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MODEL ANSWER PAPER YEAR 2022 AS PER FRANK PUBLICATION

Q.1 On the outline map of India provided mark and name the following: 10

On the outline map of India provided mark and name the following:
(i) Vindhya mountain
(ii) River Yamuna
(iii) Kolkata
(iv) Kanchenjunga
(v) Lake Chilka
(vi) Konkan coastal plain
(vii) Thar desert
(viii) Gulf of Khambat
(ix) Mark with arrows the direction of N.E. Monsoon Winds
(x) Mumbai High

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MORNING STAR

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GOYAL PUBLICATION

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FRANK

Q.2 [10]
i. Give
any one use of copper.
It is used in automobile and defense industries.
To make stainless steel, which is used to make utensils.
It is a good conductor of electricity, highly malleable and ductile and
therefore used for making electric wires.
 It is alloyed with Zinc to form brass and with tin to make bronze.
 It is used in building construction for roofing and plumbing.
 It is used in shipbuilding industry.

Name two Indian states in which iron ore is found in abundance.

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Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Karnataka, Goa , Andhra Pradesh.

MORNING STAR
i. a.Give any one use of copper.
Ans: Copper is used in the manufacturing of electrical machinery/
automobiles/ stainless steel/ telephones/ railway equipment/ engineering
goods/ alloys like brass, bronze and morel.
b.Name two Indian states in which iron ore is found in abundance.
Ans. Karnataka/ Chhatisgarg/ Orissa/ Jharkhand/ Maharashtra/ Goa/
Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.
GOYAL
i. a. Give any one use of Copper. 1
Ans:
1. Electric wires.
2. For making water pipes, utensils, coins, alloys and decorative goods.
3. Used in various industries such as defense, space program, railways to make
cables, mint , telecommunication cables
b. Name any two Indian states in which iron ore is found in abundance. 1
Ans: Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhatisgarh and Goa.
FRANK
i. i) A) uses of copper
 The copper metal is highly ductile and is a good conductor of
heat and electricity.
 It is widely used in manufacturer of electric cable and in various
type of electrical equipment.
 Is widely used in defence equipment and automobiles.
 Copper can easily mix with other metals to make useful alloys,
such as brass (with zinc), bronze (with tin) ,duralumin (with
aluminium) ,steel (with iron and nickel) etc.
B) the production of all types of iron or in India has increased about 4
million turns in 1951 to about 26.44 million turns in 2018-19. There have
been many changes in the distribution pattern of iron ore in the last 10
years. At present more than 95% of the total iron ore production comes from
Odisha ,Goa Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand. Other main
producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, etc
RATNASAGAR
(i)Uses of Copper :
•Copper is good conductor of electricity so electrical/electronic industry is by
far the largest consumer of copper, where it is used in the form of cables,
winding wires, copper chips etc.
•Copper is used in construction industry as plumbing, taps, valves and fitting

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components. In transportation industry, copper is used in various components

• Copper is also a good conductor of heat This property makes copper useful in
cooking utensils radiators and refrigerators
• Another useful property of copper is that the metal is malleable or easy to
shape and ductile So it is used for making wires.
Large amounts of copper wires are used in telephone systems, television sets,
motors and many other kinds of electrical equipments.

(b)Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka.

EVERGREEN/CANDID
i a. Copper is a non-rusting and good conductor of electricity, it is extensively
used in a vast variety of electrical machineries, wires, cables etc.
It has been used for making utensils and coins since long. It is also an
important metal used by automobile and defence industries.
Copper is malleable metal therefore, it is used in the manufacture of mixed
metals. It is alloyed with iron and nickel to make stainless steel.
When alloyed with zinc it is known as brass, with tin it is known as bronze and
with nickel it makes German silver.
b. Goa, Odisha and Jharkhand.

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(i) (a)
Use of copper:
Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity
It is malleable and ductile and is used in electrical industry
It is used in manufacture of electric machinery wires and cables you can
say automobiles electric locomotors refrigerators and defence industry.
 Copper is alloyed with many metals to produce bronze brass stainless
steel etc.

(b) Indian states in which iron ore is found in abundance

 Chhattisgarh
 Goa
 Orissa
 Karnataka
 Jharkhand

PEARSON

ii. With reference to Hirakud project answer the following :

On which river is it based?

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River Mahanadi
Name an Indian state benefited by Hirakud project
Odisha
MORNING STAR
ii. a.With reference to Hirakud project answer the following:
On which river is it based?
Ans. River Mahanadi
b.Name an Indian state benefitted by Hirakud project.
Ans. Orissa, Chhatisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
GOYAL
ii. (ii) With reference to Hirakund project answer the following 1
a. On which river is it based?
Ans: Mahanadi
b. Name an Indian State benefitted by Hirakund Project. 1
Ans. Odisha,
FRANK
ii) a) the Hirakud dam has been built across Mahanadi river at Hirakund about
15 km upstream of the city of Sambalpur in Odisha.
b) these dam provide irrigation to 1 million hectare of land in Sambalpur ,
Bolangir, Puri and Cuttack districts In Odisha.
RATNASAGAR
(ii) (a)Hirakud is based on the Mahanadi river.
(b)Odisha.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(ii)(a) River Mahanadi
(b) States benefited : Odisha
PEARSON

iii. Give three disadvantages of using coal.

 Calorific value of coal found in India is low.
 Coal reserves are scattered in small amounts in India.
 Cost of production and transportation of coal is quite high
 There are limited reserves of coal in India.
 Large scale pollution is caused at the site of mining and place of use.
MORNING STAR
iii. Give three disadvantages of using coal.
Ans. *Burning of coal emits harmful greenhouse gases leading to pollution,
global warming and acid rain.
* Coal mining destroys forest areas, affects ecosystems and biodiversity.
* Coal mining adversely impacts miners health making them susceptible to
respiratory diseases, ling cancer, black lung, congestive heart failure.

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* In areas of underground mining cave ins and explosions are common

occurrences.
* Transporting coal needs a large infrastructure, destroys landscape and causes
pollution.
GOYAL
iii. (iii) Give three disadvantages of using coal. 3
1. Air pollution and greenhouse gases. Also emits carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide which case acid rain.
2. It needs millions of years to form so it’s not sustainable.
3. Coal mining tends to make land barren due to deforestation and destruction
of habitats for wild life.
4. It forces migration of human beings as there is possibility of ground caving.
FRANK
iii) Disadvantages of Using Coal.
 Coal is a non-renewable energy resource.
 The burning of coal in factories and thermal power plants releases many
toxic gases in the atmosphere.
 India has been wasting large quantities of good quality coal by burning it
for transport and industrial uses. We must conserve the coal resources.
iv) a) the available resources of nuclear energy are almost inexhaustible.
 It is clean and creates no pollution of air, water or soil.
 Initial cost is very high but the operating cost is very low.
b) The solar energy is cleanest pollution free and inexhaustible source of
energy. The solar energy harnessing devices can be easily installed in remote
rural, hily or desert area.
RATNASAGAR
(iii (iii) Disadvantages of Coal:
•Its formation takes millions of years.
•Its shortage affects the manufacturing of iron and steel.
EVERGREEN/CANDID

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iii) Disadvantages of using coal
 Outflow of acidic water from coal mines reach rivers and streams.
 Air pollution from thermal plants include nitrogen oxide Sulphur dioxide
particulate matters and heavy metals which cause smog and respiratory
diseases.
 Coal based thermal plants are huge contributor to global warming and
climate change.

