Hydraulics Assignment 1

5CV005
Content
Question 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

Question 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5

Question 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

Question 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Question 5……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17

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 Question 1
I.

Control Volume

A fluid dynamic system can be analyzed using a control volume, which is an imaginary surface enclosing
a volume of interest.

A control volume has a fixed boundary. Mass, momentum and energy are allowed to cross the
boundary. A balance of mass is performed, momentum and energy that flow across the boundary and
the changes are deduced that could take place to properties of flow within the control volume. The
shape of the control volume does not change normally. It is easy to visualise that this is a convenient
approach. in fact, it is the one that is commonly used in fluid dynamics.

Figure 3.14 : Control Volume

During an unsteady-flow process, the amount of mass or energy entering to a control volume does not
have to be equal to the amount of mass or energy leaving the volume.
However, the two mass flow rates must be equal if the process is steady, if not the amount of mass
need to be increased or decreased inside the control volume during the flow and that would make the
flow unsteady.

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II. No, a flow which have same volume flow rate at the inlet and outlet is not necessarily need
to be steady unless the density is constant. But to be steady, the mass flow rate through the
device must be remained constant and the question does not mentioned that the two mass
flow rates were equal, therefore the answer is NO.

III.

Density of water = ρ water

Density of Unknown Liquid = ρ

Upthrust = U

Weight of the cylinder W cylinder= 0.6g

Weight of the sphere W Sphere=6.4g

For the equilibrium of the system,

U = W cylinder + W Sphere

∴ U = W cylinder + W Sphere = 0.6 +6.4 = 7g

Upthrust (U) = Weight of the fluid displaced by the system,

U = (V Cylinder + V Sphere) ρ g

∴ W cylinder + W Sphere = (V Cylinder + V Sphere) ρ g

7g = ( ( π4 ) ×0.18 ×0.006 + ( 43 ) × π ×10 )ρg 3

ρ = 7/4188.8

ρ = 1.67 ×10-3 kg/m3

−3
ρ 10 −6
SpecificGravity= =1.67 × 3
=1.67 ×10
ρ water 10

3
 IV.

OP=√ 3002 +502=304 mm ; BK = ( 23 ) × d2 = d3

BK =BKsinα= ( 503 )( 304
50
)=2.74 mm
304
GB=GK −BK = −2.74=47.9 mm=a
6
304
BP=KP+BK = + 2.74=104.1 mm
3
(a) Moment at B,

W ( GB )=20 ( 0.8 ) BP

W ( 47.9 )=16 ( 104.1 ) W =34.7 N

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 Question 2

I) Mechanical Efficiency- Is the measure of the effectiveness with which a mechanical system performs. It
is usually the ratio of the power delivered by a mechanical system to the power supplied to it, and,
because of friction, this efficiency is always less than one.

A mechanical efficiency of 100% means that the mechanical energy is converted to mechanical
work completely. Such in turbines there is no mechanical efficiency as 100% since some of the
energy is converted to thermal energy due to friction.

II) Bernoulli Equation

(a) Energies
2
P V
+ + gz=constant
ρ 2

P
= flow energy
ρ
2
V
= kinetic energy
2
gz = potential energy of the fluid

(b) Pressures
2
V
P+ ρ + ρ gz=constant
2

(c) Heads

2
P V P
+ + z=H =constant , =Pressure head
ρg 2 g ρg

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 2
V
=Velocity head
2g
z = Elevation head

Pressure head + Velocity Head + Elevation Head = Constant

Assumptions

1) Steady flow has occurred

2) Incompressible flow
3) No friction

III)
a)
' 1000∗70
ṁ=ρ V = =70 kg /s
1000

1
pe2 = gz1 = 9.81 × 20[ ¿ = 0.196 kJ/kg
1000

∆ E mech , Fluid=ṁ ¿
¿ 13.72 kW

Overall Efficiency of Combined Pump motor

13.7 kW
η pump−motor = =0.672∨67.2 %
20.4 kW

b) Consider the pump

∆ Ė mech, fluid=ṁ ¿

.
∆ E mech, Fluid 13.7 kJ s−1
∆ P= = 3 −1
=196 kPa
V 0.070 m s

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 Question 3
I. Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is important to determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent . The
Reynolds number is proportional to inertial force divided by viscous force.
The viscosity of water is higher than air so Reynolds number will be higher for water.

