LESSON PLAN AND LESSON NOTE ON AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (FIRST TERM)

JSS3
SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE JSS3 FIRST TERM

1. Revision of last term’s work and resumption test

2. Packaging in Agriculture
Definition, reasons, and criteria
Advantages and disadvantages of packaging
Examples of packaging items (e.g., tray, carton, bottle, etc)
3. Branding
Definition
Advantages & Disadvantages
4. Pricing
Definition
Pricing policies
5. Advertisement
Definition
Basic concept
Roles of Advertising
6. Types of advertising
Informative
Persuasive
Competitive
Mass and
Specific advertisement
7. Mid-term break
8. Methods of advertising (direct or indirect)
Factors influencing buying decision
Advertising media e.g., (newspaper)
9. Farm machinery
10. Career opportunity in Agriculture
11. Revision
12. Examination
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
2. Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
 THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FIRST WEEK
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 1 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Revision of last term work and resumption test
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Define some terms
 Explain some concepts from their previous class
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with the topics under review
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
A crop is a plant that is grown by man in order to harvest it at some point. The crops grown by
the farmer can be classified as follows;
1. According to their uses
2. According to life cycle
3. According to the number of cotyledons
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES
Crops in this category are classified or grouped according to the main food substances existing
in them. They are as follows. (i) legumes(ii) cereal (iii) roots and tubers (iv) vegetables (v) fruits
(vi) beverages (vii) oil (viii) latex (ix) fibres (x) spices (xi) drugs (xii) forage Crops (xiii) nuts
EVALUATION
1. What is a crop?
2. Mention ten classifications of crops based on their uses.
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS ACCORDING TO THEIR LIFE CYCLE
On the bases of life cycle, crops are grouped into three. These are:
 Annual Crops
 Biennial Crops
 Perennial Crops
(a) Annual Crops: These are crops that complete their life cycle in one year or planting season.
The crops are planted, grow and are harvested or will die within one year. This group of crops
are Maize, Rice, Millet, Yam, Tomato, Millet and Guinea Corn
(b) Biennial Crops: These are crops that complete their life cycle in two years. They use the first
year to grow and store food. Reproduction and maturity take place in the second year. Examples
are pineapple, cocoyam, plantain, banana and sugar beet.
(c) Perennial Crops: This group of crop takes more than two years to their life cycle. They are
mainly tree crops. They include Rubber, Cocoa, Oil Palm and Orange.
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF SEED-LEAF OR COTYLEDON
Crops can be classified according to the number of seed leaf or cotyledon.
They are
 Monocotyledonous crops
 Dicotyledonous crops
(a) Mono-cot crops: These are crops that have only one seed leaf or cotyledon. Examples are
millet, rice, maize and oil palm.
(b) Di-cot crops: These are crops that have two seed leaves or cotyledon. Examples are cowpea,
melon, mango, pumpkin and soya beans.
EVALUATION
1. Define a crop
2. Classify crop based on their life cycle with examples
3. State three examples each of monocot and dicot
SUB-TOPIC- WEED
 Definition of Weed of Pest
 Types and Classification of pests
 Physical control, Chemical control and biological control
WEED
Weed is any plant which is not cultivated and grows where it is not wanted. Such a plant is
therefore a nuisance to the farmer. Examples are commelina, goat weed or the common water
leaf (Talinumtriangulare) growing in a cassava field.
TYPES OF WEEDS
A. Annual weed: They grow and complete their life cycle in one year.
B. Perennial Weeds: They grow for more than one year.
PEST
A pest is any living organism, plant or animal, plant or animal, which can cause damage to
cultivated crops, farm animals and humans.
CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS
Pest can be classified as
i. Insect Pest- Insect pests are animals without backbones and they belong to the group of
animals called arthropods. Arthropod is a very large group of animals which, in addition
to insects, includes crabs, shrimps, millipedes, spiders, centipedes and scorpions.
ii. Non-insect pest- These are animals such as vertebrates like nematodes, mites, snails,
slugs e.t.c. and vertebrates like rats, squirrels, monkeys, glasscutters, birds, jackals that
can cause damage to crop.
EVALUATION
1. What is a pest?
2. Mention two classes of pests.
3. What are weeds?
4. List five examples of weeds and state three features of weeds.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS
Insect can be classified based on their mouth parts which are different in different insect groups.
1. Biting and chewing Pests.
2. Piercing and sucking Pests.
3. Boring insects.
NATURE OF DAMAGE
1. Destruction of crop tissues
2. Stunted growth
3. Weakened crop plant
4. Pierced holes can be infested with harmful organism like fungi, bacteria and viruses
5. Transfer of harmful organism from infected crop to the healthy one.
6. It causes ill-health to man and livestock.
CONTROL MEASURES
 Physical Control
 Chemical Control
 Biological Control
SUB-TOPIC- Factors of Production
1. Land: refers to where productive activities such as growing of crops, rearing of animals
and establishment of farmstead, e.t.c are carried out.
2. Labour: includes all forms of productive human efforts put into or utilized in production.
It also refers to man’s mental and physical exertions generated in the process of
