KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF MINING, CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING.

BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

INSTRUCTOR : MS. MAGREAT PHOEBE ANENA

HUMANITIES AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS.

SUBMISSION DATE: 18/09/2023

GROUP MEMBERS

NAME REGISTRARTION
NUMBER
MUTEBI ETHAN TABS 23/U/CHE/08778/PE
ECODU JOHN PATRICK 23/U/CHD/14480/GV
TWINAMATSIKO DARIUS 23/U/CHD/13237/PD
MUNDRUA PRISCILLA 23/U/CHD/08590/PD
MERCY
GAALYA ALVIN 23/U/CHD/05807/PD

QUESTIONS;
1(a) Briefly define effective communication and explain the process of
communication.
(b) Discuss the barrier to effective communication and explain the
remedies to the barriers discussed.
2(a) Explain the various types of meetings that you know of.
(b) A meeting has been scheduled for 20 th November and you’re
secretary of students council. Illustrate how you can write minutes for
what you think can be discussed on the meeting.
(c) Briefly discuss the relevance of circulating an agenda when in course
of a meeting.
3(a) With relevant examples, discuss the difference between hearing and
listening.
(b) In order to be referred to as a good public speaker, discuss the the
things you would consider in order to deliver a successful speech.
4(a) Explain any five differences between a CV and a Memo.
(b) Your institution is celebrating 25 years of its existence. On this
occasion, you have been requested to deliver a speech as a student
representative. Choose your protocol bearing in mind that the Minister
for Higher Education is the chief guest, write a speech of 250-300 words.

Number1(a)
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION-is a combination of a set of skills which
include attentive listening, nonverbal communication, the ability to deal
with stress in the present situation, and capability to identify and
understand one’s own emotions and those of the person one is
communicating with.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS- Communication process is a sequence of
understanding that integrates the members of an organization. Through
communication a person conveys his ideas, thoughts, values etc. to
another person.
COMPONENTS OF THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
1 Source: The source is the originator of the message. It is the person
or persons who want to communicate a message to another person
or a group of people. The source of a message can be an individual
speaker addressing a group, a child asking for candy, a couple
sending out invitations to a family reunion, or a person writing a
letter.
2. Message: The message is the idea, thought, or feeling that the source
wants to communicate. This message is encoded or converted into
verbal and nonverbal symbols that will most likely be understood by the
receiver.
3. Receiver: The receiver is the recipient of the message. The receiver
can be an individual or a group of people. Once the receiver hears the
words and receives the nonverbal cues from the sender, they must
interpret or decode them if communication is to occur.
Decoding- is the process of making sense out of the message received.
The receiver must decipher the language and behaviors sent by the
source so they will have meaning. After the receiver decodes the
message, the receiver (now the source) can encode a return message
and send it back to the other person.
4. Channel: A channel is the medium by which the message is
communicated. The source can utilize the channels of sight, sound,
touch, smell, and taste. For instance, one can utilize a variety of channels
or combination of channels. They can say, “I like you” (sound), give a
hug (touch), wink an eye (sight), send cookies. (taste) or even deliver a
dozen roses (smell).
5. Context/Environment: All communication occurs within a certain
context. The context is made up of the physical surroundings, the
occasion in which the communication occurs, the time, the number of
people present, noise level, and many other variables that can influence
and affect the encoding and decoding of messages. The context plays an
important role in the communication process.
6. Feedback The receiver also feels a reaction to the message; this
reaction may be conscious or unconscious; it may cause some change in
the receiver's facial expression. It definitely leads the receiver to think.
The receiver may take some action, if required. He may also reply to the
message. The response and/or reply is feedback. Receiver's functions
complete one cycle of the process of communication.
7. Goal/Purpose: is the sender's reason for communicating, the desired
result of the communication
Number1(b)
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATI0N
Communication is sometimes unsuccessful. Several factors can prevent
the message from reaching ' the intended recipient or from "having the
desired effect on the recipient. These include;
1. Physical Barriers
Obstacles that prevent a message from reaching the intended recipient
may be outside and beyond the control of the persons concerned. Some
can be controlled by the management; some cannot be controlled
because they are in the environment. There are three common forms of
physical barriers stated below;
(a) Defects in the Medium
Defects in the devices used for transmitting messages are external, and
usually not within the control of the parties engaged in communication.
Messages can get delayed, distorted and even lost while being
transmitted. A partial failure of the mechanical equipment is more
harmful than a total failure because a partial failure may carry an
incomplete or distorted message. For example, a fax message can be
wrongly delivered as a wrong number can get dialed on the telephone.
The printout may not be clear at all.
(b) Noise
Noise is any disturbance which occurs in the transmission process. In
face-to face communication which is carried by air vibration, the air may
be disturbed by noise such as traffic, factory work, or people talking. In a
factory, oral communication is very difficult because of the noise of the
machines. Organizations that can afford sound-proof rooms can
overcome this barrier to some extent.
(c) Information Overload When there is too much information, some
of it doesn’t reach the target audience. Advertising and sales
information is an example of overload; so much communication
about products floats through so many media that a good deal of
it does not reach the potential buyer.
Perceptual barriers: The problem with communicating with others is
that we all see the world differently. The filters that are developed on
the basis of experience or lack of it play their part. For example, a bad
experience would perceptually block out unpleasant things. This could
be in the shape of avoiding it and if that is not possible by altering the
behaviors i.e., response types in different ways.

