Science

Year 2022

Study Guide- Specialization Test

(Grade 3 – Grade 8) Teachers

 Table of Contents
Test Overview………………………………………………………………………………Page 2

Test specifications…………………………………………………………………………Page 3

Sample items ………………………………………………………………………………Page 15

Answer Key………………………………………………………………………………….Page 33

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 Educational Professions Licensure

Science Study Guide

The Teacher Licensing System in the Ministry of Education of the United Arab Emirates is one of the educational
priorities that aim at optimizing investment in teachers in order to help them to achieve the objectives of the
ministry and to improve educational outcomes.

The Science Test for teachers is one of the Professional teacher’s license requirements for science teachers of
grades 3 through grade 8.

Test Overview

Test Name Science Test

Number of questions 100
Test Duration 2 hours
Format of questions Multiple Choice questions
Test Delivery Computer delivered

Content Domains Approximate Approximate Test Domains

Percentage of Test Number of By Percentage
Questions
Nature of Science
1. Nature of Science and 10% 10 and Technology
10%
Technology
Physical Earth and
Space Science
2. Earth and Space 20% 20 Science
40% 20%

Science Life
Science
30%
3. Life Science 30% 30

3. Physical Science 40% 40

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Test specifications
Below are the core competencies and the test content specifications of the four domains that science teachers
should be able to demonstrate, in terms of knowledge and skills, to meet the expectations of this test:

1. Nature of Science and Technology (10%)

1.1 Scientific Investigations and Applications

1.1.1 Scientific Inquiry: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of scientific inquiry principles
and procedures for designing and conducting scientific investigations. This includes understanding and
applying concepts related to:

− the scientific method

− scientific variables
− data collection and analysis
− scientific tools and measurements
− lab safety rules

1.1.2 Interactions of Science, Engineering and Technology: The candidate should demonstrate
knowledge of the impact of science and technology in terms of making informed decisions about
personal and social issues. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− social perspectives of science

− core theories and methods in science, engineering, and technology
− contributions of scientists and major historical figures

2. Earth Science (20%)

2.1 Geology and Human Activity

2.1.1 Planet Earth - The Lithosphere and below: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of the
internal and external structures, layers, size and shape of the Earth. This includes understanding and
applying concepts related to:

− the basic internal and external structures of the Earth (e.g., mantle, core, geographical features
such as mountains, Earth’s magnetic field)
− Earth’s layers (e.g., lithosphere, mantle, core)
− Earth’s shape and size
− geographical features of the Earth (e.g., mountains, plateaus, mid-ocean ridges)

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− trends in data such as graphs, charts, maps (e.g., geologic, topographic maps)

2.1.2 Earth Dynamics- Plate Tectonics: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of plate tectonics
and Earth’s internal processes and associated features. This includes understanding and applying
concepts related to:

− the theories associated with plate tectonics including continental drift, magnetic reversals
− plate boundaries (e.g., convergent, divergent, transform)
− processes of deformation of Earth’s crust and resulting features- folds and faults; mountain building
− characteristics of volcanoes (e.g., types, lava, eruptions)
− characteristics of earthquakes (e.g., epicenters, faults, tsunamis)
− seismic waves and triangulation
− interactions with humans (e.g., impacts, prediction, management, technologies)

2.1.3 Earth Materials- Rocks and Minerals: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of types,
characteristics and formation processes of rocks and minerals. This includes understanding and
applying concepts related to:

− the characteristics and formation processes of the main types of rocks (e.g., igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary rocks; the rock cycle)
− the characteristics and formation processes of common minerals (e.g., classes of minerals, crystals,
hardness)
− physical properties of minerals (e.g., density, streak, cleavage, luster, crystal structure);
identification tools (e.g., Mohs hardness scale)

2.1.4 Earth's Geological History: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of historical concepts in
geology, including historical events and theories. This includes understanding and applying concepts
related to:

− the main historical geological events, concepts and theories including principle of
uniformitarianism; basic principles of stratigraphy (e.g., law of superposition); relative and absolute
time (e.g., index fossils, radioactive dating); geologic time scales (e.g., eras, periods)
− fossil evidence, including fossil formation and fossil record
− important events in Earth’s geologic history (e.g., mass extinctions, Cambrian explosion, ice ages,
meteor impacts)

2.2 Earth’s Location in the Universe

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2.2.1 Space Science (Astronomy): The candidate should demonstrate an understanding of concepts in
space science including knowledge of the solar system and other parts of the universe. This includes
understanding and applying concepts related to:

