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    A Seminar On:: Molecular Mechanism of Sex Determenition in Drosophila & Human

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    Rxjviie Boda
    1. Sex determination in Drosophila and humans involves complex molecular mechanisms to develop as either male or female. 2. In Drosophila, the X:A ratio establishes whether the Sxl, tra, and dsx genes are spliced to produce proteins that develop the embryo as male or female. 3. In humans, the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis through SOX9 and FGF9, while its absence leads to ovarian development through estrogen.

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    A Seminar On:: Molecular Mechanism of Sex Determenition in Drosophila & Human

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    Rxjviie Boda
    26 views28 pages
    1. Sex determination in Drosophila and humans involves complex molecular mechanisms to develop as either male or female. 2. In Drosophila, the X:A ratio establishes whether the Sxl, tra, and dsx genes are spliced to produce proteins that develop the embryo as male or female. 3. In humans, the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis through SOX9 and FGF9, while its absence leads to ovarian development through estrogen.

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    sexdeterminationindrosophilahuman-180505074848

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    1. Sex determination in Drosophila and humans involves complex molecular mechanisms to develop as either male or female. 2. In Drosophila, the X:A ratio establishes whether the Sxl, tra, and dsx genes are spliced to produce proteins that develop the embryo as male or female. 3. In humans, the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis through SOX9 and FGF9, while its absence leads to ovarian development through estrogen.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views28 pages

    A Seminar On:: Molecular Mechanism of Sex Determenition in Drosophila & Human

    Uploaded by

    Rxjviie Boda
    1. Sex determination in Drosophila and humans involves complex molecular mechanisms to develop as either male or female. 2. In Drosophila, the X:A ratio establishes whether the Sxl, tra, and dsx genes are spliced to produce proteins that develop the embryo as male or female. 3. In humans, the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis through SOX9 and FGF9, while its absence leads to ovarian development through estrogen.

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    A Seminar On:

    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF
    SEX DETERMENITION IN
    DROSOPHILA & HUMAN
    Presented by-
    Sambit Kumar Dwibedy
    PG 2nd Year
    Semester Roll No-03
    CONTENTS
    1.Introduction

    2.Sex Chromosomes & Sex Determination

    3.Different Mechanisms Of Sex Determination

    4.Sex Determination In Drosophila


    a. X:A Ratio Mechanism
    b. Molecular Mechanism
    ?
    5.Sex Determination in Human
    a. Chromosomal Basis
    b. Molecular Mechanism

    6.Conclusion
    INTRODUCTION
    • The word SEX is derived from the Latin word sexus meaning
    separation.
    • Sex is the morphological ,physiological & behavioral difference
    observed among egg producing organism and sperm producing
    organism.
    WHAT IS SEX DETERMINATION?
    It refers to the hormonal, environmental and genetical
    especially molecular mechanism that make an organism
    either male or female.
    SEX CHROMOSOME

    Fig: Chromosomes of Drosophila

    Fig: Allosomes of Human


    DIFFERENT SEX DETERMINATION SYSTEM

    1.Chromosomal Basis Of Sex Determination


    2.Genic Determination Of Sex
    3.Cytoplasmic Sex Determination
    4.Genic Balance Theory
    5.Haplodiploidy Mechanism
    6.Environmental Sex Determination
    SEX DETERMINATION IN DROSOPHILA
    • Sex in Drosophila is determined by Genic Balance Mechanism.
    • Ratio of X chromosomes: haploid sets of autosomes (X:A)

    • X chromosome = Female producing effects


    • Autosomes = Male producing effects
    • Y Chromosome= Fertility factor in male

    • X:A ratio
    Female = 1.0 (2X:2n)
    Male = 0.5 (1x:2n)
    0.5 < X:A < 1.0 = intersex
    GYNANDROMORPHS

    3 types
    • Bilateral Gynandromorph
    • Anterior-Posterior
    Gynandromorph
    • Sex Piebalds

    XX

    X0 xx
    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF SEX DETERMINATION IN DROSOPHILA

    Sex Determination in Drosophila involves the following events:-


    1.ESTABLISHMENT OF X:A RATIO
    2.CONVERSION OF X:A RATIO INTO A MOLECULAR SIGNAL
    3.DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION OF Sxl GENE
    4.DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER GENE
    5.ACTION OF Dsx- THE SWITCH GENE OF SEX DETERMINATION
    6.PRODUCTION OF MALE OR FEMALE
    ESTABLISHMENT OF X:A RATIO
    • Establishment of X:A ratio involves interaction between proteins that
    are encoded by several X-linked genes and proteins encoded by
    several autosomal genes.
    • X-linked genes are also called numerator genes. e.g. sis-a ,sis-b ,sis-c,
    ran.
    • Autosomal genes are also called denominator genes. e.g. dpn, emc
    • The denominator gene encode denominator proteins which
    antagonize numerator proteins.
    • In XX embryo – Denominator proteins < Numerator protein
    →Embryo Follow Female Pathway
    • In XY embryo – Denominator proteins > Numerator protein
    →Embryo Follow Male Pathway
    CONVERSION OF X:A RATIO INTO A MOLECULAR SIGNAL
    CONVERSION OF X:A RATIO INTO A MOLECULAR SIGNAL
    1.Sxl is the master regulator of the sex determination pathway.
    2.In XX Drosophila Sxl is active during the first 2 hours of after
    fertilization.
    3.Sxl gene transcribe a distinct embryonic type m-RNA from the
    promoter PE.
    4.The early Sxl m-RNA are processed and translated into SXL protein.
    5.After a few divisions , transcription starts from PM promoter instead of
    PE.
    6.Transcription from PM promoter is also initiated in XY embryos.
    DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION OF Sxl GENE
    1.If SXL protein is already available (i.e.,from early translation) the sxl pre-
    mRNA is spliced to form the functional female specific message.

