ARL-TR-8007 ● APR 2017

US Army Research Laboratory

Holography: The Next Disruptive Technology

by Tomoko Sano

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 ARL-TR-8007 ● APR 2017

US Army Research Laboratory

Holography: The Next Disruptive Technology

by Tomoko Sano
Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL

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Tomoko Sano
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14. ABSTRACT
Camouflage has been used by the US Army for years for concealment and obscuring objects. Though effective, this is a
relatively simple passive-defense tactic with limitations. Augmenting or manipulating reality to confuse and deceive the
enemy would be the next innovative step forward. Is it possible in the future to create a deceptive holographic army or a
holographic concealment in the battlefield? Using a 2-D screen and holograms for training purposes and for meeting face to
face, as well as touchscreen haptic holographic displays, are already possible. The ability to project true holographic 3-D
objects in air using femtosecond lasers that can be viewed from all 360° angles was just developed. What is the timeline and
what are the technological gaps that must be solved before holographic innovations can revolutionize visual deception? And,
how much shorter is the timeline for holography’s use for training and communication applications without using special
headsets or glasses? What are the promising methods and extent of capabilities of the various holographic projections being
developed today? The objective of this deep dive is to search, review, and assess the current and rapidly changing
technological advances in holography and how it could transform the Army’s in-theater tactics as well as training and
communication.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
holography, volumetric display, holographic display, 3-D projection, augmented reality, visual deception
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Tomoko Sano
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Contents

List of Figures iv

List of Tables iv

1. Introduction 1

2. Part I: Materials 2

3. Part II: Volumetric and Holographic Displays 5

4. Applications 9

5. Conclusions 11

6. References 12

List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 16

Distribution List 17

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List of Figures
Fig. 1 Solid-state upconversion: (a) energy-level diagram of an activated ion
and (b) 2 intersecting laser beams with different wavelengths are
absorbed in ZBLAN ...............................................................................2
Fig. 2 Schematic of the optical-fiber-bundle-based static volumetric 3-D
display ....................................................................................................3
Fig. 3 Volumetric display: (a) schematic, (b) cylindrical fog-screen
apparatus, (c) CGH image, and (d) rendered holographic image ..........6
Fig. 4 (a) Drawing and photograph showing the femtosecond-laser-induced
hologram setup where (1) is the femtosecond laser; (2) SLM; (3), (4),
(6), and (7) lenses; (5) Galvano scanner, (8) mirror, and (9) the
objective and the varifocal lens. (b) Photograph showing the projected
voxels with illustrations showing the voxel area and the beam emitting
the plasma. (c) Rendered heart that, once touched, splits into 2 ovals. .7
Fig. 5 (a) Light-field display and (b) resulting holograph of a pink doll next
to a real panda figure..............................................................................8
Fig. 6 Example hologram rendered by Voxiebox ............................................9
Fig. 7 RealView’s interactive dragon ...............................................................9

List of Tables
Table 1 Digital hologram SLM types and mechanisms ......................................3
Table 2 Holographic recording materials and their properties ...........................5

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1. Introduction

The definition of holography is reflection of light projecting an object that is not

physically there. The Hungarian–British physicist Dennis Gabor invented
holography while trying to correct aberrations in the electron microscope, which
led to his Nobel Prize award in Physics in 1971.1 Since then a variety of methods
of holography have been invented. Some are no more complicated than a modern
version of “Pepper’s Ghost”, a 19th-century theatrical illusion in which an actor
dressed as a ghost would be reflected off of a plate of glass. The audience would
see the reflection in the glass but not the actor. Some consider these illusions
“pseudo holography”. Holography can be categorized into types: Stereoscopy,
Autostereoscopy, Volumetric Display, and Holographic Projection.1–3 Short
descriptions follow.

Stereoscopic Displays: Stereoscopic 3-D displays show different images to each

eye, where the image differences are based on a time sequence, wavelength, or
polarization. Special glasses are required to perceive the image in 3-D.

