily to
Vishnu.

• A frieze showing the legend of Vamana- a dwarf avatar of Vishnu.

•Before he morphs into the Trivikrama form. Another major relief shows the legend
of Vishnu in his Varaha (a boar) avatar rescuing goddess earth (Bhudevi) from the
depths of cosmic ocean, with a penitent multi-headed snake (Nāga) below.

•Inside the temple are friezes showing stories from Hindu texts such as
the Bhagavata Purana.

•These show the legend of cosmic ocean churning (Samudra Manthan),

Krishna's birth and Krishna playing flute indicate the theological and
cultural significance in 7th century.

• The carvings on ceilings and top of door show Gajalakshmi,

the swastika symbols, happy couples, Brahma, Vishnu lying on
Sheshnaga.

4
 CAVE-3
•Third cave stands out from the rest of the caves as it is bigger in area and
its carvings are precise and exquisite compared to the other 3 caves. It has
a broader facade and a large courtyard enclosed by a prakara
• The temple is divided into 3 parts;-
1. MUKHAMANTAPA (Veranda or Poarch)
2. SABHAMANTAPA(Congregation hall)
3. GARBHAGRAHA (Sanctum sanctorum)

•Maha Vishnu is seated majestically on a throne formed

by Adidhesha, a seven headed serpant. His vehicle
Garuda is on lower left and his consort Laxmi is on the
lower right

• As you can see, Adishesha has created a beautiful throne for Maha
Vishnu by stacking up his soft coils to form its cushion and raising his
seven-headed hood as its canopy.
• Adishesha is known by many names, including Shesha, Sheshanaga, and
Ananta.
• In Sanskrit, shesha means one that remains, and ananta means endless.
In other words, Shesha will prevail even after the end of the universe,
and Ananta will exist for eternity.

5
 CAVE -4
•It is a Jain cave temple dedicated to Mahavira, built in the 7th
century, unlike the other 3 caves, which are hindu temples and is
a testiment to the peaceful coexistence of different religions in
ancient India.
• On the northern banks of Agastya Theertha Lake and the
other side of the Cave Temples, a series of elegant temples and
carvings await those who complete an arduous climb through a
stony chasm and fortified gateways.
•Its plan is somewhat different from others in the complex: This image shows the most likely
the sabhamandapa is truncated to a half-hall or ardhamandapa, sculpture of Mahavira seated on
and a vestibule or antarala is added before the main shrine a lion throne carved on the wall.
or garbhagriha.

•The Upper Shivalaya Temple still has some friezes and sculptures depicting
legends relating to Lord Krishna. Perched on a rock, the Malegatti Shivalaya
is an example of the ancient southern style of architecture.

6
 SRI BHOOTHANAATH
• TEMPLE
• The Bhootanaath group of temples is one of the major attractions located
in Badami.
• The Bhootanaath Temple is on east side of the Agasthya Tirtha Lake.The
style is a blend of North Indian and early South Indian temple
architecture.
• This temple seems to have been built in two stages. The inner hall and the
shrine reflect the style of the Eastern Badami Chalukyas, while the outer
hall represents the style of the Kalyani Chalukyas of the west.

Image showing Bhoothnath

temple at Badami

• The inner hall has massive pillars and the bays are decorated
with lotus designs. On one side of the doorway of the shrine
stands Goddess Ganga, riding the makara, while on the other
side is river Yamuna.
• She is depicted as riding the tortoise. The Shiva Linga in the
shrine is believed to be of a later date, put in by the
Lingayats.

7
History and Significance
•Aihole is a small village located on the banks of river Mallaprabha located near Badami.
•The artisians worked on the rocks to create the earliest rock cut shrines which later became the full fleged
Chalukyan style of architecture
• The Chalukyan dynasty was a dominant part in North Karnataka during the 6th century.
•It is also termed as “THE CRADLE OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE”

•There is a mix of architectural styles at the site.

• Aihole provides a valuable record of Indian temple
architecture before it fully evolved into a canonical style.
•Most temples at Aihole are Hindu, but there are some
early Buddhist caves and Jain monuments.
•There are a number of rock-cut caves at Aihole which are
embellished with architectural sculpture cut into the sandstone.

•Many of the Hindu temples display typical characteristics of Noerth Indian architecture -
the shikaras a four sided tower formed using many decorative layers of stonework, the nasika,
a gavaksa double-curved arch, and an amalaka.
•The temples have stone slab roofing, many have stone lattice windows, and most have an entrance
hall and porch accessed via a short flight of steps, the latter being a typical feature of Early Western
Chalukya architecture.

8
 DURGA TEMPLE
• DURGA TEMPLE is the biggest and the most attractive temple at Aihole.
•The name Durga Temple is derived from the word ‘DURGA’ meaning Fort. It
has nothing to do with the Goddess Durga.
• The Durga Temple is a structural Temple
•Most important feature is the apsidal character of its architecture.
•It consists of Mukhamantapa, Sabhamantapa and the Garbagraha.

•Sabhamantapa has been divided into 3 portions by its pillars.

•The entrance is on east through two flight of stairs that are
opposite to each other.
•The architectural highlights of this temple are
1. An Elevated Plinth
2. An Apsidal sanctuary like the Buddhist Chaitya

3. A Pillared gallery encircling the sanctum

4. It consists of two aisles, two rows of column and one nave
5. It has one entrances and two flight of stairs and a square shikhara
and the whole temple is lavishly decorated with carvings.