− the major features of the solar system, including the Sun, the planets, moons, asteroids, and comets
− the interactions of the Earth-Moon-Sun system including Earth’s rotation and orbital revolution
around the Sun; effect on seasons; phases of the Moon; effect on tides; solar and lunar eclipses
− major features of the universe including stars and their life cycle (e.g., types, nebulae, black holes);
units of celestial distance (e.g., light-year, astronomical unit)
− theories and concepts of the universe and its origins (e.g., Big Bang)
− the major contributions of space missions, exploration, and technology in space science, including
remote-sensing devices (e.g., telescopes, satellites, space probes); the ongoing search for life and
water on other planets (e.g., UAE Mars Mission)

2.3. Earth Systems

2.3.1 Processes that Shape the Earth: The candidate should demonstrate an understanding of the
processes that shape the Earth, including weathering (physical and chemical), erosion and deposition,
as well as the land features associated with these processes. This includes understanding and applying
concepts related to:

− the main geomorphological processes that shape the Earth by weathering, erosion and deposition
of surface materials, and sediment formation, including agents of erosion and deposition; physical,
chemical and biological weathering types
− soil formation and characteristics (such as soil types, soil profiles, sediment types)
− porosity and permeability of rocks and sediments
− runoff and infiltration
− natural resources and possible environmental impacts; interactions with humans and human
impacts
− resource and waste management including technological advancements

2.3.2 Earth's Atmosphere (Weather and Climate): The candidate should demonstrate an
understanding of concepts and interactions in systems of the atmosphere, including weather and
climate. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− the main concepts in basic meteorology, including structure and composition of Earth’s
atmosphere; atmospheric pressure; temperature; wind; cloud types and cloud formation; air

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 masses and frontal systems; humidity, dew point, and frost point; types of precipitation; solar
radiation
− extreme weather events (e.g., storms, hurricanes, tornadoes)
− basic features of synoptic charts (weather maps)
− instruments and devices used to measure weather conditions (e.g., barometer, thermometer,
anemometer, etc.)
− concepts relating to climates, and the major factors that affect climate and seasons, including
climate zones (e.g., Tropics, Arctic); proximity to mountains and oceans; global winds and ocean
circulation; latitude, geographical location, and elevation; natural phenomena (e.g., impacts of
volcanic eruptions); human activity (e.g., ozone depletion, pollution); effect of tilt of Earth’s axis on
seasons.
− concepts relating to climate change and global warming, including processes, impacts and
management strategies

2.3.3 Earth's Hydrosphere: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of concepts relating to
Earth’s water supply, including storage and transfer systems for both fresh and salt water. This includes
understanding and applying concepts related to:

− features and characteristics of Earth's hydrosphere, including Earth's total water budget
− the processes, interactions and importance of Earth's water cycle, including interactions with
humans and human impacts; water cycle processes and linkages
− the structure and processes of all sources of water storage on Earth and the water cycle, including
geographic location of Earth’s oceans and seas; polar ice caps, icebergs, and glaciers; lakes, ponds,
streams, rivers, and river deltas; groundwater, water table, wells, and aquifers
− features associated with oceans and seas, including tides, waves, and currents; estuaries and barrier
islands; island, reef, and atoll formation
− properties of water that affect Earth systems (e.g., density changes upon freezing, high heat
capacity, polar solvent, hydrogen bonding).

3. Life Sciences (30%)

3.1 Organisms and Molecular Structure and Function

3.1.1 Living Things- Basic Structure and Function of Cells: The candidate should demonstrate
knowledge of basic cellular structure, function, and processes. This includes understanding and
applying concepts related to:

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 − various cell types, and their structural and functional differences
− cell organelles’ structure and function
− components of the cellular membranes including receptors, channels, pumps, etc. and their
function in cell signaling and transport
− methods of transporting substances across the cell membrane (i.e., passive and active transport)
− events and phases within the cell cycle (i.e., interphase and cell division)
− differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
− biological molecules and their function (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.)
− major cellular processes that build up and break down energy rich molecules (i.e. photosynthesis
and cellular respiration)
− basic optical microscopy concepts and applications (i.e., resolution, magnification, diameter, cell
size, field of view)
− light microscope- basic parts and function
− different types of electron microscopes and their main applications (i.e., scanning and transmission
electron microscopes)
− structure and function of bacteria and viruses
− differences between lytic and lysogenic cycles in viruses

3.2 Biological Diversity: Similarities and Differences

3.2.1 Levels of Organization: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of levels of organization in
living things and various cell types. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− components of the cell theory