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 Methane released during mining is a global warming gas

 Thermal pollution is caused due to coal based stations. Water used as a
cooling agent is released into nearby lakes and rivers. The high
temperature of water decreases oxygen supply and negatively impacts
Marine organisms.

PEARSON

iv. a.Mention two advantages of nuclear power.

 Nuclear energy reduces the requirement of amount energy generated
from fossil fuels
 Reduces the greenhouse gas emissions
 Nuclear energy reduces the overall cost which includes ( raw material,
transport, handling and extraction of nuclear fuel
 Nuclear energy is the most reliable source of energy as nuclear power
plants can run 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.
 Since nuclear power plant have to be refueled every 18 to 24 months they
are less affected by fluctuating fuel prices hence they are less volatile as
compared to oil and natural gas.

b.What is the advantage of using solar energy in place of conventional sources

of energy?

 Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which can be harnessed in

most of the areas of the world.
 It saves fossil fuels like coal and petroleum used to produce electricity
and also reduces electricity bill.
 It can be used for diverse purposes to produce electricity in areas without
access to the electricity grid, to distil water in regions with limited clean
water supplies and to power satellites in space.
 Solar energy systems do not require lot maintenance.
MORNING STAR
iv. a.Mention two advantages of nuclear power.
Ans. * Cost of nuclear fuel is 20% the cost of energy generated.
* Less greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.
* Less amount of fuel is required.
* Production of electric energy is a continuous process.
* Production is not subject to climatic or price fluctuations.
b.What is the advantage of using solar energy over the conventional sources of
energy.

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Ans. *It is an indefinitely renewable and sustainable resource.

*It does not cause pollution.
* Solar panels require little maintenance.
* Government gives tax credits to people and companies for investing in solar
systems.

GOYAL
iv. a. Mention two advantages of nuclear power. 2
1. Reliable and highly sustainable.
2. Though it’s expensive to build, it is cheap to run and hence it is cost
effective.
3. Provides steady and efficient supply of powerful energy.

b. What is the advantage of using solar energy in place of the conventional

sources of energy?
1. Renewable and inexhaustible.
2. Clean source.
3. Reduces pressure on fossil fuels and cuts down electricity bills.
FRANK
b) The solar energy is cleanest pollution free and inexhaustible source of
energy. The solar energy harnessing devices can be easily installed in remote
rural, hily or desert area.
RATNASAGAR
(iv) (iv)(a) Advantages of nuclear power:
•Reliable and cost-effective.
• Low cost of production.
• Produces low pollution.
(b) Advantages of using solar energy:
• Environment friendly.
•Renewable and inexhaustible source of energy.
•Reduction in Deforestation.
•Saving of Cow- dung.
•Low maintenance cost.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(iv) a. Advantages of nuclear power:-
Nuclear Power produces very less amount of pollution.
Very small amount of raw material is required to generate huge amount of nuclear energy.
Atomic materials can be easily transported to far off places.
It is a reliable source of energy.
Although the initial capital cost of building a nuclear plant is high the maintenance and running
costs are relatively low.
If nuclear power stations are operated up to their full capacity they can produce cheap electricity
b. Solar energy is renewable and is a consistent power source meaning it always is going to be

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there every day where as conventional sources of energy are those sources which are non-
renewable and ecologically hazardous.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iv) (a) Advantages of nuclear power
 Nuclear power limits emission of greenhouse gas
 Nuclear power is not hindered by problems such as availability of coal
and erratic monsoon as in case of hydel stations.
 Nuclear power generation is a good option in areas far removed from coal
and with no hydel stations nearby.
 Generation of Atomic power by fusion does not generated radioactive
waste
 There is a long range marginal cost advantage as a small amount of
enriched Uranium or plutonium is used to generate colossal amount of
energy.

(b) Advantage of using solar energy.

 Solar energy is renewable energy source the energy of the Sun.
 Buy combining consumption of conventional energy and solar energy it is
possible to reduce electricity bills
 Low maintenance cost
 Solar energy has a wide range of application which includes lighting
running devices such as air conditioner, water heaters, solar dryers and
refrigerators.

PEARSON

Q.3 [10]
Mention two problems faced by the agriculture sector of India .
1.Environmental Factors:
 Unreliable rainfall.
 Lack of irrigation facilities .
 Soil erosion.
 Methods of cultivation.
 Demand for food crops .
 Reduction in net sown area.
2.Insitutional Factors:
 Small and fragmented land holdings .
 Exploitation of farmers.

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3. Economic Factors;
 Subsistence Agriculture.
 Human Elements.
 Challenges posed by Globalization
4.Techonological factor
 Old and inefficient techniques.
MORNING STAR
(i) Mention two problems faced by the agriculture sector of India.
Ans. * Small fragmented holdings.
* Use of poor quality seeds.
* Lack of proper use of manure and fertilizers.
* Prevalence of pests and diseases.
* Traditional upbringing.
* Soil Erosion.
* Erratic Monsoonal rainfall.
* Occurrence of floods and droughts.
* Excessive pressure on land due to increasing population.
* Ignorant and illiterate farmers.
* Low Yields.
GOYAL
(i) Mention two problems faced by the agriculture sector of India 2
1. About 60 percent land is monsoon fed that is non-irrigated and hence causes
failure if rain is irregular.
2. Soil erosion due to heavy monsoon and insufficient vegetation cover causes
land to become infertile.
3. Over increasing pressure of population leads to excessive use of chemical
fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides.
4. Illiteracy causes inappropriate use of modern techniques and they are
reluctant to use modern fertilizers, seeds etc.
5. Land fragmentation.
6. The system of land tenure cause focus of getting revenue rather than
increasing agricultural production.
7. Poverty and absence of credit facilities cause inability to use modern farming
techniques and also leads to fall into hands of money lenders.
8. Poor agricultural productivity and hence very less revenue from them to the
national income even though two third population is in this sector.
FRANK
i) Problems faced by the agriculture sector of India are:-
 Size of land holdings.
 Good quality seeds
 Unreliable rainfall
 Soil erosion

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 Faulty Land use system

 Lake of mechanization
 Limited use of fertilizers
 Lake of irrigation facilities
 Lake of storage facilities
 Inadequate transport facilities
 Agriculture marketing
 Low status of farmers
 Land tenancy
 Leak of education and training
 Lake of crop diversification.
RATNASAGAR
(i) Problems faced by the Agriculture sector of India:
• Overcrowding in agriculture.
•Social and economic condition of the farmers.
• Problem of finance and other inputs.
•Poor techniques of production.
•Inadequate irrigation facilities
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(i) Problems faced by the agriculture sector of India:-
Excessive pressure of population on land.
Unreliable rainfall
Small land holdings
low productivity
poor techniques of production
lack of mechanized farming
problems in finance

