Soft Computing

Chapter 3 : Fuzzy classification

For BTI, Computer Engineering, MPSTME
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Classification or Clustering
• Classifying a set of data according to their
• patterns, attributes, features and other characteristics is called classification.
• Classification criteria could be
• numeric or non-numeric.
• For example, if we are classifying a set of people as per their heights or weights the data are numeric, whereas if they
are classified as per their colour or race, the data are non-numeric. Before we can classify a set of data points.
• Fuzzy classification is a process of grouping elements into fuzzy sets whose membership
functions are defined by the truth value of a fuzzy propositional function.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 2

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.
• Challenges in fuzzy classification

Some of them include:

• Complexity: Fuzzy clustering algorithms can be computationally more expensive than traditional
clustering algorithms, as they require optimization over multiple membership degrees.
• Model selection: Choosing the right number of clusters and membership functions can be
challenging, and may require expert knowledge or trial and error.
• Lack of systematic approach: There is no systematic approach to solve a given problem through
fuzzy logic. Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because every time we
do not get a mathematical description of our approach.
• Accuracy compromise: As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data, accuracy is often
compromised.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 3

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

• Fuzzy classification has found applications in various fields. Here are some examples:

• Manufacturing: Fuzzy logic is used in optimization of cheese production and milk production.
• Marine: Fuzzy logic is used in autopilot for ships, optimal route selection, control of autonomous underwater vehicles, and ship steering.
• Medical: Fuzzy logic is used in medical diagnostic support systems, control of arterial pressure during anesthesia, multivariable control of
anesthesia, modeling of neuropathological findings in Alzheimer’s patients, radiology diagnoses, fuzzy inference diagnosis of diabetes and
prostate cancer.
• Securities: Fuzzy logic is used in decision systems for securities trading and various security appliances.
• Transportation: Fuzzy logic is used in automatic underground train operation, train schedule control, railway acceleration braking and stopping.
• Pattern Recognition and Classification: Fuzzy logic is used in fuzzy logic-based speech recognition, handwriting recognition, facial characteristic
analysis command analysis, and fuzzy image search.
• Psychology: Fuzzy logic is used in fuzzy logic-based analysis of human behavior.
• These are just a few examples that demonstrate the wide range of applications where fuzzy classification techniques have been successfully
employed.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 4

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.
• Fuzzy classification has found applications in various fields. Here are some examples:

• Aerospace: Fuzzy logic is used in altitude control of spacecraft, satellite altitude control, and flow and mixture regulation in
aircraft deicing vehicles.
• Automotive: Fuzzy logic is used in trainable fuzzy systems for idle speed control, shift scheduling method for automatic
transmission, intelligent highway systems, traffic control, and improving efficiency of automatic transmissions.
• Industrial Sector: Fuzzy logic is used in cement kiln controls, heat exchanger control, activated sludge wastewater treatment
process control, water purification plant control, quantitative pattern analysis for industrial quality assurance, and control of
constraint satisfaction problems in structural design
• Defense: Fuzzy logic is used in underwater target recognition, automatic target recognition of thermal infrared images, naval
decision support aids, and control of a hypervelocity interceptor.
• Electronics: Fuzzy logic is used in control of automatic exposure in video cameras, humidity regulation in clean rooms, air
conditioning systems, washing machine timing, microwave ovens, and vacuum cleaners.
• Finance: Fuzzy logic is used in banknote transfer control, fund management, and stock market predictions

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 5

 Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Classification by Equivalence Relations

• In this method, λ-cuts are used to classify the
data.
• Example: A fuzzy tolerance relation R is given.
Modify it to an equivalence relation and classify
it at λ- cut levels of 0.9, 0.8 and 0.5
• Composition R0R

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 6

 Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Classification by Equivalence Relations

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 7

 Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Cluster Analysis
• In the cluster analysis, partition in sets is called c-partition,
• c being the number of clusters into which the data points are clustered.
• There are two kinds of c-partitions.
• One is the hard or crisp c-partition
• and the other is the soft or fuzzy c-partition.
• The data are partitioned such that there is a strong similarity among the data points within blocks of
partition and weak for data in different blocks
• There are two basic types of fuzzy classification;
• fuzzy c- means and
• fuzzy equivalence relation based hierarchical clustering.
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 8
 Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Cluster Validity
In some classification problems the number c of clusters is not known.
In such cases there may be more than value of c satisfying the condition of
classification.
Then it is necessary to find the suitable value of c that gives the most satisfactory
results for the analysis.
This is known as the cluster validity.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 9

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy c-Means Clustering

• Consider a universe with n data points to be classified into c clusters.
• 2 ≤ c ≤ n. (When c = 1, there are no clusters)
• In the trivial case when c = n, there will be n clusters each containing one and only
one data point.
• There are two types In fuzzy clustering,
• the distance of each data point from the cluster centre is the criterion.
• Let X = {x1, x2, … xn} where each xi is defined by m features.
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 10
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 11