− levels of organization in organisms
− common features of all living things
− structure and function of various human tissue types (i.e., epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular)
− cell differentiation
− effects of internal and external environments on cellular function (e.g., understanding the effects of
illegal substance use, genetic disorders, surface area-to volume ratio)
− characteristics of stem cells and their potential use in treatment of various human diseases
− ethical issues and hindrances related to stem cell research

3.2.2 Classification of Organisms: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of classifying and
naming organisms. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− concepts of classification and binomial nomenclature principles

− different models of classification systems (e.g., the three-domain of Carl Woese’s classification
system, Linnaean system of classification)
− similarities of characteristics of organisms within kingdoms
− dichotomous key for identification of organisms
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3.2.3 Structure and Function of Plants: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of the structure,
function and processes related to plants, their growth and development. This includes understanding
and applying concepts related to:

− major organ systems, structures, and their functions in plants

− tissue types and functions in plants
− fundamental processes (e.g., plant nutrition and respiration, and reproduction)
− environmental influences including light, temperature and nutrition that impact plant growth and
development
− feedback mechanisms and hormones influential in maintaining homeostasis in plants. (e.g.,
regulation of plant function through hormones, stomatal activity)

3.2.4 Animal Anatomy, Physiology and Behaviors: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of
body systems and functions in relation to life processes in animals. This includes understanding and
applying concepts related to:

− major body systems, their major organs, and their functions related to life processes (e.g.,
respiration, reproduction, excretion, digestion, nerve transmission, etc.)
− interrelated body systems and processes working together to maintain homeostasis (e.g.,
integumentary, respiratory, and muscular systems work together to maintain body temperature)
− homeostatic regulation examples (e.g., blood glucose and oxygen, the volume of body water)
− feedback mechanisms and hormones related to maintaining homeostasis (i.e., negative and positive
feedback loops)

3.2.5 Diet, Nutrition and Healthy Lifestyles: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of basic
nutrition, healthy lifestyle choices and disease prevention. This includes understanding and applying
concepts related to:

− balanced diet, nutrition, personal hygiene, physical fitness, and endurance

− food sources of different nutrients
− differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases
− causes and symptoms of infectious diseases
− lifestyle choices that influence health and well-being
− benefits of vitamins and minerals in the human body
− main symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in living organisms
− methods for disease prevention and treatment
− role of school-based programs in healthy education

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3.3 Genetics and Genetic Differences

3.3.1 DNA, Heredity and Genes: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of molecules, structures
and processes related to gene expression and regulation, inheritance, and genetic variation. This
includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− DNA structure including directionality, base-stacking stabilization and base-pairing rules

− transmission of traits from parents to offspring
− discovery and history of DNA
− structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA
− types and functions of RNA molecules (i.e., mRNA, rRNA and tRNA)
− main events of the DNA replication process
− main events of gene expression including transcription and translation
− inheritance patterns including those that are exceptions to Mendelian genetics (i.e., codominance,
incomplete dominance, and polygenic traits)
− difference between inherited and acquired traits
− use of Punnett squares to determine genotype and phenotype of parents and probabilities of
offspring
− environmental factors that affect gene expression
− types of mutations and their effects on genes and protein synthesis
− sources of genetic diversity or variation
− causes of common genetic disorders
− use of pedigrees and karyotypes to determine genetic disorders
− relationship between differential gene expression and cellular differentiation

3.3.2 Theories and Concepts in Evolution: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of
evolutionary mechanisms, history, and effects. This includes understanding and applying concepts
related to:

− the theory of evolution

− contributions of various scientists to the theories of evolution (i.e., Darwin and Lamarck)
− the role of evidence (e.g., fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology) and scientific
observations related to evolutionary relationships
− use of phylogenetic tree
− mechanisms of evolution (e.g., natural selection, migration, mutation, genetic drift, etc.) and how
they affect each other
− the relationship between sexual reproduction and genetic variation

3.3.3 Adaptations in Plants and Animals: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of plant and
animal adaptations that facilitate survival in various environments, as well as knowledge of modern-day

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 applications of biotechnology and its effects on adaptation. This includes understanding and applying
concepts related to:

− types of adaptations (i.e., behavioral, structural, and functional)

− adaptations, including the five senses, that facilitate animal survival in various environments
− adaptations, including responses to environmental stimuli, that facilitate plant survival in various
environments
− the relationship between evolutionary mechanisms and adaptation
− the role of biotechnology in modern society (e.g., artificial selection, selective breeding, gene
therapy, transgenic organisms, DNA technologies), and consequences including ethical issues on
adaptation

