s© arad su ch ; £©©y en o ug h , weiry

so and suc/i
We use so and smc/x in different ways, in the following patterns:

Form Meaning/Use Example

SO

so + adjective/adverb very, extremely It’s so hot in here!

She could run so fast!
to such a great degree or amount Don’t look so angry.
Don’t walk so fast!
so + adjective/adverb to emphasise the degree or My car is so old (that) I can’t get any spare
(+ that) amount of sth, by saying what parts for it.
the result is She drives so fast (that) nobody can keep up
with her.
so many/much/little/few to emphasise the degree or How did you make so much money?
amount of sth
so many/much/little/few to emphasise the degree or There were so many people queuing outside the
(+ that) amount of sth, by saying what theatre (that) we went back home.
the result is
such
such + adjective + plural/ very, extremely She’s got such lovely hair!
uncountable noun They’re such good friends.
such + adjective + plural/ to emphasise the degree or They’re such good friends (that) they tell each
uncountable noun amount of sth, by saying what other everything.
(+ that) the result is
such a/an + adjective + very, extremely It was such a beautiful day!
singular noun
such a/an + adjective + to emphasise the degree or It was such a hot day (that) we decided to go
singular noun (+ that) amount of sth, by saying what for a swim.
the result is

to o , e n o u g h , v e ry
• Too means ‘more than is acceptable or ° We do not use very with adjectives that already
possible’. Very means ‘a lot’. Compare: have a strong meaning:
I was too tired. (= so I couldn’t do any work) Mono Park in Tokyo is very huge. X
I was very tired. (= but I could still do some M eno Park in Tokyo is huge. /
work) M eno Park in Tokyo is absolutely huge. /
1-wm-too happy when I received your email. X
I was very happy when I received your email. S S ee also: ^

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 SO AND SUCH; TOO, ENOUGH, VI HY

We use too and enough in the following patterns:

Form Example
enough + noun Do we have enough cheese for a pizza?
enough + noun + fo-infinitive Do you have enough money to buy the book?
not + adjective/adverb + enough You’re jiot driving fast enough! We’ll be late!
not + adjective/adverb + enough (+ for sb) + I ’m not clever enough to study medicine.
fo-infinitive She didn’t explain it clearly enough for everyone to
understand.
e
too + adjective/adverb I can’t drink this - it’s too hot.
too + adjective/adverb (+ for sb) + fo-infinitive The coffee was too hot to drink.
He walked too quickly for the children to keep up with him.

Q Match 1-6 with a -g to make sentences.

0 The pianist played so badly that H a I don’t have to do much to keep it clean.
1 The kids were so tired that □ b they went straight to bed.
2 The food was so bad that □ c she never wears the same thing twice.
3 She’s got so many clothes that □ d his teeth will rot.
4 It’s such a tiny kitchen that □ e the audience walked out.
5 He eats so much sugar that □ f I couldn’t concentrate.
6 They were making so much noise that □ g nobody could eat it.

Q Choose the correct answer.

0 We had to pay a such /(suchjphigh price for coffee in London!
1 Passing my driving test was so /such a relief.
2 W e’re having such /such an awful weather that we can’t go for a swim.
3 We had so / such a terrible time that we swore we wouldn’t do it again.
4 She loved him so /such deeply that she couldn’t bear it when he was away.
5 There were so /such few people there they nearly
cancelled the performance.
6 The film was so /such a boring I wanted to leave.
7 I had so /such many things to do I didn’t know where
to start.
8 It was so /such a lovely day we decided to have a picnic
in the park.
9 There was so /such much noise I could hardly hear
myself think!
10 Joe was so /such an angry that he started shouting at me.

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 I Complete the sentences. Use too, enough or very.
0 It’s much .. .+£<?... hot in here - turn the heating down.
1 If you’ve h a d ..............food, I’ll take the plates away.
2 She doesn’t speak Spanish w ell.............. to order a meal on her own.
3 The food was m u ch .............. salty to eat.
4 That’s a .............. beautiful piece of music. What is it?
5 She was speaking.............. fast for us to understand what she was saying.
6 It seems that she isn’t g ood ..............to be in the team.
7 I don’t have.............. room to put them up.
8 The film w as............. good - I wouldn’t mind seeing it again.
9 We’r e ..............different characters; I don’t know how we’ll manage to get on.
10 Your test w as............. good; well done!

Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change
the word given.
0 I was almost two hours late because there 6 Craig’s marks were too low for a place at
was heavy traffic. Harvard.
SUCH HIGH
There was heavy, .fjrtffftc . I Craig’s m arks......................for a place at
was almost two hours late. Harvard.
1 I didn’t have the strength to carry the case 7 If there had been fewer people in the queue,
on my own. we would have waited.
HEAVY so
The case w as......................carry on my own. T h ere......................in the queue that we
2 The shelf is too high for me to reach. decided not to wait.
TALL 8 He couldn’t sleep because the coffee was very
I’m ......................the shelf. strong.
3 I cried because the film was sad. so
THAT The coffee..................... he couldn’t sleep.
The film w as......................I cried. 9 If this soup was not so hot, I could eat it
now.
4 Nobody can believe she’s Spanish because
her English is very good. FOR

WELL This soup i s ..................... eat now.

S h e ......................that nobody can believe 10 The ticket was too expensive for us.
she’s Spanish. ENOUGH

5 My brother’s too young to vote. We didn’t ...................... a ticket.

OLD
My brother......................vote.

An acquaintance is someone you know well enough

to borrow from but not well enough to lend to.

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 q u ite , r a t t e r ^ l i n k i n g w e i r b s

a b it / a little , fa irly , q u ite , ra th e r, v e ry

•»
° These have meanings which range from ‘slightly’ (marked - below) to ‘very strong’ (marked +++):

She's a bit/a little tired. She's fairly tired. She's quite tall. She's rather tall. She's very tall.
+ + ++ +++

» They can be followed by a number of structures:

Form Meaning/Use Example

a bit + adjective/adverb slightly She’s a bit short for the team.
a little + adjective/adverb She’s a little short for the team.
fairly + adjective/adverb quite She’s fairly tall.
a fairly + adjective + noun It’s a fairly long trip.
quite + adjective/adverb not very but more than slightly He’s quite talented.
quite a(n) + adjective + noun It was quite a rude answer. /
It was a quite rude answer. X
quite a(n) + noun to emphasise that something is It was quite a surprise.
very good, large, interesting, etc.
quite + verb fairly but not very I quite like coffee.
rather + adjective/adverb fairly or to some degree We were all rather surprised.
He did rather badly in the test.
rather a(n) + adjective + noun It came as rather a!a rather big
a(n) rather + adjective + noun surprise.
rather a(n) + noun It came as rather a surprise.
rather + verb I rather like her.
very + adjective/adverb a lot I’m very sorry.
You did very well.

» Quite isn’t as strong as very. Compare: We can use rather/a bit/a little before
She’s very clever. She’s quite clever. comparative forms:
° Quite is stronger than a little. Compare: The new house is rather/a bit/a little smaller
She’s a little greedy. She’s quite greedy. than the old one.
° Quite + adjective/adverb can also mean ° We use quite as ... (as ...) or not quite as!so ...
‘completely’: (as ...) to make comparisons:
No, thanks, I won’t have any m ore to eat. I ’m His new book isn’t quite as interesting as his
quite full. (= completely full) first book.
Yes, I ’m quite certain that h e’s the sam e man. Kelly isn’t quite/as/so tall.
(= completely certain) ° We use very with adjectives ending in -ful but
• Here are some words we often use with quite to not -less. (See 10e.)
mean ‘completely’: The information in this article is very useful. /
quite am azing quite clear quite right The information in this article is very useless. X
quite safe quite true quite wrong
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 NATHtll, ETC.; UNKING VERBS

Linking verbs ° After some linking verbs, we can use to be +

adjective:
• A linking verb joins a subject to an adjective or The house seems to be empty.
clause. Here are some linking verbs: The children appeared to be hungry.
appear keep o We can also use a to-infinitive after some
be look linking verbs:
become seem She seems to know what she’s doing.
come smell ° Here is a summary o f the patterns after linking
feel sound verbs:
get stay
g° taste Form Example
grow turn
linking verb + I feel sick.
• We can use different adjectives after linking
adjective Her face turned red.
verbs:
They didn’t want to look suspicious. linking verb + to The fridge seems to be empty.
I feel sick. be + adjective He appears to be French.
H e seems happy. linking verb + They seemed to know her.
This tastes awful! to-infinitive She appeared not to understand
what was going on.