production.
3. Capital: includes all man-made productive assets which are used in production.
4. Farm Management: refers to the person or group of persons who co-ordinate, organize
and control the use of other factors of production to produce goods and services.
Functions of Farm Manager
The functions of a farm manager can be grouped into five major headings:
 Organization
  Administration
 Production
 Marketing
 Evaluation
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What is agriculture?
2. State five examples of monocots.
3. State five examples of dicots.
4. Mention ten classifications of crops based on their uses.
5. a. What is a weed? b. What is a pest?
6. Describe four methods of controlling weeds.
7. State two types of insect-pests with two examples of each.
8. Mention five possible damage done by pest to crop.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Dicotyledonous plants have ________a. four cotyledons b. three cotyledons c. two
cotyledons d. one cotyledon
2. Which of these is very difficult to use if the number of pests is high a. chemical control b,
physical control c. biological control d. cultural control?
3. _________ involves the use of natural enemies of insect pests and weeds against them a.
physical control b. chemical control c. cultural control d. biological control
4. Examples of crops that store food in their roots are these except __________ a. Cassava b.
potato c. Carrot d. sugarcane
5. Procurement of loan or capital for farming activity is one of ________ functions of a farm
manager A. administration B. production C. organization D. marketing
 THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE SECOND WEEK
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 2 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Packaging in Agriculture
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Meaning of Packaging
 Purpose of Packaging
 Criteria for selecting packaging materials
 Types of packaging materials
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with the idea of packaging
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
MEANING OF PACKAGING
Packaging is the act of wrapping or enclosing agricultural products in a suitable material that
will protect them when they are being transported from farms to markets and displayed in
shops for people to buy.
PURPOSE OF PACKAGING
1. To protect the product from being damaged when they are transported from the farm to
the stores and markets.
2. To protect farm products from damage as a result of bad weather, heat and rain.
3. To protect farm products from contamination and damage by pests and disease
organisms.
4. Packaging makes agricultural products easier to handle, store and more attractive in
shops.
5. To prevent products from losing their value.
EVALUATION
1. What is packaging?
2. List five purposes of packaging.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PACKAGING MATERIALS
1. The packaging material must be suitable for the type of agricultural products.
2. Packaging material for animal products should be different from materials used for
packaging plants.
3. It must be capable of preventing farm products from breakage, leakage and damage to
the farm.
 4. The packaging container must enclose the product in a convenient unit for handling and
distributing.
5. It must be strong enough to protect the agricultural products from hazards during
transportation.
6. It must be easily available and cheap.
7. It must make it easy to carry the Agricultural products in terms of weight and form.
8. It should be easy to dispose off after use.
TYPES OF PACKAGING MATERIAL FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
1. Jute or Calico Sacks: For packaging dried Agricultural products such as maize, rice,
cowpea, millet, sorghum, dried cocoa, beans e.t.c.
2. Plastic or Polythene bags: Used for packaging flour products such as: maize flour,
cassava flour e.t.c
3. BownKrafts: Used for packaging small quantity of dried grains e.g rice, beans, maize e.t.c.
displayed for sale on shop shelves
4. Cardboard Boxes and Trays: For packaging products such as eggs, pineapples, mangoes
and bananas.
5. Hard Plastic Containers: They are manufactured specially for carrying vegetables.
6. Plastic Wrappers: Used for wrapping breed, for dressed chicken for sale in shops and
markets.
7. Wooden Crates: For packaging fresh fruits such as tomatoes, mangoes, avocado pear e.t.c
8. Plastic Bottles: For packaging liquid such as vegetable oil, milk e.t.c.
9. Glass Bottles and Jars: For packaging liquid such as honey, palm wine, Coconut Oil, Palm
Oil e.t.c.
10. Metal Drums and Cans: Metal drums are used to package large quantities of liquids
vegetable Oil e.g., Palm Oil, Corn Oil. Metal Cans are used for packaging fish such as
Sardines and Mackerels.
11. Baskets: They are made locally from Raphia palm frond e.t.c. They are very useful in
packaging fruits and vegetables.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What is Packaging?
2. List three purpose of packaging.
3. List three criteria for selecting packaging materials.
4. List five packaging materials.
5. List five items that a basket can be used to package.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
SECTION A
1. Fish products are packaged with the aid of ___ (a) Basket (b) Can (c) Bottle (d) Drum
2. Which of these is not a packaging material (a) Tray (b) Jute Sack (c) Polythene (d) Sieve
3. ___is used to store large quantity of vegetable oil for export (a) Cans (b) Plastic Bottles
(c) Metal drums (d) Baskets
4. Cocoa beans is best packed in the ___ (a) Polythene bag (b) Jute bag (c) Baskets (d) Cans
5. The best packaging material for bread is ____ (a) Wooden Crates (b) Plastic wrappers (c)
Crates (d) Jute bag
THEORY
1. What is packaging?
2. (a) List five packaging materials. (b) List five reasons for packaging.