Semantic and Language Barriers

Semantic means pertaining to or arising from the different meanings of
words or other symbols. First of all, many words have multiple
meanings. The meaning that comes to one’s mind first depends on your
occupation for example,"charge" may mean electrical charge to an
engineering student, but fee/rent to a commerce student. Words like
"minute" and "wind" are pronounced in two different ways to mean two
entirely different things. Similar sounding words like "access" and
"excess", "flour" and "flower", "cite", "site" and "sight" ,"week" and
"weak", "steal' and "steel" can cause misunderstanding in speech.
Organizational Barriers . They occur in various forms as shown
below;
Editing and filtering: A great deal of loss of information occurs as a
message moves from senior management to lower levels. Each person
through whom it passes edits it, filters it, and simplifies it for the
understanding and needs of the next person who is to receive it. This
leads to information distortion and misinterpretation.
At times, there may be deliberate suppression of information out of self-
interest and jealousy for example; a supervisor may suppress or change
a good suggestion from a subordinate so as to take the credit personally.
Over-dependence on written communication is an organizational barrier
as it causes communication gaps. Circulars, bulletins, notices and even
letters are not always read carefully and many employees are unable to
read and understand long messages.
Socio-Psychological Barriers
People have personal views, fears, hopes, attitudes, and opinions, which
influence their response to received messages. Factors like the time, the
place and the circumstances of a particular communication also
influence one’s understanding and response. Problems of
understanding, interpretation and response to communication arise
partly from our socially learnt attributes and partly from our personal
attributes.
 Gender Barriers
There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and
those in a woman which may create misunderstanding between
genders. Global studies suggest that a woman speaks between 22,000
and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and
10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of
three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. Scientifically speaking, a
man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalized way, which are the
features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely,
mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain.
Self-centered Attitudes: We tend to see and hear everything in the
light of our own interests and needs and desires. We pay attention
to messages which are useful to us, and often do not pay enough
attention to those messages which do not interest us.
Self-Image: our idea about what we are, what we look like and what
impression we make. It is quite difficult to accept any idea which
goes against it.
Selective Perception: we see, read or hear selectively according to
our own needs, interests and experience may not perceive some of
the aspects and information content of the message.
Filtering: Filtering is the process of reducing the details or aspects of
a message. Each person who passes on a message reduces or colors
a message according to his/her understanding of the situation.
Status Block: A "boss" who is conscious of status finds it difficult to
receive any suggestions from subordinates as they feel that they
know everything about how to run the business. They do not agree
that a junior may have some good ideas and many good ideas are
wasted only because they come· from junior employees who are
considered to be too young and inexperienced.
Resistance to Change: Some people strongly resist new ideas which
are against their established opinions or traditions or social customs.
They may avoid new ideas because they feel insecure or afraid of
changes in methods or situations.
Closed Mind: Limited intellectual background, limited reading and
narrow interests can cause a person's mind to be narrow and limits
 the ability to take in new ideas. Young employees with bright ideas
and fresh approach feel frustrated by the closed mind of the senior
people in an organization.
Poor Communication Skills: Lack of skill in writing and in speaking
prevents a person from framing the message properly. Oral
communication can be handicapped by a number of problems;
nervousness in facing an audience may affect a person's clarity in
speaking. Even excitement about an achievement or a new idea may
make a person's speech incoherent. Lack of skill in reading and in
listening is also common.
State of Health: Pain or fever certainly makes a person disinclined to
engage in communication; but even if the general state of health is
poor, communicating ability is reduced. The mind is not sufficiently
alert; there will be gaps in attention while reading or listening; there
is lack of energy to think clearly and to find the right words.
Perception is low when the state of health is poor. Emotions, which
play an important part in successful communication, are easily
disturbed.

