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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................3
MAIN CONTENT..............................................................................................................5
I. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................5
1. Research team on elements that have detrimental consequences......................................5
2. Previous research's limitations.............................................................................................7
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................9
1. Tetz’s theory of longevity: general overview.......................................................................9
III. EMPIRICAL MODEL..............................................................................................10
1. Theoretical model specification..........................................................................................10
2. Expected signs of variables and explanation of variables................................................13
VI. DATA ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................13
1. Data source...........................................................................................................................13
2. Data descriptive....................................................................................................................13
3. Correlation analysis.............................................................................................................15
V. Estimation Results and Diagnostic Tests....................................................................16
1. Estimation results.................................................................................................................16
2. Diagnostic tests.....................................................................................................................17
2.1. Ramsey RESET test......................................................................................................................17
2.2. Multicollinearity test.....................................................................................................................18
2.3. Standard Normal Distribution.......................................................................................................19
2.4. Heteroskedasticity test..................................................................................................................19
2.5. Autocorrelation test.......................................................................................................................21

CONCLUSION REMARKS.............................................................................................22
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................23

1
ABSTRACT
Life expectancy is closely associated with infectious disease, geography and
source of electricity in developed and developing countries. This paper investigates the
effect of access to electricity and forest area on life-expectancy in 11 different countries.
Using panel data on an annual level from the Work Bank database for the period of 2000
- 2019, there is a tough connection between life conditions and life expectancy and they
interact with each other in positive proportion in all these 11 countries. Our dependent
variable was the life expectancy and the background exploratory variables for the factors
were prevalence of HIV total (% of population ages 15-49), forest area (% of land area),
government expenditure on education, total (%of government expenditure) and fertility
rate, total (births per woman) The main results are that along with the development of
economy and technology, there are an increase in precautions for HIV, accidents with
electricity and forest areas and the development in economy and medical industry
suggesting that longevity of people in these 11 countries is increasing in recent years.
These results are supported by our theoretical background and research framework
hypotheses.

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INTRODUCTION
Life expectancy is defined as the number of years a person can expect to exist in
this life. As a consequence, Life expectancy is based on an estimation of the average age
that members of a particular population group will be when they die. As living condition
is getting better and better thanks to technological advancements and strong growth in
economy, people nowadays are more and more interested in how to improve their health
to prolong their life span. Life expectancy is often used as one of the key indicators of
population health in developed and developing countries and is closely related to the
level of economic and social development of a country or region. Recognizing such
important meanings of phenomena, our group decided to choose the topic “Factors
affected life expectancy in 11 Asia countries from 2000 to 2019”.
Through the process of researching and analyzing data, our group aspires to
achieve these main goals. First and foremost, we want to identify factors that affect life
expectancy of people in 11 different countries in Asia, Secondly, we hope to build a
regression model showing the impact of these factors on expected life expectancy,
analyze and test those effects. Finally, through our findings, we propose some options
and solutions to raise the expected life expectancy of people in general.
To implement the research, our group used the regression analysis method with
the dependent variable being Life Expectancy, then found the relationship of this variable
with 4 independent variables as follow: prevalence of HIV, access to electricity, forest
area, government expenditure on education and fertility rate. In data analysis and process,
our group has taken data from World Bank Data, using the knowledge of Mathematics,
Statistic, Quantitative analysis and support from STATA, Microsoft Word and Microsoft
Excel.
This report includes the following contents:
● Abstract
● Introduction

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● Literature review
● Theoretical framework
● Empirical model
● Data analysis
● Estimation results and diagnostic tests
● Conclusion remarks
● References
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ms. Vu Thi Phuong Mai for her
assistance during our research and study. We are bound to make mistakes in our final
research due to a lack of time and advanced knowledge, but we are eager to receive
feedback from Ms. Vu Thi Phuong Mai to improve our report.
We send you our faithful wishes for future success!