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE THIRD WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 3 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Branding in Agriculture
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Definition of Branding
 Advantages of Branding
 Disadvantages of Branding
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with packaging in agricultural
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
DEFINITION OF BRANDING
This is the activity of giving a particular name and lineage to goods and services, so that people
will be attracted to them and want to buy them.

ADVANTAGES OF BRANDING

1. It helps in easy identification of agricultural product.

2. It helps the buyer to easily remember what they want to buy.
3. It adds a measure of prestige to the product.
4. It helps in maintenance of quality.
5. The producer may enjoy some forms of monopoly when goods are branded.
6. It prevents product adulteration.
7. It helps to increase sales (turn over) of farm produce.

DISADVANTAGES OF BRANDING

1. It increases the cost of production.

2. Some products are difficult to brand e.g vegetables and fruits.
3. It causes confusion among the consumers.
4. Producers do find it difficult to maintain consistent quality.

PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:

1. What is branding?
2. List three advantages of branding.
3. List three disadvantages of branding.
4. List five materials used in packaging.
5. List two purposes of advertisement.

CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:

1. The following are disadvantages of branding except(a) It increases the cost of production
(b) Some products are difficult to brand e.g vegetables and fruits (c) It causes confusion
among the consumers (d) it increases sales
2. Preserved fishes are best kept in ______. (a) metal drums (b) baskets (c) cans (d) bottles
3. There is only one seller in ______. (a) monopoly (b) duopoly (c) oligopoly (d)
monopsony
4. Addition of substandard constituent to an agricultural product is called ______ (a) robbery (b)
theft(c) adulteration(d) pollution
5. ______ helps in the easy identification of farm produce. (a) branding (b) marketing (c)
sales (d) input

