TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis

Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assistant Lecturer Suha Sabah

1st lecture
Examples
Example 1:

Example 2:

…(1)

…(2)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assistant Lecturer Suha Sabah

1st lecture
It can be deduced from Eqs. (1) and (2) that the phase difference between 𝑣1 and
𝑣2 is 300 . We can write 𝑣2 as

…(3)
Comparing Eqs. (1) and (3) shows clearly that 𝑣2 leads 𝑣1 by 300 .

phase shift of Hence, is +500 as shown in Fig. 1. Similarly, 𝑣2 is 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 with

a phase shift −100 of as shown in Fig. 1. It is easy
to see from Fig. 1 that 𝑣2 leads 𝑣1 by 300 , that is, 900 − 500 − 100 .

Figure.1

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assistant Lecturer Suha Sabah

2nd lecture

Examples
Example 1:

Example 2:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assistant Lecturer Suha Sabah

2nd lecture

Example 3:

Example 4:
The voltage is applied to a 0.1-H inductor. Find the steady-state current through
the inductor.
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assistant Lecturer Suha Sabah

2nd lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

3rdlecture

Examples
Example 1:
Find and in the circuit shown in figure below

Solution:

Converting I & V to time domine, we get

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

3rdlecture

Example 2:
Find the input impedance of the circuit in following circuit. Assume that the
circuit operates at 𝜔 = 50 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.

Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

3rdlecture

Example 3:
Determine 𝑣𝑜 in the circuit

Solution:
To do the analysis in the frequency domain, we must first transform the time
domain circuit to the phasor domain as in the following circuit:

The transformation produces

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

3rdlecture

Example 4:
Find current I in the circuit

Solution:
The delta network connected to nodes a, b, and c can be converted to the Y
network of following figure. We obtain the Y impedances as follows:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

3rdlecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

4th lecture
Nodal analysis
Independent sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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4th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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4th lecture
Dependent current sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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4th lecture
Independent Voltage Sources between Assigned Nodes

Dependent Voltage Sources between Defined Nodes

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

4th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

4th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

4th lecture
MESH ANALYSIS
Independent Voltage Sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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4th lecture

Dependent Voltage Sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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4th lecture
Independent Current Sources

Dependent Current Sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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5th lecture

Super position theoreme

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

5th lecture

SOURCE CONVERSIONS
Independent Sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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5th lecture

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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5th lecture

Dependent sources

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6th lecture

THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
Independent Sources

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6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

Dependent Sources

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Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

NORTON’S THEOREM
Independent Sources

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6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

Dependent Sources

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

6th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Examples
Example 1:
For the circuit shown in Fig.1, find the average power supplied by the source
and the average power absorbed by the resistor.

Fig. 1
Solution:

Example 2:
Determine the average power generated by each source and the average power
absorbed by each passive element in the circuit of Fig. 2(a).

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Fig.2
Solution:
We apply mesh analysis as shown in Fig.2(b). For mesh 1,

Following the passive sign convention, this average power is absorbed by the
source, in view of the direction of and the polarity of the voltage source. That is,
the circuit is delivering average power to the voltage source.

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

For the resistor, the current through it is

𝐼1 =4⎳0𝑜
and the voltage across it is
20𝐼1 =80⎳0𝑜
so that the power absorbed by the resistor is

For the capacitor, the current through it is

𝐼2 =10.58⎳79.1𝑜
and the voltage across it is
-j5 𝐼2 =(5⎳90𝑜 )(10.58⎳79.1𝑜 )=52.9⎳79.1𝑜 -90𝑜
so that the power absorbed by the capacitor is

For the inductor, the current through it is

𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 2-j10. 39 =10.58⎳−79.1𝑜
and the voltage across it is
j10 (𝐼1 − 𝐼2 )=10.58⎳−79.1𝑜 +90𝑜
so that the power absorbed by the inductor is

Notice that the inductor and the capacitor absorb zero average power and that the
total power supplied by the current source equals the power absorbed by the
resistor and the voltage source, or

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Example3:
Determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the average power drawn from
the circuit of Fig. 3. What is the maximum average

Fig.3
Solution:
First we obtain the Thevenin equivalent at the load terminals. To get ZTh consider
the circuit shown in Fig. 4(a). We find

Fig.4
To find VTh, consider the circuit in fig.4(b). by voltage division:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

The maximum average power is

Example 4:
In the circuit in Fig. 5, find the value of RL that will absorb the maximum average
power. Calculate that power.