4
MAIN CONTENT

I. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Research team on elements that have detrimental consequences
First, a research on the relationship between the poverty rate and birth weight life
expectancy. According to a 2018 study by Professor Ma'd Ezzati of Imperial College
London, UK, the difference in life expectancy between the wealthiest and poorest
members of society widened from six years (in 2001) to eight years (in 2016), and from
nine to ten years (in 2017). The fact that the poorest quintile in a community is passing
away almost ten years before the richest quintile suggests that welfare reforms and
growing living expenses are pushing the poorest out of the social body. This analysis is
sufficient to demonstrate that, since 2011, the life expectancy for the poorest women in
Britain has not fallen in the past seven years. Children from underprivileged households
also have a considerably higher and riskier death rate. more mortality than peers from
wealthy homes by 2.5 times. Greater investment in health and social care in the most
disadvantaged regions, as well as action. in the industry to make healthier food options
more accessible, can help reverse the trend. The data also demonstrate that the UK's poor
are dying from avoidable and curable diseases. The scientists from Imperial College
London conducted the investigation by connecting tiny geographic locations in Britain-
the so-called super-yielding regions-with data on where fatalities happened. The Office
for National Statistics estimates that it is low. The latest study, however, only examines
one facet of the influence on average age and study range in the UK only.
In a different study, Oberto De Vogli, uitesh Mology, Oberto Gnesotto, and
Giovanni Andrea Cornia (2005) were able to determine the relationship between
economic disparity and birth weight in Italy and 21 other nations. elite wealth Ya They
either use the Pearson correlation coefficient or a multivariate linear regression, adjusted
for per capita income, education, or gross domestic product, to determine the relationship

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between income inequality and life expectancy. Congress came to the conclusion that, in
Italy, a nation with widespread access to health care, education, and a solid social safety
net, income inequality has a separate influence on life expectancy that is stronger than
that of per capita income and educational attainment. In comparison to other wealthy
nations, Italy has somewhat high levels of economic inequality and life expectancy.
Cross-country analyses demonstrate that there is often a negative association between
economic disparity and population health. However, the study's scope was limited to
wealthy nations, and it did not assess the influence over time.
Additionally, Pickett and Wilkinson (2005) chose to look at 155 research
publications on the subject in order to obtain the findings by group (total impact,
unaffected, and somewhat affected). Total effect denotes complete explanation of the link
between two variables. Nothing happens, hence there is no statistical significance. Only a
portion of associations have statistical significance, which is known as partial influence.
The two researchers discovered that 70% of studies suggest that when wealth disparity
increases, population health declines, shortening life expectancy. According to the
publications, a high sample size is necessary to reveal the full extent of income disparity.
Finding the proper control variables might be a challenge in some research. For instance,
the authors acknowledge that the association between life expectancy and GNI per capita
becomes less common when nations with per capita income are richer than others.
Whenever the issue is Wilkinson and Pickett analyzed all the publications after the issue
was discovered and discovered that just 8% of the 155 articles did not provide evidence
to refute the assertion that life expectancy and wealth inequality (Gini index) are related.
The two researchers concluded that there is a negative relationship between life
expectancy and the Gini coefficient. Despite receiving the position Although the study is
meticulous, it is still restricted because it is only a recap of prior publications and studies,
not original work. Additionally, in order to assess the effect of unemployment on average
life expectancy, researchers Abdalali Monsef and Abolfazl Shamohammadi Mehrùardi
(2017) examined data from 136 countries from the World Bank and examined this link
between the years of 2002 and 2010 using the array data approach. According to the

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findings of this study, unemployment has a detrimental impact on average life
expectancy. All statistical variables are significant at the 5% level, and the unemployment
rate's coefficient is also negative.
Life expectancy at birth and the unemployment rate are negatively correlated.
However, the researchers also point out that there is no evidence from many other studies
that unemployment impacts people's physical, psychological, and overall health, thus
they advise that we take action. To estimate the effect of unemployment on health and,
consequently, life expectancy, it is required to take into account a wide range of research.
This study uses comparable research techniques to the authors' own, but instead of
focusing on a single component and its influence on life expectancy, the writers take a
broad view.