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(i) Problems faced by agriculture sector of India.
 Agriculture in India is dependent on uncertain errated sporadic seasonal
rainfall.
 About 46.5% of India total area is under agriculture and only one third of
this area is under irrigation.
 Due to faulty laws of inheritance land holdings are small and fragmented.
Subdivisions and fragmentations of land holdings is a cause for low
agricultural productivity.
 Majority of marginal farmers are unable to afford good quality HYV seeds
due to their prices. Use of poor quality seeds result in low agricultural

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output.
 Cultivation of serials and cash crops has led to soil exhaustion that is
they have been made bereft of minerals and nutrients. Chemical
fertilizers are costly and beyond the reach of a majority of Indian farmers.
 Mechanization as a part of agricultural reform benefited farmers in Punjab
and Haryana. Majority of farmers in different parts of India still use
traditional systems like drought animals, the plough and the sickle, and
manual systems of threshing and winnowing. This results in waste of
human labour and low agricultural output.
 Large areas of fertile land suffer from soil erosion due to heavy rainfall
causing sheet and gully erosion and wind erosion during the hot dry
summer season due to absence of crop and vegetation.
 In the absence of a sound marketing system for crops harvested the
farmers are force to carry out distress sales of their produce. Traders and
middleman force the farmers to sell at a decreased rate to repay loans.
 Warehouses and cold storages in rural areas are inadequately equipped.
Storage of crops using scientific means benefits the farmer. They can sell
their produce when prices are favourable and a buffer stock can be built
which can be used during times of emergencies.
 Farmers are forced to borrow money from money lenders and traders who
charged very high rates of interest. Now government financial institutions
are extending loans to farmers at a nominal interest rate


PEARSON

ii. a.Mention any one climatic condition found suitable for growing cotton.
Temperature :
During July to September between 21 degree centigrade and 30 degree
centigrade
During October the day temperature should be 26 degree centigrade which
helps the ripening and bursting of cotton balls under the sunny skies.
Long growing period of atleast 200 frost free days is necessary for the plant to
mature.
Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm
MORNING STAR
ii. a.Mention any one climate condition found suitable for growing cotton.
Ans. 21°C to 27°C Temperature/ 200 Frost free days/ 80 to 100 cms rainfall.

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b.Name the state that is the leading producer of cotton in India.

Ans. Gujarat followed by Maharashtra.
GOYAL
ii.
a. Mention any two climatic conditions found suitable for growing of cotton. 1
Ans: Temp: 20 to 32 degree c and minimum 200 frost free days.
2. 50 to 120 cm rainfall.
Abundant sunshine during ripening and picking.
b. Name the State that is the leading producer of cotton in India. 1
Ans: Gujarat.
FRANK
ii) A) Climatic conditions suitable for cotton.
 Cotton needs uniformly high temperature ranging between 20 degree
Celsius and 30 degree Celsius.
 Cotton needs enough rainfall from 50-100 cm annually, in the early
stages of growth.
 Cotton is grown successfully in areas that receive less rainfall with
the help of irrigation.
 Frost is most harmful for cotton plant and it needs at least 210
frost-free days in a year. High relative humidity at the time of
picking of cotton boll is very harmful.
 Cotton as a kharif crop needs 6 to 8 months to mature. The time of
sowing and harvesting cotton varies from region to region.
 The rain-fed crop is sown in June-July, while the irrigated crop is
sown in March-April.
 In India, cotton is successfully grown in a variety of soils, such as
black soil of Deccan Trap, alluvial soil of Satluj-Ganga plain and red
soil of South India.
 Cotton cultivation can exhaust the fertility of soils, and thus, needs
regular use of manures and fertilizers.
 Picking of cotton is mostly done manually in India. Thus, cheap and
efficient labour is needed at the time of picking. The picking is done
in about three months.
RATNASAGAR
(ii) (ii)(a) Climatic conditions found suitable for growing cotton:
• Cotton needs a warm climate summer temperature of 21°c to 27°c.
• Rainfall ranging between 50 cm to 80cm is adequate.
(b) Rajasthan, Punjab,Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka
and Maharashtra are cotton's main producers.
b.Name the state that is the leading producer of cotton in India.

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Gujrat, Maharashtra,Telengana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

EVERGREEN/CANDID
(ii) a. Hot and humid climate with an average temperature ranging between 21°-
30° C, 200 frost free days.
b. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Odisha.

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(ii) (a) Climatic condition for growing cotton
 Temperature 20°C - 32°C. The plan to susceptable to Frost.
 Rainfall 50- 120 cms.

(b) Leading producer of cotton: Maharashtra followed by Gujarat Andhra

Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Punjab Haryana.
PEARSON

iii. With reference to rice cultivation answer the following:

Name the soil found suitable for its growth.
Deep fertile clayee or loamy soils.
Aluvial soils along the river banks.
Name the state that is the largest producer of this crop in India
West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

In which cropping season is it generally grown in India?

Rice is a kharif crop in North India and in South India it can be grown
throughout the year if irrigation is available.

MORNING STAR
iii. With reference to Rice cultivation answer the following:
a.Name the soil found suitable for its growth.
Ans. Deep, fertile, clayey Loam/ alluvial/ Black Lava Soil
b.Name the state that is the largest producer of this crop in India.
Ans. West Bengal
c.In which cropping season is it generally grown in India.
Ans. Kharif Season

GOYAL
iii. With reference to Rice cultivation answer the following: 1
a. Name the soil found suitable for its growth.
Ans: Alluvial topsoil, clayey subsoil.

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b. Name the State that is the largest producer of this crop in India. 1
Ans: West Bengal.

c. In which cropping season is it generally grown in India? 1

Ans: Kharif season.
FRANK
iii. A) Rice grows well in non-porous deep fertile clay or loamy soil of river valleys
flood plains coastal areas or deltas which can hold water.

B) West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India and it is mainly grown in
lower gangetic plains. Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand together occupy the
second place among the top rice producing States. About 25% of the total
cultivation area of the states is devoted to rice cultivation.

C) Rice, a kharif crop can be grown in India under varying conditions.

RATNASAGAR
(iii)(a) Alluvial soil is the best but it can also grow in a variety of soils including
silts, loams and gravels.
(b) Punjab and Haryana.
(c)Kharif - Rice.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
a. Alluvial soil with a sub soil of impervious clay
(iii) b. West Bengal
c. Kharif season
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iii) (a) Soil suitable for rice: rice grows best on alluvial soil which are heavily
clay or clay loam. Soil are capable of stagnating water above the ground surface
creating flooded condition ideal for cultivation of rice.
(b) Leading producer of rice: West Bengal Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh
Punjab Tamilnadu Orissa.
(c) Cropping season: Three crops of rice are harvested. These are Aus ( Kharif),
Aman ( Winter) and Boro ( spring/summer).
PEARSON

(iv) a.Name the state that is the largest producer of sugarcane in India.
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
b.Why more than two ratoon crops are not advisable for sugarcane farmers?
The yield is of thinner canes with lower sucrose content.
There is more risk of pest and diseases
c.What is Zayad cropping season?