THEORY

1. What is branding?
2. (a) List three advantage of branding (b) List two disadvantage of branding

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FOURTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 4 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Pricing of agricultural products
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Meaning of price
 Meaning of Market
 The concept of demand and supply
 Factors that determine Pricing of Agricultural Produce.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with packaging in agricultural
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
MEANING OF PRICE
The price of an agricultural product is the amount of money which a product is to be paid by
people who desire to buy the products.
MEANING OF MARKET
A market is described as the specific place where producers and buyers meet for exchange of
materials. The price of any agricultural product depends on the environment which is called.
EVALUATION
1. What is Price?
2. What is a Market?
THE CONCEPT OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Supply: The supply of a product is the total quantity of the product that producers offer for sale
in the market.
Demand: The demand of a product is the total quantity of the product desired by all traders and
customers for the product.
DETERMINATION OF PRICE BY SUPPLY AND DEMAND
If the supply of an agricultural product is low, which means there is a shortage of the product in
the market, many people will want the product and some traders and customers will be
prepared to pay extra money to buy the product. In this situation, the price of the product will
be high.
When the supply of an agricultural product is high, it means there is a large quantity of the
product in the market; some producers will be willing to sell for a low price, to attract buyers.
The price of the product will therefore be low.
EVALUATION
1. Define demand and supply.
2. Explain how demand and supply affects prices.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PRICING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
1. Cost of production: the production costs are put into consideration to fix the selling price
of any agricultural produce.
2. Quantity of Produce: if the farmer produces a large quantity of produce to make the
market saturated the selling price will fall, vice versa.
3. Quality of produce: the demand for high quality produce is high, therefore the selling
price of such produce is also high.
4. Demand and supply.
5. Market Places: the farther the distance to the site of production, the higher the selling
price. Also farm produce sells more in cities than villages where the demand is low.
6. Seasons: The prices of crops are low at their seasons of production and high when their
season is gone.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What is demand?
2. What is supply?
3. What is a market?
4. Explain how demand affects pricing.
5. List 5 factors that determine Pricing.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. The amount of money which producer asked to be paid for his product is ___
(a) cast (b) value (c) Price (d) money
2. A place where exchange of good and services for money takes place is called ___
(a) Restaurant (b) school (c) public toilet (d) market
3. The quantity of goods which the producer offer for sale in the market is the ___
(a) Supply (b) demand (c) invoice (d) sales
4. When the supply is high, the selling price ___.
(a) falls(b) increases (c) is constant(d) appreciates
5. When the demand is more than what is supplied, the price ___.
(a) falls (b) increases (c) is constant(d) depreciated
THEORY
1. What is a market?
2. Define demand and supply.
3. Explain how the demand and supply affects prices.