    2. This encodes a functional protein of 314 amino acids.

    3.In wild type Drosophila with one X chromosome & 2 sets of autosomes, Sxl
    gene is transcribed from the late promoter. In absence of early SXL protein, the
    RNA splicing does not exclude the male specific exon in the m-RNA.

    4. The resulting RNA encodes a non-functional peptide as the male specific


    exon contains a translation termination codon (UGA) after amino acid 48.
    Mechanism of sxl Splicing
    1. In male the m-RNA is spliced in a manner that yields 8 exons and the termination
    codon is within exon no 3.
    2. In female, RNA processing yields only 7 exons and the male specific exon 3 is spliced
    out as a large intron.
    DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER GENE
    1.The expression of tra gene is controlled by SXL protein.
    2.Tra gene is transcribed into pre-tra mRNA.
    3.tra pre-mRNA is spliced alternatively to create a female specific
    mRNA and a non specific mRNA.
    4.Male specific tra mRNA contains a termination codon in the
    second exon.
    5.This exon is not utilized in female specific m-RNA.
    6.Female specific tra RNA is translated into a functional TRA protein.
    7.But in male TRA protein is not synthesized.
    Dsx- THE SWITCH GENE OF SEX DETERMINATION
    1.Doublesex gene is an autosomal gene that can produce 2 different proteins
    through alternate splicing of its m-RNA.

    2.A gene named tra 2 produce TRA 2 protein in both male and female.

    3.Dsx gene produce pre dsx mRNA.

    4.If the TRA & TRA 2 both are present, the dsx transcript is processed in a
    female specific manner and produces DSXF protein.

    5.In absence of TRA, a male specific transcript is made which encodes DSXM
    protein.
    PRODUCTION OF MALE OR FEMALE
    1.DSXF represses the genes required for male development and activates
    female specific genes. Ultimately the XX Drosophila develops into a female.

    2.DSXM inhibits female traits and promote male traits. Ultimately the XY
    Drosophila develops into a Male.
    SEX DETERMINATION IN HUMAN
    Chromosomal Mechanism
    MOLECULARE MECHANISM
    • Embryos are developed completely neutral for about 2 weeks. Then it follow either male or
    female pathway.
    • Early embryo has a bipotential gonad.
    • The bipotential gonad later can follow one of the 2 alternative pathway and develop into
    testes or ovary.
    • Normal growth & maintenance of bipotential gonad is regulated by few genes including
    EMX2, GATA4,WT1,LHX9 & SF1.
    • Male phenotype in human is determined by sry gene.
    • This gene is present on the short arm of the Y- chromosome.
    • When sry gene is not present as in XX individuals the bipotential gonad follow ovarian
    pathway.
    • Loss of function of sry results in complete male to female sex reversal.
    TESTIS PATHWAY
    Sry is expressed only in some somatic cells of the bipotential gonad.
    Sry gene encodes SRY or TDF protein.(Testis determining factor).
    Target gene of SRY in the bipotential gonad is sox9.
    Sox9 produce SOX9 protein and induce testis development.
    SOX9 activates FGF9 protein.
    FGF9 cause some somatic cells of the gonad to differentiate into sertoli cells.
    Sertoli cell produce anti-mullerian hormone., which supress the development of
    female reproductive tract.
    Sertoli cells also induce other somatic cells of the gonad to become leydig cells
    Leydig cell secrete male sex hormone testosterone.
    This hormone completes the development of testis
    OVARIAN PATHWAY
    In absence of sry expression gonad develops into ovary.
    Some somatic cell become follicle cell.
    Other somatic cell become theca cell and secrete the female sex
    hormone estrogen.
    Estrogen completes the development of ovary and contribute in
    development of female secondary sexual character.
    BIPOTENTIAL GONAD
    sry

    NO sry TDF

    SOX9
    FOLLICLE CELL

    FGF9
    THECAL CELL

    SERTOLI CELL- ANTI MULLERIAN HORMONE


    ESTROGEN
    LEYDIG CELLS

    OVARY TESTOSTERONE

    TESTIS
    CONCLUSION

    Sex is a biological riddle.


    Hundreds of theories & mechanisms have discovered regarding
    determination of sex. But non of them are satisfactory.
    Several things in this field are yet to be discovered.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    1.Snustad,P. & Simpsons,M.J.(2003)Principles of genetics 3rd ed.John
    Wiley & Sons,Inc.:USA.

    2.Sing,B.D.(2003)Genetics2nd ed.Kalyani publisher:Noida.

    3.Dobzhansky,T.etal(1973)Principles of genetics.5th ed.TATA McGRAW


    hill company ltd:New Delhi

    4.Rastogi,V.B.(1984)Elements of genetics.11th ed.Kedar Nath Ram


    Nath:Meerut

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