The flower:

• It is a short stem whose leaves are modified to form different plants of the
flower
• It is the reproductive organ of the plant.
• It arises from a floral bud which emerges from the axle of a leaf called
bract
• The axle may carry a number of flowers which known as inflorescence.

Inflorescence: It is a group of flowers arranged on the same axle.

It is the leaf from which the floral bud carrying the
Bract:
flower emerges.
Typical flower: It is the flower that contains four whorls.
It is the swollen part upon the flower pedicle on
Receptacle:
which the floral leaves are existed.

Structure of a typical flower

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Calyx: § It is the first (outer) whorl of the floral leaves
§ It consists of group of green leaves; each leaf
is called "sepal"
§ It protects the inner parts of the flowers
specially before blooming.

Corolla: § It is the second whorl (following the calyx) of

the floral leaves
§ It consists of a group of colorful and scented
leaves each is called a "petal"
§ It protects the reproductive organs
§ It attracts insects to the flower which helps in
the reproduction process.
Androecium: § It is the third whorl (following the corolla) of
the floral leaves.
§ It is the male reproductive organ in flower
§ It leaves are known as "stamens"
§ Each stamen consists of a fine filament ends in
a sac known as the anther which is divided
into two chambers containing pollen grains
§ It produces and holds pollen grains

Gynoecium § It is the fourth (innermost) whorl of the floral

leaves
§ It is the female reproductive organ of the
flower.
§ It leaves are known as "carpels" which
resemble the flask in shape.
§ Each carpel consists of a swollen part called
ovary which is connected with a tube called
the style (qalam) which ends in an opening
called the stigma (maysem).
§ It produces ovules (inside the ovary)

Whorl calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium

Consists of: sepals Petals Stamens Carpels
Description: Small green leaves, Bright colored Fine threads, A hollow tube like a
surrounding the scented leaves. ending in a flask lies in the center
flower from outside bulge. of the flower.
Function: Protection of the - Attraction of Production of Production of ovules.
2
inner parts of the insects pollen grains.
flower. - Protection of
reproductive
organs.
 Types of flowers

(A) unisexual (B) Bisexual

Male flowers female flowers (hermaphrodite flowers)

§ Only male § Only female reproductive § Contains both male and
reproductive organs organs (Gynoecium) female reproductive
(androecium) § Ex: palms, maize and organs.
§ Ex: palms, mai- pumpkins. § Ex. Tulip,
ze and Petunia
pumpkins. and wall
flowers

Give reasons:
The tulip flower is a bisexual flower.
Or: The flower of the galley plant is a bisexual flower.
Because it carries both stamens and carpals together.

Reproduction in plants

sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

first: sexual reproduction:

§ This kind of reproduction happens via flowers
§ It takes place in two successive processes which are:
1. Pollination 2. Fertilization

Pollination
It is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the flower anthers to the stigmas.
- Pollen grains are small cells formed in the
anther inside the pollen chamber.
3
- When those grains become mature, the
anther splits longitudinally and the pollen
grains spread in air like dust.
 Types of pollination

Self (auto) pollination Mixed(cross) pollination

It is the transfer of pollen grains It is the transfer of the pollen

from the anther of a flower to grains from the anthers of a
the stigmas of the same flower flower to the stigmas of another
or to another flower in the same flower in other plant of the same
plant. kind.

Reasons of occurrence
§ Anthers and stigmas are maturated § Anthers and stigmas are not
in the same time. maturated in the same time.
§ Non blooming flowers until § Flowers must be uni sexual.
completion of fertilization process.
Examples
§ Barley plant § maize plant

§ Flax plant § sun flower plant

Give reasons
§ The Pollination in barley plant is § The Pollination in maize plant is
self-pollination. mixed pollination.
Bec, the flowers never bloom until Bec, the flowers of this plants are
the completion of fertilization. unisexual.
§ Flax plant

§ The pollination in flax plant is

§ The Pollination of sun flower plant is
self-pollination.
mixed pollination.
Bec, Anthers and stigmas are
Bec, Anthers and stigmas are not
maturated in the same time.
maturated in the same time.

Give reasons for: 4

1. Palm trees are unisexual.

2. Petals of corolla are colorful and scented.

Exercise: Conclude the type of pollination in each of the following flowers:
1. The flowers of sunflower plant where their (mixed pollination)
anthers and stigmas never grow at the same
time.
2. The flowers of barley plant which never bloom (self-pollination)
before being fertilized.
3. The unisexual flowers of maize. (mixed pollination)
4. The flower of flax plant where their anthers and
(self-pollination)
stigmas grow at the same time.
Methods of mixed (cross) pollination:
§ Pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another by
different ways, which are:
a. Pollination by wind b. Pollination by insects c. Artificial Pollination
Pollination by air (wind):
Flowers which are pollinated by air are characterized by:
1. Their anthers are hanged to be easily opened by air. (G.R)
2. Their stigmas are feathery like and sticky to catch pollen
grains from air.
3. They produce huge numbers of pollen grains to
compensate what are lost in air.
4. Their pollen grains are light in weight and dry to be easily
carried by air.
Pollination by insects:
Flowers which are pollinated by insects are characterized
by:
§ Their petals are colored and scented to attract insects (like
bees) to feed on its nectar.
§ Their pollen grains are sticky or having coarse surfaces to
stick (adhere) on the insect body.
Artificial Pollination:
§ This methods of pollination are carried out by man in
Palm trees, where the gardener spread palm tree's pollen grains over their
female flowers.
Give reasons: Sometimes, man has to pollinate palm trees.
To ensure the pollination process as pollination is difficult to occur by air or
by insects.
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Fertilization:
It is the process of fusion of the nucleus of the male cell (pollen grain) with the
nucleus of the female cell (ovum) to form zygote.
Activity: (to study pollen grain germination)
Materials and tools:
§ Diluted sugar solution § Water
§ Glass slides and covers § Microscope
Steps:
1. Place a drop of the diluted sugary solution on a glass slide and put some pollen
grains, then cover them with a glass cover.
2. Repeat the previous step with replacing diluted sugary solution by water.
3. Keep both slides in a dark and warm place for half an hour
4. Examine the two slides under the microscope.
Observation and conclusion:
1. The pollen grain of sugary solution germinates by
formation of a pollen tube containing two male
nuclei and one tube nucleus.
2. This is similar to what happens to a pollen grain falls
on a flower stigma.