Emotional barriers: It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust, and

suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our
childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we
said to others. "Don't speak until you're spoken to"; "Children should
be seen and not heard". As a result, many people hold back from
communicating their thoughts and feelings to others because they
feel vulnerable. In addition, excessive fear of what others might think
of us can stunt our development into effective communicators.
Individual’s strategy for poor self-esteem. This is mostly in cases
where the personality is a submissive one. This is particularly the case
as one is always apprehensive of others differing point of view and is
fearful of annoying the other person, not being confident of handling a
communication situation if there was one requiring assertive handling.
Defensiveness. When one feels threatened in a conversation, they
become defensive and respond in irrational ways. This is a particularly
harmful barrier in handling complaints and grievances and in resolving
conflicts.
Stated below are the ways of overcoming the barriers;
  Persons in positions of authority, as well as subordinates, can be
helped to overcome these barriers by training in effective
communication. Periodical review and reorganization of
communication networks is also needed to ensure that
information reaches people in time.
 Health centers: Many organizations provide medical aid,
gymnasiums and recreation for the staff in an effort to keep down
stress levels. Regulations like compulsory vacation after a certain
number of months/years are also meant to ensure that employees
avoid stress and fatigue.
 You have to cultivate all the communication skills including getting
feedback and non-verbal communication.
 The Management should ensure the channels must be kept in
good working condition; the intercoms, notice-boards,
information on meetings must be kept up-to-date. Many
companies which can afford it, maintain soundproof rooms for
meetings and take steps to reduce the noise level in the office.
 Semantic and language barriers can be overcome only by being
careful with the use of language, and by using words which have
clear meaning, by using short and simple sentences, and also by
using visual aid whenever possible. Whenever possible, feedback
must be got and given to ensure that there is common
understanding of a message.
 Personal barriers can be overcome only "by making a conscious
effort, and by training for better communication.
 To reduce cultural barriers, it is better not to assume similarity
with those from other cultures until you are sure. It is safer to
assume difference till you are sure of similarity. Depend on
description rather than evaluation or interpretation; persons from
different cultures evaluate and interpret differently.