3.4 Ecological Systems: Interactions, Energy and Dynamics

3.4.1 Ecological Systems and Energy Flows: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of ecological
systems and concepts, and characteristics that impact populations. This includes understanding and
applying concepts related to:

− levels of ecological organization

− biotic and abiotic elements within ecosystems
− different types of aquatic and terrestrial habitats
− different types of symbiotic relationships (e.g., mutualism, commensalism, predation)
− threats leading to extinction including both natural causes and causes related to human activities
− problems related to decreased biodiversity
− solutions to environmental issues
− population growth models (e.g., exponential and logistic)
− effects of environmental changes on physical and chemical properties of habitats
− density dependent and density independent limiting factors and their impact on carrying capacity
− energy flows between organisms within different ecosystems using energy pyramids
− feeding relationships between organisms in ecosystems using food chains and food webs
− cyclic flow of nutrients between the environment and living things through biogeochemical cycles

4. Physical Sciences (40%)

4.1 Matter and its Transformations

4.1.1 Matter Structure and Properties: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of the structure,
types and properties of matter. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− the different types and states of matter

− relationships between heat, temperature, and the states of matter

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− physical and chemical properties of different types of matter
− physical and chemical changes
− physical properties of the different states of matter
− energy conservation during physical and chemical processes
− relationships among matter, temperature, thermal energy, heat capacity and phase transitions
− phase diagrams
− kinetic molecular theory
− ideal gas laws

4.1.2 Atomic Structure: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of the structure and
characteristics of atoms, atomic models, electron arrangements, and atomic radiation and its uses. This
includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− atomic structure and arrangement of electrons

− atomic models and scientists’ contributions to building these models
− isotopes of some common elements in terms of atomic structures and properties
− atomic orbitals, electron configuration, orbital notation, and noble gas configuration
− nature of light and quantized energy, atomic emission, and atomic absorption spectra
− radioactivity and nuclear reactions and their uses

4.1.3 The Periodic Table: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of the structure, organization
and uses of the periodic table, arrangement of elements, and trends in elements’ physical properties
and chemical reactivity. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− structure, organization, characteristics and use of the periodic table of elements

− classification and properties of elements based on their location in the periodic table
− periodic trends in physical and chemical properties of elements

4.1.4 Chemical Formulae: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of types of chemical bonds
and their characteristics, chemical formulae and structure of substances and methods of representing
compounds. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− characteristics of different types of chemical bonding and compounds associated with these
− names and chemical formulae for organic and inorganic compounds
− the mole, chemical composition, and empirical and molecular formulae

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− structural formulas and molecular geometry of compounds
− relationship between bonding, structure, and properties of substances

4.1.5 Chemical Reactions: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of different types of chemical
reactions and kinetics. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− different types of chemical reactions including reaction rates and use of catalysts
− balancing different chemical equations
− stoichiometric calculations involving moles, mass, and volume
− chemical kinetics and equilibria for different chemical reactions
− energetics of chemical reactions, including exothermic and endothermic reactions
− laws of thermodynamics related to chemical reactions and phase changes

4.1.6 Acids and Bases: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of properties of acids and bases.
This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− physical and chemical properties of acids and bases including names of common acids and bases
− strengths of acids and bases using ka and kb
− calculations involving kw, [H+], [OH-], pH, and pOH
− calculations involving acid-base titrations
− buffers and their applications

4.1.7 Solutes, Solvents and Solutions: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of solutes,
solvents and solutions. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− solutes, solvents and solutions

− factors affecting solubility
− colligative properties including freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure
effects, and osmotic pressure
− calculations involving solutions and applications of equilibrium in ionic solutions

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4.2 Mechanics

4.2.1 Motion and Forces: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of the types and laws of
motion; work, energy and power; gravity, mass and weight; forces and effects of forces on motion;
simple machines; fluid dynamics. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− types of motion (e.g., rotational, circular, and linear) in terms of distance, speed, velocity, and
acceleration
− laws associated with motion (e.g., Newton’s, Kepler’s laws)
− relationships of effects of forces on motion, including work, energy, power, gravity, friction, mass,
weight
− mathematical representations of motion and forces
− types of simple machines and associated and processes
− types of collisions (i.e., elastic and inelastic)
− basic properties and laws of fluid dynamics and buoyancy (e.g., Archimedes’, Bernoulli’s and
Pascal’s Principles)

4.2.2 Electricity and Magnetism: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of: electrostatics;
electricity; magnetic forces and fields; electromagnetism; capacitors and inductance. This includes
understanding and applying concepts related to:

− electrical energy including energy sources, current, DC and AC currents, power, resistance, voltage,
and related laws (e.g., Ohm’s Law)
− electrical charges, their properties, and forces between them
− electrical properties of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors
− types and properties of electrical circuits (i.e., series and parallel circuits)
− Coulomb’s law of electrostatics
− magnetism including magnetic materials and their properties; magnetic forces and fields
− electromagnetic forces, properties, and laws

4.3 Energy and Waves

4.3.1 Energy Transfer and Transformation: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of energy
and its conservation; thermal energy and thermodynamics. This includes understanding and applying
concepts related to:

− energy forms, transfer and transformation of energy

− heat transfer (i.e., conduction, convection, radiation)

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− thermal energy principles related to temperature, temperature scales, heat and heat capacity,
latent heat and heating curves, and laws (e.g., Newton’s law of cooling, laws of thermodynamics)
− changes of phase (e.g., condensation, sublimation, evaporation)
− thermodynamic processes and entropy
− the gas laws (e.g. Boyle’s law, Charles’s law)

4.3.2 Energy Sources: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of energy sources and power
plants; forces of nature; nuclear decay and reactions. This includes understanding and applying
concepts related to:

− renewable and non-renewable energy sources

− power sources to generate electricity and potential impacts
− nuclear power including nuclear reactions (e.g., fission, fusion), nuclear decay process, uses in
everyday life, environmental impacts
− radioactivity and radiometric dating

4.3.3 Waves, Light and Sound: The candidate should demonstrate knowledge of waves; sound; light
and optics. This includes understanding and applying concepts related to:

− types of waves (e.g., mechanical, electromagnetic) and properties related to waves including
reflection, refraction and transmission
− relationship between frequency and wavelength in relation to the electromagnetic spectrum
− characteristics of light including solar radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum
− the use of mirrors, lenses, and optics in relation to waves
− characteristics of sound (e.g., intensity, resonance, pitch, loudness)
− origin, nature, and media that transmit sound
− the Doppler effect in relation to waves

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Sample Questions

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Answer Key
Question 1

The correct answer is “C”.

-Crossing over of homologous chromosome pieces/segments does occur during prophase I of meiosis.

-Homologues are not present in mitosis, therefore distractors A. and B. are excluded.

-Crossing over does not occur during anaphase I of meiosis; separation of homologues occurs during anaphase I,
therefore excluding distractor D.

Question 2

The correct answer is “A”.

-The ground tissue system consists of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells for production and
storage of sugars and structural support.

-Dermal tissue system consists of epidermis, cuticle and root hair cells for protection.

- Meristematic tissue system consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division.

-Vascular tissue system consists of phloem and xylem cells for transport of water and nutrients throughout the
plant.

Question 3

The correct answer is “B”.

The disease is X-linked and the father in generation I is affected, thus his genotype is hemizygous, XdY. The
mother is unaffected but is a carrier, XDXd heterozygous (because the recessive trait appears a son, II-1).

For the parents (II-3 & 4) of III-1:

-II-4, mother is a carrier (XDXd) as she received the recessive allele from her father (I-1); to be unaffected, her
mother (I-2) had to contribute a dominant allele.

-II-3, father is unaffected, XDY, hemizygous

The Punnet square for these two individuals yields the possibility for two sons, one with the disease and one
without the disease: thus a 50% probability.

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 XD Y
XD XD XD XD Y
Xd XD Xd Xd Y

Question 4

The correct answer is “B”.

-The correct response is X-ray machine, as X-rays can pass through soft tissue, but not through denser materials
such as bone.

-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and sonograph are all incorrect since these emit waves that are
absorbed by soft tissue, contrary to the description provided.

Question 5

The correct answer is “D”.

-The correct response- barometer, which is the device used to measure air pressure.

-Hygrometer is incorrect as it is used to measure humidity.

-Hydrometer is incorrect as it is used to measure the density of a liquid.

- Anemometer is incorrect as it is used to measure wind speed.

Question 6

The correct answer is “C”.

-Density is correct as it is the only one listed that is derived using quantity equations.

-Electric current, luminous intensity, and time are all incorrect as they are all mutually independent SI base units
for the seven base quantities, and not derived quantities.

Question 7

The correct answer is “C”.

-Choice “A” is incorrect as roman numerals are not used for naming molecular compounds and the second
element should end with “-ide”.

-Choice “B” is incorrect as the second element in molecular compounds should end with “-ide”.

-Choice “D” is incorrect as “mono” is not used for the first element in molecular compounds.

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Question 8

The correct answer is “A”.