9
LADKHAN TEMPLE
•Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the temple name is originated from Ladkhan, a
Muslim general from Bijapur sultanate who stayed in the temple during
their invasion of the region.
•Originally a Surya temple, it has a mukha-mandapa and a large sabha-
mandapa. There is no separate garbhagriha in the temple and a stone booth
is added to house the deity.
• A shrine with two mandapas in front of it ,the shrine bears a Shiva
Lingam.
• It was the earliest in Aihole.
•Front pillars are sculpted with Ganga and Yamuna figuines.
•Entry to top shrine is via a stone ladder inside the mandap.

• 16 Pillars are arranged in two squares with double chambers with double aisles
around NANDI.
•The large pillars in the Mukhamandapa have beautiful carvings of gods along with
floral designs.
•The outer walls also exhibit extensive designs of early Chalukyas. The
Sabhamandapa has a big bull at the center.
•The roof has a small mandapa with an image of Surya. A nagara style sikhara
was later added to the temple

10
• History and significance
• Papnath temple
• Virupaksh temple
History and significance
•The history of Pattadakal goes back to a time when it was called
Kisuvolal- a valley of red soil.
• It even found a mention in Ptolemy's Geography in the 2nd
century CE.
•Presently Pattadakal is located in the district of Bagalkot,
Karnataka,India.
•The Chalukyas of Badami or Early Chalukyas (543-753 CE) built
a large complex of temples for royal commemoration and
coronation in Pattadakal.
•This complex is on the left bank of the Malaprabha River which
runs further north to meet the river Krishna. It was accorded
World Heritage Status by UNESCO in 1987.

•Pattadakal literally means 'coronation stone' and bears testimony to

the later phase of evolution of the distinctive Early Chalukyan
architecture.
•The gestation phase of this development which took place in Aihole,
Badami Alampur, and Mahakuta finds its culmination here.
•It is in the last few decades, during the successive reigns of
Vijayaditya Vikramaditya II and Kirtivarman II that several temples
were gradually constructed in this fertile valley.
• A Jain shrine was constructed much later, after the collapse of the
empire by their successor Rashtrakuta Dynasty in the 9th century CE.

..

11
 Papanatha Temple
• Located to the south of Virupaksha temple, it boasts of a Vimana of the northern
style with an elaborately carved Sukanasa at front. Lamentably, both the Amalaka
and Kalash are missing.
• It is the largest temple in the compound in the Rekha Nagara (northern) style and
seems to have undergone additions and modifications outside those of the original
plan.
•It is possible that the temple, in the beginning, consisted of the typical composition
consisting of a sanctum, a rectangular Mandapa and a separate Nandi Mandapa.
Later modifications aimed to enlarge the existing Mandapa and incorporate an
enclosed circumambulatory path around the sanctum.
•This was extended in such a way that the once separate Nandi Mandapa now
became a part of it. A finely built Nandi figure now graces the passage at the
entrance of the Mandapa.

•Only one of the Dwarpalakas now survives at the entrance of the

Mandapa. Pillars and pilasters inside the hall are resplendently
covered with figures in Tribhanga Mudra (thrice-bent pose), foliage
motifs and other elements.
•Images of Shiva and Parvati, Anantasayana Vishnu surrounded by
Dikpalas, Nagaraja, Gajalakshmi are carved on the ceiling while
narrative panels depicting episodes from Kirtarjuniya, Ramayana
and other ancient texts adorn the walls.
• The facade of the Garbha Griha is beautifully decorated with a
Garuda on the lintel and decorative pilasters on either side.

12
 Temple
•The epigraphy reveals this to have been built by Queen Loka Mahadevi
(originally named as Lokeswara) after the successful military campaigns
of King Vikramaditya-II against the Pallavas.
.
• Two small shrines are laterally placed to the antarala, one for Ganesha
and the other for Mahisasurmardini. Three porches from the east, north
and south open up to an expansive mandapa.

•Further east, a separate Nandi mandapa is placed on a plinth. The

whole temple is surrounded by prakara (enclosure) walls that are
. provided with stopped by a four-sided amalaka with a kalash as its
crown.

•Only a handful of these remain out of the original 32. The

magnificently built Dravida shikhara with a well-preserved sukanasa
('nose,' arched projection) on the front is one of the hallmarks of the
temple.

13
 Mallikarjun Temple

•This temple was built in 720 CE by Vijayaditya and was originally named as the
Vijayeswara temple.

•The garbha griha typically houses a lingum and there are sub-shrines on either
side of the antarala.

•To the east of the mandapa, an image of the bull Nandi (vahana or 'mount' of
Shiva) is supported on a small plinth.

•The temple itself is built on a high plinth consisting of five

mouldings decorated with animal and floral motifs.

•On the temple walls, niches bearing sculptures of different avatars

of Vishnu and Shiva alternate with beautifully designed windows.

•Below the kapota (eave), a row of wonderfully carved round-bodied

figures are placed as if the whole load of the roof above is being
held by them. The shikhara is two-tiered and topped by a four-sided
amalaka with a kalash.

14
 CLIMATOLOGY-BADAMI
CONTENTS
▪ LOCATION,CLIMATE,LANDSCAPE
▪ SETTLEMENT STUDY:
1. FENESTRATIONS
2. FAÇADE
3. ROOF
4. FLOORING

BY,
PARINEETA PATIL
SAFA MATTE
SANICA DHURI
SRUSHTI KOUJALGI
SRUSTHI MENASHI
ADITYA CHOUGULE
HABIB HOSMANI
 CLIMATE
▪ The climate in Badami is referred to as a local steppe climate. There is
no much rainfall in Badami all year long.
▪ Summer season in Badami lasts from March to June. During this time,
the sun renders the plains hot and dry. The maximum temperature
remains somewhere around 38°C.
▪ Monsoon season-Badami experiences excessive rainfall during this
season, which starts in June and lasts till September. This city
experiences high level of humidity.
▪ Winter season-Begins from the month of November and lasts till the
end of January. The temperature is in the range of 15°C to 29°C.