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE FIFTH-EIGHT WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 5-8 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Advertising Agricultural produce
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Meaning of Advertisement
 Purpose of Advertisement
 Method of Advertisement
 Meaning of market and marketing
 Agricultural marketing activities
 Types of marketing for Agricultural Produce
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with pricing in agricultural
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
THE MEANING OF ADVERTISEMENT
This is the act of making people to know about agricultural products that are being produced
and marketed by individuals and organisations.
PURPOSE OF ADVERTISING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
1. To attract people to buy the product.
2. To create awareness about the farm produce available.
3. To make customers develop interest in the farm produce.
4. To increase the income of the agricultural product.
METHODS OF ADVERTISING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Agricultural products are advertised through the following means:
1. Local newspaper.
2. Mass media such as radio and Television.
3. The bill boards.
4. Use of handbill, pamphlets and bulletins.
5. Through the social media such as Facebook, Instagram etc.
6. Through mobile phones.
Information provided to advertise agricultural products are:
1. The common trade name of the product.
2. The high qualities of the product.
3. Where the product can easily be obtained.
MEANING OF MARKET AND MARKETING
A market is a place where farmers exchange agricultural produce such as yams for money.
Agricultural marketing involves all activities from gathering of agricultural produce from farms
to getting them to the customers.
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACTIVITIES
This involves the activities such as assembling, grading, processing, packaging, storage,
transportation and distribution.
1. Assembling: this involves collection of products from various locations in order to make
them available in large quantity for the buyers.
2. Grading: Products are sort into grads depending on their shape, size, quality, purity,
flavor etc. this is done to ensure high standards of agricultural products.
3. Processing: Processing is the conversion of farm product into a better form to increase
the utility and value. E.g orange can be processed to orange juice.
4. Packaging: This involves the placing of farm products in crates, boxes or egg containers.
This makes transportation easy to carry out.
5. Storage: Farm produce are preserved and kept to make it available to consumers most of
the time.
6. Transportation: It is necessary to move agricultural produce from the farm to the market
so that the customers can find them to buy.
7. Distribution: Traders, wholesalers and retailers are involved in the distribution of farm
produce to their customers.
EVALUATION
1. What is marketing?
2. List and explain five marketing activities.
TYPES OF MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
1. Perfect competition market: In this type of market, there are many buyers and sellers.
2. Imperfect competition: The decision of one or more sellers or buyers affects the price of
the commodity. The forms of imperfect market are:
3. Monopoly: When there is one seller and more buyers.
4. Duopoly: When there are two sellers.
 5. Oligopoly: Where there is a small number of sellers.
6. Monopsony: When there is only one buyer.
7. Duopsony: When there are two buyers.
8. Oligopsony: When there are small number of buyers.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. What is a market?
2. List two examples of local markets in Lagos.
3. Define Advertisement.
4. List three purposes of advertisement.
5. List four means of advertising agricultural products to the consumers.
6. What is a market?
7. What is marketing?
8. List five Agricultural marketing activities
9. List two types of market
10. Explain, grading, processing, packaging and storage.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Text messages can be used to advertise on ___. (a) radio (b) television (c) mobile
phones(d) bill boards
2. Facebook is a/an ___. (a) handset (b) newspaper (c) handbill (d) social media
3. Advertisement is done to create ___ about a new Agricultural produce. (a) income(b)
awareness (c) service (d) education
4. Plastic bottles are used in storing ___. (a) oil (b) groundnut (c) millet (d) cocoa beans
5. Liquids of large quantities are packaged using ___. (a) cans(b) bottles (c) sacks (d) metal
drums
6. A place where buyers and sellers meet for exchange of goods is called _____.(a) field
(b) shops (c) market (d) hospital
7. The act of placing farm products in crates is called _____. (a) packaging (b) storage (c)
parking (d) distribution
8. A situation where there is only one buyer is called _____. (a) duopoly (b) monopoly
(c) oligopoly (d) joint
9. The quantity of goods which the producers offer for sale in the market is _____
(a) supply (b) demand (c) scale (d) Invoice
10. Duopoly involves _______ sellers (a) one (b) three (c) four (d) two
THEORY
1. What is advertisement?
(a) List three purposes of advertisement
(b) List three means of advertisement
2. List and explain two marketing activities.
3. Define the following: (a) Monopoly (b) Duopoly (c) Oligopoly (d) Monopsony

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE NINTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 9 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Farm Machinery
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Types of Farm Machinery
 Description of Farm Machinery
 Uses and maintenance of Farm Machinery
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with advertisement in agricultural
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
FARM MACHINERY
Farm machinery includes various types of machines and implements used on the farm. These
include tractor, plough, harrows, cultivators, ridgers, planter, harvesters, shellers, dryer, sprayer,
and incubators.
1. TRACTOR: It is a powerful and expensive multipurpose motor vehicle used for lifting or
pulling farm implements.
IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE TRACTOR
1. The power takes off shaft (P.T.O) shaft used in drawing farm implements e.g. plough,
harrow etc.
2. The hydraulic control system which lifts mounted implements under the control.
3. Internal combustion engine which uses diesel or petrol without a spark plug.
4. It has four wheels rubber tyres.
FUNCTIONS OF TRACTORS
1. For transportation of farm input and outputs when the trailer is attached.
2. It operates water pumps for irrigation or other farm purposes.
3. Lifting of couples implements by the hydraulic system.
4. Pulling of farm implement attached.
 5. Tilling the soil with appropriate implement attached.
6. Planting seeds when coupled with planter.
7. Spraying seedlings when coupled with sprayer.
8. Provision of electric power.
9. Harvesting crops when coupled with harvesters.
10. Can be used for mowing a lawn with mowers.