-The reaction rate between 60 s and 80 s is slower than the rate in the first 20s as shown below:

∆ 𝑉 (𝐻2 )
Rate =
∆𝑡

80−75
Rate between 60 and 80 s = 20
= 0.25 mL/s

42
Rate in the first 20 s = = 2.1 mL/s
20

-Choice “B” is incorrect. The reaction rate between 40 s and 60 s is 0.45 mL/s as shown below
75−66
Rate between 40 and 60 s = 20
= 0.45 mL/s

-Choice “C” is incorrect. As shown above, the reaction rate decreases as the reaction proceeds.

-Choice “D” is incorrect. The reaction rate in the first 20 s is higher than the reaction rate in last 20 s as shown
below.
42
Rate in the first 20 s = 20 = 2.1 mL/s

2
Rate in the last 20 s = = 0.1 mL/s
20

Question 9

The correct answer is “B”.

-Choice “A” is incorrect as the oxidation state of Copper is (II) ‘two’ and not (I) ‘one’.

-Choice “C” is incorrect as the anion should end with “-ide”.

-Choice “D” is incorrect as the oxidation state of the transition element Copper is not indicated.

Question 10

The correct answer is “C”.

-Choices “A” and “B” are incorrect notations because they include the wrong noble gas, Kr and they have
incorrect number of electrons (the number of electrons in Se2- ion is 36.

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-Choice “D” is wrong because it shows the notation for a neutral Se atom and not the ion.

Question 11

The correct answer is “B”.

Applying Newton’s second law on the box:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝐹𝑓

Since the box moves at constant velocity, 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0

0 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − 𝐹𝑓

Substituting for frictional force;

0 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − µ𝐹𝑁

0 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 − µ𝑚𝑔

0 = 30 𝑁 − µ(12 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

30 𝑁
µ= = 0.26
(12 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

Question 12

The correct answer is “B”.

Applying the equation for power dissipated:

𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅

𝑃 = (1.5)2 (20 𝛺)

𝑃 = 45 𝑊

Question 13

The correct answer is “C”.

Use the conservation of energy

−∆𝐸(𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙) = ∆𝐸(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Use the equation of thermal energy

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−𝑚𝑐∆𝑇(𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙) = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

− 0.21 × 𝑐 × (25 − 45) = 1.0 × 4200 × (25 − 15)

42000
𝑐=
4.2

𝑐 = 10000 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Question 14

The correct answer is “A”.

Using Snell’s law

𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 sin 𝜃𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

1.00 × sin 90 = 𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 × sin 𝜃𝐶

1 1 1
𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = = = 1.49
sin 𝜃𝐶 sin 42 0.669

Question 15

The correct answer is “C”.

By definition, the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave (which light is) of wavelength, 𝞴, is related to its
frequency, f, by the following relation:

𝑓 = 𝑐/𝜆

Where 𝑐 = 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 is the speed of light. Hence, we obtain

𝑐 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆= = = 7.3 × 1014 𝐻𝑧
𝑓 4.1 × 10−7 𝑚

Question 16

The correct answer is “A”.

The frequency of sound emitted by the conductor (whistle), 𝑓 = 700 𝐻𝑧

The frequency of the whistle as detected by the conductor of the other train, 𝑓0 =?
The speed of sound waves in air, 𝑣 = 340 𝑚/𝑠
The speed of the train (source) from which the whistle was launched, 𝑣𝑠 = 120 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 33.3 𝑚/𝑠

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The speed of the other train (observer), 𝑣𝑜 = 120 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 33.3 𝑚/𝑠
Applying the equation for Doppler’s effect:
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑜
𝑓0 = ( )𝑓
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠
340 𝑚/𝑠 + 33.3 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓0 = ( ) × 700 𝐻𝑧
340 𝑚/𝑠 − 33.3 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓0 = 852 𝐻𝑧

Question 17

The correct answer is “D”.

-Choice “D” is correct because the geologist is clearly describing how the intense heat and pressure created from
the slowly moving hot magma, has resulted in transforming the surrounding limestone rocks into marble, which
is created by this process of metamorphism.

-Choice “A” is incorrect because, even though the geologist is describing the passage of magma within the Earth,
there is no mention of the magma exiting the Earth at any stage (as lava), which is typical of a volcanic eruption.

-Choice’s “B” and “C” are incorrect because there is no mention of the limestone being broken down into
sediments, but rather the transformation of limestone into marble from the intrusion of magma.

Question 18

The correct response is “C”.

- Choice “C” is correct because Layer C is older than layer A as it is located below this layer, indicating it formed
before layer A.