LOCATION
▪ Badami is located at 15°55’N 75°41E/15.92°N 75.68°E /15.92;75.68.It has an
average elevation of 586meters (1922ft).It is located at the mouth of ravine between
two rocky and surrounds Agastya tirtha water reservoir on the three other sides.
▪ The total area of the town is 10.3square kilometers. It is located at 128kilometers
from Bijapur

LANDSCAPE
▪ Badami is a typical small town in the dusty plains of central Karnataka. Its
surroundings are largely rural,with a population that is prominent. It is a region
where life is slow,basic,rustic and is far away from large cities and industrial hubs.
▪ Badami consists of small villages with a cluster of mud houses Agricultural land
encloses the villages wherever there traces of water available. Beyond the fields are
open spaces and shrubs.
▪ In some places, such as the eastern end of Badami town, the pattern is broken by
red sandstone hills.

15
 SETTLEMENT STUDY
▪ People in Badami have houses which were built approx. 20 to 30 years ago. The
natives of Anegundi only use mechanical support to ventilate their homes.
▪ They prefer to sleep outside the house in verandahs or terraces during summer
months.
▪ Their houses are mostly made up of sandstone with wooden roofing.
▪ Their houses have minimum windows with jail work and they a small openings on their
roof.
▪ Most houses have walls made up of sandstone.
▪ The houses are built by load bearing walls made up of sandstone rather than using other
materials.
▪ The streets of Badami have favourable drainage system and water supply.

Typical old house constructed of stone Interior of Badami house. Streets of Badami

16
 FENESTRATIONS
• The houses had less openings to escape heat.
These openings were provided small and had
enough amount for ventilation. The use of
traditional materials is seen in the house. Jali
work is seen in most of the houses.
• Doors are made of wooden material. Also they are
intricately detailed with various designs.
FLOORING
Most of the houses used Kadapa stone as flooring. Since
these stones are long lasting and can also withstand any
exposure. This type of stone helps in maintaining lower FACADE
temperatures. • The exterior of the house has thick stone walls that are coated
with layer of mud and is finished by using lime plaster which help
in cooling the interiors during summer and making warmer in
winters. These lime plasters also helps in brighten up the interiors.

ROOF
• Roof has small opening which contributes to the cooling
in the house. The roof opening had metal grills
installed. These are covered using wood material during
summer for air and ventilation.

17
 INTRODUCTION
• Hampi or Hampe, also referred to as the Group of • Located in Karnataka near the modern-era city of Hosapete,
Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Hampi's ruins are spread over 4,100 hectares (16 sq mi) and it has
Site located in Hampi town, Vijayanagara district, east- been described by UNESCO as an "austere, grandiose site" of
central Karnataka, India. more than 1,600 surviving remains of the last great Hindu
• Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire in the kingdom in South India that includes "forts, riverside features,
14th century.[3] It was a fortified city. Chronicles left by royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls,
Persian and European travelers, particularly the Portuguese, mandapas, memorial structures, water structures and others“
say that Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city • Hampi is a popular tourist attractive owning to its beautiful
near the Tungabhadra River, with numerous temples, farms architecture. Most of the building in Hampi were Hindu tempels
and trading markets and complexes that predominantly followed the south indian or
dravida style.
• Hampi is a fascinating place to wander around and discover the
rich history of religion. Unearth the stories of ancient and
medieval times that comes alive in these ruins through the
imprints of the time and people.

18
 GEOGRAPHY OF HAMPI

• Though Karnataka is not a coastal state in India, Hampi being a small town
is generally hot.
• In summers which extends from March to June, the temperatures could
reach above 400C. Monsoon stretches from June to early August.
• Excessive minerals in the district leads to mining in Hampi as a major
industry. Mining which is not monitored and excessively done endangers the
Tungabhadra Dam and World Heritage Site monuments. The government of
Karnataka needs to keep a check on the use of natural resources in Hampi.

• The river flowing across Hampi is the Tungabhadra River, which is an

important river in the southern region of the subcontinent. Hampi is located
in the path of the river on the south banks, which takes lot of turns and twists
along the rocky terrain.
• The river plays an important role in the religious and political history of the
Hampi. Tungabhadra is the merging of two rivers Tunga and Bhadra and
hence the name is come.
• It flows in the northwest direction and joins the eastern river Krishna, which
finally ends into the Bay of Bengal. A huge dam and hydroelectric project is
constructed across the Tungabhadra river cutting down its vigor and force of
flow in this area.
• Hampi is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra river in Karnataka. The
chief occupation is agriculture, and the main source of revenue is tourism.
• The region is also well known for its mineral content and deposits, mainly
iron-ore and manganese. Agriculture thrives because of Hampi red soil.

19
PART- I
DASEERA DIBBA
PUSHKARNI
ELEPHANT STABLE
HAZARA RAMA TEMPLE
LOTUS MAHAL
QUEENS BATH
DASEERA DIBBA
• On the east side of the platform, is
•Here king of Vijayanagara used to a chamber filled with animal and
celebrate the festival of daseera. clown carvings narrating the stories
•It was constructed in 1513 AD. of when the Chinese embassy used
•It is 12mt high consist of a massive to visit the King Krishnadevaraya
square granite faced base in three for business purpose and the Arab
diminishing tires the lowest height is emirates came for horses and exotic
40m square and top most 24mt animals trading.
square.
• On east side of the platform is a
•Daseera dibba also called as chamber filed with animal carvings
Mohanavani dibba. It is a narrating the stories of when
beautiful stone platform within Chinese embassy used to visit the
the royal encloser of Hampi. king Kirshnadevaraya for business
•It is built during Vijayanagar purpose.
period.
•Krishnadevaraya to
commemorate his victory once
Udaygiri.