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The crops which are raised throughout the year is called Zayad.
They include Zayad Kharif crops sown in august and September and are
harvested in December and January most of the oil seeds like mustard are
grown in this season.
Zayad Rabi crops are sown in February and march and are harvested in April
and may
Like summer vegetables, water melons , jowar , maize
MORNING STAR
(iv) a.Name the state that is the largest producer of sugarcane in India.
Ans. Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra.
b.Why more than two ratoon crops are not advisable for sugarcane farmers?
Ans. With every progressive ratoon grown the cane becomes thinner and the
sucrose content decreases.
c.What is Zayad cropping season?
Ans. Summer cropping season extending from March to May between the kharif
and rabi seasons. Crops grown are pulses fruits, vegetables, groundnuts, maize
and rice.
GOYAL
(iv)
a. Name the State that is the largest producer of Sugarcane in India?
Ans: Uttar Pradesh.

b. Why more than two ratoon of crops are not advisable for sugarcane?
1. Thinner crop with poor sucrose content and poor yield.
2. Increased risk of pests and diseases.

c. What is Zayad cropping season?

Its extra cropping season between March to June.
FRANK
b) Ratoon method is very popular in India due to its low cost of production and
it also matures in comparatively less time. This method also save labour input
but production decrease with each passing year.
c) The Zayad season is in between the curve and Rabi season. This is a short
season during the summer months the crops are generally sown in early
summer and harvesting is done in early autumn season.
RATNASAGAR
(iv)(a)Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of Sugarcane in India.
(b)(i) It yields thinner canes with lower sugar content.
(ii) Increasing risk of pests and diseases.
(c)Zayad crops are grown between April, May and June.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(iv) a. Uttar Pradesh
b. It yields thinner canes with lower sugar content. There is also a risk of pests

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and diseases.
c. There is an extra crop known as ‘Zayad Crop’ and it is grown in the months
of April and May.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iv) (a) Largest producer of sugarcane: Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra
Karnataka Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh
(b) Disadvantages of ratooning:
 Yield lesser sucrose
 Susceptible to pests and disease like red rot, wilt, smut and top borer.

(c) Zayad : This is a short cropping season between the Rabi and the kharif
seasons. During the summer months of March April and May a wide variety of
fruits and vegetables are cultivated for example watermelon muskmelon
compass potatoes tomatoes and brinjal. A crop of rice is also grown in West
Bengal and Tamilnadu. In Bengal this crop is known as Boro. Also cultivated in
the short season.
PEARSON

Q.4 [10]

(i) Differentiate between minerals and agro-based industry giving suitable example
for each from India.
Agro-based industries:
This group of industries depends on the raw material produced by the
agriculture sector.
The products comprise mostly consumer goods.
Eg: cotton, jute and textile industries, sugar industry, tea industry, coffee
industry.
Mineral-based industries :
These industries use minerals both metallic and non-metallic as raw materials
and are based on ferrous and nonferrous metallurgical process.
Eg: Iron and steel, heavy engineering, and machine tool, cement basic and light
chemicals, fertilizers.
MORNING STAR
(i) Differentiate between mineral based and agro based industry giving suitable
examples for each from India.
Ans. * Agro based industries depend on agriculture for the supply of raw
materials. Ex. Sugar/ Jute/ Cotton/ Tea/ Food processing/ Vegetable Oil
Industries.
* Mineral based industries depend upon mining of minerals for the supply of

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raw materials. Ex. Iron & Steel/ Automobile Shipbuilding/ / Alliminium/

Metallurgical industries.
GOYAL
(i) Differentiate between mineral based and agro based industry giving suitable 2
examples for each in India.
Mineral based Agro based
1 These industries obtain their raw These industries obtain their raw
materials from minerals material from agriculture.
2 Do not Depend on climate Depend on climate
3 As these industries are not As these industries are linked to
linked to climate and agriculture, climate and agriculture, their
their production is more regular. production hampers when cropping
season fails.
FRANK
(i) Industries that receive the raw material from the minerals are called mineral
based industries, such as, iron and steel petrochemicals and electronic goods
industries.

The industries which use the agriculture products as their basic raw materials
are called the agro based industries. Such industries include sugar ,textile,(
cotton jute ,silk,wool),vegetable oil ,food processing etc These are mostly
consumer goods industries.
RATNASAGAR
1.(a)Agro based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw
materials whereas, Mineral based industries are primary industries that use
mineral ores as their raw materials.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
Mineral Based Agro Based Industry
Industry Industries that
Industries that depend on
depend on minerals agriculture products
as their raw as their raw material.
materials. cotton textile
iron and steel industry
industry sugar industry
cement industry etc
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(i) Agro based industries - industries which draw their raw materials from
agriculture for example cotton jute and sugar industries.
Mineral based industries - industries which depend on minerals for raw
materials for example iron and steel industry. PEARSON

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(ii) Give two ways in which petrochemical industry is important for India.
Petrochemicals are cost effective economically stable cheaper as they are
produced on a mass scale its raw material is easily available not dependent on
agricultural raw material.
MORNING STAR
(ii) Give two ways in which petro chemical industry is important for India.
Ans. They are cost effective/ economically stable/ cheaper/ raw material is
easily available and not dependent on agriculture as compared to natural
products.
GOYAL
(ii) Give two ways in which petro chemical industry is important for India? 2
1. These industries provide multiple products ranging from cosmetics to clothes
to synthetic material etc useful in everyday life.
2. The products are very durable, attractive and cheap and hence affordable.
3. Synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre are not affected by climate and are
produced on a large scale and at cheap rate.
4. By exporting petrochemical products, India earns huge foreign exchange.
FRANK
(ii) The petrochemical industry has a bright future in our country. It may also be
mentioned that India is now almost self sufficient in some essential
petrochemicals. India has already started exporting sum of the major
petrochemical product. There has been a study increase in the production and
consumption of major petrochemical products in India. Recently the
petrochemical industry has been de licence which encouraged further growth.
For the progress of this industry the government has already approved and
implemented the national policy on petrochemical so as to make India a hub of
this industries for domestic and international market.
RATNASAGAR
(b)For example cotton textile industry and jute industry are agro based
industries whereas, Iron and steel industry is the example of mineral based
industries.
(ii) Importance of Petro chemical Industry in India:
It is used for manufacturing a large variety of articles such as synthetic fibres,
synthetic rubber, ferrous and Non- ferrous metals, plastics, dye-stuffs,
insecticides, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(ii) Petrochemical industries are economically stable and contribute to the national
income.
Since They are not dependent on agricultural production, there is no
fluctuation in production

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SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(ii) Importance of petrochemical industry
 Petrochemical industries contribute to the national income
 They are cheaper and durable
 Petrochemical industries employs a large number of people.
 They are not dependent on agriculture raw material hence there is no
fluctuation in production due to climatic factor.