2. Previous research's limitations


Previous studies on average life expectancy have been conducted using a variety
of approaches and in a variety of ways, but they all have limitations. Preson's study has
helped to broaden the understanding that economic growth is one of the most important
elements in improving health and extending life in five disadvantaged nations. Preston's
conclusions, however, suffer from a lack of longitudinal evidence. The Preston curve is a
cross-country data relationship that holds for a sample of nations gathered at a specific
moment. Some research, however, indicates a comparable link that does not include time
series and longitudinal data from particular nations. Whereas per capita wealth between
nations sometimes diverges over time, life expectancy and other health indices do not.
This shows that the timing of income changes may have little effect on health or may
possibly be detrimental. Second, the causal link is illegitimate. This association does not
necessarily suggest that income causes health. Better health may be promoted by
longevity and contributions to greater revenues. Because of the issue of reverse causation
between health and money, any assessment of the influence of income on life expectancy
may overstate the effect of life expectancy on income. As a result, studies that do not take

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into consideration this possible two-way link may exaggerate the impact of money on life
expectancy.
Raj Chetty, Michael Stepner, Sarah Abraham, Shelby Lin, Benjamin Scuderi,
Nicholas Turner, Augustin Bergeron, and David Cutler (2016) published a study paper
with restricted research findings. Income and longevity correlations should not be
construed as a causal impact of having more money because income is connected with
other qualities that directly affect health. Because confounding variables were not
assessed in this investigation, the causal influence of wealth on life expectancy may be
smaller than the relationships observed. Furthermore, regional disparities may be driven
by differences in the characteristics of each area's residents rather than the direct impacts
of living in a certain place. Although this study's correlation analysis was unable to
demonstrate causative processes, it is a start toward selecting which theories for life
expectancy discrepancies need future investigation.
Due to a shortage of observations and yearly state observational data, the study by
Ezzati and colleagues (2019) remains constrained. The group research was carried out to
address this deficiency since national data are continuous for three years, and it also
considers the influence of PM2.5 concentration on the country's average life expectancy.
The safe level of PM2.5 for everyone's health is no more than 10
micrograms/m3.According to this criterion, the variable pm25 in the model is coded as a
qualitative variable.

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II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Tetz’s theory of longevity: general overview

Tetz’s theory of longevity is a body of ideas and a mathematical model that are
intended to predict, estimate, and improve longevity, by considering the host organism
consisting of several genetic subpopulations: host eukaryotic cells (including all materials
in all ‘fluids’), representatives of commensal microbiota, and their NLGEs.

The theory suggests that individual longevity could be estimated by considering


alterations that occur in the DNA of the host organism, including its resident microbiota
and associated NLGEs, as important populations playing an important role in maintaining
host health, diseases, lifespan, and aging. To develop the mathematical model based on
Tetz’s theory of longevity, we proceeded from some initial points.

The totality (or sum) of DNA that affects the lifespan of an individual is the total
DNA in all cells of the macroorganism, microbiome, and NLGEs. We identified NLGEs
associated with the microbiota (e.g., bacteriophages, transposons, plasmids, and
microbial cell-free DNA and RNA) and those associated with the host organism (e.g.,
viruses, plasmids, and eukaryotic cell-free nucleic acids). The totality of DNA of the
macroorganism is represented by the DNA of every cell of the macroorganism and the
NLGE associated with the host organism. The microbiome’s totality of DNA includes the
total DNA from representatives of residential flora, including bacteria, archaea, fungi,
protozoa, and NLGEs that are associated with the microbiota. Thus, we introduce the
novel term “Individual Pangenome'' to reflect the totality of all DNA of all cells of the
microorganism, microbiome, and their NLGEs that reflects how each component
influences the lifespan of the individual, separately and cumulatively.

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Tetz’s theory of longevity states that: longevity and aging are determined by the
accumulation of alterations in the totality of DNA of the host macroorganism,
microbiota, and their NLGEs.

Tetz’s theory of longevity assumes that, in an ideal theoretical model, a


macroorganism could be immortal when cooperation with microbiota is ideal, influence
from the outer environment is absent, and intrinsic mutations of the Individual
Pangenome are absent. Aging of the host organism is the incidence and accumulation of
alterations in the Individual Pangenome. Thus, the lifespan of the individual represents a
process of incidence and accumulation of alterations in the Individual Pangenome, while
reaching the limit of these alterations is not compatible with life.

The goal of the bachelor thesis: “Life expectancy and its determining elements: A
study for the Czech Republic at the beginning of the 21th century” is to determine the
dependence of life expectancy on various factors. Life expectancy is understood as the
probability of living up to a certain age, for which data are available through Czech
Statistical Institute. First of all, we will consider factors connected with health
infrastructure in particular division/area. Secondly, we will take into account
environmental (socio-economic) variables and at last but not least we will focus on
environmental pollution influences as well. We will try to determine which oòuthose
factors are the most influential and how they influence the average lifespan.