• The platform has two staircases to reach the top one

from the North and the other from the South.
• Some of the sculptures are faced with dark green
chlorite and granite finishing and these have better
durability.
• This structure is north faced and its walls are covered
with auspicious carvings of horses, elephants,
warriors, caravans, the royal cultural scenes and
hunting scenes .

20
PUSHKARNI
• Pushkarni in Hampi is of a stone square structure with 5 steps, these steps
become smaller as we go down thus top most steps are the largest and
widest with attractive pyramidical shaped flight of steps.
• The entire tank has 100 steps, the base of the tank has a stone slabs below
that has a sand to purify the water.
• Symmetry of pyramidal shaped steps at each tire of tank makes the
structure unique and elegant.

• The pushkaranis in Hampi are a part of the

ancient town’s planning and architecture.
Many of the pushkaranis were built during the
time of the Vijayanagara empire.
• The pushkaranis of Hampi display great
architectural beauty. They are built in the
typical Vijayanagara style of architecture.
• Many of these water tanks have beautiful rows
of pillars or decorative arcade surrounding
them

• Hampi pushkarni has a proper flow of fresh water into tank.

• The pushkaranis in Hampi were an integral part of the people’s lives

during the time of the Vijayanagara Empire. Since the temples were an
important part of the social and cultural lives of the people of ancient
Hampi, the water tanks also gained significance among the people.

21
HAZARA RAMA TEMPLE
• The temple faces east and consist
of sanctums of the god and
goddess, a Kalyanamandapa and
other subsidiary shrines, all
contained within a prakara and
enclosed by the high wall.
• The outer walls are richly carved
in bold bas-relief and depict
scences from Ramayana.
• The story is told in 7 cantons
where the protagonist ,Rama, is
depict as a human rather than god
• Hazara rama temple is a dominant shrine located in the center like.
of royal area of Hampi, Karnataka.
• It was buit by king Vijayanagara, Deveraya II in the 15th • There are four beautiful carved pillars in blacks
century. tone in the center of the ardhamandapa.
• The pillars are mammoth and cubical which have
• The temple in Hampi lies adjacent to the northwest corner of
the king’s palace enclosure. The temple is no longer in use and the been adorend with the bas-reliefs of
sanctum is empty but originally it was dedicated to lord Vishnu in Ganesha,Mahisahsasuramardini,Hanuman and
the form of Lord Rama. several forms of lord Vishnu, including the Kalki
avatra.
• The sancatum or the garbhagriha of the Hazara
rama temple is a tritala vimana.
• The mandapa inside the main temple is situated by
cubical pillars made up of kadappa stone brought
all the way from Andrapradesh.
• This temple truly mirrors beautiful skills of the
craftsman of Hampi.

22
 LOTUS MAHAL
• Lotus Mahal is one of the finest architectural designed palaces that are uniquely identified by its lotus
look like structure. This glorious building is within the zenana Enclosure,a segregated area that is used by
the Royal women of Vijayanagara Danyasty.

• The Lotus Mahal is otherwise called the Kamal Mahal or Chitragani Mahal. It’s remarkable and
unmistakable design is the main highlight of the palace. It is one of only a handful few astonishing
building in Hampi that had not been damaged or destroyed amid the attack on the city.

• Lotus Mahal designed as a palace for royal ladies of those times to mingle around
and enjoy recreational activities.
• The Mahal also served as a meeting point for the king and his ministers. It is said
that the Queen of Krishna Deva Raya used to spend most of the time seeking
pleasure and peace in the palace.
• Kamal Mahal is also referred to as a council chamber in the maps found in
18th century.
• The palace is a two-storied building, well-structured symmetrically. It is surrounded
by a rectangular wall and four towers. These towers are also in pyramidal shape
giving a lotus-like structure visual.
• Around 24 pillars are present to support the arched windows and balcony of the
palace. The walls and pillars are carved beautifully with patterns like sea creatures
and birds.

23
 ELEPHANT STABLE

• The Elephant Stable in Hampi is an impressive structure that was used to provide
shelter for the royal elephants of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• The elephant stable is located in the area that lies just outside the Zenana
Enclosure.

• It is one of the very few structures that have not suffered extensive damage during
the Mughal attack on Hampi that led to the downfall of the Vijayanagara Empire
in 1565 A.D. The ancient stable is a major attraction among the tourists even today.

• The elephant stable was constructed in the 15th century, during the reign of the • The elephant stable is a long building with a
Vijayanagara Empire. As the name indicates, the stable was constructed to house rectangular shape. The building has a row of
the royal elephants of the Vijayanagara Empire. eleven huge domed chambers.
• The elephant stable in Hampi is one of the finest examples of Indo-Islamic style of • Each chamber is large enough to
architecture. accommodate two elephants at a time. The
• Though most of the structures and monuments in Hampi were built using the domed chambers are interconnected with
Vijayanagara style of architecture, a few structures display the Indo-Islamic style large arched openings.
as well. • The central chamber contains a metal hook
• The walls between the arches have small doorways. There is no sign to indicate that embedded in the ceiling.
the chambers ever had any doors in the doorways

24
 QUEENS BATH
• The Queen’s Bath in Hampi is a colossal bath that exemplifies the architectural
excellence prevalent during the days of the Vijayanagara Empire.

• It is located close to the entrance of the Royal Enclosure in Hampi. Constructed

during the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Queen’s Bath impresses visitors
even today, more than 500 years after it was built.