PEARSON

(iii) With reference to TATA steel plant answer the following.

Where is it located?
Sakchi , now called Jamshedpur
From where does it get its coal requirements ?
Jharia and Bokaro coal fields
From where does it get its iron ore requirements ?
Gurumahisani mines in Mayurbhanj of Odisha.
Noamundi mines Singhbhum district of Jharkhund
MORNING STAR
(iii) With reference to Tata steel plant answer the following:
a.Where is it located?
Ans. Jamshedpur in Jharkhand at the confluence of the Subernarekha and
Kharkai rivers.
b.From where does it get its coal requirement?
Ans. Jharia
c.From where does it get its iron ore requirement?
Ans. Noamundi in Jharkhand/Bonai and Mayurbhanj in Orissa
GOYAL
(iii) With reference to TATA steel plant answer the following
a. Where is it located? 1
Ans: It is in Tatanagar, in Jharkhand.

b. From where does it get its coal requirements? 1

Ans: Jharia from Jharkhand.

c. From where does it get its iron ore requirements? 1

Ans: Sighbhum (Jharkhand), Maturbhanj and Bonai from Odisha.
FRANK
(iii) With reference to Tata steel plant.
a) Kisko is the oldest and the largest iron and steel plant in India

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located at Jamshedpur (old name Sakchi) in Jharkhand.

b) Tisco get its coal from Jharia, Bokaro and Raniganj coalfields
which are about 150 to 200 km away from Jamshedpur.
c) High grade iron ore is brought from Noamundi mines of
Singhbhum in Jharkhand and Guru mahisani mine of
mayurbhanj in Odisha. These iron ore mines are at a distance of
about 75 to 100 KM from Jamshedpur.
RATNASAGAR
(iii)(a)Tata steel is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
(b)It gets it coal requirements from
Jharia & West Bokaro, in the state of Jharkhand
(c)It gets it iron ore requirements from
Noamundi, Joda, Khondbond and Katamati in the states of Jharkhand and
Odisha.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
a. It is located at Jamshedpur in the Chotanagpur region of Jharkhand.
b. It gets coal from Jharia which is only 160 km away
c. It gets the Iron ore from the Noamundi mines of Singhbhum and Mayurbhanj
of Odisha.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iii) (a) Location : Tata Steel limited is located in Jamshedpur Jharkhand which
is about 250 km from Kolkata.
(b) Coal is obtained from Jharia cold fields.
(c) Iron ore is obtained from the mines of Mayurbhanj in Odisha and deposits of
Singhbhum.
PEARSON

(iv)
a.Name any two biproducts of the sugar industry.
Molasses, Bagasse and Press mud
b.Why are the cotton textiles industries mostly located in the coastal areas?
Presence of ports facilitates import of capital goods, chemicals and the export of
finished goods.
MORNING STAR
(iv) a.Name any two byproducts of the sugar industry.
Ans. Pressmud/ Bagasse/ Mollases.
b.Why are the cotton textile industries mostly located in the coastal areas?
Ans. Humid climate of coastal areas facilitates the spinning of yarn as it
increases the strength of the cotton fiber.
GOYAL

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(iv) a. Name any two byproducts of the sugar industry. 2

Ans: Press mud, bagasse, and molasses.

b. Why are the cotton textile industries mostly located in the coastal areas? 1
Ans:
1.Because the coastal climate is suitable for spinning cotton and
2. Through port machinery can be imported and finished cotton textile can be
easily exported.
FRANK
A) in India the coast of producing sugar from sugarcane is very high this can be
slightly reduced by properly utilising the byproducts of sugar industries. Some
of the products are bagasse, molasses and press mud.
B) the cotton textile industries mostly located in the coastal areas because the
port facilities help in the import of long staple cotton and machinery as well as
the export of the finished products.
RATNASAGAR
(iv)(a)By products of sugar industry are molasses, bagasse and press mud.
(b) Cotton textile industries are mostly located in the coastal areas because the
atmosphere is suitable for spinning and humidity in air increase the strength
of cotton.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(iv) a. Bagasse, Molasses and Press mud.
b. Proximity to raw materials
hot and humid climate
available of transport via roadways railways and waterways
cheap labour and
Accessibility to foreign market.

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iv) (a) By-products of sugar industries:
 Bagasse
 Molasses
 Press mud

(b) Cotton textile industries are mostly located in the coastal areas as the port
facility helps in the import of machinery and long staple cotton which India
lacks.
PEARSON

Q.5 [10]

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(i) Mention two advantages of using roadways.

 It is through the roads that every village and hamlet can be reached.
 Construction cost of road is much lower than that of railways.
 Road can be constructed in the areas of difficult terrain
 Roads offer door to door service , thereby it reduces the cost of loading
and unloading.
 Roads also helps farmers to move their perishable goods quickly to the
markets.
 The movement of goods is safer through road transport as the chances of
pilferage is lesser than railways
 Road transport supplement other modes of transportation, it provides
link between railways stations, ports and their hinterlands.
MORNING STAR
(i) Mention two advantages of roadways.
Ans.* Provides door to door service.
*Links villages to cities.
*Is the cheapest means of communication.
*Can be constructed in remote areas, difficult terrain, high altitude and steep
slopes.
*Is a link between railway stations, ports and airports.
*Is the safest means of transporting perishable commodities like vegetables,
fruits and milk from villages to cities.

GOYAL
(i) Mention any two advantages of using roadways. 2
Ans: 1. Cheaper construction and maintenance cost.
2. They can be constructed in hilly areas as they can negotiate sharp turn and
steep slopes.
3. Roads are more flexible than railways.
4. Remote areas can be conveniently accessed by roadways.
5. They act as feeder for other transport routes.
6. Perishable commodities are more quickly carried by them than railways.
FRANK
(i) IMPORTANCE OF ROADS
1. Roads are important for transporting goods and passengers for short and
medium distances.
2. Roads are comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain.
3. Roads connect farms, factories and markets.
4. Roads provide door-to-door service.
5. Roads can negotiate steep slopes and sharp turns.
6. Roads act as great feeders to railway.
7. Road transport is more flexible as bus and trucks can be stopped anywhere
and anytime for loading or unloading.

