Seminar Report

on
“Data Sharing based on Blockchain”
Submitted by
Akanksha Anil Kadam
Roll No. 13249 of A.Y 2022-23
Ist Semester, TE
Guided By
Prof. Poonam Deokar

Department of Computer Engineering,

Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering
and Innovation
Varale, Talegaon, Pune
Affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune
University

1
 Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering
1 and Innovation,
Varale, Talegaon, Pune.
Affiliated by the Savitribai Phule
Pune University.

This is to certify that Ms. Akanksha Anil Kadam Student

of third-year Computer Engineering (Roll. No:13225 Div:
B) of DR. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering and
Innovation has successfully completed the Seminar
Presentation on “Data Sharing Based on Blockchain”
of the course Seminar and Technical Communication
(310249) as prescribed in the curriculum for the academic
year 2022 -2023.

Place: Talegaon, Pune PRN No:72223643D

Prof. Poonam Deokar Prof. Smita Londhe

(Seminar Guide) (Seminar Co-ordinator)

Dr. Alpana Adsul Dr. Suresh Mali

(Head of Department) (Principal)

Seal of Institute

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 Acknowledgement

It is great pleasure for me to acknowledge the

assistance and contribution of number of
individuals who helped me in Seminar
Presentation on “Data Sharing Using Blockchain”.
First and foremost, I wish to record my
gratitude and thanks to Prof. Poonam Deokar
(Seminar Guide) for her enthusiastic guidance and
help in successful completion of Seminar
Presentation. I express my thanks to Dr. Suresh
Mali (Principal), Dr. Alpana Adsul (Head of
Computer Department) & Prof. Smita Londhe
(Seminar Co-ordinator) for their valuable
guidance. I am also thankful to other teachers and
non-teaching staff of Computer Engineering
Department and Library for their co-operation and
help.

THANKING ALL OF YOU!

Akanksha Kadam

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 Index
Sr. Contents Pg. no.
no.
1 Abstract 5
2 Introduction 6-7
3 Literature survey 8-10
3.1 A Secure Data Sharing Platform Using
Blockchain and Fine-Grained Access.
3.2 Blockchain and Data Sharing
3.3 A Framework for Data Sharing between
Healthcare Providers using Blockchain.
4 Framework of blockchain based data sharing. 11-14
5 Application Model of Blockchain Based Data 15-19
Sharing.

6 Enabling Multilevel Data Sharing Based on 20-23

Blockchain and Smart Contracts.

7 Future Scope 24
8 Conclusion 25
9 References 26
Index of figure

Sr.no Figure names Pg.no.

1 Blockchain based data sharing decentralized 11
structure.
2 Framework of blockchain based data sharing 13
platform
3 Data model of blockchain based data sharing. 16

4 Execution of smart contracts in blockchain. 22

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 1.Abstract

Data sharing has become a popular daily life

activity all around the world. Data driven value
creation has foreseen potential in many sectors, for
example energy, health, banking, insurance and
transportation. With the development of smart city,
the cooperation between different sectors is becoming
more and more frequent, breaking the information
island and big data sharing has become an inevitable
trend. The traditional way of data sharing is mainly
based on one unified data center, which has high
construction cost and maintenance cost, and fails to
fully consider the sectoral interests, authority,
security and traceability, so there are still many
barriers in government data sharing. Taking
advantage of the features of blockchain technology,
such as distributed ledger, smart contract, data trust
and traceability, this paper proposes an application
model of data sharing based on blockchain, which
uses a unified data sharing model and autonomous
authority management to provide efficient and safe
bus service for distributed big data sharing.

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 2.Introduction

With the development of smart city, the

cooperation between different sectors is becoming
more and more frequent, which is accompanied by a
large number of data exchange, breaking the
information island and big data sharing has become
an inevitable trend. Data sharing needs to better
protect data security, prevent information barriers
caused by sectoral conflicts of interests, promote the
aggregation and effective use of government data, and
the goal is to establish a data-driven “city brain” to
achieve scientific and efficient city governance and
public services.

