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Introduction To Calculus

This document introduces calculus by defining its prerequisites as basic algebra and trigonometry. It explains that calculus studies functions and relations between variables. It provides examples of functions, such as y=x, and non-functions, such as y=√x. The document also defines types of functions studied in calculus like polynomial, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. It describes the two branches of calculus as differential calculus, which studies instantaneous rates of change and tangent lines, and integral calculus, which studies areas under curves and solving differential equations.

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Sameer Sohail
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103 views6 pages

Introduction To Calculus

This document introduces calculus by defining its prerequisites as basic algebra and trigonometry. It explains that calculus studies functions and relations between variables. It provides examples of functions, such as y=x, and non-functions, such as y=√x. The document also defines types of functions studied in calculus like polynomial, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. It describes the two branches of calculus as differential calculus, which studies instantaneous rates of change and tangent lines, and integral calculus, which studies areas under curves and solving differential equations.

Uploaded by

Sameer Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Calculus

15 March 2023 19:41

Pre-Requisite:
• Basic Algebra
• Basic Trigonometry

Calculus:
It is the branch of Mathematics in which we study about
functions.

Binary Relation Or Relation:


Simply a relation between two variables
(OR) quantities.
For Example:
• y=
• y=
• =y

Function:
A function is a binary relation in which for each input there is
one and only one output.
Example 1:
Let:
y=
where x is an independent variable and y is dependent variable

Put x=0
 y=

Put x=1
 y=
 y
Introduction to Calculus Page 1
 y

Put x=-1
 y=
 y

Put x=2
 y=
 y

For each input there is only one output. Such equation is called a functional
equation.
Therefore y= is a function
Hence we can say that y ; y is a function of x

Example 2:
Let

Solving for y
y=

Now, Put x=4


y=
y=
Or y=+2 , y=-2

For one input there are two outputs.


Therefore it is not a function. Hence, y

Function Notation:

Example:
f(x) = 4x+1

name of function Input Output


( f of x ) (domain) (range)
Introduction to Calculus Page 2
( f of x ) (domain) (range)

Or y=f(x)=4x+1

Exercise
Decide whether the following are functions or not:
1. y=
2. y=3x

Types of Functions
• Polynomial Functions (e.g f(x)=
• Circular Trigonometric Functions (e.g f(x)=
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions (e.g
• Logarithmic Functions (e.g
• Exponential Functions (e.g
• Hyperbolic Functions (e.g

Branches of Calculus
• Differential Calculus
• Integral Calculus

1. Differential Calculus
A branch of calculus in which we study how to
draw a tangent line to a curve and how to find instantaneous rate of
change.

Explanation:

Introduction to Calculus Page 3


m=

But what if we have a curve?

Tangent line

Slope of a curve at a point on it is regarded as slope of a tangent to


the curve at that point. This is the geometrical interpretation of
derivative
This

The instantaneous rate of change is the change in the rate at a


particular instant and it is same as the change in the derivative value.

For example:
A car starts from rest and is moving with a velocity of 100 m/s at
time t=20s. Find the velocity of the car when t=30s
Introduction to Calculus Page 4
time t=20s. Find the velocity of the car when t=30s

Integral Calculus
A branch of calculus in which we study how to
find the area of indefinite shapes and how to solve differential
equations.

Explanation

A=l

Find the area under the curve?

y=f(x)

a b

The real numbers a & b are called the lower and upper limits of the
integral. The integral

represents the area A bounded by the curve y=f(x)

Introduction to Calculus Page 5


Introduction to Calculus Page 6

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