-Choice “A” is incorrect because layer A sits well above layer F, making it younger.

-Choice “B” is incorrect because layer D has clearly intruded through other layers, indicating it is igneous and
younger than the other layers.

-Choice “D” is incorrect, because even though they are represented using similar symbols (not exactly the same),
layer B sits well above layer F making it the newer layer. Hence, they are not the same age.

Question 19

The correct response is “C”.

- Choice “C” is correct because it is clear that a cold front will pass through location X within the coming hours.
Hence it will become cold and wet. By following the isobars around the low-pressure system in the south-west
of the map (clockwise for low pressure in the southern hemisphere, given this is Australia- as stated by the

38
source), wind direction will then be from the south-west at location X in a few hours. Hence it will become cold
and wet with south-west winds.

-Choice “A” is incorrect because these conditions likely apply when the map was drawn (hot and dry with north-
west winds) but will change with the approaching cold front in the coming hours.

-Choice “B” is incorrect because. Although conditions will become colder following the passage of the cold-front,
it will likely become wet (not dry as stated), and winds will swing to the south-west (not south-east as stated).

-Choice “D” is incorrect because, although the conditions will become wet with the pending cold-front, the
winds will swing around to the south-west and the temperature will become colder as a result.

Question 20

The correct answer is “A”.

- Choice “A” is correct because first, there is a deposit of granite (the oldest layer), followed by limestone, then a
dyke crossing through the two layers (which makes this younger than both), followed by a deposition of
carbonate, and then soil on the top as the newest layer.

39
 Resources

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 Proton/ neutron mass, 𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚𝑛 = 1.67 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
Gravitational constant, 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10 −11 (𝑁
∙𝑚 2 )/𝑘𝑔2
electron mass, 𝑚𝑒 = 9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
Speed of Light, 𝑐 = 3.00 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 Universal gas constant, 𝑅 = 8.31 𝐽/(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾)
Electron Charge magnitude, 𝑒 = 1.60 × 10−19 𝐶 𝑅 = 0.082 (𝐿 ∙ 𝑎𝑡𝑚)/(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾)
Avogadro’s Number, 6.022 × 1023
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 𝑢 = 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 = 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2
Planck’s constant, ℎ = 6.33 × 10−34 𝐽 ∙ 𝑠
Vacuum permittivity, 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶 2 /(𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 )
Coulomb’s law constant, 𝑘 = 1/(4𝜋𝜀0 ) = 9.0 × 109 /(𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 )/𝐶 2
Vacuum Permeability, µ0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 (𝑇 ∙ 𝑚)/𝐴
1 atmosphere pressure 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.0 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎 = 760mmHg (torr)
At STP (1 atm, 0 ℃), 1 mol gas = 22.4 L
Density of water, 1.0 g/mL
ion-product constant for water, Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 at 25℃
Temperature in Kelvin, K = ℃ + 273

GAS LAWS ACID-BASE

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT P = pressure Kw = [H+][OH-] Kw = ion-product constant for
V = volume water
D=
𝑀𝑚 𝑃
pH = − Log [H+]
𝑅𝑇 n = number of moles HA = weak acid
[H+] = 10-pH A- = conjugate base of acid HA
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC +… R = universal gas constant
Ka = weak acid ionization constant
T = temperature pOH= − Log [OH-]
PA = Ptotal × XA B = weak base
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴
Mm = molar mass [OH-]= 10-pOH HB+ = conjugate acid of base B
XA = D = density Kb = Weak base ionization constant
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
pH + pOH = 14
XA = mole fraction of gas X
P∝ 1
𝑉 [𝐻 +][𝐴−]
r = rate of effusion Ka = [𝐻𝐴]
V∝T
[H+] = √𝐾𝑎 [𝐻𝐴]
V∝n
[𝑂𝐻 −][𝐻𝐵+ ]
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 Kb =
= [𝐵]
𝑛1 𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑇2
[OH-] = √𝐾𝑏 [𝐵]
𝑟1 𝑀2
=√ Kw = Ka × Kb
𝑟2 𝑀1
[𝐴− ]
pH = pKa + log [𝐻𝐴]

SOLUTIONS CHEMICAL KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM

𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = moles of solute For the reaction: k = rate constant
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) =
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = volume of solution (L) t = time
aA + bB → cC + dD
𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = mass of solvent (kg) t ½ = half-life
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚) = Rate= k[A]m[B]n Kc = equilibrium constant
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 m = molality
(molar
PA = kH [A] TB = boiling point elevation ln[A]t − ln[A]0 = − kt
concentrations)

