Materials

& Hardware

25/3/2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Types Of Springs, Materials, Characteristics And Applications

2. General
3. Types Of Springs, Materials And Applications
4. Spring Materials
5. Stability Of Springs (Buckling)

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS,
CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS

A mechanical spring is an elastic body whose mechanical function is to

store energy when deflected by a force and to return the equivalent
amount of energy upon being released

üIn general, springs are classified as wire springs, flat springs or specialty
springs

üThe spring is used when one research of flexibility and / or great

displacements

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS,
CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS

üMechanical springs are used in machines to exert a particular force, provide

means of flexibility, to store energy or to absorb energy

üSprings come in a variety of styles and sizes as off the shelf standard parts
and can be designed for specific engineering applications in an infinite
number of non-standard configurations

üThe spring is used when one research of flexibility and/or great

displacements

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS,
CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS
Any load which to him is applied the met in a state of stress which deforms it.
This deformation is useful in several cases:

• To maintain an load constant or a constant couple (case of the

fasteners) ốc vít
• To announce or control the value of a force or a couple (case of the
dynamometer) lực kế
• To store driving energy (case of the clock)
• To limit the force due to the shock (case of the plugs)
• To suspend a mass and to filter a vibration (case of the suspensions)
hệ thống treo

5
 GENERAL
1. Terminology:

üActive coils: the number of coils used in computing the total deflection of a
spring. Those coils that are free to deflect under load

üTotal deflection: the movement of a spring from its free position to

maximum operating position. In a compression spring, it is the deflection from
the free length to the solid (compressed) length

6
 GENERAL
1. Terminology:

üForce: the force exerted on a spring to reproduce or modify motion, or to

maintain a force system in equilibrium

dạng xoắn ốc lò xo nén

üHelix: the spiral form (open or closed) of compression, extension, and
torsion springs

üFree length: he overall length of a spring in the unloaded position

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 GENERAL
1. Terminology:

üSolid length: the overall length of a compression spring when all coils are
fully compressed

üLoad: the force applied to a spring that causes deflection

üPitch: the distance from center to center of the wire in adjacent active coils
(recommended practice is to specify number of active coils rather than pitch)

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 GENERAL
1. Terminology:

biến dạng vĩnh viễn

vượt quá
üSet: permanent distortion of the spring when stressed beyond its elastic
limits

üTotal number of coils: number of active coils n plus the coils forming the
ends

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 GENERAL
2. Hooke’s law:
üOne of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force
to stretch a spring twice as far

üHooke's Law states that the restoring force of a spring is directly

proportional to a small displacement
F = - kx

where x is the size of the displacement. The proportionality constant k is

specific for each spring.

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GENERAL

11
GENERAL

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 GENERAL
3. Springs in series
Applying the Hooke’s Law at each
spring
" "
𝑥! = − 𝑥$ = −
#! #"
The equivalent constant for the
two springs in series:
"
𝑥! + 𝑥$ = −
##$
! ! !
= +
##$ #! #"

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 GENERAL
4. Springs in parallel
Applying the Hooke’s Law
at each spring
𝐹! = −𝑘! 𝑥 𝐹$ = −𝑘$ 𝑥
The equivalent constant for the
two springs in parallel:
𝐹 = −𝑘%& 𝑥
𝑘%& = 𝑘! + 𝑘$

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
Springs are produced according to specific standards and specifications.
ANSI recognizes six types of springs:

đĩa xoắn trụ tròn đĩa khối

Ø Compression: helical, cylindrical, volute, coned disk; a compression
springs get shorter as force is applied.
Ø Extension: helical; a extension springs get longer as force is applied
Ø Garter: helical
xoắn ốc
Ø Torsion-: helical, torsion bar, spiral; In torsion springs a rotational
displacement as force is applied.
Ø Flat: cantilever
Ø Constant force: flat

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
1. Compression springs: special-section wire may have to be
lò xo xoắn hở
A compression spring is an open- specified, round wire is
coil helical spring that resists a predominant in compression
compressive force applied along springs.
the axis. There are four basic types of
được cuộn lại
Compression springs are coiled as compression spring ends:
a constant-diameter cylinder. Other Ø Open
common forms of compression Ø Open & ground
springs such as conical, tapered, Ø Closed not ground
concave, convex, or various
Ø Closed & ground
combinations of these are used as
required by the application.
While square, rectangular, or