Q Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Q Choose the correct answer.
0 It was fairly good day, so we went for a walk. 0 The film vyasCquite)/ quite an interesting but
... .Tit. W A - S .A . g o o d .dayj s o .W e ..... fairly /(a In i)too long.
....W e w t .$PX.. 4 w a l k , ....................... 1 We had quite a l a quite nice time at the
1 Wembley Stadium is very enormous. party.
2 She’s a bit /very careless.
2 He’s rather a noisy in class. 3 I’m quite /a bit certain that you will pass the
test if you work a little I very harder.
3 She’s always been a quite hard-working. 4 Don’t look so worried - I promise you, I’m
very /a very careful driver.
5 It came as rather /rather an unpleasant
4 I quite I like the theatre but I prefer the cinema.
surprise to get a bill for 1,000 euros.
6 I was a bit /very pleased to get such a lovely
5 Ed is rather much taller than his brother.
present but rather /quite a disappointed that
you couldn’t come to the party.
6 Yes, I quite to agree. 7 This milk has gone sour /to sour - it smells!
8 If you water the plants, they will grow
7 It was quite shock to get home and find the healthy /to healthy and strong /a bit strong in
house burgled. a month or so.
9 His hair has turned grey /to grey.
8 Well, I found the film bit boring. 10 Dave appears he understands /to understand
what really happened.
9 The test seems it is quite easy.

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 QUITE, RATHER, ETC.; LIN KIN G V ERBS

Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

0 She can b e ........ .... bad-tempered in the mornings.
A quite B a quite C quite a D quite the
1 In fact, she’s .... ........unpleasant most of the time.
A rather B a rather C rather an D rather the
2 -That w as........... .. good attempt but you still failed.
A fairly B a fairly C fairly the D fairly your
3 Excuse her - she’s usually.............. shy with strangers.
A a little B little bit C bit D a,-rather
4 The film was ... ......... ; my grandson screamed at one point.
A quite fright B the quite fright C quite a fright D quite frightening
5 I’m .............. at maths!
A hopeless B very hopeless C quite a hopeless D a fairly hopeless

O Choose the correct verb. Then use it in the correct form to complete the sentences.
0 Look at Jana; she so pleased to have won the competition, (look, see)
1 Finding a cure for cancer still.............. impossible, (stay, seem)
2 Avoiding illness is one th in g ;.............. healthy is another, (sound, stay)
3 I .............. quite exhausted after the race but I was happy I’d won. (feel, keep)
4 I believe him; h e ..............to be completely innocent o f all charges, (look, appear)
5 S h e .............. really worried when I phoned her this morning, (sound, turn)

Q Choose the correct answer.

®O0

Life in London
Someone once said that if you are tired of I ended up moving in with some of them.
London, you are tired of life. Well, this is a bit of The flat I was staying in was actually (6)much/bit
an exaggeration but London does (0)seem)/look bigger than my flat in Tokyo. My new flatmates
to be an exciting multicultural city. were from different countries and at first we found
I arrived in London for the first time two years ago it (7>a bit/quite a difficult to relate to each other,
all the way from Tokyo to do a Master’s degree especially to the British guy, who spoke m quite
in Civil Engineering. It was a bit of a culture a/a bit quickly. We were <9) fairly la rather shy
shock. The city first (1)appeared /sounded to be about speaking at first. However, everyone was
grey and unwelcoming. Everybody (2)seemed to friendly and m very/rather more informal than
be /appeared that they were busy and for the first back home; soon everyone (11) turned/became
month, it (3)kept /felt pretty lonely. Meeting new more'relaxed and we got to know each other
people was mquite/bit difficult at first but many better. Living in London wasn’t quite as difficult
of the students at the university turned out to be as it first(12)appeared /grew to be.
® rather /quite friendlier than I had expected and
◄►

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