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8. Roads can transport perishable goods (vegetables, fruits, milk, etc.) easily
and quickly in comparison to railways.
Thus, the road transport in India is becoming popular and there is a gradual
change from rail dominated transport system to road dominated transport
system.
RATNASAGAR
(i) Advantages of Roadways:
• Door to door service.
• It is flexible.
• Less investment is required.
•Cost of production is low.
• Upkeep cost is low.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(i) Advantages of using Roadways:
Door to door collection and distribution of loads and passengers are easier
through roads by buses or lorries.
road transport is faster and cheaper
farmers can move their perishable products quickly to the markets
Road transport can be possible in every area even in hilly areas where other
transports are not possible.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(i) Advantages of Roadways:
 Road transport requires much less capital investment compared to
railways and Airways
 Road transport provide door to door and warehouse to warehouse
services which reduce loading and unloading expenses.
 Road transport is suitable for carrying goods and people from and two
areas which are not accessible by other modes of transport.
 Road transport provides flexible service by adjusting and changing routes
and timings according to individual requirement.
 It is a convenient means of transportation over short distance
 There is lessar risk of damage or breakage as intermediate loading and
handling are avoided.
 Goods transported by motor transport required comparatively less
packing.
 Road transport is quicker than railways and water transport.
 Road transport act as a feeder to other means of transport such as
railways waterways and Airways
 Road transport can be used to carry perishable goods. PEARSON

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(ii) What is the purpose of developing the Golden Quadrilateral in India?

 The highway interconnects many major cities and ports
 It provides an impetus to truck transport throughout India
 It enables the industrial growth to all the small town through which it
passes.
 It provides vast opportunities for transport of agricultural produce from
the hinterland from major cities and ports for export.
MORNING STAR
(ii) What is the purpose of developing the Golden Quadrilateral in India?
Ans.* It has reduced time and distance between mega cities en route between
Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai.
* Has led to better and faster movement of products.
* Has reduced wastage of time.
* Has decreased vehicle operating costs and time because of better quality
roads.
* Has therefore led to reduction in transportation costs.
GOYAL
(ii) What is the purpose of developing the Golden Quadrilateral in India? 2
1. To ensure faster and smoother movement of people between metro cities.
2. It opened more choice for opening industries even in smaller towns as this
road connect those providing better access to market.
3. Improved transportation reduced damage to agricultural products.
4. Provides better connectivity to major agricultural industrial and cultural
centers of India stimulating economic growth.
5. It has given impetus to truck transport throughout India.
FRANK
(ii) Purpose of developing the golden quadrilateral.
The Government of India through NHAI, has launched a major road
development project, linking Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata-Delhi. This is
known as the Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways. This project will be looked
after by the National Highway Development Project (NHDP). It was launched on
2 January, 1999. The total length of super highways in the project is about
5,846 km.
The Golden Quadrilateral and the corridors will also be connected to 10 major
ports of India, through a road length of 363 km.
These highways will have 4 or 6 lanes. The government has involved several
private companies in this project. These companies will invest money, and
develop and maintain these highways. It is based on the concept of Build,

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Operate and Transfer (BOT). The main objective is to reduce the time of travel
and distance between the major cities of India.
RATNASAGAR
(ii) Purpose of developing the golden quadrilateral in India:
•To establish faster transport network between major cities and ports.
•To promote economic development of the country.
•Reduction of agricultural wastage.
•Provides smaller towns better access to markets.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(ii) To interconnect major cities and ports.
impetus to truck transport throughout India
It will help in industrial growth of all small towns through which it .
It will provide vast opportunities for transport of agriculture and produce from
the hinterland to the major cities and ports for export.
It will provide job opportunities in its construction as well as demand for
cement, steel and other construction materials.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(ii) Purpose of developing the golden quadrilateral in India.
 Development of the areas
 Employment to a large number of people
 Reduce travel time
 Reduced vehicle operating cost

PEARSON

(iii) What is the purpose of developing the Golden Quadrilateral in India?

 The highway interconnects many major cities and ports
 It provides an impetus to truck transport throughout India
 It enables the industrial growth to all the small town through which it
passes.
 It provides vast opportunities for transport of agricultural produce from
the hinterland from major cities and ports for export.
MORNING STAR
(iii) Mention three disadvantages of waterways.
Ans. * Slow Speed
* Failure of monsoons results in the fall in water level making navigation
difficult.
* Floods are caused during rainy season making it difficult to ply boats.
* Rivers of south India flow over rough terrain and have waterfalls in their
paths and are thus not fit for navigation.

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* Diversion of water for irrigation reduces the level of water in the rivers making
them unsuitable for navigation.
* Deforestation in hilly areas leads to soil erosion and silting in rivers making
the river beds shallow and unfit for navigation
GOYAL
(iii) Mention three disadvantages of waterways. 3
Ans: Slowest mode.
2. Rivers and canals are not operational throughout the year.
3. They cater only to limited area where there are navigable rivers or in coastal
areas.
4. They may be affected by weather disturbances like cyclones and tornadoes.
FRANK
(iii) 1. The water transport could not complete with the speed of rail and Road
transport.
2. The diversion of river water to irrigation canals made many of these river in
suitable for navigation.
3. Setting of the river bad reduces the depth of water and de silting of river bad
is a costly affair.
4. The presence of waterfall and sharp bands in the course of river hinders the
navigation.
RATNASAGAR
(iii) Disadvantages of waterways:
• Not suitable for small businesses.
• It is risky.
•Slow speed.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(iii) Disadvantages of waterways:-
It is very slow mode of transport.
During dry period, silting of the river bed reduces the depth and creates
problems.
Inland waterways development is very in significant and inadequate because
the peninsular rivers are seasonal and become dry during the dry season.

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iii) Disadvantages of Waterways:
 It is the slowest mode of transport and is unsutable where timely delivery
is an important factor.
 Waterways can be used only in areas that have deep canals and rivers.
 Rivers and canals that are seasonal in nature are unsuitable for the
development of water transport.
 The changing course of a river may cause dislocation there by making

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waterways an unreliable mode of transport.

 Waterways are not suitable for small businesses.

PEARSON

(iv) Give a reason for the following:

Railways are not well developed in the Northeastern states of India
Since the northeastern states are hilly areas therefore train tracks cannot be
laid.
Air transport has gained popularity in recent times in India.
 The speed and ease in which aeroplanes can cross mountain barriers ,
sandy deserts , large expanses of water and forests make the air
transport indispensable.
 Air transport is of particular importance during the natural calamities.
 It is the fastest and comfortable mode of transport and far-flung and
remote areas of the country.
 Air transport is particularly significant for a country like India in which
owing to her vast size long distances have to be covered between
important cities.