• The Queen’s Bath is believed to be constructed by Achyuta Raya for the women of
the royal family of Vijayanagara.
• Though named as the Queen’s Bath, it was in all probability used as the private
bathing chamber of the king and his queens. It is also believed that the lavish bath
was a royal pleasure complex. This belief is due to the location of the bath, which
is outside the Royal Enclosure.

• The Queen’s Bath is an elaborate structure with a simple exterior and an

ornate interior. Built in the Indo-Islamic style of architecture, this
striking enclosed space is designed to be unique than any other private or
public bath in Hampi.
• The Queen’s Bath is a rectangular building. The structure has an area of
30 square metres.
• A large sunken bath constructed in the centre of the structure has an
area of 15 square metres and a depth of 1.8 metres.
• The bath is surrounded by beautiful arched corridors having pillars and
projecting ornate balconies with windows.
• There is a bridge to cross the moat and reach the bath.
• It is believed that the moat was designed to prevent anyone from
entering the building while the bath was in use.

25
PART- II
VIJAYA VITTHAL TEMPLE
STONE CHARIOT
 VIJAYA VITTHAL TEMPLE
• Built during the regin of Devaraya II in the 15th century later
was renovated by Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century.
• Built on the ornate plinth, the temple complex is large and
enclosed 4 halls, enclosers and temples.
• The 100 pillared mantapa on the southwestern part of the temple
and the northern and the southern gateways carved with the
images of Vishnu to whom the temple is dedicated.

• The 56 columns of the Ranga Mantapa erupted

in a delightful symphony encompassing the
Saptaswara’s or the seven notes of musical scale.
• The sabha mantapa contain clusters of splender
pillars, when tapped they emit soft musical
notes, they are not referred to as the musical
pillars or the saregama pillars.
• The Gopura is throught the east entrance and in
adilapidated state but still stands strong.

• The highlight of the temple is of course the

stone chariot, situated on the east opposite to
the entrance. It is the symbol of Hampi.
• The carving of the walls of the temples being it
interiors or exteriors, they scream boast of the
skilled craftsmanship.

26
 STONE CHARIOT
• The stone chariot of hampi is magnificent piece of art • Inspired from the Dravidian style of
inspired from chariot in konark temple. Stands on a architecture Chariot is made from a
rectangular platform which shows the mythical battles. various pieces of same rock but looks
monolithic structure.
• This chariot is dedicated to the Garuda, the vahana
(vehicle) of lord Vishnu which was initially placed in • There were sculptures of horses where
shrine but currently empty. presently elephants are seated.

• The Four gaint wheels attached mimic the real life ones
complete with the axis shafts and even the brakes.
• The chariot is meant to represent the beauty and artistic
perfection of the Empire. An interesting folklore
emanates from the Hampi chariot as villagers believe that
the world would come to a halt when the chariot moves
from its place. • Visitors can actually spot the hind legs and
tails of the horses behind the elephants. The
• The base on which the chariot rests depicts beautiful carvings are designed in such a way that the
mythical battle scenes in intricate details. There were • joints are hidden behind which it a
sculptures of horses where presently elephants are seated. monolithic structure look.
Visitors can actually spot the hind legs and tails of the
• Various pillars are also placed around it
horses behind the elephants.
giving it a look of a shrine.

27
PART- III
KADLE KALU GANAPATHI
VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE
KADLE KALU GANAPATHI
• The shrine housing the statue of Kadalekalu Ganesha is
situated on the slope of the Hemakuta Hill in Hampi.

• Kadalekalu Ganesha is one of the largest statues of Lord

Ganesha that exists in the southern part of India

• It is a monolithic statue and one of the most popular tourist

sites in Hampi.

• The statue of Kadalekalu Ganesha has a height of 4.6 metres

• The
(15 belly
feet).of Ganesha has been chiselled in such a manner
that it resembles a Bengal gram (known as Kadalekalu in
the local language).

• The temple of Kadalekalu Ganesha is a beautiful stone

structure. The temple hall is decorated with tall and
slender granite pillars standing in the hall.

• The Temple Being situated on the slope of the Hemakuta

Hill, presents a mesmerizing view of the surroundings.
•
• Visitors can enjoy the views of the Hampi Bazaar and the
Matanga Hill while standing in the hall of the Kadalekalu
Ganesha temple.

• It is one of the largest statues that exist in Hampi.

28
 VIRUPAKSHA TEMPLE
•
GOPURAM
• Virupaksha Temple complex is surrounded by three gopuras (towers).
• The temple has tall towers or gopurams acting as gateways to the inner sanctums, as is usually
seen in temples of south Indian style architecture.
• The main tower (Gopura) , on the east is an imposing structure, 9 stories, 50 meters tall, built in
the 15th century.

• The lower two tiers of the tower is made of decorated

stone work.Eastern tower has extensive craftsmanship
on each of its floors featuring hundreds of Hindu gods
and goddesses.
• The inverted shadow of the main tower falls on a wall
inside the temple. Your tour guide will help you see
this spot.
• Virupaksha Temple is located on the banks of the
Tungabhadra river at Hampi in the Vijayanagara
district of Karnataka.
• The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form
of Shiva. Virupaksha Temple is the 7th century
Shiva temple.
• Lord Virupaksha, also referred to as Pampapathi is
the main deity in Virupaksha Temple.
• The main temple is east facing. Just next to the left
immediately after entering is the unusual triple
headed Nandi (bull statue).

29
 CONTENTS
• GEOGRAPHY- FROM MACRO TO MICRO
• VILLAGE HISTORY
• VILLAGE SCENES-
1. STREETS
2. HOUSES
3. PEOPLE AND CULTURE
4. PROMINENT PLACES- & TEMPLES.