number 2 (a)
Meetings are an essential part of collaboration and communication
within organizations. They serve different purposes and are designed to
achieve specific objectives. Here are some common types of meetings:
Decision-Making Meetings: Decision-making meetings are convened to
make important choices or reach a consensus on specific issues.
Participants discuss options, evaluate alternatives, and ultimately make
decisions. Examples include board meetings, management meetings, or
project review meetings.
Informational Meetings: These meetings are held to share information
or updates with participants. The main purpose is to disseminate
information and ensure everyone is on the same page. Examples include
team briefings, project updates, or company-wide announcements.
Planning Meetings: Planning meetings are conducted to develop
strategies, set goals, and outline action plans. Participants discuss
objectives, allocate resources, and establish timelines. Examples include
strategic planning sessions, project planning meetings, or annual
budgeting meetings.
Problem-Solving Meetings: These meetings are focused on identifying
and resolving problems or challenges. Participants collaborate to analyze
the issue, brainstorm solutions, and develop action plans. Problem-
solving meetings can be held at various levels, such as team meetings or
cross-functional meetings.
Training or Educational Meetings: These meetings are organized to
provide training, workshops, or educational sessions to enhance
participants’ knowledge and skills. They can be conducted by internal
experts or external trainers and cover specific topics or areas of
development.
Status Update Meetings: Status update meetings are held to track
progress, share updates, and ensure accountability. Participants report
on their achievements, discuss challenges, and provide feedback. These
meetings are common in project management or team coordination.
Sales or Client Meetings: Sales or client meetings are conducted to
engage with potential or existing clients. The objective is to discuss
products, services, negotiate contracts, or address client concerns. These
meetings are often led by sales teams or account managers.
Team Building Meetings: Team building meetings aim to foster
relationships, improve collaboration, and enhance team dynamics.
Participants engage in team-building exercises, icebreakers, or group
activities to promote trust and cooperation.
One-on-One Meetings: One-on-one meetings involve a discussion
between two individuals, typically a manager and an employee. The
purpose is to provide feedback, address concerns, set goals, or discuss
performance. These meetings are personalized and focus on the specific
needs of the individuals involved.
Virtual or Online Meetings: Virtual or online meetings are conducted
remotely using video conferencing tools. They allow participants to
connect from different locations and collaborate virtually. These
meetings have become increasingly popular due to the rise of remote
work and the need for flexible communication.

Number 2(b)
MINUTES OF THE STUDENT COUNCIL MEETING HELD ON 20th
NOVEMBER, 2023 IN THE PEOPLE’S HALL
AT 10:00AM.
Members present
1.Okiror Patrick (President)
2.Kayebe Joram (Treasurer)
3.Anzoa Teddy (Secretary)
4.Kaguta Jonathan( Public relations officer)
5.Matovu Akram(Club representative)
Members absent with apology;
1.Atim Gloria(Event coordinator)
2.Sebandeke Pius(Academic Representative)
3.Juru Proscovia(Sports Representative)
Members absent without apology;
1.Naluusiba Parvin(Vice President)
2.Watima Claire(Assistant Treasurer)
3.Achellam Francisco(Assistant Event Coordinator)
Agenda
1. Opening prayer
2. Opening remarks by the president
3. Approval of previous meeting minutes
4. Communication from the public relations officer
5. Financial report
6. Reactions from members present
7. Closing prayer
Minute 1/9/2023: Opening prayer
The opening prayer was led by Matovu Akram. He thanked God for the
gift of life asked him to continue blessing everyone gathered for the
meeting.
Minute 2/9/2023: Opening remarks by the president
Hon. Okiror Patrick called the meeting to order and thanked all the
members present for their continuous hard work and dedication
towards serving the community.
He said he doesn’t take their efforts for granted, as it requires time and
dedication to do what they are doing.
Minute 3/9/2023: Approval of previous meeting minutes.The secretary,
Hon. Anzoa Teddy presented the minutes of the previous meeting held
on 15th September, 2023 for review and approval.
After discussion by the members present, they were confirmed to be a
true record of the previous meeting.
Minute 4/9/2023: Communication from the public relations officer.
Hon. Kaguta Jonathan thanked everyone present for attending the
meeting.
He gave a report about the new innovations going around the institution
such as construction of new classroom blocks for lectures, new halls of
residence are being constructed for the students as well as innovation of
the rooms at St. Francis block so as to provide a conducive environment
for the students.
He promised that the construction of this buildings would be completed
before the beginning of the next academic year.
Minute 5/9/2023: Financial report
The treasurer, Hon. Kayebe Joram, presented a financial report detailing
the council’s current budget status. This report included the council’s
income, expenditures and any outstanding reimbursements or pending
requests. He said that the council’s income this year might drop due to
the on going projects around the institution which also require a lot of
money and therefore advised the members to prevent unnecessary
expenditures so as not to run bankrupt.
Minute 6/9/2023: Reactions from members present.
Hon. Matovu Akram, suggested that event coordinator , Hon. Atim
Gloria in her absence should organize a cultural gala and sports event
the coming academic year where students can actively get involved in.
Hon. Kayebe Joram also suggested that the students washrooms need
renovation and this was a major concern due to complaints from many
students.
Minute 7/9/2023: Closing prayer
The closing prayer was led by Hon. Kayebe Joram who thanked God for
the success of the meeting. The meeting was then concluded and
adjourned.
The minutes were compiled by;
Anzoa Teddy. Okiror Patrick
ANZOA TEDDY. OKIROR PATRICK
SECRETARY PRESIDENT