40
 KB = boiling point elevation t ½=
0.693
Kp = equilibrium constant (gas
𝑘
constant pressures)
 T B = i KB m [𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑
TF = freezing point depression Kc =
[𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏
 T F = − i KF m KF = freezing point depression
constant (𝑃𝐶 )𝑐 (𝑃𝐷 )𝑑
Kp =
(𝑃𝐴 )𝑎 (𝑃𝐵 )𝑏

THERMOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

q = mc∆T q = heat
∘ ∘ m = mass
Δ𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛
𝑜
= ∑ ∆𝐻𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ ∆𝐻𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
c = specific heat capacity
Δ𝑆𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∆𝑆 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∆𝑆 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑜 ∑ ∘
∑ ∘ T = temperature
∘ ∘ 𝑆∘ = standard entropy
Δ𝐺𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∑ ∆𝐺𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ ∆𝐺𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑜
𝐻∘ = standard enthalpy
∆𝐺∘ = ∆𝐻∘ − 𝑇 ∆𝑆∘ 𝐺∘ = standard free energy
n = number of moles
∆𝐺∘ = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛Kc
𝐸∘ = standard reduction potential
∆𝐺 = −𝑛 𝐹 𝐸
∘ ∘
F = Faraday’s constant (96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons)
E° = E° cathode − E° anode
MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥0 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 |𝑞1 𝑞2 | 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝐹⃗𝑓 | = 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
1 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑥0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝐸 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐹⃗𝐸
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑣𝑥 2 = 𝑣𝑥0 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝐾 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑞 𝐸 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 𝑞 ℇ = 𝑒𝑚𝑓
∑𝐹⃗ 𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 ⃗⃗
𝐸=
𝑎⃗ = = 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑚 𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑄 𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ∆𝑉 = 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
|𝐹⃗𝑓 | ≤ µ|𝐹⃗𝑛 | 𝐶
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑣2 𝑈 = 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶 = 𝑘𝜀0 𝑄 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑑
𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑄 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐸= 𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ 𝜀0 𝐴
𝑥 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 1 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑝⃗ = 𝐹⃗ ∆𝑡 𝑦 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑈𝑐 = 𝑄∆𝑉 = 𝐶(∆𝑉)2 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
2 2
1 µ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆𝑄 𝑈 = 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐼= 𝑉 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
2 𝜏 = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∆𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
1 𝜌𝑙
∆𝐸 = 𝑊 = 𝐹|| 𝑑 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃 𝑅= 𝑘 = 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇= 𝐴
𝑓 𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
∆𝐸 𝑃 = 𝐼∆𝑉
𝑃= 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
∆𝑡 |𝐹⃗𝑔 | = −𝐺 ∆𝑉 𝜙 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝑟2 𝐼=
𝜏 = 𝑟⊥ 𝐹 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃 𝑅
𝐹⃗𝑔 𝑅𝑆 = ∑ 𝑅𝑖 𝐹⃗𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗
∆𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑦 𝑔⃗ =
𝑚 𝑖 |𝐹⃗𝑀 | = |𝑞𝑣⃗| sin 𝜃 |𝐵
⃗⃗|
WAVES AND OPTICS

41
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 1 1 𝐹⃗𝑀 = 𝐼𝑙⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝑣 =∑
𝐸 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑅𝑃 𝑅𝑖
𝜆= 𝑖 |𝐹⃗𝑀 | = |𝐼𝑙⃗| sin 𝜃 |𝐵
⃗⃗|
𝑓 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 or focal length
𝑐 ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶𝑃 = ∑ 𝐶𝑖 ⃗⃗| cos 𝜃 |𝐴⃗|
𝜙𝐵 = |𝐵
𝑛= 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆𝜙𝐵
𝑣 𝑖
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1 1 ℇ=
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2 =∑ ∆𝑡
1 1 1 𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑖 ℇ = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
+ = 𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖
𝑠 𝑖 𝑠0 𝑓 µ0 𝐼
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐵=
ℎ𝑖 𝑠𝑖 2𝜋𝑟
|𝑀| = | | = | | 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
ℎ0 𝑠0 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑜
𝑓0 = ( )𝑓
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠
FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
𝑚 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 Rectangle 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑃=
𝑉 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑃= ℎ = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴 Triangle
𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 1
𝐾 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑙 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 2 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 Circle 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
1 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
1 𝑄 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
= 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 Right Triangle
2 Rectangular solid
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑈 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑙 Cylinder sin 𝜃 =
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐
𝑊 = −𝑃∆𝑉 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙 𝑏
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊 𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 =
𝑐
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑦 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎
3 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 Sphere tan 𝜃 =
𝐾 = 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝑏
2 4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2

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