BY-
OM JAVALKAR
KOMAL GOTUR
OM JONNAGIRIMATH
ABHIRATH PATIL
AKANKSHA PATIL
ADITTI INCHAL
BASAVRAJ SHIDRADDI
 FROM MACRO TO MICRO
• Karnataka is the eighth biggest
state in India in terms of area.
• The capital of Karnataka is
Bengaluru.Anegundi, a village
situated near Hampi,( UNESCO
world heritage site ) has evolved into
a paradigm of sustainability,
showcasing historic monuments and
serenity through its craft and KOPPAL DISTRICT
culture, it is the cradle of prehistoric
art monuments , sublime weather
and serenity. Situated near the world ANEGUNDI VILLAGE
heritage site of Hampi, Karnataka.
• Anegundi is believed to be the
capital of Vijayanagara empire . The THE KARANATAKA STATE
name of this town comes form a
• The beauty of Anegundi’s streets and
Kannada word meaning ‘elephant
village square, creation of parks and
pit’. This is because the elephants of
sculpture gardens, riverfront landscaping,
the Vijaynagara empire came here
ghat restoration, fencing, road
for bathing.
improvements within panchayat
• A village that predates Hampi. The
boundaries, solar street lighting, and
village is home to The Kishkinda
signage installation at several key features
Trust (TKT). Shama Pawar founder,
are all included in the development
TKT, and convenor, The Indian
process.
National Trust for Art and Cultural
• Programs for organic farming, performing
Heritage (INTACH), “
arts education, and the marketing of
adventure sports for tourists are other
successful businesses that have given the
locals plenty of job opportunities.

30
 AMBIENCE IN ANEGUNDI
• Located north of • If one walks around its streets, we can see women
rive Tungabhadra, grinding spices to make the pickle, decorating their
Anegundi village houses with rangoli and weaving banana fibre for the
has a distinct product which is an occupation introduced by the
humlbe character. Kishkinda trust. .

• With its many

ancient temples,
Anegundi falls
within the core
zone of Hampi
World Heritage
Site, thus requiring
Entrance to the village
the local
population of
village to maintain
LIFE IN ANEGUNDI
its traditional Anegundi's history dates back to
buildings and the time of Ashoka in the 3rd
appearance. Century BC Even after the
collapse of the Empire in 1565
• Anegundi's AD. When Vijayanagara was
architectural founded in the mid- 14th Century
heritage is by the Sangama brothers
relatively Harihara-I and Bukka-I,
unspoilt and its Anegundi was well established as
inspiring the cradle city where they initially
landscape makes ruled and then later shifted the
it not only an capital to Hampi.
important
heritage site, but
a living, natural
one as well.

31
 HOUSES
• The vernacular houses have thick walls and
white washed with Calcium Carbonate.
• It makes the houses cooler from inside, as it is
dry and hot region.
• The houses here have less fenestrations and
small window openings to avoid more heat in
form of light into the inner spaces
• To restrict direct sunlight and bring in more
difused light is led inside, also to protect from Typical plan of houses
dust, the windows were at high height that
pass warm air in the house.

• Houses have wooden columns with a front

sitout (katte) which also acts as gathering
place for family during festivals and events.
• Roofing is of wooden material, as Anegundi
has semi-arid climate.
Side elevation of a house

Katta In front of each house.

32
 PEOPLE AND CULTURE
• The people of Anegundi have been • In support to this the Union
on their self-motivated program government under its rural tourism
"Education through Performing scheme formed a trust named
Arts". Kishkinda to build capacity in the
villagers to maintain business
• An effective program where the incubators.
young children learn to dance,
music,theatre from various
specialized artists
• They have experienced that the
children involved in this program
are overall much more tuned to the
concept of conservation, ecology The activities being carried out by various
etc. trusts are;

• In the long run, they get involved • Providing tools and training locals for
in social projects as well as turn out jobs and arts.
to be confident capable individuals. • Regular sweeping, Collection and
• The villagers of Anegundi are segregation,
trying to be self-sufficient with • Composting of bio-waste,
sustainable economic support,
• Dissemination of dry waste such as
plastics, etc

Katte-A multi-functional space in front of each house, is also a key architecutural element

33
 PROMINENT PLACES
ANJANAGRI HILL
• According to the mythological legend, Anegundi has been a part of the Kishkinda
region ( Monkey Kingdom ) with Anjanadri Parvatha being in its center..

• According to Sanatana Dharma, It is believed that Lord Hanuman was born here to
Anjana, and hence named as Anjaneya too.

• The hill has a Hanuman temple at the top. It has about 575 steps above.

• Atop Anjanadri Parvat stands a shrine dedicated to lord Hanuman that houses a rock
carved idol.

• In addition, there are also shrines of Lord

Rama and his wife Sita and Anjana Devi
temple in the same vicinity.

• In its immediate vicinity lies Rishyamukha

Hill, where Ram and Laxman are supposed to
have met Hanuman for the first time.

• As you climb the 575 steps towards the top of the hill, one can see the
ancient ruins of Hampi. At a certain point, we can come across a unique
stone monument which takes the shape of Lord Hanuman’s face. This
natural formation of the stone is considered a miracle among many others.

34
 GAGAN MAHAL
• Gagan Mahal is a palace that belonged to the of Vijayanagara Empire. The
palace is located in the small village of Anegundi near Hampi. The palace
is now just a shadow of its original self. However, it still retains an old
world charm and attracts visitors on the Hampi trail.

• Once the abode of kings and queens, the Gagan Mahal now serves as the
local administrations’ building.

HISTORY OF GAGAN MAHAL, ANEGUNDI

• The palace is believed to have been constructed in the 16th century
by the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire.

• However, during the downfall of the empire in 1565 A.D. due to the
attack by the Mughals, this palace was also ruined like most other
structures in Hampi. This 500 year old palace is one of the many
palaces that added to the beauty of the kingdom during the peak of
the Vijayanagara Empire. It is said that the palace was once the
Queen’s quarters.