At present, the mainstream way of data sharing

is to build one unified big data center, which has
disadvantages in five aspects: 1) The sharing cost is
high, due to the large scale of data, frequent data
exchange takes much time cost, and the construction
and maintenance cost of building a big data center is
high; 2) The data security is hard to guarantee; 3) The
interests of sectors are easy to be infringed, the data
aggregation leads to the fuzzy boundary of sectoral
data, resulting in unclear rights and responsibilities;
4) Privacy protection is difficult to guarantee, the big
data involves a large number of sector's secrets and
citizens' privacy, which may bring adverse
consequences if it is not properly disclosed; 5) The
efficiency of decision-making is not high, as the data
is collected by the bottom layer, then reported, audited
and processed layer by layer, which will affect the
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decision-making efficiency in case of
emergency.Blockchain technology stores data in the
form of blocks connected in chronological order, and
realizes data encryption and sharing through hash
operation, timestamp, asymmetric encryption
technology, so as to form a chain that cannot be
tampered with. Taking advantages of the features of
blockchain technology, such as distributed ledger,
smart contract, data trust and traceability. Here we
have an application model of big data sharing based
on blockchain, which mainly realizes the data sharing
between sectors from two aspects: unified data
sharing model and autonomous authority
management. Compared with the traditional
centralized mode, it can better protect sectoral
interests while ensure data security, providing a
feasible solution to the city big data sharing.

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 3.Literature Survey

3.1. Shamsundar Bhimade, Prashant

Bhandare, Amey Bhatlavande & Bharati Deokar : “A
Secure Data Sharing Platform Using Blockchain and
Fine-Grained Access” (20 May 2021)

Abstract:
In a research community, data sharing is an essential
step to gain maximum knowledge from the prior work.
Existing data sharing platforms depend on trusted
third party (TTP). Due to the involvement of TTP, such
systems lack trust, transparency, security, and
immutability.Group data sharing in block chain
technology and cloud computing has become a hot
topic in recent. Although encryption techniques have
been used to provide data confidentiality and data
security in cloud computing, current technique
cannot enforce privacy concerns over encrypted data
associated with multiple data owners, which makes
co-owners unable to appropriately control whether
data distributor can actually distribute their data.
Data Sharing in Cloud Computing, in which data
owner can share private data with a group of users via
the cloud in a secure way, and data distributor can
distribute the data to a new group of users if the
attributes satisfy the access policies in the encrypted
data. Further present a multiparty access control
mechanism over the distributed encrypted data, in
which the data co-owners can append new access
policies to the encrypted data due to their privacy
preferences.
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3.2. Meng Shen, Liehuang Zhu and Ke Xu:
“Blockchain and Data Sharing” (16 July 2020)

Abstract:

Data sharing is very common in the era of big data and

artificial intelligence as the convergence of data is the
most prerequisite section of big data and machine
intelligence happens based on high volume data feed.
Blockchain is a new emerging technology, which holds
vast possibilities and benefits to improve traceability
and accountability of its stored data. It has significant
advantages in unlocking the full potential of data
sharing in multi-party scenarios. In this chapter, we
introduce the basics of blockchain, which are
organized into five layers: data layer, network layer,
consensus layer, incentive layer and application layer.
The details of each layer are elaborated accordingly.
Afterwards, we emphasize the strengths of blockchain,
including integrity, immutability, decentralization and
verifiability. Finally, we make a list of the threats and
challenges of blockchain to be overcame.

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3.3. Ahmed G. Alzahrani, Hany F. Atlam, and Gary
Wills: “A Framework for Data Sharing between
Healthcare Providers using Blockchain”.(May 2020)

Abstract:
The healthcare data are considered as a highly
valuable source of information that can improve
healthcare systems to be more intelligent and improve
the quality of the provided services. However, due to
security and privacy issues, sharing data between
healthcare organizations is challenging. This has led
to data shortage in the healthcare sector which is
considered as a significant issue not only in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) but also worldwide.
The primary objective of conducting this paper is to
investigate the various factors that enable secure
sharing and exchange of healthcare information
between different healthcare providers in the
KSA.These challenges in managing healthcare data
have necessitated the need for implementing a
solution that can allow medical providers to have
access to updated healthcare information. Attention in
the healthcare sector has been drawn to blockchain
technology as a part of the solution, especially after
the technology was successfully applied in the
financial sector to improve the security of financial
transactions, particularly involving digital currencies
such as Bitcoin. Therefore, a framework based on the
blockchain technology has been proposed to achieve
the goals of the present research.