Autostereoscopic Displays: Autostereoscopic displays still use 2 or multiple

projections of images but do not require the use of glasses for the viewer to perceive
the image in 3-D. The multiple-projection option allows for multiple viewers to
perceive the images. However, the viewers’ locations are limited. Once the viewers
move out of position, the image is no longer 3-D or looks as intended. A method to
alleviate the position limitation is to incorporate eye-tracking systems to adjust the
images.

Volumetric Displays: Different groups have different interpretations of the term

“volumetric display”. Hence, the definition from Kovács and Balogh3 will be used
here. There are a variety of volumetric display types and methods. However, the
underlying technique is the projection of the 2-D image onto a screen or onto a
diffuse media to appear 3-D. Volumetric displays allow for full parallax, but some
methods have issues with occlusion, or the blocking of one object by another, from
different viewpoints.

Holographic Displays: Holographic displays use acousto-optic materials and

spatial light modulators (SLMs) to project computer-generated holographic (CGH)
images by a system using lasers and mirrors. The quality of the 3-D image is better
than the other techniques and provides depth cues from all viewing points, but its
applicability is limited due to processing of the large number of complex algorithms
for the hologram.

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Part I of this report will focus on materials and chemistries investigated for these
displays, and in Part II the techniques of volumetric and holographic displays will
be covered. More details of the other techniques can be found in Yang et al.1

2. Part I: Materials

The materials solutions for the holographic display technology are varied and
dictated by the technology behind the holographic display. Some of the materials
requirements and solutions for holographic display covered by Geng4 and others
are described in the following.

One method used in volumetric 3-D displays is to use a 2-photon upconversion to

selectively excite and fluoresce voxels, or volumetric image elements, at desired
locations. For the 2-photon upconversion process, a material that is able to exhibit
2-photon absorptions by 2 intersecting laser beams is required. One such material
is zirconium tetrafluoride-barium fluoride-lanthanum fluoride-aluminum fluoride-
sodium fluoride (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF, or ZBLAN), a fluorozirconate glass.
Figure 1 shows the 2 infrared photons from wave lengths 11 and 12 exciting an ion,
both of which fluoresce when transitioning to a lower energy level.

Fig. 1 Solid-state upconversion: (a) energy-level diagram of an activated ion and (b) 2
intersecting laser beams with different wavelengths are absorbed in ZBLAN (image reprinted
with permission of Geng4)

For static 3-D displays, one method is forming layers of liquid crystal (LC) or
polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) sheets that make up a 3-D volumetric
screen. To display the images, the layers of LC sheets are switched on by applying
a voltage. The correct 2-D image is displayed on the proper LC sheet location to
create a 3-D volumetric image. The material solutions for these LC sheets require
the capability of fast switching times of 0.1 ms (which is not commercially
available), adequate brightness at 50-ms exposure times, and close to 100% light
transmission for the displayed images to be transmitted through multiple LC sheets.

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Another method for static 3-D displays is a 3-D glass cube embedded with optical
fibers, as shown in Fig. 2. In this display, the germano-silicate optical fibers are
used to control the 3-D voxel arrays, which are made from optical resin. The image
signal is controlled by SLM, which also can have a variety of material solutions.

Fig. 2 Schematic of the optical-fiber-bundle-based static volumetric 3-D display (image

reprinted with permission of Geng4)

The SLM spatially varies the light intensity and/or the phase and is the key
component in displaying CGH. There are a variety of SLM mechanisms, as shown
in Table 1.