DAILY MAINTENANCE OF TRACTORS

1. Remove trash and mud after every operation.
2. Check water level and top if necessary.
3. Check tyre pressure daily before every operation.
4. Check electrolyte of battery every day and top when necessary.
5. Adhere strictly to manual or manufacturer’s instruction.
EVALUATION
1. What is farm machinery?
2. List five functions of tractors.
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE OF TRACTOR
1. Tractors should be serviced at regular intervals.
2. Worn out tyres should be replaced.
 3. Nuts, screws or shield should be checked and tightened regularly.
4. Replace worn out parts.
5. Adhere strictly to manuals.
6. Routine and regular changing of the engine oil.
7. The air filter should be cleared when necessary.
8. The oil filter should be changed during each service.
2. BULLDOZERS: They are powerful tractors and expensive machines with a broad steel blade
or sheet at the front. It has tract type metal chains used for its movement, it has an internal
combustion engine which uses petrol or diesel.
USES/FUNCTIONS OF BULLDOZER
1. Bulldozer is used for clearing bushed.
2. Used for felling trees and stumps.
3. Used for levelling the ground.
4. Used for constructing roads in rural areas.
5. It is used for moving and collection of the earth.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING BULLDOZER FOR LAND PREPARATION
1. It destroys the structure of the soil.
2. It leads to a reduction of soil fertility.
3. It causes compaction of the soil.
4. It causes air pollution.
5. It is costly.
6. It can cause soil erosion and waterlogging.
EVALUATION
1. List three periodic maintenance of a tractor.
2. List five disadvantages of using bulldozers in bush clearing.
3. TREE PULLERS: They are machines such as tractors or bulldozers. They are usually used to
remove trees instead of bulldozers.
ADVANTAGES OF USING TREE PULLERS OVER BULLDOZERS
1. Tree puller does not compress the soil.
2. It does not remove the fertile topsoil.
3. The land is less prone to erosion.
4. The organic matter content of the soil is retained.
5. It leads to a non-destruction of soil structure.
6. It uproots the tree without mineral disturbance of the soil.
4. SHELLERS: These are machines operated electrically, mechanically or manually. Shellers are
used to separating the seeds from the husk or cob. They are used for removing the hard
outer covering of nuts and grains.
5. DRYERS: These are farm machines used to reduce the moisture content of crop and animal
products.
6. INCUBATORS: These are machines which are used for hatching fertilized eggs artificially.
7. MILKING MACHINE: This machine is used for milking or extracting fresh milk mechanically
from the udder of cattle and other milk-producing animals like sheep and goat.
EVALUATION
1. List three advantages of using tree pullers over bulldozers.
2. State the functions of shellers, dryer and incubators.
TRACTOR COUPLED IMPLEMENTS
These are implements which are coupled or attached to a tractor in order to enable it to perform
its work. They are also called intermediate farm machinery. Examples are ploughs, harrows,
ridgers, planters, cultivators harvester, sprayer, mowers, baler, fertilizer applicator and
harvesters.
1. THE PLOUGH
This is a primary tillage implement which is attached to a tractor. It is the first implement
required in land preparation.
TYPES OF PLOUGH
 Disc plough
 Mould broad plough
ACTIVITY:
Draw and list all the parts of both disc plough and mouldboard plough, state the functions of all
the parts in your note.
2. HARROWS
These are secondary tillage implements which are reused to break up the clods of soil formed
after ploughing.
3. SPRING TINE CULTIVATOR
It is a type of harrow and a secondary tillage implement used for land preparation.
FUNCTIONS OF SPRING TINE CULTIVATOR
1. It breaks down the soil clod or lump after ploughing.
2. It aids the removal of weeds from the soil surface.
3. It helps in dragging roots and stone out of the soil.
4. It helps to stir soil without turning it over.
4. RIDGERS
It is a secondary tillage implement used for land preparation, it is used after harrow and before
planter. The two types are disc ridgers and mouldboard ridgers.
5. PLANTERS
These are machines or implements designed primarily to plant seeds of crops such as cowpea,
cotton and cereals.
TYPES OF PLANTERS
1. Broadcast crop planter
2. Row crop planter
3. Precession planter
 4. Grain drill planter
6. HARVESTERS
These are machines or implement designed primarily to facilitate the process of harvesting
various crops.
TYPES OF HARVESTERS
1. Mower
2. Forage harvesters
3. Combine harvesters
7. SPRAYERS
These are types of equipment designed to spray certain chemicals in various farm operations.