II.

VD Q
ℜ= where , V =
v A

π 2
A= D
4
4Q
V= 2
πD
4 ρQD
ℜ= 2
πD μ
4 mV
ℜ= 2
πD μ
ṁ=ρQ
4 ṁ
ℜ=
πDμ

III.
Viscous forces( fluid viscosity ) is the cause for creating a velocity boundary layer. There are three
types of flow turbulent, transitional and laminar. Viscous forces are higher in turbulent flow.
There is no velocity boundary layer for ideal fluids.

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 IV.

By Assuming the flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed.

Analyse the velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe which is given by
u ( r )=u max ¿]

Where u max is the maximum velocity which occurs at pipe center (r = 0).
∴At r =R/2,
3.u max
u ( R/2 )=u max ¿]=umax ¿ ] =
4

Solving for u max and substituting,

R
4. u( ) 4 (6)
umax = 2 = = 8 m/s
3
3

Velocity at the center of the pipe = 8m/s

V. The friction factor ∝ the pressure loss.

When there is a pressure loss, power is needed to overcome the pressure loss and maintain the
flow .Pressure loss is caused by friction so pumping power requirements are according to the
pressure loss.

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VI.
a) Pressure drop

3 −3
ρVD 999.7 kg /m ×1.2 m/ s ×2 ×10 m
ℜ= =
μ 0.001307 kg /m. s
¿ 1835.715=1836

laminar flow ℜ<2000

64
f= ℜ

64
f= =0.0349
1836

3 2
ρLV 2 15 m× 999.7 kg/m × ( 1.2 m/s )
∆ P=∆ P L=f =0.0349 ×
2D 2× 0.002 m
¿ 188.4 kPa

b) Head loss

∆ PL LV
2
15 ×1.2
2
h L= =f =0.0349 × =19.211m
ρg 2 gD 0.002 m× 2× 9.81

c) Pumping power requirement

( ) [ ]
2
π D2 π ( 0.002 m )
V =V =1.2 x = 3.77 ×10−6 m3 /s
4 4

W pump =V ∆ P

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 But we know ∆ P=188 kPa

−6 3
W pump =V ∆ P=3.77 ×10 m / s ×188 kPa ×1000=0.708 W =0.71W

Question 04

I. The conservation of momentum is a law stating that the total linear momentum of a
closed system remains constant through time, regardless of other possible changes within
the system.
The momentum will be constant if the net force is zero.

II. Atmospheric pressure is neglected because it is zero. It acts in all directions and cancels out as a
result.

III.

(a)

From continuity equation

A1 V 1= A2 V 2
2 2
π ×750 π ×500
×2.8= ×V2
4 4
−1
V 2=6.3 ms

From energy equation

2 2
p1 v1 p2 v 2
+ + z 1= + + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
3
650 ×10 2.8
3
p2 6.3
2
+ = ×
1000× g 2 g 1000 × g 2 × g

p2
650+3.92= 3
+19.85
10
10
 p2=634.07 kpa

Momentum equation

P1 A 1−P2 A 2−F=ρ A 1 V 1(V 2−V 1)

2 −6 2 −6 2 −6
3 π × 750 × 10 3 π ×500 ×10 π ×750 ×10
650 ×10 × −634.07 × 10 × −F=1000× ×2.8 × ( 6.3
4 4 4

F=158.33 kN

(b)

From continuity equation

A1 V 1= A2 V 2
2 2
π ×500 π ×750
×2.8= ×V2
4 4
−1
V 2=1.24 ms

From energy equation

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 2 2
p1 v1 p2 v 2
+ + z 1= + + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
3
650 ×10 1.24
2
p1 2.8
2
+ = ×
1000× g 2 g 1000 × g 2× g

p2
650+0.77= 3
+ 3.92 p2=646.85 kpa
10

Momentum equation

P1 A 1−P2 A 2−F=ρ A 2 V 2(V 2−V 1)

2 −6 2 −6 2 −6
3 π × 750 × 10 3 π ×500 ×10 π ×750 ×10
650 ×10 × −646.85 × 10 × −F=1000 × ×1.24 × ( 1.
4 4 4

F=163.57 kN

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 Question 5
. First approximation and correction

Note: +/- signs are used to indicate clockwise/counter-clockwise flows in the loops
indicated.