Table 1 Digital hologram SLM types and mechanisms4

SLM type Modulation mechanism

Digital light processing ...
Liquid crystal on silicon Electronically controlled
Ferroelectric liquid crystal on silicon ...
Acousto-optic modulator Acoustically controlled
Optically addressed spatial light modulator Optically controlled
Magneto-optical spatial light modulator Magneto-optically controlled

Ferroelectric crystal on silicon substrate has been used for electrically addressed
spatial light modulators, and optically addressed spatial light modulators use a
chalcogenide glass family of materials such as amorphous arsenic trisulfide.5
However, hydrogenated amorphous silicon film, bismuth silicon oxide, crystalline
silicon, arsenic-selenium, phthalocyanine, and zinc oxide nanoparticle suspensions
on an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate have also been used for the
photosensors.6 For magneto-optic SLMs, layers of silicon nickel and amorphous
terbium-iron thin films on silicon dioxide substrates7 and bismuth-substituted
yttrium-iron-garnet thin films have been used.8
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A Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) group developed a new SLM
design with improvements in bandwidth, viewing angle, image quality, and color
multiplexing. Their holographic scanner design, called the guided wave scanner
(GWS), uses a proton-exchanged channel waveguide on a lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
substrate with a transducer at one end. The GWS consists of 2 sets of acoustic
transducers to create surface acoustic waves that deflect light horizontally and
vertically.9 Other research groups10,11 have investigated the application of lithium
tantalite (LiTaO3) or magnesium-oxide-doped LiTaO3 thin film single crystals for
the wave guide.

Other areas of materials development for holographic technology are for recording
media applications. Beev et al.10 details the variety and requirements of
photosensitive materials and recording media, but the following is a short synopsis.
For a material to be a candidate for a holographic recording media, several factors
need to be considered: spatial resolution, diffraction efficiency, modulation transfer
function, exposure sensitivity, and noise in the diffracted or scattered wave. One of
the best materials for holographic recording media is silver halide emulsions,
though they are difficult to produce due to thermodynamic instability.12 Polymers
have also been well-established as photosensitive materials, including photoresists,
photochromic azopolymers, anthracene-containing polymers, and photopolymers.
In the area of inorganic materials for holographic recordings, there are
photorefractive crystals such as doped or undoped LiNbO3 (and other niobates13)
and LiTaO3 (mentioned earlier), barium titanate, and other barium-based titanates.
Various molecular weight and doped LC, as well as PDLC with different
concentrations of LC or LC droplet morphologies, are also being investigated for
holographic recording media applications. Table 2 lists the various materials and
the properties of each.

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Table 2 Holographic recording materials and their properties (table reprinted with
permission of Beev et al. 10)

3. Part II: Volumetric and Holographic Displays

Real-time holography of a live scene, object, or person requires considerable

computing resources, including high-resolution cameras, calculation of depth
perception using sensors, and accurate and high-rate rendering of the live video.14
Currently, this is still a significant challenge. However, volumetric and holographic
displays using CGH that can be viewed from all angles by multiple viewers have
been successfully achieved by many researchers and industry groups. A detailed
description of the various volumetric display technology is found in Geng.4 This
section will provide examples of some of these display technologies.

In volumetric displays, voxels of the image are displayed onto a physical medium
in 3-D space. Holographic displays are computer-generated images displayed by
modulating the light field (the amplitude, direction, and phase), using SLM.
Various methods exist for displaying voxels.

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One example is drawing a voxel on microbubbles. Kumagai and Hayasaki use a
femtosecond laser to excite a high-viscosity glycerin screen by multiphoton
absorption. This causes microbubbles to form, and with 3-D laser beam scanning
to vary the focal points the volume of voxels renders the high-resolution CGH
image.15 Another technique is to use fog or water vapor as the medium to display
the CGH image.16,17 The fog screen can be adjusted for density to control opacity.
Some fog screens used for entertainment can be 2 m wide, and several screens can
be “linked” together for a larger image. Some fog screens are essentially 2-D
screens projecting a pseudo 3-D image, but others are true 3-D projections. The fog
screen created by Zeng et al.17 is cylindrical, and several kinoforms of the sliced
volumetric object are calculated by the slice-based fresnel diffraction algorithm.
The 3-D image is reconstructed using an LCSLM and rendered onto the fog screen.
Figure 3 shows the schematic of the technique and the cylindrical fog screen
apparatus.