Fig.5
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Example 6:
Determine the rms value of the current waveform in Fig. 6. If the current is passed
through a 2-𝛺 resistor, find the average power absorbed by the resistor.

Fig.6
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Example7:
The waveform shown in Fig. 7 is a half-wave rectified sine wave. Find the rms
value and the amount of average power dissipated in a 10-𝛺 resistor

Fig.7
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Example8:
A series-connected load draws a current 𝑖(𝑡) = 4 cos(100𝜋𝑡 + 10𝑜 ) 𝐴, when the
applied voltage is Find the apparent power and the power factor of the load.
Determine the element values that form the series-connected load.
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

7th lecture

Example 9:
Determine the power factor of the entire circuit of Fig. 8 as seen by the source.
Calculate the average power delivered by the source.

Fig.8
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

8th lecture

Examples
Example 1:
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system of Fig.1

Fig. 1
Solution:
The three-phase circuit in Fig.1 is balanced; we may replace it with its single-phase
equivalent circuit such as in Fig.2 . We obtain 𝐈𝐚 from the single-phase analysis as

Fig.2

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

8th lecture

Example 2:
A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with 𝑉𝑎𝑛 =100⎳10𝑜 V is
connected to Δ -connected balanced load (8+j4)𝛺 per phase. Calculate the phase
and line currents.
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

8th lecture

Example 3:
A balanced -connected load having an impedance (20-j15) is connected to a Δ-
connected, positive-sequence generator having 𝑉𝑎𝑏 =330⎳0𝑜 V. Calculate the
phase currents of the load and the line currents.
Solution:

Example 4:

Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

8th lecture

Example 5:
The unbalanced Y-load of Fig.3 has balanced voltages of 100 V and the acb
sequence. Calculate the line currents and the neutral current. Take ZA = 15 𝛺,
ZB = 10 + 𝑗5 𝛺 and ZC = 6 − 𝑗8 𝛺

Fig.3

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

8th lecture

Solution:
The line currents are

the current in the neutral line is

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

Examples
Example 1:
Find i(t) in the circuit inFig.1. Assume that the circuit has reached steady state
at 𝑡 = 0−

Fig. 1
Solution:
For 𝑡 < 0 , the switch is closed. The capacitor acts like an open circuit while the
inductor acts like a shunted circuit. The equivalent circuit is shown in fig.2 below.
Thus, at t = 0,

Fig.2

For 𝑡 > 0 the switch is opened and the voltage source is disconnected. The
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2.a,, which is a source-free series RLC circuit.
Notice that the 3𝛺 and 6𝛺 resistors, which are in series in Fig. 1 when the switch
is opened, have been combined to give R =9𝛺 in Fig. 2(b). The roots are
calculated as follows:
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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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9th lecture

…..(1)

…..(2)
….(3)

Imposing condition at Eq.(3) at t = 0 gives

But A1 = 1 from Eq.(2). Then

Subsitituting the values of A1 & A2 yeilds the complete soltion as

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

Example 2:
In the parallel RLC circuit of Fig.3, find v(t) for t > 0 , assuming v(0)= 5 v, i(0) =0 L=
1 H, and C = 10 mF. Consider these cases: R=1.923 Ω, R=5 Ω, and R=6.25 Ω.

Fig.2
Solution:

….(1)

….(2)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

But differentiating Eq.(1),

….(3)
From Eqs.(2) and (3), we obtain A1 = - 0.2083 A2 = 5.208. Substituting A1 and A2 in
Eq. (1) yields
…(4)

…(5)

…(6)

…(7)
From Eqs. (6) and (7), A1 = 5 A2 = - 50. Thus,
…(8)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

…(9)

…(10)

But differentiating Eq.(9)

…(11)
From Eqs. (10) and (11), A1 = 5 A2 = - 6.667. Thus,

Notice that by increasing the value of R, the degree of damping decreases and the
responses differ.
Figure.4 plots the three cases.

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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9th lecture

Fig.4

Example 3:
For the circuit in Fig.5 find v(t) and i(t) for t> 0. Consider these cases: R=5 Ω,
R=4 Ω, and R=1 Ω.