ARCHITECTURE OF GAGAN MAHAL, ANEGUNDI

• Gagan Mahal at Anegundi was once an impressive structure that was
constructed in the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. Even today it
contains intricate carvings that display the fine skill of the workers of that
era.

• Though most parts of the palace are in ruins, some parts that have
managed to survive the destruction offer an idea about the original beauty
of the palace. The palace has lovely decorated balconies and protruding
windows. The palace also has four towers and is surrounded by a fort.

35
UNIQUENESS OF GAGAN PALACE
• The Gagan Mahal displays the exceptional skill of the
engineers who existed more 500 years before today.
The palace was built in such a manner that it remained
cool even in the hot summer months.

• Though there was no air conditioning in that era, the

engineers managed to construct the palace in such a
manner that it needed no artificial air conditioning to
keep it cool.

• The palace had a functional pool with a water

drainage system even in that ancient period.

PRESENT CONDITION OF THE GAGAN MAHAL

• The present condition of the Gagan Mahal is a semi-ruined structure.

Though parts of the palace are used as the local administrative
office, some parts are in complete ruins.

• Lack of proper maintenance is clearly visible within the palace. The

paint has peeled from the walls at several places and the structure
itself has been damaged to such an extent that the original beauty of
this historical palace is no longer visible to anybody.

• Only some parts of the structure offer a glimpse of the real beauty
of the palace. The best part is that the palace has not lost its
attraction among tourists, who come to visit it from far off places.

36
 RANGANATHA SWAMI TEMPLE
• Ranganatha Swamy temple, Anegundi, is located on the
other side of river Thungabhadra from Hampi, Karnataka.

• Built in 14th century CE, the Ranganatha Swamy temple is

one of the early temples built by Vijayanagara kings.

• The Mantapas have the typical Vijayanagara style pillars.

Also seen are the lathe-turned, black basalt pillars, that are
Chalukya / Hoysala style.

• An ancient temple where time stands still

• Housed inside the main shrine are the beautiful images of Lord • Dedicated to Lord Vishnu, Ranganatha
Vishnu, his consorts and lord Brahma.. He is resting on the Temple is a must-see temple of Hampi. It
cosmic snake Anantha. is also called Vishnu Temple.

• Lord Vishnu has four arms. One of the right hand supports the • Vishnu, the preserver of the universe, can
head of the snake, the other holds the Chakra(the discus be seen here resting on the serpent
weapon). Ananta. This temple is located near the
Achyut Raya's temple in the northern end
• One of his left hand holds a conch shell called Panchajanya, of Courtesan's street.
the other left hand rests by his side. Goddess Laxmi and
goddess Bhudevi sit besides him. • The shrine was built in rectangular shape
with a porch outside it.
• Lord Brahma, the creator of the Universe is seated on a lotus,
which rises from the naval of lord Vishnu. Devotees from all
over the country come here to take the blessings of the
Almighty.

37
 CHINTAMANI TEMPLE
• The Chintamani temple in Anegundi village is another temple
that is associated with the Ramayana. It is believed that Shri
Ram met Sugriva and Hanuman near here. There is a stone
here which is believed to have been the one on which Shri Ram
sat while speaking to Sugriva. A place where Vali was killed by
Shri Ram is also in the vicinity.

• A saint is believed to have lived here in later times and built a

Shiva temple. There is a Shiv Ling here which has a Sri Chakra
Entrance to Chintamani temple
on top, which is unique in itself. Legend has it that the saint
who lived here disappeared inside a chamber below the Shiv • This temple is famous as it houses the spot from where
Ling, never to be seen again. Ram had aimed and shot his arrow to kill Baali during his
fight with Sugreev. This is a really old temple and you will
have the same feelings seeing the old temple structures.
• Temple is situated on the bank of Tungabhadara River
and you can climb down to reach the river. There are
stones lined up on the stone where you can sit and enjoy
the river views.
• Temple Complex also houses the cave where Ram and
Sugreev had discussed their strategy on how Baali can be
killed. It is right next to the spot from where Ram shot
Chintamani Temple left side Tungabhadra river arrow to kill Baali. You can walk up small stairs to reach
this calm and cold stone cave.
• This place is called Chintamani as it was here that Lord Rama met
hanuman for the first time along with Sugreeva and gave him a jewel to
identify Hanuman as his messenger when he met Sita.

• The chintamani temple was subsequently developed by a Saint who

stayed here for several years. He has created a Sivalingam and
annapurani housed under a beautiful Rudraksha Mandapam and a Sree
Chakram has also been installed here.

38
BY-
OM JAVALKAR
KOMAL GOTUR
OM JONNAGIRIMATH
ABHIRATH PATIL
AKANKSHA PATIL
ADITTI INCHAL
BASAVRAJ SHIDRADDI
THE KISHKINDA TRUST
• The Kishkinda Trust was born out for the
conservation of village, heritage homes and
rural tourism to take place in Anegundi,
culturally and socially. Raising community
awareness and participation in heritage
conservation for development

• The banana fiber Cottage Industry was How did it come into existence?
conceived and initiated by the kishkinda
Trust in 1999 and has been a success story in • Banana fiber is a very good replacement for synthetic fiber,
capacity building in the region, it has this struck to a group of 5 friends who started this industry
provided women artisans. with a regular as a measure to reduce agricultural waste and reverse the
source of income, thereby making them effects of global warming by using the banana bark make
financially and independent. products of its fiber.