Fig. 3 Volumetric display: (a) schematic, (b) cylindrical fog-screen apparatus, (c) CGH
image, and (d) rendered holographic image (images reprinted with permission of Zeng et al.17)

Instead of using fog as a screen, some researchers are demonstrating volumetric

displays with plasma. Saito et al.18 and Ochiai et al.19 have rendered aerial 3-D
displays using plasma generated by a femtosecond laser. In their system, Ochiai
et al. use the laser-induced plasma for the light emission and SLM and scan the
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laser with a Galvano mirror to render the holographic images. The drawback is that
currently the rendered volume is limited to 1 cm3. However, interaction with the
hologram is possible and causes a plasma-generated haptic sensation. A diagram of
Ochiai et al.’s setup as well as the rendered image is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 (a) Drawing and photograph showing the femtosecond-laser-induced hologram

setup where (1) is the femtosecond laser; (2) SLM; (3), (4), (6), and (7) lenses; (5) Galvano
scanner, (8) mirror, and (9) the objective and the varifocal lens. (b) Photograph showing the
projected voxels with illustrations showing the voxel area and the beam emitting the plasma.
(c) Rendered heart that, once touched, splits into 2 ovals. (Images reprinted with permission
of Ochiai et al.19)

Another technique is projection of the holographic image in a light field.19–23 This

can be accomplished by several methods. One method used by Miyazaki et al. and
Maeda et al. is using a dihedral corner reflector array that converges light from a
point light source to a location where the 3-D image is projected.21,22 Other methods
use a screen and multiple projectors23 or a projector and a moving screen that
diffuses the light, creating a light field.24 The schematic of the moving-screen light-
field technique and the resulting holographic image is shown in Fig. 5.

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Fig. 5 (a) Light-field display and (b) resulting holograph of a pink doll next to a real panda
figure (images reprinted with permission of Xia et al.23)

There are several commercially available volumetric and holographic displays. One
is Voxon’s Voxiebox, which uses a laser with a moving screen similar to that of
Xia et al.23 It can project over half a billion voxels of a “moving” image every
second into the 18 × 18 × 8 (xyz in cm) volumetric display area. An example of a
Voxiebox hologram is shown in Fig. 6. Another is RealView, having the benefit of
being interactive, which uses digital holography for displaying full-color images.
Figure 7 shows the hologram of a dragon that can flap its wings and be rotated by
the viewer. There are many companies working on holographic or 3-D volumetric
displays, including Google, Microsoft, Samsung, Intel, Apple, Sony, Qualcomm,
Zebra, Leia Display Systems, SeeReal, Heloxica Inc., LightSpace Technologies
Inc., and Actuality Systems Inc. Several US universities conduct significant efforts
in this area as well, including the MIT Media Lab, the University of Southern
California Institute for Creative Technology, and the University of Arizona.

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Fig. 6 Example hologram rendered by Voxiebox (image reprinted with permission of
Voxiebox25)

Fig. 7 RealView’s interactive dragon (image reprinted with permission of RealView26)

4. Applications

The current major driver for the holographic and volumetric display technology is
for entertainment applications, such as 3-D TV and movies, gaming, and mobile
devices. However, development is also underway for applications in the medical
industry, marketing and advertising, and training, especially when haptic
feedback27,28 is incorporated into the interaction with the projected image. An area
where a holographic technology has already been used, albeit in a pseudo-hologram
projected onto a screen, is communication.
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However they are used in classrooms, holographic projections have some
limitations. A recent, small study in South America evaluated the use of
holographic projections in education.29 Although only 22 students participated in
the study, their responses to the use of holographic technology were mixed: 81%
stated that they “felt” the presence of the professor when corresponding with the
holographic teacher, while 95% of the students accepted the temporary use of a
holographic professor in a situation where the professor was not physically
available, such as due to travel. However, 58% of the students who attended at least
5 classes stated that the novelty wore off and they began to lose interest. Only 42%
of the students believed they achieved the same amount of learning from a
holographic professor as from a physical professor.

