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Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network modeling Using

Optical System Simulator

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 Al-Khwarizmi
Engineering
Journal
Al-Khwarizmi
Khwarizmi Engineering Journal,Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61-71 (2015)

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

M Passive Optical Network modeling
Using Optical System Simulator

Nahla Abdulrahman Hussain

Department of Computer Science/
Science College of Science/ University of Baghdad
Email: [email protected]

(Received 9 November 2014; accepted 21 April 2015)

Abstract

Due to the continuing demand for larger bandwidth, the optical transport becoming general in the access network.
Using optical fiber technologies,, the communications infrastructure becomes powerful, providing very high speeds to
transfer a high capacity of data. Existing telecommunications infrastructures is currently widely used Passive Optical
Network that apply Wavelength Division Multiplexing
M (WDM) and is awaited to play ann important role in the future
Internet supporting a large diversity of services and next generation networks. This paper presents a design of WDM-
PON network, the simulation and analysis of transmission parameters in the Optisystem 7.0 environment for
bidirectional traffic. The simulation shows the behavior of optical fiber links when the signal passes through all the
componentss such as optical fiber, splitters, multiplexers then find a good quality of signal in all receivers. The system
performance is presented through various
ous parameters such as BER analyzer and the Eye Diagram.

Keywords: Passive Optical Network (PON), Eye Height, Bit Error Rate (BER), Quality factor (Q).

1. Introduction PONs can hold-up voice, data, data video and

bandwidth-intensive
intensive services in the broadband
Unprecedented bandwidth requires for user access network where technologies such as
emerging web applications override the capacity CATV and DSL disable to backup due to lack of
of conventional VDSL or CATV technologies. bandwidth. A point-to-point
point topology can be used
The increasing request for bandwidth is driving to logically to establish optical fiber in the local
new access network architectures to provide the entrance,, with dedicated fiber operats from the
large capacity fiber optic cables very near to the telecommunication central office (CO) to each
small businesses and indoor homes [1].[ Optical subscriber. In most cases this simple architecture is
cost forbidden bacause it requires connector
fiber communication technology plays an
termination space in the CO and significant outside
important role in modern telecommunications
plant fiber distribution.
networks. The FTTx Models -- Fiber to the Home
A PON is a point-to-multipoint
point (PtMP),
(FTTH), Fiber to the Premises (FTTP), Fiber to
bidirectional and high rate optical network with
the Curb (FTTC), etc. offer the possibility for
no active components in the signal comming from
unmatched access bandwidth
width to end nodes (up to
sender to receiver.. In a PON, the downstream
200 Mbps per user). The other technologies like
transmissions are carry outed
out from an optical line
VDSL or wireless can adopt access technologies
terminal (OLT) to the optical network units
which are aim to provide fiber directly to the
(ONUs). While the upstream transmissions go
home, or very close the home. FTTx models can
from ONU to OLT by optical fiber which they
be considered as the most important application of
separate at a passive optical splitter.
splitter The OLT is
passive optical network (PON).
placed at the local exchange i.e CO and the optical
PONs use fiber optic cables to provide
access network is connected to the wide area
bandwidth in the broadband access network.
network (WAN) or metropolitan area network
Nahla Abdulrahman Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61- 71 (2015)