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4.Framework of Blockchain based Data Sharing

Using the blockchain based bus structure to

realize the data sharing, as shown in Fig 1. The core
idea is that each sector builds or transforms the local
database, “city brain” establishes the blockchain
distributed ledger of the resource directory based on a
unified data sharing model (including business data
model, metadata model, directory data model, trading
data model and authority data model), and manages
it through autonomous authority management
(including user management, access control and
authorization management), so as to form a “logically
unified” and “physically dispersed” decentralized
structure, and provide bus services for data sharing.

Fig 1: Blockchain based data sharing decentralized structure.

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 The framework of data sharing platform is built
under the bus structure based on blockchain. Here,
"logical unified " is that all sectors first build or
transform the database based on the unified business
data model, then upload the resource directory
according to the unified standard, and then exchange
and share the data through the unified access
interface. Each sector is no longer isolated, but linked
together through a unified data sharing model,
forming a logically unified whole; while "physically
dispersed" is that the business data of each sector is
only stored in the local database, and the sector can
autonomously manage its users, authorization and
data access. Because the production and storage of
business data are still in sector nodes, the burden of
communication, computing and storage of data
sharing is reduced compared with the central mode.
The trading data of e-Gov data, traffic data, energy and
power data, medical data, industrial data and other
fields are stored on blockchain, automatically form a
decentralized ledger which manages the ledger data
across multiple nodes. Therefore, the data sharing
system based on blockchain network is more reliable.

The framework of blockchain based big data

platform of city brain is shown in Figure 2, with five
layers from bottom to top: data layer, blockchain core
layer, blockchain service layer, decentralized
application layer and user interface layer. Based on
the underlying technology of blockchain, the smart
contracts and incentive mechanism are customized
based on business logic, and the decentralized
application DAPPs in various business fields are
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 developed, covering the whole business process of city
brain big data platform.

Fig 2: Framework of blockchain based data sharing platform.

 Data layer: provides business database and

blockchain storing metadata, authority data, directory
info, trading data, tracing data etc. Multi signature
permission control is used to ensure data security.
 Blockchain core layer: based on the underlying
technology of alliance blockchain, it provides account,
node management, decentralized ledger, smart
contracts, consensus algorithms, token mechanism,
authorization, synchronization, data privacy, search
and data trading etc.

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 Blockchain service layer: provides bus services of
account registry, identity authentication, authority
management, data directory, data trading, data query
and tracing etc., and APIs to support upper
application development.
 Decentralized application layer: based on the data
collected by IOT devices and information systems, the
DAPPs of government sectors run on the business
blockchain, covering e-government DAPP,
transportation DAPP, environment DAPP, energy
DAPP etc.
 User interface layer: presents the results of data
analytics in a visual way to support decision-making.
Users include government sectors, Big Data Bureau
and other users (enterprises, institutions, big data
development teams, the public and so on). Web
version of B/S structure and mobile APP version are
provided.

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 5.Application Model of Blockchain Based Data
Sharing

Participants of the traditional centralized big data

platform, for the sake of sector interests and data
privacy, have low enthusiasm for sharing data. The
consortium blockchain based data sharing platform
has the features of full participation, autonomous
authority control, data traceability, sharing incentive,
etc., which provides a new technical approach for
solving the problems in government data sharing.

 Data sharing model

Due to the different database systems, data formats,

data coding and access interfaces adopted by different
government sectors and the lack of support by a
unified data model, the data formats and metadata
standards are inconsistent, the processing
technologies and application platforms adopted are
different, and the data interfaces are not interlinked,
so it is difficult to share data because of the diversity.
Therefore, the construction of a unified data sharing
model is the premise of data sharing.

According to the practical business requirements

and referring to the existing relevant standards, the
model system formulated by the “city brain” project
office through consultation with various sectors,
consists of five parts: business data model, metadata
model, directory data model, trading data model and
authority data model, as shown in Fig 3. For the
business data, the definition of database table fields
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and the format of unstructured data are specified;For
the access interface, it is specified that all sectors
adopt the Web Services interface uniformly; for the
resource directory, all sectors upload directory info to
the directory manager for cataloging business data
according to the specified data producer, timestamp,
data format, content, access path, server IP etc.

