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Valency and Radicals Notes

Valency refers to the combining capacity of an atom or radical. Atoms and radicals are classified as univalent, bivalent, or trivalent depending on their valency of 1, 2, or 3, respectively. Radicals are groups of atoms that behave as a single unit in chemical reactions but cannot exist independently. They retain their identity in chemical reactions and often contain unpaired electrons. Chemical equations are used to represent chemical changes, with reactants written on the left-hand side and products on the right-hand side. A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides.

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681 views

Valency and Radicals Notes

Valency refers to the combining capacity of an atom or radical. Atoms and radicals are classified as univalent, bivalent, or trivalent depending on their valency of 1, 2, or 3, respectively. Radicals are groups of atoms that behave as a single unit in chemical reactions but cannot exist independently. They retain their identity in chemical reactions and often contain unpaired electrons. Chemical equations are used to represent chemical changes, with reactants written on the left-hand side and products on the right-hand side. A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides.

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Kanz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VALENCY AND RADICALS

VALENCY

 The combining capacity of an atom or radical with other is called its valency.
OR
 The maximum number of univalent atoms that may combine with an atom of
an element or with a radical will be the valency of that element or radical.
 Atoms with valency one are called univalent, with valency two – bivalent and
with valency three - trivalent.

Univalent Bivalent Trivalent


atom/radicals atom/radicals atom/radicals

H+1 Mg+2 Al+3

Na+1 Ca+2 (PO4)-3

K+1 Fe+2 N-3

F-1 Cu+2

Cl-1 Zn+2

Br+1 Ba+2

I+1 O+2

(OH)+1 S+2

(NO3)-1 (SO4)-2

(NO2)-1 (SO3)-2

(HCO3)-1 (CO3)-2

(NH4)+1

RADICALS

 An atom or a group of atoms which work as a single unit, but cannot exist
independently are known as radicals. They can retain their identities in a
chemical reaction.
 An atom or a group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron.
 A group of atoms that behaves as a unit in chemical reactions and is
often not stable except as part of a molecule.
Sl.no Radicals Symbol/Formulae

1. Chloride Cl

2. Bromide Br

3. Iodide I

4. fluoride F

5. hydroxide OH

6. bicarbonate HCO3

7. Nitrate NO3

8. Nitrite NO2

9. ammonium NH4

10. Oxide O

11. Sulphide S

12. sulphate SO4

13. sulphite SO3

14. carbonate CO3

15. Nitride N

16. phosphate PO4

Criss-cross method of writing formula

Steps to be followed while writing formula by criss cross method.

Step 1: Write the symbol of elements or radicals side by side.


Step 2: Write the valency of each radical or element on its top right.
Step 3: Divide the valency number by the highest common factor if required
to get a simple ratio. Interchange the valency number of element or
radicals to its lower right side.
Step 4: Use bracket for polyatomic radicals if the number written on the lower right
side is more than one.
Eg: Write the formula of Sodium carbonate

Step 1: Sodium : Na Carbonate : CO3


Step 2: Na1 (CO3)2

Step 3: Na CO3

Step 4: (Na)2 (CO3 )1 = Na2CO3

Few examples:

Chemical equation

 A statement in terms of symbols, formulae and numbers that describes a


chemical change is called a chemical equation.
 The substances that start or take part in chemical reactions are called
REACTANTS and are always written on the LHS of the chemical equation.
 The new substances formed as a result of chemical reaction are called
PRODUCTS and they are written on RHS of chemical equation.

Eg: carbon + oxygen ------ carbon dioxide

C + O2 ------ CO2

Balancing of chemical equation


A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element on the
reactant side is equal to the number of atoms of each element on the product
side is called BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION.

STEPS FOR BALANCING AN EQUATION

1. Write the chemical equation with reactants on the LHS and products on the
RHS.
2. Check the number of atoms of each kind and write below reactants and
products.
3. If the number of atoms of a certain kind is not equal on both the sides,
multiply with a suitable number to equalize and balance the equation.

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