(MAN), also it is known as long-haul or In [4] B. Kim and B.-Whi Kim introduce
backbone network. The ONU is placed either at different WDM-PON schemes and its applications
the end-user home or building (FTTH and for the and future-proof and cost-effective access
FTTB), or at the curb, in the case of (FTTC) network solutions. They found that the WDM
architecture [2]. Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) provides
Evolutions in PON in latest years contain characteristics benefits over TDMA-PON in terms
(EPON), ATM-PON (APON, based on ATM), of QoS, security and protocol transparency.
(BPON, based on APON, with additive support The performance analysis of the hybrid time
for WDM and larger bandwidth), GPON an division multiplexing /wavelength division
growth of BPON, backup various layer two multiplexing passive optical network
protocols and higher bit rates), and wavelength- (TDM/WDM PON) system using the star
division-multiplexing PON (WDM-PON). topology architecture is presents in [5]. The basic
Integrating wavelength division multiplexing components in Optisystem are introduced and
(WDM) in a PON authorized user to support Optisystem software is used to design the
larger bandwidth with respect to the conventional fiberoptic communications system also the
PON since each wavelength is dedicated to a simulation results are exhibited in [6], which can
single subscriber. The WDM-PON offers other considered as a good help for understanding of
advantages such as ease of management and each device of the fiber-optic communications
upgradability, strong network security, high system. [7] Discusses the design of PON and
flexibility with data and protocol transparency, so model a new diagram of a bidirectional
that it has been considered by many as a future- transmission PON system using Reflective filter
proof access technology and an ultimate next- Bidirectional and Reflective Semiconductor
generation FTTH network [3]. Optical Amplifier (RSOA) in uplink and downlink
Any practical implementation of the optical stages. A comparison between using RSOA and
network should be preceded by a design and reflective filter bidirectional has been done on bit
subsequent simulation in the simulation software. error rate in the upstream signal. The new system
With these sophisticated tools, it is possible to uses array waveguide grating (AWG) to make
debug the behavior of the proposed system and multiplexing to the entering signal and increase
thus save a lot of funds. the capacity then routing it to the users.
This paper presents a design of WDM-PON
networks, the simulation and analysis of
transmission parameters in the OptiSystem 7.0 3. WDM PON
environment for bidirectional traffic. The rest of
the research is arranged as follows: section 2 A WDM passive optical network can be built
presents the introduction to Wavelength Division by employing a different wavelength channel to
Multiplexing (WDM) passive optical networks. each ONU from the OLT, for both downstream
The related works will be in section 3, we present and upstream directions, as shown in Figure (1).
the WDM-PON design and modeling in section 4. This technique produces a node-to-node
Simulation results and discussion will be in connection between the CO and each ONU, which
section 5. While section 6 contains the conclusion. will be different from the point-to-multipoint
topology of the orderly PON (TDM-PON). In the
WDM-PON of Figure (1), each ONU can utilize
2. Related Work the full bit rate of each dedicated wavelength
channel. And in order to support multiple
In this part a brief survey of related work on varieties of services over the same network
WDM passive optical networks will be present. moreover, different wavelengths may be work at
Most paper consider WDM PON as the most different bit rates if it desired [8].
expanded and spreaded access networks because
of its unique benefits, such as reliability,
transparency against signal format and data rate as
well as high data rates. Other papers model and
simulate this network. These two approaches are
found in [4, 5, 6 and 7].

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Nahla Abdulrahman Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61- 71 (2015)