III. EMPIRICAL MODEL


1. Theoretical model specification
We created the model below based on the prior ideas and research to investigate the
impact of various factors on life expectancy of people in 11 Asisa countries:
Life = f(HIV, fr, fer, govedu)
In which:

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● HIV: The prevalence of HIV
● Fr: Forest area
● Fer: fertility rate
● Goredu: government expenditure on education
So as to investigate the association between above factors with life expectancy,
our group used the following type of regression models
● Population regression function (PRF)
𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 HIV + 𝛽2 Fr + 𝛽3 Fer+ 𝛽4 GovEdu + u
● Sample regression function (SRF)
𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 0 + 1 HIV + 2 Fr+ 3Fer + 4 GovEdu + û
In which:
● Life: dependent variable
● HIV, Fr, Fer, GovEdu: independent variables
● 𝛽0 : the intercept term of the regression model
● 𝛽1 : the regression coefficient of HIV
● 𝛽2 : the regression coefficient of Fr
● 𝛽3 : the regression coefficient of Fer
● 𝛽4 : the regression coefficient of GovEdu
● u: the disturbance of the regression model
● 𝑢̂ : the residual (the estimator of u)

● Life expectancy: According to Rafia Shafi and Samreen Fatima (2019) increase in
life expectancy is a key indicator to gauge the economic development of a country.
There are many factors that prolong one’s life expectancy such as economic
situation, living standards, environment, technological development,etc.

● The fertility rate represents a woman's fertility. Kirkwood and Rose 1991, an
increase in the birth rate can lead to an excess of nature's ability to provide for, as
well as, nurture, health care, education, and safety activities

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● Percentage of people with access to electricity: represents the proportion of
people living at the required standard. Christine W. Njiru and Sammy C. Letema
(2018) said that the increase in the rate of people accessing electricity helps the
industrialization speed faster, people are cared for and use modern medical
techniques in a timely, life-saving way to live well to increase life expectancy.
Hypothesis Lower: The proportion of conductors accessing electricity has a
positive effect on life expectancy national average

❖ Average years of schooling represent the level of education of the population


of a country. According to Wolfgang Lutz and Endale Kebale (2018), when
people enjoy good education, it helps to improve awareness leading to healthy
lifestyle choices and positive health-related behaviors, thus longevity. can be
extended.
Hypothesis Lower: The average number of years of schooling has a positive
effect on the life expectancy of the country

❖ Proportion of forest area: Forest areas contain a major portion of the diversity of
organisms and herbal medicine that help science to figure out more treatments to
many diseases. As a result, the country that makes the best use of the abundance of
resources that forest supplies plays an important role in prolonging its population
life expectancy.

❖ Prevalence of HIV: The prevalence of HIV institute a drawback to the


advancement of human development and brings a major concern for researcher,
stakeholder and policymakers.With reference to the report of Joint United Nations
Programme on HIV/AIDS, it was estimated at the end of 2016 that 34.5 million
adults globally have been infected with HIV/AIDS virus, while about one million
died from AIDS-related diseases. In the same year, about 25.73 million (almost

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75% of the world HIV/AIDS prevalence) people were HIV/AIDS carriers in
Africa, out of which 741,000 died as a result of AIDS-related illnesses. (Jamiu
Adetola Odugbesan and Husam Rjoub, 2019)

2. Expected signs of variables and explanation of variables

Variables Meaning Unit Expected sign


LifeEx Life Expectancy Years
HIV Prevalence of HIV Percentage (%) -
Fr Proportion of forest Percentage (%) +
on land
Fer Fertility rate Percentage (%) -
GovEdu Government Percentage -
expenditure on (%)
education

VI. DATA ANALYSIS


1. Data source
Data of Life expectancy, Prevalence of HIV, population growth rate, the proportion of
forest on land, Fertility rate and Government expenditure on education are taken from the
official website of the World Bank. The dataset includes information from 10 countries:
Namibia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Chile, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Singapore, Iceland,
Portugal, Australia, Qatar; recorded in the 2000-2019 period.