NSEW is helpful for India

 It connects the length and breadth of the country .
 It connects the major cities and industrial areas.
MORNING STAR
(iv) Give a reason for the following:
a. Railways are not well developed in the North Eastern States of India.
Ans. Terrain is hilly and rugged and land is forested.
b. Air transport has gained popularity in recent times in India.
Ans. Private airlines have offered attractive schemes reducing airfares
drastically making them affordable.
c. NSEW is helpful for India.
Ans. * It connects all the four ends of India passing through cities between
Silchar in the east to Porbander in the west, Srinagar in the north to
Kanyakumari in the south.
* It promotes national integration, commerce, trade and manufacturing as it
connects cities from all four directions reducing time and distance between
them.
GOYAL
(iv) Give a reason for the following
a. Railways are not well developed in the North Eastern States of India. 1
Ans: Due to the following

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1. Backward economy.
2. Hilly terrain.
3. Swift streams and rivers.
4. Dense forests.

b. Air transport has gained popularity in recent time in India. 1

1. Due to increased number of airports.
2. Increased economy and per capita income.
3. Many domestic and public sector airlines are now providing cheaper
transport facilities.

c. NSEW is helpful for India. 1

Ans: Led to general improvement in area and reduction in vehicle operating
cost.
Gave impetus to industrialization, employment, reduced travel time and
reduced fuel cost.
FRANK
(iv) a) Railways are not well developed in the north eastern state of India as
these areas has rugged terrain,hilly topography, thickly forested , sparse
population and extremely backward economy the construction of railway
is not only difficult but also very costly affair
b) Air transport has gained popularity in recent time in As the air transport
is the fastest means of transport which has reduced distances by
reducing the travel time. The air transport can help us to cross the reach
remote hostile and inaccessible areas like mountains thick forest marshy
areas and Sandy desert. Air transport please a significant role in the
times of emergency as well as in case of natural and man-made disaster
such as flood droughts famines epidemics were etc.
c) NSEW (Not properly mentioned in this book)
RATNASAGAR
(iv)(a) Railways are not well developed in North Eastern states of India because
it is difficult to lay railway lines in hilly terrains or remote areas.
(b)Air transport has gained popularity in the recent time in India because
the fastest and a comfortable means of transport and even helps during
emergency.
(c)NSEW is helpful for India because
forms a key part of the Indian highway network, connecting many of its
important manufacturing, commerce and cultural centers
EVERGREEN/CANDID
a. Steepness of the gradient of the hilly region
b. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport.
Air transport is free of mountain Barriers.

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Remote places can be reached by air Transport.

c. NSEW corridor connects the major metro cities of Delhi Mumbai Chennai
and Kolkata. The North South corridor connects Srinagar to Kanyakumari and
the east west corridors connect Silchar to Porbandar.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iv) Geographical Reasons:
(a) Railways are not developed in the North eastern states of India because of
 Rugged landscape
 Swift stream
 Thick forest
 Backward economy.

(b) Air transport has gained popularity in recent times in India as:
 It provides regular comfortable efficient and quick services.
 It follows the shortest and direct routes a seas mountains or forest do not
come in the way of air transport.
 It can be used to carry freight and passengers to areas that are not
accessible by other modes of transportation.
 It provides emergency services in areas affected by flood earthquake and
other natural calamities.
 It is most suitable for carrying light goods of high value.
 It helps in space exploration.
 It plays an important role in the defence of our country.

(c) NSEW is helpful for India

The north south east west corridor connect Srinagar in the north to
Kanyakumari in the south in the East to Porbandar in the west. The stretch of
the project that has been completed as been connected with national highways
and the golden quadrilateral. These projects have led to the development of the
areas employed a large number of people and reduced travel time and vehicle
operating costs.
PEARSON

Q.6 Why is there a need for waste management in large metropolitan cities?
 To stop the transmission of diseases.
 To reduce the pollution.
 To reduce the greenhouse gases.
MORNING STAR

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Q.6 (i) Why is there a need for waste management in large metropolitan cities?
Ans. * Rapid growth of population, industrialization and urbanization leads to
overcrowding, congestion and pollution.
*There is lack of space to dispose garbage.
*Waste management in metropolitan cities is necessary to prevent
environmental pollution, spread of diseases and spoilage of landscape.
GOYAL
Q.6 (i) Why is there a need for waste management in large metropolitan cities? 2
1. To reduce health hazard associated with accumulation of waste.
2. To reduce spread of diseases and pollution
FRANK
(i) In the last 50 years rapid growth in population urbanization large scale
industrialisation rising standard of living and increase in conception have
increased waste generation in many parts of the world. India generate about
150 million turns of waste in one day we can see heeps of waste lying along
road side in street corners in hospitals schools backyards near water bodies
and also in various public places. In the absence of proper waste management
the accumulation of waste has become a major problem not only in our country
but also in many developed and under developed countries in the world.
RATNASAGAR
(i)There is a need for waste management in large metropolitan cities in India
because due to the high rate of population growth which has led to increased
pollution.
Improper management of solid waste poses risks to the environment and public
health.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
With the rise in a living standards and increase in comfort we are depleting the
natural resources by over exploiting the natural resources. This is leading to an
increase in waste products. We cannot get rid of it completely because it always
remains in the environment. Now the environment is threatened by our
activities as the use of non-biodegradable waste are increasing day by day,
there is an urgent need for waste management as wastes cause pollution which
inturn causes damage to environment.

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(i) Need for waste management.
 Loss of agriculture land due to erosion, salinization and water logging
lower agriculture output.
 Natural resources will be depleted very fast for manufacturing of goods in
the developed World.
 Rapid rise of global population causes depletion of resources like forest
wealth water minerals as well as pollution.

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 The construction of dams for power generation and irrigation has long
and short term environmental consequences.

PEARSON

(ii) Why is composting considered a safe method of waste disposal?

 It enhances soil nutrients and water retention capacity of soils.
 It suppresses plant diseases.
 It rejuvenates poor soils by adding hummus.
 It absorbs odour and degrades volatile organic compounds.
 It prevents pollution by preventing pollutants in storm water runoffs from
draining into water resources.
 It checks soil erosion and silting on embankment.
MORNING STAR
(ii) Why is composting considered a safe method of waste disposal?
Ans. * It’s a natural waste disposal system.
* It does not cause any pollution.
* It reduces waste to be disposed by converting organic waste into fertilizers.
* It recycles nutrients into the soil aiding plant growth and increases the
moisture holding capacity of the soil.
GOYAL
(ii) Why is composting considered a safe method of waste disposal? 2
1. It causes complete disintegration of cow dung and other biodegradable
waste.
2. Germs get killed.
3. It works as a natural waste disposal system.
FRANK
(ii) Composting considered a safe method of waste disposal as it is a natural
biodegradation process in which the biodegradable solid waste can be converted
into nutrient rich manure in the presence of microorganisms. Composting can
be done either in the presence of atmospheric air or in the absence of
atmospheric air.
RATNASAGAR
(ii) (ii) Composting is considered as a safe method of waste disposal because it can
significantly reduce the amount of disposable garbage.
Addition of compost to soil increases organic matter content.
Moreover, it is the natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves
and food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
(ii) Composting is a safer waste disposal technique where bio-degradable waste is
decomposed by microbes and the waste is converted Into manure. Heaps of

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leaves, grass, sewage, sludge, food waste and bio-degradable household waste
converts into compost which forms top soil capable of giving good crops.
Compost is produced by action of microbes on organic matter. Microbes
degrade carbonic material into simpler substances in moist, warm and aerobic
environment.

SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(ii) Composting is considered a safe method of waste disposal as it consists of:
 Segregation of refuse into organic and inorganic components
 Grinding of the organic components
 Stabilizing in either open piles or in Mechanical digesters.

PEARSON

(iii) Why should we reuse waste?