CWDM, usually lower than 3.2 nm, because

DWDM has been improved to send a large
number of wavelengths in a restricted spectrum
region in this place an erbium-doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA) could be used [10].
A DWDM-PON is suppose to be very
advantageous for supplying sufficient bandwidth
to large number of users, and it is considered as
the extreme PON system. WDM-PON presents
the following advantages [11]:
1. WDM-PON offers a very good privacy since
Fig. 1. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive each user receives its dedicated wavelength.
Optical Network 2. It has high-reliability properties of PON and
low maintenance due to the optical distribution
plant is yet passive.
It can say that, various groups of wavelengths 3. In usual PON, if the OLT speed is increased,
can be helped to support various separate PON all ONUs need to be improved at the same
sub networks, all of them working over the same time. A problem like this does not exist with
infrastructure for the fiber. In the WDM-PON WDM-PONs. Since each wavelength in a
with downstream direction as showed in Figure WDM-PON can run at a different protocol as
(1), passive arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) well as with a different speed.
router will directs the wavelength channels to 4. Point to point connections between OLT and
each ONUs coming from OLT, which is place at a ONUs are recognizing in wavelength domain.
“remote node” (RN), where the passive splitter So there is no point to multi point medium
suppose to be in a TDM-PON. The AWG is a access control required. This greatly facilitates
passive optical device with the important the MAC layer. There will not be distance
characteristic of periodicity, with a cyclic property limitation put by DBA and ranging protocols.
by which different spectral instructions are routed
from an input port to the same output port. This
permits the wavelength channels spatial reuse. 3.1. Characteristics and Options of WDM-
At the OLT side, multiple wavelengths are PON Device
transmitted to the all ONUs through a multi
wavelength source. In the upstream transmission,
A WDM-PON designer have to choose the
the OLT appoints a WDM demultiplexer
suitable wavelengths also their spacing, depended
connected to a receiver array in order to receive
on if the choice of components may vary safely.
the upstream transmission. Each ONU is set up
Wavelength spacing of 20 nm is taken in this
with a transmitter and receiver for transmitting
work. Also the transmitter options of WDM-PON
and receiving on its particular wavelengths. In this
have been suggested, we explain receiver options,
case, the upstream and downstream transmissions
as they are dependent on both protocols and loss
appear in multiple wavelength windows, coarse
will be explained and different demultiplexers and
WDM (CWDM) is used to separate these multiplexers to be located at remote nodes (RNs).
windows. In coarse WDM (CWDM) the
wavelength spacing is larger than 20 nm [9].
Triple-play PON service (data, voice and 3.1.1. Options of Transmitter
video) can be accomplished with CWDM-PON,
In this paper, Optical sources are categorized
where the 131 nm wavelength channel is worked
to the four groups according to the wavelengths
for upstream transmission and the 1490 nm
generation way. These are (1) a multiple
wavelength channel is worked for downstream
wavelength source (2) a wavelength-specified
data and voice and 1550 nm wavelength channel
source, (3) a sharing source and (4) a wavelength-
is worked for optional video CATV.
selection-free source. The sharing source is usable
An developed application take on 1360–1480
to the ONU, the different-wavelength source is
nm CWDM channels for excellent business
usable to the OLT only and the remaining two are
applications, and three-play services (data, voice
usable to both.
and video) are supplied to usual members. The
wavelength spacing of Dense WDM (DWDM) is
much more lesser than wavelength spacing of

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3.1.2. Options of Receiver selection depends on important features like:

uniformity, operating temperature, insertion loss
A photo detector (PD) and its following and return loss. In spite of the splitter is a low-
electronics consist a receiver module for signal cost, division structure and simple, it needs
retrieval. Common PDs are avalanche photodiode different center wavelengths optical filters at
(APD) and positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN), which ONU side. The signal loss happens with a splitter
you find various applications depending on the greater than with a wavelength router. The array
necessary sensitivity. The electronic parts are wavelength grating (AWG) is a very successful
usually consisting of major amplifier, preamplifier, device in WDM manufacture. It is very useful to
and clock and data recovery circuits (CDRs)
be use in the long distance WDM systems as a
according to the protocol will be worked for each
demultiplexer /multiplexer device and as an add-
wavelength. Each receiver may be configured in a
different way because of each wavelength can drop multiplexer (ADM). It splitting various
operate individually in a WDM-PON [12]. wavelengths at the same time and routes each
A WDM-PON is flexible to the signals or particular wavelength to a single output port. It
protocols, since it can accepts any type of signal has a cyclic wavelength property which it makes it
format. Different types of transmission protocols, used as multiplexer and demultiplexer at the same
like Ethernet, BPON, EPON, SONET and others are There is no need for an additional MAC protocol
use a WDM-PON as they physical layer. In order to if every channel in the WDM PON runs separately
satisfy this, the specification required by the selected from all the others. For example, if a wavelength
protocol at the both sides ONU and the OLT is specified for an EPON channel, then only the
receivers should be satisfied. MAC protocol of the EPON system can be used
because of the other channels are not affected by
3.1.3. Options of Remote Node (RN) this wavelength. It is developed to support
dynamic capacity allocation and arbitrating the
The PON remote node (RN) may be consists of transmission of multiple ONUs. The protocol can
either a power splitter or a passive wavelength assist both dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA)
router. All input signals will be split equally to all and fixed slot allocation (FSA), but it best
output ports by a power splitter, this is need a perform on DBA through its two-way messaging
wavelength filter placed at each ONU. The filter support.
time at RN. This is shown in Figure (2).