Number 2 (c)
Circulating an agenda in advance of a meeting is highly relevant and
beneficial for effective meeting management as seen below;

Preparation: By sharing the agenda in advance, participants have an

opportunity to prepare themselves adequately. They can gather relevant
information, review documents, and formulate their thoughts on the
topics to be discussed. This leads to more meaningful and productive
contributions during the meeting.

Collaboration and Participation: An agenda encourages

collaboration and participation by providing an overview of the
meeting’s objectives and expected outcomes. Participants can identify
areas where their expertise is required, enabling them to contribute
meaningfully to the discussion. This promotes engagement and
involvement from all attendees.

Organization and Focus: An agenda helps to bring structure and

organization to a meeting. It outlines the topics to be discussed, the
order In which they will be addressed, and the time allocated to each
item. This ensures that participants come prepared and are focused on
the meeting objectives.
Time Management: An agenda helps to manage time effectively
during the meeting. By allocating specific time slots for each agenda
item, it ensures that discussions stay on track. Participants can also
gauge the urgency and importance of each item, allowing them to
prioritize their input accordingly.
Accountability and Follow-up: An agenda serves as a reference
point during and after the meeting. It outlines action items,
responsibilities, and deadlines. By documenting these details, it holds
participants accountable for their commitments. Additionally, the
circulated agenda can be used as a reference for follow-up discussions or
future meetings.
Decision Making: When an agenda is circulated in advance,
decision-making processes can be more efficient. Participants have time
to review relevant information, consider alternatives, and come
prepared to provide input or make informed decisions during the
meeting. This facilitates the decision making process by ensuring that all
necessary information is available.
In summary, circulating an agenda in advance of a meeting helps to
bring structure, focus, and efficiency to the proceedings. It promotes
preparation, participation, and effective decision making, therefore
leading to more productive and successful meetings.
Number 3(a)
Hearing and listening are two distinct processes that involve the
perception of sound, but they differ in terms of their level of attention
and comprehension.
Hearing refers to the physiological ability to detect sounds through
the ears, for example imagine your in a market area with different
people talking, machines buzzing and music playing from various stores,
you can hear all this sounds but may not actively comprehend or process
them. Your ears receive the auditory stimuli but your focus maybe on
something else such as buying some groceries, while listening
involves actively paying attention, interpreting, and understanding the
meaning of those sounds. For example; imagine you’re attending a
lecture or presentation , as you sit in the audience you actively listen
to the speakers words interpret the meaning and try to understand the
information being conveyed. You
pay attention to the speaker’s tone, body language, and the context of
their message. In this case, you are not only hearing the sounds
produced by the speaker but also engaging your cognitive processes to
comprehend the message.
Hearing is continuous, it is a natural act that is always happening
all the time hence it is physiological and you have no control over it, for
example, you are taking a walk in your neighborhood, you will hear
sounds of cars, music playing, children screaming hence it just occurs
naturally while listening is temporary because it is difficult to listen to
everything around you hence you will cut off some noise and focus on
one thing. for example; you might be in the sitting room with your dad
having a personal conversation while the television is on and music is
playing but your focus is on the conversation with your father as you pay
attention to what he is saying, his actions and not the music that is
playing or the television.
The process of hearing is involuntary act that detects any noise or
vibration in the environment while listening is a voluntary act that
requires you to make sense of every sounds that you hear. For
example;you hear your co worker talking on phone in the office next to
you but your not actually trying to listen to his conversation but if that
same co-worker comes to your office to ask you a question, you will
listen attentively in order to provide the best answer possible.
Hearing is an active process because you have to engage in the act
of listening and it is a skill that is learned over time with practice while
hearing is a passive action that occurs naturally hence one is born with
the ability to hear. For example, you may not be aware of every sound
you hear but your always aware of every word you choose to listen to.
Hence you may attend a lecture but as the lecturer is teaching you,re
watching TikTok videos, therefore you can hear what the lecturer is
talking but when asked to explain you may fail to do so because you
were not attentively listening to the lecturer.
In summary, hearing is a passive process of perceiving sounds,
while listening involves active engagement, understanding, and
interpretation of those sounds. Listening requires focused attention,
comprehension, and a willingness to understand, whereas hearing is
simply the reception of auditory stimuli.