TYPES OF SPRAYERS
1. Knapsack (Pneumatic Sprayer)
2. Tractor mounted sprayer
3. Helicopter-mounted sprayer
FUNCTIONS OF SPRAYERS
1. It can be used to control the growth of weeds.
2. It can be used to control the effects of pest.
3. It can be used to spray disinfectant.
 4. It can be used for light irrigation.
5. It can be used to spray liquid fertilizer.
ACTIVITY
Draw the knapsack sprayer and state the functions of the label parts.
PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. State five precautions to take while using sprayers
2. List five maintenance of spraying
3. List three types of planters
4. State three functions of tractors
5. List three types of harvesters
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. (a) List five daily maintenance of tractor. (b) List five periodic maintenance of tractor.
2. (a) What is farm machinery? (b) List five uses of tractors.

THE LESSON PLAN FOR THE TENTH WEEK

DURATION: 40 MINUTES TERM: 1
WEEK: 10 DATE:
CLASS: J. S. S. 3 PERIOD: 2
TOPIC: Career opportunities in Agriculture
REFERENCE BOOK:
 Junior Secondary Agricultural for Nigeria School Book 3. By Anthony etal.
 Prescribed Agricultural Science for Junior School by: S.A. Omoruyi etal.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to the various
careers in studying agriculture
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with farm machinery
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL:
CONTENT:
CARREER OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
The following are the various branches of agriculture
1. Agricultural extension
2. Agricultural engineering
3. Agricultural economics
4. Animal science
5. Crop science
6. Soil science
7. Forestry
8. Horticulture
9. Fisheries
10. Veterinary medicine

1. Agricultural extension-This is mainly concerned with teaching and helping farmers

especially small-scale farmers in rural areas, to improve their agricultural systems and
practices. This would enable them produce more and better crops. It involves teaching of
modern method of farming.
2. Agricultural engineering- This deal with the fabrication and repairs of agricultural tools,
implement and machinery. Such as plough, cultivator, planter etc. A scientist who
specializes in agricultural tools and machines is called an Agricultural Engineer.
3. Agricultural economics- This deal with the business aspect if agriculture. It teaches the
farmer how to run his farming as a profitable business. It encompasses production,
marketing and sales of agricultural produce.
4. Animal science- This is the scientific study of farm animals. Farm animals such as goat,
turkey, cattle etc. the person who studies farm animals are called an Animal scientist.
5. Crop science- This is the scientific study of how crops are grown
6. Soil science- This is the study of soil, which covers the formation and properties of soil
and how soil can be maintained.
7. Forestry- This branch of agriculture deals with the study of forest and its resources. A
Forester is one who studies the forest and its resources.
8. Horticulture- This is the aspect that deals with the scientific growing of fruits, vegetables
and ornamental plants.
9. Veterinary medicine- This is a special branch of agriculture which is concerned with the
study of the diseases and pest of livestock. A scientist who is an expert in treating sick
animals is called a veterinarian.

PRESENTATION:
Step 1; Teacher revises the last topic
Step 2; Teacher introduces the topic to the students
Step 3; Teacher explains the topic to the students
Step 4; Teacher asks questions and entertains questions
Step 5; Teacher marks notes and gives assignment
EVALUATION:
1. Explain the following: a) Agricultural extension b) Forestry
2. Define the following terms: a) Animal science b) Crop science c) Horticulture.
CONCLUSION:
Teacher marks notes and gives assignment.
ASSIGNMENT:
1. ———– is the study if how crops are grown a) soil science b) crop science c) animal
science
2. A scientist who specializes in agricultural tools and machines is called an a) Agricultural
Repairer b) Agricultural engineer c) mechanic.
3. ——– is the study of farm animals a) animal scientist b) anemology c) crop scientist
4. ———- deals with the study of forest and its resources a) forester b) forestry c)
forestology.
Theory
1. Explain the following: a) Agricultural economics b) Horticulturist c) Forester.
2. Define the following: a) Crop science b) Animal science