(a) (b)

Fig. 2. property the cyclic wavelength of the AWG at RN: (a) unidirectional transceiver at ONU (b) bidirectional
transceiver at ONU [13].

The loss of insertion of the AWG is about 4–5 temperature reliance due to the silica waveguide
dB (whatever the number of channels) is lower index change, which causes a change in the AWG
than the loss of the optical splitter, which its loss circuit optical length [14].
may be more than 0.5–1.5 dB added to the large
1:N splitting ratio loss. But with all these good
properties, it is difficult to use the AWG in the 3.2. WDM-PONS Protocols
RN of a WDM-PON because of the shift in its
center wavelength of 0.01 nm/°C, where the RN Intelligent control containing service-level
is located in the sever temperature environment agreements (SLAs) can be considered as one of
can be varied from -40°C to + 85°C. This the major functions in WDM-PON, for high

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Nahla Abdulrahman Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61- 71 (2015)

functionality and high efficiency. The intelligent (CW) laser input having power level of 0 dBm.
control functions are composed of QoS control The output of which is modulated by
between multiple users and services, resource machzehnder modulator using a pseudo random
distribution among users, fault control, connection bit sequence with NRZ format. For data
control including access authority control and transmission, the NRZ format is the most suitable
multicasting to achieve secure access. data format can be used. Then the two signals are
The OLT use a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation then combined using 1˟2 WDM demultiplexor.
(DBA) algorithm to achieve statistical multiplexing. All of these output signals of power splitters reach
The OLT complete this when each ONU transmit its to the users at the receiving end. On the right
bandwidth information to the OLT, then it will hand side of ONU receiver should be low pass
allocate the necessary resources based on that filter, photodiode, and a PIN photo detector in
information [15]. order to analyze the results [11].
To visualize waveforms, optical spectrum, eye
diagrams etc. various measuring instruments like
3.3. WDM-PONS Services optical spectrum analyzer, BER analyzer and
eye diagram analyzer must be used. The Q
The interchange of data, voice, and video on a factor,BER and eye height are the most
one WDM-PON is looked forward to minimize commonly used performance parameters.
the cost and also extend the new services We can defined the Q-factor as the
production. From the viewpoint of services, there
parameter to measure the signal quality for
was an increasing demand on the Internet,
determining the BER. The Q-factor is defined
companion with voice over IP (VoIP) and Virtual
as [16]:
private network (VPN). These services needed
fast bandwidth increasing, QoS for multimedia = …(1)
and high availability of network resources. These
novel services will need secure, economic, Where m1 , m0 are the average value of the
reliable and much (may be symmetric) bandwidth. receiving signal at sampling instants when a
So, in the backbone, video networking logical 1 or 0 is transmitted and , are the
middleware, scalable multicasting, storage standard deviations.
networking technologies and advanced traffic The bit error rate is defined as the percentage
engineering are desired. Having the true of error bits divided by the total number of
assemblage gives the possibility to access these transferred bits during a studied time interval.
services, and make WDM-PON more promising It is commonly expressed as ten to a negative
access technology [10]. power. The BER is an indication of
retransmission a packet or other data unit when
an error is occurred. Knowing the Q-factor, the
4. WDM PON Modeling BER can be estimated by [17]:
BER = erfc ( ) …(2)
Our modeling is performed and analyzed using √
OptiSystem software. Figure (3) shows the In eye diagram, the best time for sampling of
general simulation in OptiSystem software for two a received waveform is when the height of eye
transmitters at the OLT with bit rate of 2.5 GB/s. opening as large as possible. Due to amplitude
This bit rate will be used throughout the design distortion in the signal the height gets reduced.
because if the network is working for this bit rate
The degree of distortion is defined by the
it will work for all other bit rates. Sequence length
vertical distance between the maximum signal
is 128 bits and the samples per bit is 64. These
will make a total of 8192 samples and are
level and the top of the eye opening. It is more
important because it needs a large enough difficult to distinguish between 1’s and 0’s in
sequences for simulate the network at these high the signal when the eye closes more. The eye
bit rates. Time window is 5.12e-08 with distance height is given by [17]:
of 50 km. =( -3 )-( -3 ) …(3)
In this proposed model, the two transmitters
are transmitted with two different wavelengths
193.1 THz and 193.2 THz with 0.1 spacing. Each
transmitter section consists of continuous wave