• For this purpose, some specialized export

production groups have also been developed-
Smaller groups of highly skilled artisan are
exposed to the new ideas and design

39
 Conservation Of Village: Founder:
• The Kishkinda trust has worked with volunteers to clean • The Kishkinda Trust founder, Mrs Shama
up the village and the Northern gate. Pawar established a banana fiber craft
• A solid waste management program has been initiated initiative in the historic settlement of
under the rural tourism Anegundi (Hampi)Her focus was on
• The same is also being done with the rental of bicycles. developing local livelihood opportunities for
In order to provide clean and safe drinking water for the women,based on the natural ecology of the
community, existing water tanks were redesigned to region. An old house converted into
cater to a large number of people at a given time. community library.
• Training workshops are conducted regularly for capacity
building of women artisans A population continues to
increases and tourism continues to be promoted in the
area.
• The kishkinda trust is attempting to do just this by
creating respect for the Vernacular architecture and
maintain public spaces.
• The rangoli competition is used as a tool to maintain the
hygiene of village spaces. These competitions not only
receive ruler traditions but also help Immensely in
keeping the streets and the village as a whole clean. Mrs SHAMA PAWAR

40
 WHY BANANA PLANT
• India has been blessed with abundant natural fibres due to its geographical
placement. As India falls in the tropical region, it is one of the biodiversity hot
spots.
• Though the world is being hit with issues like global warming in recent times,
India has been known for using natural fibres since time immemorial.
• Banana fibre is considered to be the next revolution in many industries such as
textile and automobile interiors, they have silk quality grade fibre yarn which
has a natural golden sheen the banana plantation consumes much less water
compared to cotton in the agriculture, making it a much sought after material
amongst many such industries and designers.

Properties of banana fibre

Banana fibre
is a natural
fibre

important advantages such as

Its height can be 10-40 feet
low density, appropriate
surrounding with 8-12 large
stiffness and mechanical
leaves. The leaves are up to 9
properties and high
feet long and 2 feet wide.
decomposability Moreover,
they are biodegradable.

There has
been a lot of
research on
the use of
natural fibres
in
reinforcemen
ts.

41
 CRAFTS
• Blending locally available materials. and skills that could be
strengthened shama developed a range of 'banana fibre
products', today TKT's banana fibre unit has been grown from
its original group of 8 women, to supporting the livelihoods of
around 150-200 women, many of whom are the second
generation of weavers/artisans to be working with the
organization.
• There are currently three units of banana fibre production,
which includes a rope making unit, a domestic market craft unit
and an export unit named as "TIKAU" which works with a
market linkage partner from Finland.
• All proceeds from product sales support these livelihood
An old house converted in to community library
initiatives and help the women of the village to earn an
independent income, while also creating a space, where they can
work together, share their experiences and learn from One
another as a family, and this reflects the core values of creativity,
friendship and community that underpin all of TKT's initiatives.
• TKT focuses intensively on the capacity building of the locals,
the villagers, across multidisciplinary fields of creative and
cultural industries architectural conservation, heritage
restoration, crafts and design, management and hospitality .
That their lives are nurtured, enriched and empowered by their
own culture. and identities.
• In this process of reaffirming ties between tradition, everyday
commerce and the quality of life, they shall share their fruits of
labour with the visitors in the celebration called life Traditional way to make the slurry& plaster for
construction

42
 Quick Facts:-
The banana is not a tree but a high herb
that can attain Up to 15 feet of height.
It is a perennial plant that replaces itself.
Bananas do not grow from a seed but from
a bulb orRhizome.
The time between planting a banana plant
and the Harvest of the banana bunch goes
from 9 to 12 months And the flower
appears in the sixth or seventh month.
Bananas are available all year long.
It is resistant to sea water and has natural
buoyance.

Tools & techniques:-

• Women working in this organization train other women who
have interest to join the groups and both ends share knowledge
with each others, of new techniques, designs and interventions
they want to bring upon the products. Adding value to the craft
and their daily life.
• Tools of trade & Raw materials Tools and raw materials make
half of the artisan, they an important value to the artisan, in
his/her day-to- day activities, in a country like India, tools are
worshipped on a regular basis and are given equal respect as a
human being or god itself, artisans believe that they help them
complete their daily task and help them earn bread .
• The women's in TKT relies on very basic tool sets for completing
their tasks, tools such as Crochet hook, scissors, cutter and
measuring tape.
• The major material required here is dried banana sheath, which
is then processed to make ropes of varying fineness .

43
• Dried Banana Sheath: it is the outer layers of banana
stem, which is dried in sun, naturally.
• Scissors: To cut the sheath and rope
• Weaving Frame: Sometimes,
• weaving frame is used to weave mats
• Clippers: used in finishing of product , to trim the excess
fibre and to cut the thread and ropes
• Measuring tape: to accurately measure the dimensions of
a product
• Rubber mat: Used in twining two strands of banana fibre
together

1 2

44
Basic Crochet stitch SIDE VIEW. FRONT VIEW
Diagram:
STEP 1
Holding your Yarn:
Properly wrapping & hold- ing your yarn is
the best way to keep your Yarn steady & your
crochet tension even.
Chain stitch
Step 1; Step 2; Step 4
Step 6
Make a loop, pull Gently, tighten the
another loop knot
through it. towards the loop

Step 5 Step 3

45
DOUBLE STITCH

Step 1:Wrap yarn - insert work

in hook. wrap yarn again and
draw through the work.

. Step 2:Wrap yarn

again and only pull
through two loops on
hook

Step 3:Wrap yarn

once again and pull
through last two
loops on hook.

46
SOME OF THE PRODUCTS ( WITH THEIR MEASUREMENTS )
BOWL SET OF 4(TABLE TOP)

FLOWER VASE LARGE (HOME DÉCOR)

47
48
 .

.
.

Us- Version 24