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 12

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

For this case we have n = 5 and c = 2

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 13

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition
• fuzzy pattern recognition is a subfield of pattern recognition that deals with imprecise or uncertain
data. It is based on the concept of fuzzy sets and uses fuzzy logic to make decisions based on partial
membership
• defined as a process of identifying structure in data by comparisons to known structure
• The purpose of it is to assign each input to one of c possible pattern classes
• The data used to design a it are usually divided into two categories:
• design (or training) data and
• test data, much like the categorization used in neural networks.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 14

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition - Applications

Fuzzy pattern recognition has a wide range of applications in various fields. Here are a few
examples:
• Image Processing: Fuzzy pattern recognition is used in image analysis and processing tasks
such as edge detection, image segmentation, object recognition, and feature extraction.
• Computer Vision: It is employed in computer vision applications to recognize patterns in
images or videos with varying levels of brightness, noise, or other uncertainties.
• Speech Recognition: Fuzzy pattern recognition techniques are used to process and recognize
speech signals that may contain variations, noise, or imprecise information.
• Data Mining: Fuzzy pattern recognition is utilized in data mining tasks to identify patterns in
datasets that may have imprecise or uncertain information.
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 15
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition VS Machine Learning

pattern recognition is concerned with finding patterns machine learning focuses on learning relationships in
in data based on characteristics data to build models
Pattern recognition involves looking for machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence
characteristics of data that reveal trends or recurring that focuses on learning relationships present in data for
features building classification models
Pattern recognition algorithms do not necessarily get Machine learning models improve after seeing multiple
smarter over time, and they have both explorative and examples and can use supervised, unsupervised, or
descriptive components semi-supervised learning approaches

some pattern recognition models depend on machine machine learning itself emphasizes the algorithmic
learning to work models to access their properties and learn
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 16
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition
• when two separate fuzzy vectors are identical,
• i.e., a ∼ = b ∼,
• the inner product a ∼ • b ∼ T reaches a maximum while the outer product a ∼ ⊕ b ∼ T reaches a
minimum.
• If two vectors are identical,
• the inner product metric will yield a maximum value, and
• if the two vectors are completely dissimilar
• the inner product will yield a minimum value.
• f the inverse duality between the inner product and the outer product for fuzzy vectors and fuzzy
sets in developing an algorithm for pattern recognition.
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 17
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition
If a vector a ∼ = (a1, a2,...,an) then its transpose is

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 18

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 19

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition
If a vector a ∼ = (a1, a2,...,an)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 20

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 21

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 22

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Pattern Recognition

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 23

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic by Extension Principle (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 24

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 25

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 26

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 27

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 28

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 29

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic (Interval)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 30

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 31

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 32

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 33

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 34

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 35

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 36

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 37

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy arithmetic
11.Bounded Difference of Fuzzy Set
Microsoft Word - Chapter 1 Fuzzy set (iitkgp.ac.in)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 38

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy control systems

Control System:- Systems that can be controlled have three key features: inputs,
outputs, and control parameters (or actions)
A control system for a physical system is an arrangement of hardware components
designed to alter, to regulate, or to command, through a control action, another
physical system so that it exhibits certain desired characteristics or behavior.
closed-loop control systems (also known as feedback control systems), in which the
control action depends on the physical system output.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 39

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy control systems

• The general problem of feedback control system design is defined as obtaining a generally nonlinear vector-
valued function h( ), defined for some time, t, as follows [Vadiee, 1993]:
• u(t) = h[t, x(t), r(t)]
• where u(t) is the control input to the plant or process,
• r(t) is the system reference (desired) input, and
• x(t) is the system state vector……..
• n the case of a time-invariant system
• where the reference input is a constant setpoint,
• u(t) = h[x(t)]

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 40

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy control systems – Control System

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 41

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy control systems

• A fuzzy control system, also known as fuzzy logic control or fuzzy logic
controller, is a type of control system that uses fuzzy logic to make decisions
and control processes.
• Fuzzy control systems are particularly useful in situations where the system
being controlled is complex, nonlinear, or poorly understood, and where precise
mathematical modeling is difficult.
• Fuzzy control systems can adapt to changing conditions and provide a more
intuitive way of representing and manipulating knowledge, making them
valuable tools in a wide range of real-world applications.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 42

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy control systems

• A fuzzy control system can be designed as either an open-loop or a closed-loop control system, depending on
the specific application and control requirements.
• Open-Loop Fuzzy Control: In an open-loop fuzzy control system, the control action is determined solely
based on the input variables and a set of predefined fuzzy rules. The system does not take feedback from the
output or consider the current state of the system when making control decisions. Open-loop fuzzy control is
suitable for applications where the system's behavior is relatively predictable, and feedback control is not
necessary.