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
General characteristics: following requirements are
ü Load in Ibf or (kgf) at loaded specified:
length (LL), Ø to work over: maximum
ü Maximum compression, diameter rod,
ü Maximum solid length, Ø to work in: minimum
ü Diameter, maximum outside diameter bore,
(OD) minimum inside (ID) or Ø ID with tolerance,
mean diameter (MD), Ø OD with tolerance.
ü Right hand or left hand wound,
if essential,
ü Type of ends,
ü Material and finish,
ü Tolerances and special
working conditions.
Depending on the application
of the compression spring the
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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
2. Extension springs
Extension springs absorb and store energy by resisting a pulling force
ØVarious types of ends are used to attach the extension spring to the source
of the force. Most extension springs are wound with an initial tension, which
holds the coils tightly together
ØThe load necessary to overcome the internal force and just start coil
separation is the same as the initial tension

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
3. Helicoidal extension springs
lò xo kéo dại hình xoắn ốc

üA helical extension spring is a close-wound spring,

with or without initial tension, or an open-wound
spring that resists an axial force trying to elongate
the spring
üExtension springs are formed or fitted
with ends that are used for attaching the spring
to an assembly

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
ØGuidelines for specifying dimensional and force data on engineering
drawings showing helical extension springs are similar to those established
for helical compression springs.

ØUsually, all coils in an extension spring are active

ØExceptions are those with plug ends and those with end coils coned over
swivel hooks
móc xoay

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
6
The design of a new spring involves the following considerations:

1. Space into which the spring must fit and operate

2. Values of working forces and deflections
3. Accuracy and reliability needed
4. Tolerances and permissible variations in specifications
5. Environmental conditions such as temperature, presence of a
corrosive atmosphere
6. Cost and qualities needed

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
The designers use these factors to select a material and specify suitable
values for: 5

1. The wire size

2. The number of turns
3. The coil diameter and the free length
4. Type of ends
5. The spring rate needed to satisfy working force deflection requirements

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
4.Garter extension springs

Garter Springs are helical extension or compression

springs whose ends are connected so that each spring
becomes a circle and exerts radial forces.
Their primary application is in oil seals.
Other uses include small motor belts, electrical connectors
and piston-ring expanders.
Design methods for garter springs are continuations of
methods developed for helical compression and extension
springs.

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
4.Garter extension springs

Generally, garter springs are designed with as low a rate as possible to

provide a nearly constant force on a seal as it wears.

The garter is essentially a helical extension spring formed into a circular

ring with the ends connected on the inside diameter.

Thus a garter spring is an endless spring, ignoring that its ends are joined
which does not affect the results.

A garter spring is easily identified in that it looks like a circle made up of a

spring.

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
5. Helical torsion springs
The helical torsion springs fill of the roles similar to those which fill the
tension springs and compression; however, the deformation of the spring
is measured by an angle.

Torsion springs should always be used in the direction that winds the coils
thus left or right wind is specified.

However, some do offer straight ends for 90, 180, 270 and 360 degree
deflections and will supply almost any other end configuration required.

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
5. Helical torsion springs
The helical torsion springs fill of the roles similar to those
which fill the tension springs and compression; however, the
deformation of the spring is measured by an angle.

Torsion springs should always be used in the direction that

winds the coils thus left or right wind is specified.

However, some do offer straight ends for 90, 180, 270 and
360 degree deflections and will supply almost any other end
configuration required.

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
xoắn ốc hình biên ngang chữ nhật
6. Spiral torsion springs
Spiral torsion springs made of rectangular section material, are wound
flat, with an increasing space between the coils.

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
6. Spiral torsion springs
quấn
üA spiral torsion spring is made by winding flat spring material on itself in the
form of a spiral.
cuộn lại
üIt is designed to wind up and exert a force in a rotating direction around the
spring axis

ü This force may be delivered as torque or it may be converted into a push or

pull force

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
7. Spring washers vòng đệm lò xo

Because of trends toward miniaturization and greater compactness of

design, spring washers are widely employed in industrial designs.

They have space and weight advantages over conventional wire springs
and are often more economical.

Their applications include keeping fasteners secure, distributing loads,

absorbing vibrations, compensating for temperature changes, eliminating
side and end play, and controlling end pressure.

A coned disk (Belleville) spring is a spring washer in the form of the

frustum of a cone. It has constant material thickness and is used as a
compression spring.

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
8. Flat springs
üFlat springs are flat strips of material that, when deflected by an external
load, store and release energy

được dập
üFlat springs are actually small, stamped metal components that function
like a spring by controlling deflection within small or restricted spaces

üFlat springs are usually manufactured from high carbon spring steel,
nickel-silver, high-nickel alloys, stainless steel, and phosphor-bronze and
beryllium-copper combinations

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
8. Flat springs

ü A flat spring can also function as a spacer or ground

üFlat springs come in a variety of configurations depending on the

application
lò xo lá lò xo cuộn phẳng
üThey include leaf springs and flat coil springs

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS hệ thống treo
Ø A leaf spring is an important component in a suspension, such as in a
car or other vehicle, where it can provide stability and help minimize
wear and tear on other parts
giảm thiểu hao mòn

Ø Flat coil springs are also used in automotive applications.