Fig.5
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

where vSS is the steady-state response. It is the final value of the capacitor voltage.
In Fig. 5, vSS = 24, Thus,
(1)

or
..(2)

Eq.(1)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

..(3)

…(4)
From Eqs. (2) and (4), A1 = - 64/3 A2 = 4/3. and Substituting A1 and A2 in Eq.
(1), we get
(5)

Multiplying Eq. (3) by C = 0.25 and substituting the values of A1 and A2 gives

(6)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

(7)

(8)

From Eq.(7)

(9)

(10)

From Eqs. (8) and (10), A1 = -19.2 A2 = -19.2. Thus, Eq. (7) becomes
(11)

Multiplying Eq. (9) by C = 0.25 and substituting the values of A1 and A2 gives
(12)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

..(13)

..(14)

..(15)

..(16)

Substituting gives A1 = -12 and A2 = 21.694 Eq. (13) becomes

(17)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

Multiplying Eq. (16) by C = 0.25 and substituting the values of A1and A2 gives
(18)

Figure 6, plots the responses for the three cases. From this figure, we observe that
the critically damped response approaches the step input of 24 V the fastest.

Fig.6 Response of three degree of damping

Example 4:
In the circuit in Fig.7 Find i(t) and iR(t) for t> 0.

Fig.7
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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

Solution:

…(1)

(2)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

9th lecture

Taking the derivative of in Eq. (1),

(3)

Substituting this into Eq. (3) and incorporating Eq. (2), we get

Thus, A1 = -0.0655 A2 = 0.0655 Inserting and in Eq. (1) gives the complete
solution as

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

10th lecture

Examples
Example 1:
In circuit of Fig.1, let R=2k Ω, L= 1 mH, and C = 0.4 μF
(a) Find the resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies.
(b) Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth.
(c) Determine the amplitude of the current at𝜔𝑜 , 𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2

Fig. 1
Solution:

or

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

10th lecture

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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10th lecture

Example 2:
In the parallel RLC circuit of Fig.2, let R=8k Ω, L= 0.2 mH, and C = 8 μF
(a) Calculate 𝜔𝑜 Q, and B.
(b) Find 𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2
c) Determine the power dissipated at 𝜔𝑜 , 𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2

Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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10th lecture

Example 3:
Determine the resonant frequency of the circuit in Fig.3

Fig.3
Solution:

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Examples
Example 1:
Determine the z parameters for the circuit in Fig. 1

Fig. 1
Solution:
To determine 𝑧11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧21 , we apply a voltage source V1 to the input port and leave the
output port open as in Fig. 2(a).

Fig. 2 (a) finding and , (b) finding z12 and z22

Then,

To find 𝑧12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧22 , we apply a voltage source to the output port and leave the input
port open as in Fig. 2(b). Then,

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Alternatively, since there is no dependent source in the given circuit z12=z21, and
we can use Fig. 5(a). Comparing Fig.1 with Fig. 5(a) ({Fig. 5(a) in the theoretical
lecture}), we get

Example 2:
Find I1 and I2 in the circuit in Fig. 3

Fig.3
Solution:
(1)
(2)

into Eqs. (1) and (2), which become

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

(3)
(4)
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) gives

From Eq. (4), I1= j2(-j) = 2. Thus,

Example 3:

Obtain the y parameters for the π network shown in fig. 4.

Fig.4
Solution:
To find y11and y12, short-circuit the output port and connect
current source I1 to the input port as in Fig. 5(a). Since the 8-Ω resistor is short-
circuited, the 2-Ω resistor is in parallel with the 4-Ω resistor. Hence,

To get y12 and y22, short-circuit the input port and connect a current source I2 to
the output port as in Fig. (b). The 4-Ω resistor is short-circuited so that the 2-Ω
and 8-Ω resistors are in parallel.

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Fig.4 with Fig.8(a) ({Fig.8(a) in

the theoretical lecture}

Example 4:
Determine the y parameters for the two-port shown in Fig.5

Fig.5
Solution:
To get y11 and y21, we use the circuit in Fig. 6(a), in which port 2 is short-
circuited and a current source is applied to port 1. At node 1

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Fig.6 (a) finding y11 and y21, (b) finding y12 and y22.

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

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11th lecture

Similarly, we get and using Fig. 6(b). At node 1

Notice that y12 ≠ y21 in this case, since the network is not reciprocal.