• Closed-Loop Fuzzy Control: In a closed-loop fuzzy control system, also known as fuzzy feedback control, the
control action is influenced by both the input variables and the current state of the system's output. It
continuously monitors the system's output and adjusts the control action based on feedback to maintain or
reach a desired setpoint or reference value. Closed-loop fuzzy control is typically used in applications where the
system's behavior is subject to variations, disturbances, or changes over time, and feedback control is essential
for maintaining system performance.
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 43
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Fuzzy control systems

• A fuzzy control system can be designed as either an open-loop or a closed-loop control system, depending on
the specific application and control requirements.
• Open-Loop Fuzzy Control: In an open-loop fuzzy control system, the control action is determined solely
based on the input variables and a set of predefined fuzzy rules. The system does not take feedback from the
output or consider the current state of the system when making control decisions. Open-loop fuzzy control is
suitable for applications where the system's behavior is relatively predictable, and feedback control is not
necessary.

• Closed-Loop Fuzzy Control: In a closed-loop fuzzy control system, also known as fuzzy feedback control, the
control action is influenced by both the input variables and the current state of the system's output. It
continuously monitors the system's output and adjusts the control action based on feedback to maintain or
reach a desired setpoint or reference value. Closed-loop fuzzy control is typically used in applications where the
system's behavior is subject to variations, disturbances, or changes over time, and feedback control is essential
for maintaining system performance.
Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 44
Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 45

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Block Diagram

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 46

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Steps involved in design

1. Identify the variables (inputs, states, and outputs) 5. Choose appropriate scaling factors for the input
of the plant. and output variables in order to normalize the
variables to the [0, 1] or the [−1, 1] interval.
2. Partition the universe of discourse or the
interval spanned by each variable into a number 6. Fuzzify the inputs to the controller.
of fuzzy subsets, assigning each a linguistic label
7. Use fuzzy approximate reasoning to infer the
3. Assign or determine a membership function for output contributed from each rule.
each fuzzy subset.
8. Aggregate the fuzzy outputs recommended by
4. Assign the fuzzy relationships between the each rule.
inputs’ or states’ fuzzy subsets on the one hand
and the outputs’ fuzzy subsets on the other 9. Apply defuzzification to form a crisp output.
hand, thus forming the rule-base.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 47

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Block diagram
1. Input Variables: These represent the variables that describe the current state or conditions of 6. Defuzzification & Output Mapping: This block converts the aggregated fuzzy output value
the system to be controlled. Input variables are typically linguistic and may include variables into a crisp control signal by applying a defuzzification method. The output mapping
like "temperature," "pressure," or "humidity." function defines how fuzzy values are mapped to specific control actions.

2. Output Variables: These represent the variables that the fuzzy control system aims to 7. Control Input Adjustment & Actuation: The crisp control signal is used to adjust the control
control or adjust. Output variables are also linguistic and may include variables like "cooling input of the system. This component may include actuators or controllers that physically or
level," "valve position," or "motor speed." digitally act on the system to achieve the deired control action.

3. Fuzzification & Membership Functions: This block converts crisp input values into fuzzy
values by applying membership functions. Membership functions describe the degree to
which an input value belongs to different linguistic terms (e.g., "low," "medium," "high").

4. Fuzzy Rules & Inference Engine: Here, fuzzy rules are defined by experts or generated from
data. The inference engine applies these rules to fuzzy input values to determine fuzzy
output values. Fuzzy reasoning methods like Mamdani or Sugeno are often used.

5. Fuzzy Rules (Aggregation): Fuzzy rules are aggregated to generate a combined fuzzy output
value that represents the control action based on the input conditions.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 48

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:-
• is the process of making a fuzzy
quantity crisp.
• e.a. lambda-cut set, Aλ, of the fuzzy set
A∼,
• The set Aλ is a crisp set called the lambda
(λ)-cut (or alpha-cut) set,
• Aλ = {x|µA ∼ (x) ≥ λ}.. where 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 49

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 50

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 51

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS
• In case when the output of a fuzzy process
can be the logical union of two or more
fuzzy membership functions
• For example, suppose a fuzzy output is
comprised of two parts: the first part, C∼1, a
trapezoidal shape, and the second part, C∼2,
• The union of these two membership
functions, i.e., C∼ = C ∼1 ∪ C ∼2,

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 52

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS
• Among the many methods that have
been proposed in the literature in recent
years, seven are described here for de
fuzzifying fuzzy output functions
(membership functions)

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 53

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 54

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 55

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 56

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 57

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 58

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 59

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 60

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 61

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 62

Chapter 2 :Fuzzy logic and Fuzzy systems :- Fuzzy set theory crisp sets Fuzzy set
Crisp relations fuzzy relations fuzzy systems crisp logic predicate logic fuzzy logic fuzzy
rule based system
DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 63

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 64

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 65

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 66

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

DEFUZZIFICATION:- TO SCALARS

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 67

 Questions/problems

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 68

 Questions/problems

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 69

Chapter 3 :Fuzzy classification: Fuzzy classification and pattern recognition, Fuzzy
arithmetic and extension principle, Fuzzy control systems, defuzzification methods.

Thank You Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Soft Computing 9/24/2023 70