Number 3(b)
To be considered a good public speaker, there are several
important factors to consider when delivering a successful speech. Here
are some key points to keep in mind:
Preparation: In order to deliver a successful speech, preparation
should be one of the main key factors to keep in mind in order to give a
good speech that can capture the attention of your audience. One
should thoroughly prepare his/ her speech by making a thorough
research about the main topic and be able to organize his/her thoughts
in writing. One should be able to practice the speech multiple times to
ensure confidence and fluency. Keep the speech short, simple and brief.
This makes it easier for the audience to follow the speech and also
reduces anxiety of the one delivering the speech.
Clear Structure: With a clear Structure one will be able to deliver a
successful speech that everyone will live to remember. Therefore the
speech should be structured in a logical and organized manner, and one
should begin with a strong introduction that can capture the audience’s
attention while clearly stating the main points and conclude with a
memorable summary.
 Engaging Opening: One should start the speech with a compelling
opening that captures the attention and interest of the audience. One
can use a powerful quote, provoking question or a surprising fact. This
helps to establish a connection with the audience and encourages their
active engagement from the beginning.
Body Language and Voice: This is very important as it says much
about the person delivering the speech. One should pay attention to his/
her body language and voice projection. One should stand tall, make
eye contact with the audience, and use natural gestures to emphasize
key points. Varying one’s vocal tone, pitch, and pace to add emphasis
and maintain audience interest helps to captivate the attention of
the audience due to one’s confidence and enthusiastic presence.
Connection with the Audience: One should be able to establish a
connection with one’s audience by being responsive and using inclusive
language. Use storytelling techniques to make your speech more
personal and emotionally engaging. Interact with the audience through
rhetorical questions, pauses for reflection, or brief audience
participation exercises.
Visual Aids: One should be able to make use of visual aids such as
slides, props, or multimedia presentations to enhance your speech. Keep
them simple, relevant, and visually appealing as they can help clarify
complex ideas, provide supporting evidence, and make your speech
more memorable.
Use of Examples and Evidence: One should be able to support
his/her main points with relevant examples, or anecdotes as this helps
to reinforce one’s message and make it more persuasive. One should
ensure given is accurate and correct.
Adaptability: One should be prepared to adapt his or her speech
based on the audience's response and feedback. Stay flexible and
responsive to their needs, adjusting your pace, level of detail, or delivery
style as necessary as this demonstrates one’s ability to connect with his
or her listeners and cater to their interests.
Practicing Active Listening: One should be able to actively listen to
his or her audience's reactions and adjust the speech accordingly. Pay
attention to their non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions or body
language, to assess their engagement and understanding and be open to
questions and feedback, and address them with clarity and respect.
Strong Conclusion: Ending one’s speech with a memorable
conclusion that summarizes your main points and leaves a lasting
impression on the audience is key. One should use this opportunity to
restate his or her key message, offer a call to action, or provide a
thought-provoking closing remark.
Conclusively, becoming a good public speaker requires time and
practice. One should seek opportunities to improve skills and learn from
experienced speakers.