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Example 5:
Find the hybrid parameters for the two-port network of Fig.7

Fig.7
Solution:
To find h11 and h21, we short-circuit the output port and connect a current source
I1 to the input port as shown in Fig. 8(a). From Fig. 8(a),

Fig.8 (a) computing h11 and h21, (b) computing h12 and h22.
Also, from Fig. 8(a) we obtain, by current division,

86
TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

To obtain h12 and h22, we open-circuit the input port and connect a voltage source
V2 to the output port as in Fig. 8(b). By voltage division

Example 6:
Determine the Thevenin equivalent at the output port of the circuit in Fig.9

Fig.9
Solution:
To find ZTh and VTh, we apply the normal procedure, keeping in mind the formulas
relating the input and output ports of the h model. To obtain ZTh remove the 60-
V voltage source at the input port and apply a 1-V voltage source at the output
port, as shown in Fig. 10(a). From Eq. (14),
(1)
(2)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Fig.10 (a) finding ZTh, (b) finding VTh.

Substituting these into Eqs.(1) &(2) we get.

(3)
(4)

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (4) gives

To get VTh, we find the open-circuit voltage V2 in Fig. 10(b). At the input port

(5)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

(6)

Substituting Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain

(7)

(8)

Now substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (7) gives

Example 7:
Find the transmission parameters for the two-port network in Fig.11

Fig. 11

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Solution:
To determine A and C, we leave the output port open as in Fig. 12(a) so that and
place a voltage source at the input port.

Fig.12 (a) finding A and C, (b) finding B and D.

We have

To obtain B and D, we short-circuit the output port so V2 = 0 that as shown in

Fig. 12(b) and place a voltage source V1 at the input port. At node a in the circuit
of Fig. 12(b), KCL gives
(1)

(2)
Substituting Va = 3 I1 into Eq. (1) and replacing the first term with I1,

90
TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Example 8:
The ABCD parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 13 are

Fig.13

The output port is connected to a variable load for maximum power transfer. Find
RL and the maximum power transferred
Solution:
What we need is to find the Thevenin equivalent (ZTh and VTh ) at the load or
output port. We find VTh using the circuit in Fig. 14(a). Our goal is to get
ZTh=V2/I2 . Substituting ABCD the given parameters into Eq. (22), we obtain

(1)
(2)

(1) gives

(3)

Fig.14 (a) finding ZTh, (b) finding VTh, (c) finding RL for maximum power transfer.

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Setting the right-hand sides of Eqs. (2) and (3) equal,

To find VTh, we use the circuit in Fig. 14(b). At the output port I2=0 and at the
input port V1=50-10I1 Substituting these into Eqs. (1) and (2)

(4)
(5)
Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (4),

The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 14(c). For maximum power transfer,

the maximum power is

Example 9:

Solution:

92
TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

From Table 1,

Example 11:
Obtain the y parameters of the op amp circuit in Fig. 15. Show that the circuit has
no z parameters.

Fig. 15
Solution:
Since no current can enter the input terminals of the op amp, I1=0 which can be
expressed in terms of V1 and V2 as
(1)
Comparing with eq.(8)

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Comparing this with Eq.8 shows that

Since 𝛥𝑦 = 0, the [𝑦] matrix has no inverse; therefore, the matrix does not exist
according to Eq. (34). Note that the circuit is not reciprocal because of the active
element.
Example 12:
Evaluate V2/Vs in the circuit in Fig.16

Fig. 16

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Solution:

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (1) gives

(5)
while substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2) yields
(6)

Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), we get

95
TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Example 13:
Find the y parameters of the two-port in Fig. 17.

Fig.17
Solution:
Let us refer to the upper network as Na and the lower one as Nb. The two networks
are connected in parallel. Comparing Na and Nb with the circuit in
Fig.8(a)({theoretical lecture}), we obtain

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Example 14:
Find the transmission parameters for the circuit in Fig.18

Fig.18
Solution:
We can regard the given circuit in Fig. 18 as a cascade connection of two T
networks as shown in Fig. 19 (a). We can show that a T network, shown in Fig.
19(b), has the following transmission parameters:

Fig.19 (a) Breaking the circuit in Fig. 18 into two two-ports,(b) a general T two-port.

Applying this to the cascaded networks and in Fig. 19(a), we get

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TECHNICAL COLLAGE ALMUSAIB Electrical Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical Power Technical Engineering Second stage

Assist. Teacher Suha Sabah

11th lecture

Thus, for the total network in Fig. 18

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