When holography is applied as part of a learning or training tool, the benefits are
clear. For example, in medical training, if students can interact with a realistic
hologram of an organ or body, it would enhance their education. If medical students
could perform surgery on a 3-D hologram without the risk of harming a real human,
this technology would be a clear benefit to society. Similarly, holographic
projections and 3-D displays could be used in military training applications. In fact,
under the Urban Photonic Sandtable Display Program, the US Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency partnered with Zebra Imaging to produce a prototype of
the ZScape Motion Display for a real-time streaming of 3-D holographic battle
locations for better planning.30 Another benefit for military applications is using
augmented virtual reality to reduce the cost of training, such as live-fire training, or
to recreate difficult situational training scenarios. Recently, the Office of Naval
Research’s Augmented Immersive Team Training project, started in fiscal year
2011, produced and transitioned the prototype of a more accurate virtual reality
training simulation for the Marines to Program Manager for Training Systems. But
this prototype still requires the use of a head-worn display. If this system could be
created as an autostereoscopic holographic system, without the need for a
cumbersome head-worn display, the training could be more effective.31

Other military applications include in-theater deceptive tactics. If the holographic

technology advances to where holographic systems could be portable, the display
large enough, and the resolution high enough, holograms could be used as
camouflage or to augment reality for deception.

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5. Conclusions

There is significant growth in the research and development of holographic (and

3-D volumetric) display technology. In fact, a market research report published in
2015 by Markets and Markets on the holographic display market,32 estimates that
the holographic technology market will grow to an estimated $3.57 billion by 2020
and grow at a compound annual growth rate of 30.23% from 2014 to 2020. This
growth is expected to be led by holographic technology for medical applications
and consumer electronics. Similarly, for the volumetric display market, it is
expected to reach $348.2 million by 2020 at a compound annual growth rate of
33.28% from 2015 to 2020.33 That being said, the maturity of the holographic
technology is still in its infancy. Although holographic projections for
communications and entertainment have been achieved with a simplified projection
onto a 2-D screen, this technology is just an improvement on Pepper’s Ghost. This
may be sufficient for communication, but we are few years away from applying
holography as an effective training tool. For holography to be applied for the
military’s disruptive augmented-reality applications, more research and
development are needed. The resolution of the projected image, the size capability
of the projection, and computing power are still lacking. However, this technology
is rapidly advancing, and in the not-too-distant future, an interactive holography
could be part of in-theater deceptive and camouflaging techniques.

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projection mobile device for college degree level. Procedia Computer Science.
2015;75:339–347.

30. Lee H. 3D holographic technology and its educational potential. Tech Trends.
2013;57(4).

31. Judson J. Augmented virtual reality emerging as game changer for Marine
Corps training. DefenseNews. 2015 Dec 10.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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32. Holographic market [accessed 2017 Mar 7]. http://www
.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/holographic-market-
144316799.html.

33. Volumetric display market [accessed 2017 Mar 7]. http://www

.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/volumetric-display-market
-248090250.html.

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List of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

2-D 2-dimensional

3-D 3-dimensional

Ba barium

CGH computer-generated holographic

GWS guided wave scanner

La lanthanum

LC liquid crystal

LiNbO3 lithium niobate

LiTaO3 lithium tantalite

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Na sodium

PDLC polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

SLM spatial light modulator

ZBLAN ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF

Zr zirconium

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 1 DEFENSE TECHNICAL
(PDF) INFORMATION CTR
DTIC OCA

2 DIRECTOR
(PDF) US ARMY RESEARCH LAB
RDRL CIO L
IMAL HRA MAIL & RECORDS
MGMT

1 GOVT PRINTG OFC

(PDF) A MALHOTRA

1 DIR USARL
(PDF) RDRL WMM F
T SANO

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