2. Data descriptive
Using sum command to have the following table:

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This result shows that:
- The average rate of life expectancy in the 8 countries is 75.52586%, which is
higher than that of the world in the same period of time. The lowest
unemployment rate is 50.589%, while the highest is 83.90488%. The reasons for
this significant discrepancy are the effect of numerous elements: Prevalence of
HIV, proportion of forest on land, Fertility rate, Government expenditure on
education
- The minimum Prevalence of HIV being witnessed is 0.1%, which is much lower
than the maximum one. The particular reason for this circumstance is the fact that
data is collected from developed countries to developing economies.
- The average proportion of forest on land is 21.67387%. The highest rate is
53.94353%, which is much higher than the lowest one. The cause for this
phenomenon can come from the reason that the developing countries aim at short-
term economic advantages such as unsustainable energy and export raw materials
(wood, coal, oil,...)
- The mean of the Fertility rate being observed is 2.147473%. This rate is lower
compared to the global Fertility rate in the same period of time.
- The average Government expenditure on education in 10 surveyed nations is
16.44165%. While the maximum rate is 31.37175%, the minimum one is

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approximately three tímes lower. This can be explained by several factors such as
policy makers and low institutional capacity.

3. Correlation analysis
Using corr command to obtain the folloưing table:

From this result, we can point out the following correlations among variables:
- The proportion of forest on land has a correlation coefficient of 0.0409, which has
a positive impact on unemployment. This result is against our prediction, which
can be considered a restriction of the model.
- Prevalence of HIV, Fertility rate, Government expenditure on education has a
correlation coefficient of -0.7610, -0.8431, -0.3449 respectively, with Fertility rate
being the lowest correlation coefficient factor. These parameters have negatively
affected on Life expectancy.

Conclusion: Because the correlation coefficient between the independent


variables
and the dependent variable and between the independent variables are all non-
zero,
the dependent variable has a dependency on the independent variable and between
the independent variables there is also an interdependence. in which the General

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government final consumption expenditure has the strongest correlation with
Unemployment.

V. Estimation Results and Diagnostic Tests


1. Estimation results
● Estimation results
Use the command reg LifeEx HIV Fr Fer GorEdu to compute the estimation
result, the result obtained is a table:

From the estimation results, it can be seen that the four variables HIV, Fr, Fer,
GorEdu have an inverse relationship with the variable LifeEx.

● Sample regression model


According to the estimated result from STATA using the OLS method, we
obtained the Sample Regression Function (SRF) as below:
LifeEx = 96.5047 - 0.8523*HIV - 0.1593*Fr - 7.5097*Fer - 0.0104*GorEdu

The meaning of estimated coefficients:

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- The constant term is estimated to be β1= 96.5047. When every explanatory
variable equals 0, the expected value of life expectancy (LifeEx) will be 96.5047%
(other factors constant).
- The regression coefficient of HIV is estimated to be β2 = -0.8523:
Holding other explanatory variables unchanged, if the Prevalence of HIV (HIV)
increases by 1%, the expected value of life expectancy (LifeEx) will decrease by
0.8523%.
- The regression coefficient of Fr is estimated to be β3 = -0.1593:
Holding other explanatory variables unchanged, if the proportion of forest on land
(Fr) increases by 1%, the expected value of the life expectancy (LifeEx) will
decrease by 0.1593%.
- The regression coefficient of fdi is estimated to be β4 = 7.5097:
Holding other explanatory variables unchanged, if the Fertility rate (Fer) increases
by 1%, the expected value of the life expectancy (LifeEx) will decrease by
7.5097%.
- The regression coefficient of gexp is estimated to be β5 = 0.2371:
Holding other explanatory variables unchanged, if the Government expenditure on
education (GorEdu) increases by 1%, the expected value of the life expectancy
(LifeEx) will decrease by 0.2371%.

- The coefficient of determination R (R-squared) = 0.9249 means 92.49% of the


total variation in the dependent variable, which is Life expectancy, is explained by
the explanatory variables, which are Prevalence of HIV, proportion of forest on
land, Fertility rate, Government expenditure, the remains are due to other factors.