It reduces the burden on waste disposal .
How can farm waste be made useful?
Farm waste are recycled used for Gober gas and manure

How is dumping of waste harmful?

 Open dumping spoil the site of the area.
 It becomes a breeding ground for the mosquitos, flies etc
 They give out foul odor
 The burning of waste material pollutes the air
 Rainwater could carry the harmful substances to the nearby streams ,
ponds or lakes
 And if the water seeps down it could pollute the ground water.

MORNING STAR
(iii) a. Why should we reuse waste?
Ans. * To minimize waste generation.
* To control the quantity of waste produced.
* Turn waste into wealth ie. potential resources.
* To extract maximum benefit from the waste generated.
b. How can farm waste be made useful?
Ans. * Farm waste can be recycled into compost, manure or biogas fuel since it
is organic waste and it is biodegradable.
c. How is dumping of waste harmful?
Ans. * It emits a foul smell.
* It contaminates surrounding water bodies, aquifers and soil by leakages from
landfills.

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* Creates methane gas which is a byproduct of chemical processes when

bacteria decompose waste.
GOYAL
(iii)
a. Why should we reuse water? 1
1. To reduce its scarcity.

b. How can farm waste be made useful? 1

1. By composting.
2. By using as fodder.

c. How is dumping of waste harmful? 1

1. 1.It cases land degradation.
2, Pollution of underground water.
3. Spread of flies, foul smell and diseases.
4. Spoils land scape.
FRANK
(iii) Give reason.
a.The practice of using materials and goods again and again after necessary
repair and maintenance is called reusing. We should reuse waste as this
practice can help in reducing the amount of waste disposed of in the land
fields.
b.Farm waste can be made useful by composting as this method is widely
practiced in village as this method involves the decaying plants leaves, cow
dung etc to be buried in a small pit or in open ground and left to decay. It
enhances soil nutrients like nitrogen potassium and phosphorus. Reduces the
need to buy chemical fertilizers and it works as a natural waste disposal
system.
c.Dumping of waste is harmful as
1It is harmful for the environment as well as for humans and other living
organisms.
2. The solid waste materials which are left in the open give out bad smell.
3. The dumped waste becomes breeding ground for flies, mosquitoes and
harmful bacteria.
4. This waste is the main source of diseases in such areas where it is openly
dumped.
5. The rain can wash away this waste to nearby water bodies such as river,
lakes or ponds. These water bodies do get polluted.
6. Sometimes this waste percolates down the soil and the solute the
groundwater.
RATNASAGAR

(iii)(a)We should reuse waste because

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it makes needed items available to those who can't afford to buy them new.
(b)Farm waste can be made useful by
Biofuels, compost , biogas etc.
(c) Dumping of waste is harmful because we can become a victim of many
diseases asthma , malaria , cancer and it releases very harmful gases into the
air such as methane.

EVERGREEN/CANDID
(iii) a. We should reuse waste so that we can use the same products many times. It
also reduces are dependence on plastics and is also reusable. Eg. Glass and
metal containers
b. Farm waste can be decomposed by microbes and the waste can be converted
into manure which can be used to make top soil more fertile making soil more
capable of giving good crops.
c. Dumping of solid waste causes severe air pollution and effects the health of
people. among these accumulated solid waste very few are biodegradable and
some of these are recyclable while others are not. After sometime solid waste
starts decomposing. flies insects etc live on these and carry germs of various
diseases
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
iii) (a) Certain items that are not biodegradable should be reused as it does not
lead to creation of new waste.
(b) Not in Text Book
(c) Not in Text Book
PEARSON

(iv) Mention three ways to reduce waste generation at home.

Stop using plastics.
Utilize kitchen waste as a manure to the plants.
Clearing of waste on regular basis.
Choose paperless billing.
Reduce food waste.
MORNING STAR
(iv) Mention three ways to reduce waste generation at home.
Ans. * Reduce use of harmful non-biodegradable products like polythene and
plastic, and replace them with biodegradable products.
* Purchase ecofriendly household gadgets like solar cookers, lights and heaters.
* Convert biodegradable household waste like vegetable peels and garden waste
into compost.
* Reuse damaged items by repairing and polishing them instead of throwing
them because of minor faults.

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GOYAL
(iv) Mention three ways to reduce waste generation at home. 3
Ans: 1. By making food only as much as necessary.
2. By reducing use of materials needed for daily use.
3. By reusing commodities like plates, clothes, shoes etc.
4. By segregating the waste and giving it for recycling.
FRANK
(iv) Ways to reduce waste generation at home.
Reducing the amount of waste generation is an environmental friendly practice
which actually starts as the household level. This practice can go a long way
introducing the stress of waste management. If we can reduce the amount of
waste generated then we will have lesser amount for reuse recycle or dispose.
Some tips for waste reduction is follows:
 We should buy only those products that need fewer resources in
their production.
 We should buy only long lasting consumer goods. This will help
in reducing the amount of waste.
 We should carry as far as possible are on reusable shopping
bags.
 We should try to reduce the use of those articles that are not
packed in recycle material.
 We must avoid as far as possible the regular use of disposable
plates cups glasses cutlery etc.
 We should avoid the purchase of and use of unnecessarily
packaged food items.
 We should buy only those products that have less packaging.
We should buy only the right quantity of what we really need.
This can reduce waste generation.
 We must avoid the use of those articles that have CFC or non-
biodegradable substances.
RATNASAGAR
(iv)Three ways to reduce waste generation at home are
•Use reusable grocery bags.
•Switch to hand towels from paper napkins in your kitchen.
•Use eco- friendly reusable bags.
•Avoid single-use drink containers and utensils.
•Buy secondhand items and donate used goods.
• Avoid using paper plates at small family functions.
EVERGREEN/CANDID
iv Three ways to reduce waste generation at home are:-

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 Reduction- we can reduce our consumption of resources

 Reuse- We can reuse the materials for packaging
 Recycle- We can Recover materials which can be recycled to make brand
new products.
SARASWATI PUBLICATION
(iv) Ways to reduce waste generation at home
 Buy energy star appliances to reduce emission of greenhouse gases
 Change your filters of air conditioners and use programmable
thermostats for heating and cooling equipment
 Reduce reuse and recycle newspapers beverage containers paper and
other goods
 Composting food and yard waste reduces amount of garbage sent to the
landfills
 Use green Power such as solar panel to power homes.

PEARSON

RHEA MA’AM GOYAL BROTHERS

SONALI MA’AM MORNING STAR
PINKY SINGH GOYAL BROTHERS
NEELUFUR MA’AM GOYAL BROTHERS
RIMPY SHARMA MORNING STAR
QADEER AHMED Sir MORNING STAR
DR.RUPA GHOSH MA’AM MORNING STAR
JIJI MA’AM SARASWATI
BONISHA MA’AM PEARSON

Rhea Maam Qadir sir Pinky Singh Rimpy sharma

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Neelufer Sonia SUJA vargis Priti

JIJI SHABANA Dr. RUPA M BONISHA

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