Figure 3: Data model of blockchain based data sharing.

1) Business data model

Different sectors have different data codes and

formats. In order to realize data sharing, business
data should be standardized. A unified business data
model meeting the sharing needs of sectors should be
built. Data includes structured data and unstructured
data. For the structured data (DB dataset), specify the
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name, type, length, content and description of table
fields.For the unstructured data (file, image, video,
etc.), specify the format, coding, resolution, frames per
second, etc. Then based on the established unified
business data model, the sector database is
constructed or transformed.

2) Metadata model

In order to facilitate users to quickly understand the

data, we need to build metadata (the data about data).
Under the blockchain based bus structure, all sectors
need to reach consensus on what to be shared,
resource content and data organization, so a unified
metadata model need to be established. Metadata
standards include the representation, structure and
format of metadata content, the specific description of
metadata terms and data dictionary. It mainly
includes the name, content overview, producer,
storage location, media type and resource backup of
data resources; the format structure and description
of metadata content; the specific description methods
of metadata terms, to define each element and
modifier, etc.

3) Directory data model

In order to facilitate the data access of users, the

platform provides a convenient navigation directory,
namely resource directory. Resource directory is used
to show the overall structure and relationship of data
resources, and guide users to find and use data
resources quickly and effectively. Resource directory
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provides directory information of big data resources.
To realize data sharing, each sector needs to provide
its own resource directory according to the unified
standard, publish it to the blockchain network
through the smart contracts, and then organize it by
the platform according to data content, access path,
data catalog, etc., and save the directory information
to the blockchain (directory data ledger), each block is
linked to each other according to the generated time
sequence.

4) Trading data model

To realize the interconnection of different sectors, it

needs to be based on a unified trading data model and
access interface. The trading data provides directory
information such as exchange service address. The
trading data model is defined as “4Wh” <Who, What,
Where, When, How>, Who: sender, receiver; What:
data to be shared; Where: server IP to store the data;
When: trade time; How: trade status and token
needed. The blockchain data sharing platform also
needs to provide a unified access interface, equivalent
to a data interaction protocol (API, SDK, Web
Services), which specifies the format of trading data
and the way of data processing. For example, the Web
Services interface uses standard XML files to describe
all the details of data interaction, including message
format, transmission protocol and location.

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5) Authority data model

Authority data mainly includes role authority,

operation authority, object authority and time
authority. Therefore, a four tuple can be formed as
<Role, Operation object, Operation permission,
Effective period> to realize the permission
configuration of role.The business data of each sector
is stored locally in its own servers, while the metadata,
authority data, directory data and trading data are
stored in blockchain on the data sharing platform.

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 6.Enabling Multilevel Data Sharing Based on
Blockchain and Smart Contracts.

Data sharing has become a popular daily life

activity all around the world. Data driven value
creation has foreseen potential in many sectors, for
example energy, health, banking, insurance and
transportation. However, violations of user privacy
and digital rights management (DRM) in form of
unintended data use, corporate applications and
security breaches are being widely reported across
multiple sources. This is further highlighted with
growing public concerns about their online behavior
and the enforcement of regulations such as EU
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). A major
impediment in delivering privacy is the lack of
frameworks that provide accountability and
transparency for distributed IT services; hence it
becomes difficult for users to understand, influence
and determine how their service providers honor their
obligations. Therefore, it demands a shift in the data
management paradigm which needs to put the user in
the center of all operations performed on their data.
Blockchain is an innovation for creating distributed
trust between users facilitating exchange of value over
a network. It can be seen as a decentralised read only
database operated collectively by participants in the
network. Participants in the network are entities that
support, maintain and facilitate a blockchain. These
participants could be anonymous individuals banding
together to provide computational capacity to support
a public network or different organizations that
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provide computing infrastructure to support an
enterprise blockchain application through a
permissioned consortium network.

In case of public networks, anonymous miners

across geographical boundaries cohesively work
together to validate and confirm transactions and in
permissioned networks a consortium of distinct
organizations needs to maintain consensus on each
transaction that gets committed to the blockchain.
Each participant locally maintains the same version of
this ledger in their own environment and agrees upon
any updates or changes to its state. This enables trust
to be distributed throughout the network, without the
need for a central intermediary. The decentralisation
of trust allows the blockchain technology to be
transparent, secure, auditable, redundant and
immutable. Since each participant maintains the
same version of the truth, it removes the potential of
conflict and risk of single point of failure. Additionally,
it also enhances the trust of end users using
applications hosted on such blockchain networks as
they are able to get confirmation about operations on
their data from multiple distinct entities rather than a
single centralized party.