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Nahla Abdulrahman Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61- 71 (2015)

Fig. 3. Simulation Setup for WDM PON system in OptiSystem Software.

5. Results and Discussion

The simulation is done using OptiSystem 7.0.

From the results it is obvious that the system
implements the basic functions of WDM systems.
In the existing experiment, it can be understand
by properly fitting the parameters of each
component in order to get better experimental
results. After the combined, Figure (4) shows the
frequency spectrum for the WDM signal. Then
after demultiplexing the two channels, Figure (5)
shows the frequency spectrum of each channel.
Eye diagram can describe the quality of the
received signal. In the absence of noise and for
error-free transmission, the eye must be kept some
large vertical opening, or otherwise it will exist
interference between symbols which will be a Fig. 4. Multiplexed signal spectrum after the WDM
reason for errors. When the eye is not fully closed, mux.
the interference value between symbols minimize
the value of allowable additive noise. Therefore,
the higher vertical opening means the greater
immunity to noise.

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Nahla Abdulrahman Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61- 71 (2015)

It is obvious from the diagram that when the

bit rate is increased, the eye height and quality
factor decreases and BER increases as shown in
Table 1. From graphs also, we observe that the
eye height and quality factor is decreasing with
the increase in the bit rate.

Fig. 5. Spectrum analysis after demultiplexing.

The performance of WDM PON is done using

optisystem software. The analysis results is
obtained for two cases. In the first case the system
performance is tested when distance is 50km with
three values of bit rate 108, 109 and 1010
Fig. 7. Eye Diagram of WDM PON at 50 km with
respectively. While in the second case the bit rate Bit Rate 109.
is 109 but distance is varied as 20km, 50km and
80km respectively. These two cases have been
described below:

Case 1- Bit rate is varied

Figures (6), (7), (8) show the WDM passive

optical network system eye diagrams after using
NRZ modulation format at different data rate 108,
109 and 1010 respectively for the same distance of
50 km. The red line in figure shows curve for
quality factor.

Fig. 8. Eye Diagram of WDM PON at 50 km with

Bit Rate 1010.

Fig. 6. Eye Diagram of WDM PON at 50 km with

Bit Rate 108.
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Nahla Abdulrahman Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, P.P. 61- 71 (2015)

Table 1
Comparison of parameters for different bit rate.
Bit Q- BER Eye
Rate Factor Diagram

108 206.856 0 4.92151e-005

109 62.594 0 2.75809e-005
1010 3.78586 6.4869e- 7.78225e-006
005

Case 2- Distance Varied

Figures (9), (10), (11) show the eye diagrams

of WDM passive optical network systems using
NRZ modulation format at 20, 50 and 80 km
distance respectively. The red line in figure shows
curve for quality factor. It is observable from the Fig. 10. WDM PON Eye Diagram Bit Rate 109 at 50
figures that when the distance is increased for km.
same data rate 109 and for two transmitters at
OLT, then the quality factor and eye height
decreases and BER is increasing.