2. Diagnostic tests
2.1. Ramsey RESET test
In the general statistics field as well as in econometrics in particular, the Ramsey
Regression Equation Specification Error Test (RESET) is a generic specification error

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test for linear regression models. It examines if non-linear combinations of the fitted
values aid in the explanation of the response variable.

In this paper, we apply the Ramsey RESET to evaluate the accuracy of the
variables
used in our model.

Ramsey RESET test using powers of the fitted values of unemp


H0: model has no omitted variables
F(3, 212) = 21.19
Prob > F = 0.0000
p-value > 10% → Unaccept H0→ Model has omitted variables

2.2. Multicollinearity test


In a multivariate regression model, multicollinearity occurs when there are
substantial intercorrelations between two or more independent variables.
Multicollinearity, in general, can result in broader confidence intervals, resulting in less
trustworthy probability when it comes to the influence of independent variables in a
model. That is, statistical conclusions drawn from a multicollinear model may not be
reliable.

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1<VIF<=10 → there exists acceptable multicollinearity

2.3. Standard Normal Distribution

P-value of Skewness > 0.05 and Kurtosis p<0.05. Therefore, we fail to reject the
null hypothesis of the test. We don’t have sufficient evidence to say that displacement is
not normally distributed.

2.4. Heteroskedasticity test


○ White test

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We have prob > chi2 = 0.000. The null hypothesis of constant variance can be
rejected at 5% level of significance. The implication of the above finding is that there is
heteroscedasticity in the residuals.

● Resolve heteroskedasticity

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Regression results after correction in the heteroscedasticity test in
STATAThus the problem of heteroscedasticity is not present anymore. This gives
robust standard errors, which are different from standard errors in figure 1. Here
the robust standard error for the variable HIV is 0.0787904, which is different
from 0.0548379 given by figure 1. Similar is the case with the other variables.

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2.5. Autocorrelation test

P-value > 5% → reject H0 → There exists autocorrelation

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CONCLUSION REMARKS
After practicing running an econometric model using OLS method for linear
regression with collected data from World Bank about the impact of GDP per capita and
some other factors on life expectancy in 18 different countries from 2000 to 2019, we
have gained a handful of profound understanding of econometrics in terms of both
theoretical basis and its application into analyzing practical economic cases.
Our group has drawn a conclusion that there is a positive relationship between
rates of women on land and longevity and a positive relationship between health
spending and life expectancy. For the reasons mentioned above, countries aiming to
increase their national life expectancy should focus on reducing the risk of environmental
pollution. Countries need to pay more attention to people's living environment. In
addition, the negative correlation between the birth rate or education level and life
expectancy show that countries need to pay more attention to the living environment of
the people, improve the socio-cultural level so that people are more aware of the issue of
life expectancy. When people enjoy a good education, it helps to improve awareness
leading to healthy lifestyle choices and positive health-related behaviors, so life
expectancy can be extended.
The government also needs to come up with policies to reduce the birth rate
because an increase in the birth rate can lead to an excess of nature's ability to provide, as
well as the ability to nurture, provide health care, and educate. and necessary welfare
activities, thereby creating a burden on nature and society, affecting the average life
expectancy.

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REFERENCES
1. Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S, Lin S, Scuderi B, Turner N, Bergeron A,
Cutler D. 2016. The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in
the United States, 2001-2014.
2. Jin L, Elwert F, Freese J, Christakis NA. Preliminary Evidence Regarding
the Hypothesis That the Sex Ratio at Sexual Maturity May Affect
Longevity in Men, Issue 2010 Aug.
3. World Health Organization. (2013, July 29). The World Health Report
2006 - working together for health. World Health Organization. Retrieved
December 10, 2021, from http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en
4. Particulate matter air pollution and national and county life expectancy loss
in the USA: A spatiotemporal analysis, 2019
5. Kuningas. The relationship between fertility and lifespan in humans, AGE
(2011)
6. Modified logit life table system: principles, empirical validation and
application Murray CJL, et al. Modified logit life table system: principles,
empirical validation and application. Population Studies 2003, 57(2):1-18.
7. Monsef, A., & Mehrjardi, A. S. (n.d.). Determinants of life expectancy: A
panel data approach. Asian Economic and Financial Review. Retrieved
December 12, 2021, from
https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5002/article/view/1437

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