Blockchain and other distributed ledger

technologies (DLTs), through recent development,
enables not only transactions, but also smart
contracts allowing complex computation on a
network, where in transactions are enveloped in a
computer code that emulate the logic of contractual
clauses. Smart contracts can exchange money,
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property, data, shares or anything of value in a
transparent and conflict free way without the need of
a middleman, government agency, bank, lawyer or a
notary. Participants responsible for maintaining a
blockchain processes transactions only after
successful verification of a smart contract. This allows
enforcement by the community, of terms and
conditions around an agreement in similar fashion to
that of traditional contracts.

Fig. 4. Execution of smart contracts in blockchain.

Blockchain based on smart contracts has been

applied in many scenarios, for example in intelligent
medical treatment, and in intelligent devices. The
researchers and proposed a multi-layer blockchain
architecture based on intelligent contracts for
intelligent medical treatment.
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 Smart contracts would allow definition of criteria
based on which two parties can agree to exchange,
operate and retract information. Harnessing such
developments on blockchain and smart contracts, has
led to the potential of disruptive decentralized
applications that aim to provide end users the ability
to trace, retract, revoke and limit sharing of content.
It would give the digital right and sharing control
power back to the data creator, which is often
considered as lost once it is shared today. Innovative
business models across various sectors could be
developed from data management, social networks,
supply chain, energy to smart cities.

Multilevel data sharing based on Blockchain and

Smart Contract allows building of trust between
enterprises and customers by providing the necessary
tools and services for the data owner to be in the
driver's seat of their data. It further cultivates ample
opportunities for new disruptive business applications
across various sectors by bringing trust to internet
services. The research, innovation and adaptation of
decentralized blockchain applications would lead to
revolutionizing of the current information and data
service industry within this decade.

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 7.Future Scope

Blockchain technology is becoming the trend of

digital economy in the future. The blockchain based
city big data platform provides the development
opportunity of sharing and co-governance for social
governance. Blockchain can not only provide high
quality and effectiveness of data opening from
technical level, but also bring new city management
mode and new production relations. Through the
government's open access interface, data information
can be provided to other relevant users for free or with
appropriate charges. Data users could process the
acquired data to achieve new value-added application,
and further provide data service to other users. This
process is approaching the goal of forming data
sharing open ecology countrywide and even
worldwide.

As we know that Blockchain technology is the

most superior technology that has attracted various
companies for adding distinct attributes to their
security structures. Not only the financial sector, but
this leading technology has provided benefits to many
other sectors as well.

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 8.Conclusion

Blockchain technology is becoming the trend of

digital economy in the future. The blockchain based
city big data platform provides the development
opportunity of sharing and co-governance for social
governance. Blockchain can not only provide high
quality and effectiveness of data opening from
technical level, but also bring new city management
mode and new production relations. Through the
government's open access interface, data information
can be provided to other relevant users for free or with
appropriate charges. Data users could process the
acquired data to achieve new value-added application,
and further provide data service to other users. This
process is approaching the goal of forming data
sharing open ecology countrywide and even
worldwide.

Aiming at the challenge of data openness and

data security in smart city data sharing, the unique
advantages of blockchain technology provide a new
technical solution. Its core idea lies on a unified data
sharing model and autonomous permission
management. Also we know how the multilevel data
sharing is performed using blockchain and smart
contract. A high level of user participation is very
important to a data sharing system, and future
research should also consider how user-shared data
size and data quality can impact to the incentive
adjustment required.

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 9.References
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S0045790619314855
• https://blockchain.ieee.org/images/files/pdf/be
st-of-ieee-blockchain-technical-briefs-2018.pdf
• https://www.techtarget.com
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336
336490_Systematic_Literature_Review_of_Blockc
hain_Applications_Smart_Contracts
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artcle/
pii/S0736585318306324
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8860872
• A systematic literature review of blockchain-
based applications: Current status, classification
and open issues - ScienceDirect

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