Fig. 11. Eye Diagram of WDM PON Bit Rate 109 at

80 km.

Fig. 9. WDM PON Eye Diagram Bit Rate 109 at 20 Table 2

km. Comparison of parameters for different distance.
Distance Q- BER Eye
We observe from the graph that the eye height (km) Factor Diagram
is decreasing with the increase in the distance. 20 180.657 0 0.00019532
Due to this, the receiver is unable to detect the bit 50 62.594 0 4.75809 e-005
correctly whether it is logical 1 or logical 0. The 80 15.8497 7.06045e- 1.00969 e-006
different values measured are shown in Table 2. 057

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6. Conclusion QoS Quality of Service

RN Remote Node
The optical transmission system presented here SLA Service Level Agreements
has been modeled by using OptiSystem simulator SONET Synchronous Optical Network
as shown in Figure (4) in order to study the effect TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
of different parameters on the system. The user VDSL Very High bit-rate DSL
can transmit the data of different wavelengths VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
through the same fiber. We have analyzed the
performance of WDM passive optical network
and compared the various parameters in two 7. References
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‫و‪ LE>#‬ا * ‪ :‬ل ‪ 7K0‬ت ا‪ ,‬ف ا ‪ A E‬ا‪ J 3‬ا ‪ 7‬ا * * ‪, /0I‬ت ا ‪ ' *$ )H‬وا ) ) @& '‪ : LK‬ت )ة ‪!%‬ا ‪ 8$‬ا ‪ $ :‬ت و@& ز‪8$‬‬
‫ا‪ O*',‬ر@& ا ‪ N7‬ا * * ‪, /0I‬ت ا ‪ +‬وا ‪ + I‬ا ‪:A K‬‬ ‫‪!% ) /‬ا‪ + ? ! 0 .‬ت '> ذ ا ‪ L +‬ا ‪ &A E‬ا ‪!:* :‬ة ‪ 0 7K0 N‬ز‪ P-‬ا‪,‬ط ال ا ‪ % :‬وا‬
‫‪ $!S 8$‬ت ا‪.J ')*',‬‬ ‫)ة و‪7*$‬‬ ‫و‪ C P *-‬ان ‪D0‬دي دورا ‪ + ? &@ :C$‬ت ا ‪ L R‬ا ‪ L K:‬ود ‪:R$‬‬
‫@& ھ‪V‬ا ا ‪ >' + ? :/0 0 U‬ذ ا ‪ L +‬ا ‪ &A E‬ا ‪!:* :‬ة ‪ 0 7K0 N‬ز‪ P-‬ا‪,‬ط ال ا ‪ : * # % :‬ل '‪ T‬م ‪ $‬ة ‪ .OptiSystem 7.0‬و‪IS 8$‬ل‬
‫ا ‪ ZA *7‬ا *& ‪ 0‬ا * ‪ L3‬ا ‪ 0 C‬ا * )اض و‪ - K0 X L 0‬اداء ا ‪ T7‬م ‪)$ !7‬ور ا‪ ?,‬رة ‪IS 8$‬ل ا‪ ,‬ف ا ‪ A E‬و‪ I+#‬ا‪ R0,‬ھ ‪ ،8‬وا‪IS E-‬ل ‪)$‬ورھ‬
‫‪I3 : #‬ت ا ‪ A E‬وا ‪ K:‬و‪ X 8$‬ا ‪ :‬زع و‪ , 3‬ا ‪ N‬ا ‪ . * :‬و ! ‪ L 0 0‬ھ‪V‬ا ا ‪ T7‬م ‪ : * #‬ل ا ‪ )H‬ا ُ‪ : :‬ت اھ‪ L * :‬ھ‪V+‬ا ا'‪ LH$ :T‬س‬
‫‪! $‬ل ا ‪ `61‬ا ‪ LK7# L3‬ا ' ت )‪ (BER‬و‪ a61$‬ا ‪.(Eye Diagram) 8‬‬

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