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Lecture 1 Basic Tools of Abalytical Chemistry

The document provides information about Prof. Dr. Ayman Gouda and lists some of his textbooks on analytical chemistry. It then discusses the definition and role of analytical chemistry, describing it as the area of chemistry that deals with separating, identifying, and quantifying components of a sample. It also summarizes some common quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques as well as basic laboratory equipment and instrumentation used in analytical chemistry such as balances, pipettes, ovens, and desiccators. Finally, it covers units of concentration and how to prepare solutions through dilution calculations.

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19 views39 pages

Lecture 1 Basic Tools of Abalytical Chemistry

The document provides information about Prof. Dr. Ayman Gouda and lists some of his textbooks on analytical chemistry. It then discusses the definition and role of analytical chemistry, describing it as the area of chemistry that deals with separating, identifying, and quantifying components of a sample. It also summarizes some common quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques as well as basic laboratory equipment and instrumentation used in analytical chemistry such as balances, pipettes, ovens, and desiccators. Finally, it covers units of concentration and how to prepare solutions through dilution calculations.

Uploaded by

nagwasayed5112004
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Prof. Dr.

Ayman Gouda
Prof. of Analytical Chemistry

E-mail: [email protected]
Whatsapp: 01030030205
Textbooks

Fundamentals of Analytical
Analytical Chemistry :
MODERN ANALYTI Chemistry
An Introduction 8th Edition
CAL CHEMISTRY Douglas A. Skoog - Stanford
7th edition 1st edition
University
Skoog, West, Holler, Crouch Donald M. West - San Jose State
By David Harvey. University
F. James Holler - University of
Kentucky
Stanley R. Crouch - Michigan
State University
Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry
What is Analytical Chemistry?

“Analytical chemistry is what analytical chemists do.”*


Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of chemistry responsible for
characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively

(how much is present).

- Analytical chemistry deals with separating, identifying, and quantifying the relative amounts of
the components of an analyte.

- Analyte = the thing to analyzed; the component(s) of a sample that are to be determined.
The role of Analytical Chemistry: central science
The relationship between analytical chemistry and the other sciences

Chemistry : Biological, Inorganic, Organic, Physical

Physics : Astrophysics, Astronomy, Biophysics


Biology : Botany, Genetics, Microbiology, Molecular biology, Zoology

Geology : Geophysics, Geochemistry, Paleontology, Paleobiology


Analytical
chemistry Environmental science : Ecology, Meteorology, Oceanography
Medicine : Clinical, Medicinal, Pharmacy, Toxicology
Material science : Metallurgy, Polymers, Solid state
Engineering : Civil, Chemical, Electronical, Mechanical
Agriculture : Agronomy, Animal, Crop, Food, Horticulture, Soil
Social Science : Archeology, Anthropology, Forensics
What is analytical chemistry ?
- Qualitative analysis :
What is present ? determination of chemical identity of the species in the sample.

i- Detection of acid radicals ii- Detection of basic radicals

- Quantitative analysis :
How much present? determination of the amount of species or analytes, in numerical terms.

Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis:

I- Volumetric analysis
volume is measured or used to determine amount of sample via concentration.
a- Neutralization reaction
b- Precipitation reaction
c- Complex reaction
d- Oxidation-reduction reaction
II- Gravimetric analysis: mass is measured.
a- Physical gravimetry
b- Thermogravimetry
c- Precipitative gravimetry
d- Electro-deposition

III- Instrumental Chemical analysis:


use an instrumental technique to assay the amount of sample:
Such as:
i- Optical methods (Spectroscopy )
ii- Electrochemical methods
iii- Chromatographic methods (Separation: HPLC, GC, CE)
The Analytical Perspective

1. Identify and define the problem.


2. Design the experimental procedure.
3. Conduct an experiment, and gather data.
4. Analyze the experimental data.
5. Propose a solution to the problem.

Figure 1. Flow diagram for the analytical approach


to solving problems.
Basic Equipment and Instrumentation
1. Instrumentation for Measuring Mass
Balance : An apparatus used to measure mass

2. Equipment for Measuring Volume


Figure 3. Common types of pipets and syringes
3. Equipment for Drying Samples

Figure 3. Conventional laboratory oven used fo Figure 4. Example of a muffle furnace used for

r drying materials. heating samples to maximum temperatures of 1


100–1700 °C.
Desiccators : A closed container containing a A desiccant: drying agent, is placed in the bottom of
the container. Typical desiccants include calcium
desiccant; used to store samples in a
chloride and silica gel.
moisture-free environment.
Units for Expressing Concentration

Concentration: is a general measurement unit stating the amount of


solute present in a known amount of solution
Fundamental Units of Measure
1- Weight percent: is defined as the amount of solute in grams per 100 grams of
solution.

For example, HCl is sold as a 37% solution, which means that the reagent contains
37 g of HCl per 100 g of solution.

2- Volume percent: is defined as the volume in ml of the solute per 100 ml of solution

For example, a 10% aqueous solution of methanol usually means a solution


prepared by diluting 10 ml of pure methanol with enough water to give 100 ml.
3- Weight/volume percent: is defined as the amount of solute in grams per 100 ml
of solution.

For example, 5% aqueous silver nitrate often refers to a solution prepared by


dissolving 5 g of AgNO3 in sufficient water to give 100 ml of solution.

4- Strength of solution: is defined as the number of grams of the solute


per liter of solution
Weight, Volume, and Weight-to-Volume Ratios

A solution in which a solute has a concentration of 23% w/v contains:


23 g of solute per 100 mL of solution.
Equivalent: (n)
The moles of a species that can donate one reaction unit.

Equivalent weight : (EW)


The mass of a compound containing one equivalent (EW).

Formula weight : (FW)


The mass of a compound containing one mole (FW).

Relationship between normality (N) and molarity (M).


Example:

SOLUTION
Weight, Volume, and Weight-to-Volume Ratios

Weight percent (% w/w).


Grams of solute per 100 g of solution.

Volume percent (% v/v).


Milliliters of solute per 100 mL of solution
Weight-to-volume percent (% w/v).
Grams of solute per 100 mL of solution

Parts per million (ppm)


Micrograms of solute per gram of solution; for aqueous solutions the units are
often expressed as milligrams of solute per milliliter of solution.
Helium concentration of 6.3 ppm means that one liter of air contains 6.3
mL of He.

Parts per billion (ppb).


Nanograms of solute per gram of solution; for aqueous solutions the units are often
expressed as micrograms of solute per liter of solution
Preparing Solutions
Stock solution
A solution of known concentration from which other solutions are prepared.

Example :
Describe how you would prepare the following three solutions:
(a)500 mL of approximately 0.20 M NaOH using solid NaOH;
(b) 2 L of 4% v/v acetic acid using concentrated glacial acetic acid.

SOLUTION

(a) W NaOH = M x V(L) x MW

W NaOH = 0.2 x 500 / 1000 x 40 = 4 g


(b)

To prepare the solution we use a graduated cylinder to transfer 80 mL


of glacial acetic acid to a container that holds approximately 2 L,

Preparing Solutions by Dilution

Where:
Co is the concentration of the stock solution,
Vo is the volume of the stock solution being diluted,
Cd is the concentration of the dilute solution, and
Vd is the volume of the dilute solution.
Example :
A laboratory procedure calls for 250 mL of an approximately 0.10
M solution of NH3. Describe how you would prepare this solution u
sing a stock solution of concentrated NH3 (14.8 M).

SOLUTION

Vo =1.69 x 10–3 L =1.7 mL

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