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
Ø Flat coil springs are flat springs used with a counterweight to control
the action of valves, such as in a vehicle exhaust system

Ø A flat coil spring is wound into a specific configuration to absorb shock

or provide tension

Ø Flat coil springs are also used in seating to provide support

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
Ø The term flat springs covers a wide range of springs or stampings
fabricated from flat strip material, which, releases stored energy when
deflected by an external load

Ø Only a small portion of a complex-shaped stamping may actually be

functioning as a spring. Leaf springs used on the rear of cars and vans are
examples of flat springs.

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
9. Spiral helical springs

When the spring is charged, the whorls bend then pursue.

As in the majority of the conical springs, the helical spring as a constant

initial flexibility until a certain load of beginning of bumping

Beyond this load, the contact of one of the bases on its bearing surface
extends gradually and flexibility falls with the number of active whorls.

The helical spring stores a great quantity of energy with small overall
dimensions

It is often used as comes out from plug, to absorb shocks. In this case one
causes frictions between whorls in service by a tight rolling up

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
10. Spring in conical wire

It is said that a spring is in conical wire when this wire comprises one or
more truncated parts

Often the ends alone are thinned in truncated cone and the central part
remains cylindrical; but one aims at a reduction in the number of whorls by
a better distribution of the stresses and from this point of view a
continuously variable wire of section is preferable

But its realization is difficult and expensive especially in small the diameter
and the variable wire is even more difficult to realize.

Practically one can carry out a conical wire only by cylindrical peeling of
wire

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
11. Gas springs and dampers

Gas springs have a number of advantages over coil springs

They can offer a much higher force in a smaller package than coil springs

On compression they do not bounce back, and the extension rate can be
controlled, giving a smooth return

Typically gas springs have a low compression rate, but if required this can
be increased

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
11. Gas springs and dampers

With a wider range of end fittings available, gas low

compression rate, but if required this can be increased

With a wider range of end fittings available, gas springs

can be easier to fit

A wide range of additional features can also be offered

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS

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 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
The many useful variations include:

üThey can be made in 316 stainless steel for applications in the marine,
medical, food and other industries

üThey can be made in aluminum where low weight is of great importance

üA gas spring can have a locking shroud to fix it in the extended position.
Locking gas springs can be locked in any position throughout the stroke.
This is particularly useful for reclining chair backs, foot rests, medical
chairs etc.

52
 TYPES OF SPRINGS, MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
The many useful variations include:

üTension as well as compression springs are available

üA release valve can be included so that the user can adjust the spring
force as required

üGas springs should be used rod downwards. Where this is not possible
an oil chamber can be provided so that the spring can be mounted in any
position

üFully damped springs contain separator pistons. This separates the oil
from the gas inside the spring so that the damping can be very closely
controlled in either compression or extension

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 SPRING MATERIALS
A great variety of spring materials are available to the designer, including
plain carbon steels, alloy steels, and corrosion resisting steels, as well as
non- ferrous materials such as:

ü phosphor bronze
ü spring brass
ü beryllium copper
ü various nickel alloys

Commonly used spring steel materials are listed on the table below

For designing hot-worked, heavy coil springs as well as flat springs, leaf
springs, and torsion bar springs

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SPRING MATERIALS

55
 STABILITY OF SPRINGS (BUCKLING)

§Buckling of column is a familiar phenomenon. When a column is

subjected to compressive loading will buckle if the load exceeds a critical
value

§Similarly compression coil springs will buckle when the free length of the
spring is larger and the end conditions are not proper to evenly distribute
the load all along the circumference of the coil. The coil compression
springs will have a tendency to buckle when the deflection (for a given free
length) becomes too large

§Buckling can be prevented by limiting the deflection of the spring or the

free length of the spring.

56
 STABILITY OF SPRINGS (BUCKLING)

§The behavior can be characterized by using two dimensionless

parameters, critical length and critical deflection

§Critical deflection can be defined as the ratio of deflection to the free

length of the spring. The critical length is the ratio of free length to mean
coil diameter

§The critical deflection is a function of critical length and has to be below a

certain limit. As could be noticed from the figure absolute stability can be
ensured if the critical length can be limited below a limit.

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STABILITY OF SPRINGS (BUCKLING)

ACMN 222 Fall 2013-14

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