Number 4(a)
A CV( curriculum vitae) is a professional document that summarizes
one’s academic history, achievements, work experience and skills. It’s
commonly used in job applications to show the suitability of the
applicant for the job.
A memorandum (memo) is a short document used in an
organization to pass on important information to the members.
Some of the differences between the two include the following;
A memorandum involves communication within an organization.
This is usually from the employers, managers to the employees, workers.
For example, a human resource manager in a company can write a
memo to the workers to inform them about document verification. On
the other hand, a Curriculum Vitae is directed to the employers,
managers,etc who need to asses the qualifications of the job applicant.
In a Curriculum Vitae, information is passed on from a lower rank to
a higher rank. For example , a CV can be written from a teacher applying
for a job, to the headteacher in the intended school. In contrast, a
memorandum conveys information from someone of higher rank in an
institution to those of lower rank in the same institution.
A curriculum vitae has many sections in its structure. These sections
include; contact information,education background, accomplishments,
skills, professional experience, certificates , among others. On the other
hand, a memorandum has fewer sections in its structure like; to, from,
date,subject. Therefore, a memorandum is shorter than a curriculum
vitae.
 A memorandum includes the sender’s name ,title and date and
some times a signature may also be included for validity. On the other
hand, a curriculum vitae does not include any signature. Only the
applicant’s contact information is required. For example, phone
number,e-mail address, etc.
A curriculum vitae is written in a formal tone, with a specific format
and language conventions to emphasize a high level of professionalism,
whereas in a memorandum, a formal and partially formal tone can be
used and this entirely depends on the organization and target audience.
In conclusion, a Curriculum Vitae and Memorandum both serve the
purpose of communication despite the differences in their structures.

Number4(b)
Our Chief guest,The Minister for Higher Education, Administrators
present, Guild council, teaching and non-teaching staff members, ladies
and gentlemen , all protocol observed, I welcome you all to the 25 th
anniversary of this institution.
It is an honor to stand before you as the student representative
today, and I thank the organizers for setting up this spectacular event.
Two years ago, when I had just joined this institution, I and my
classmates were asked by our lecturer why we had chosen to enroll
here. Numerous reasons were given but the commonest was this
institution’s great track record of academic excellence and hands-on
training. These have been the core pillars supporting this prestigious
institution for the past 25 years. Once again, I’m greatly honored to be
part of this institution.
As we reflect on this institution’s past, we notice a good number of
phases of evolution that it has undergone.
First of all, online learning has been embraced to increase
accessibility and keep up with modern times. This was accelerated by
the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown.
Secondly, innovative learning spaces have been set up whereby
lecture rooms and facilities have been redesigned to create a more
interactive learning space.
Thirdly, many facilities have been set up and adjusted to cater for
people with disabilities and grant them equal access to quality
education. All the above are the most recent phases in the past years
and there are surely more to come.
Looking forward to the future, it’s our responsibility to build on the
strong foundation laid by those who came before us, as we shape the
future for ourselves, society and the nation at large.
Thank you for your time , and may this prestigious institution
continue growing in excellence for the years to come.

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