Initial flow assumptions (L/s):

n−1
KQ

Loop A

Pipe Q K KQ
n
¿ K nQ
n−1
∨¿
ab +30 160 9600
be +30 536 +14400 32160
ed +15 670 0 20100
cd -15 670 20100
ac -30 536 +48240 32160
0 114120

+15075
0

+15075
0
-

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 482400

+14400
0
∆Q= -(+144000)/114120) =-1.26 L/s

Loop B

Pipe Q K KQ
n
¿ K nQ
n−1
∨¿
cd +15 670 +150750 20100
dg 0 2430 0 0
gf 0 208 0 0
cf -15 2430 -546750 72900
-39600 93000

∆Q= -(-396000)/93000 = +4.26 L/s

Loop c

Pipe Q K KQ
n
¿ K nQ
n−1
∨¿
ed -15 670 -150750 20100
eh +15 2430 +546750 72900
gh 0 208 0 0
dg 0 2430 0___ 0___
+396000 93000

∆Q= -(+396000)/93000 = -4.26 L/s

Pipe In Q, (2ndApproxima
Loop L/s tion)
ab A +30 -1.26 =+28.74
be A +30 -1.26 =+28.74
ed A +15 -1.26 =+18.00
ed C -15 +4.26 =-18.00

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cd A -15 +1.26 =-20.52
cd B +15 -4.26 =+20.52
ac A -30 -1.26 -4.26 =-31.26
dg B 0 +1.26 +4.26 =+8.52
dg C 0 -1.26 =-8.52
gf B 0 +4.26 =+4.26
cf B -15 +4.26 =-10.74
eh C +15 -4.26 =+10.74
gh C 0 -4.26 =-4.26
+4.26
+4.26

-4.26

-4.26

Repeating the same procedure, the subsequent loop corrections ∆Q in L/s are as follows.

Loop 1st 2 nd 3rd

correction
A -1.26 +0.11 -0.13
B +4.26 -1.48 +0.28
C +4.26 +0.98 -0.41

The loop corrections are rapidly becoming smaller.

The approximation of the flows Q. in L/s, were as follows:

Pipe In 1st 2 nd 3 rd 4th

Loop
ab A +30 +28.74 +28.8 +28.72
be A +30 +28.74 5 +28.72
ed A +15 +18.00 +28.8 +17.41
ed C -15 -18.00 5 -17.41
cd A -15 -20.52 +17.1 -19.34
cd B +15 +20.52 3 +19.34
ac A -30 -31.26 -17.13 -31.28

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dg B 0 +8.52 -18.93 +6.75
dg C 0 -8.52 +18.9 -6.75
gf B 0 +4.26 3 +3.06
cf B -15 -10.74 -31.15 -11.94
eh C +15 +10.74 +6.06 +11.31
gh C 0 -4.26 -6.06 -3.69
+2.78
-12.22
+11.7
2
-3.28

This table shows the process of converging, which occurs more slowly in pipes that are common to
two loops. Resulting final flows, L/s:

Given all pipes are at the same elevation.

Final approximated flows from a to d are: 31.26 L/s, from a to c, and 19.34 L/s from c to d.

2
The head losses are given by h L =KQ

Therefore neglecting velocity heads:

( ) ( )
2 2
Pd Pa 32.28 19.34
= −¿ ( h L )ac −( h L )cd =40−536 −670 =40−0.523−0.251
ɣ ɣ 1000 1000

= 39.23 m

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 Reference

 Mechanical efficiency https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_efficiency,

http://www.britannica.com/technology/mechanical-efficiency (Accessed date
16/072015)
 System and Control Volume
http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/
fprops/cvanalysis/node10.html (Accessed date 14/072015)

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