Stages of fertilization process in plants:

1. After pollination, the pollen grain sticks on the stigma
which secretes sugary solutions.
2. The pollen grain germinates forming a pollen tube
(containing 2 male nuclei)
3. The pollen tube extends through the style till reaches
the ovule inside the ovary through the micropyle.
4. The end of the pollen tube degenerates and one of the
2 male nuclei fuses (combines) with the ovum (egg cell)
forming a fertilized ovum which is known as "zygote"
5. The zygote undergoes successive divisions to form the
embryo inside the ovule.

6. The ovule develops and becomes the seed, while the ovary develops and becomes the fruit.
§ Fruits differ from each other according to the nature of the ovary where:
• The ovary that contains one ovule, gives a fruit with a single seed as
olives and peaches.
• The ovary that contains many ovules, gives fruits with many seeds as
beans and peas.

micropyle:
It is the position of the entrance of the male nucleus to the ovule inside the ovary.
N.B: after fertilization is completed, the wall of the ovule becomes the seed coat,
while that of the ovary becomes the outer coat of the fruit which is called pericarp.

second: Asexual reproduction in plants:

§ Some plants have developed special type of asexual reproduction called
vegetative reproduction
vegetative reproduction:
§ it is kind of asexual reproduction in plants.
§ It takes place via parts of root, stem, leaves or buds.
§ There are two kinds of vegetative reproduction, which are:
1. Natural vegetative reproduction 2. Artificial vegetative reproduction

1.Natural vegetative reproduction:

Steps
1. Cut a tuber of potato into multiple slides, where
each slide should contain a bud or more.
2. Cultivate these parts and water (irrigate) them
regularly for a week.
Observation and conclusion:
§ Some buds grow forming a root system.
§ Other buds grow forming a shoot system
§ After days new tubers grow.
§ It takes place by many ways such as reproduction by
Rhizomes Corns Tubers Bulbs Offshoots
Reproduction by tubers:
Tuber:
§ It is a swollen part from a horizontal root or a terrestrial stem which contains
growing buds and it is used for vegetative reproduction.
§ The tuber is: 7
A root of a sweet potatoes A stem as potatoes.
Artificial vegetative reproduction:
§ It takes place by three ways which are:
Cutting Grafting Tissue culture
Reproduction by cutting:
The cut:
It is a part of root, stem or leaf that taken from a plant for reproduction.
It is common for the cut to be a branch carrying many buds.
Activity: (to identify the reproduction by cutting)
Steps
1. Get some cuts of different plants (grapes,
roses, sugar cane,)
2. Cultivate them in a pot full of soil such that
a bud or more should appear above the soil
surface.
3. Water that cut regularly for two weeks.
Observation and conclusion:

§ The buds buried inside the soil grow to from the root system of the plant
§ The buds above the soil surface grow to form the shoot system of the plant.

N.B: these shrubs are then transferred to the

soil to grow more efficiently

Reproduction by grafting:
In reproduction by grafting, a part of a plant which contains more than one
bud, known as scion (graf), is selected to be placed on a branch of another
plant known as the stock
Grafting by attachment: § In which the scion is attached to the stock.
Ex. mango trees

Grafting by wedge: § In which the scion in the form of a wedge (pencil

shaped) is inserted into a cleft in the stock.
Ex. Large trees.
§ In both methods, the scion and the stock are tightly tied together (G.R),
where the scion feeds on the juice of the stock.
§ The produced fruits by grafting belong to the type of the scion.
§ This kind of reproduction is used only between highly similar plants species
such as:
§ Orange and naring ( or bitter orange)
§ Apples and pears.
§ Peaches and apricots 8
Tissue culture :
It is a process of multiplying a small part of a plant to get many
identical parts.

Worksheet (5)
Study the opposite figures then answer:
1. The figure represents a…………………..flower.
2. Label the figure.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5.
3. The organ which consists of parts (7) , (8) and (9) is called……………., while
the organ which consists of parts (5) and (6) is called……………….
1. The figure represents a cross section in an…………..
2. Label the figure.
1.
2.
3.

Mention the function of:

1. Calyx:
2. Carpel:
Write the scientific term:
1. The female reproductive organ of the flower. 9

2. The innermost whorl of a male flower.

3. Minute cells formed inside the flower’s anther.
Choose:
1. The male flower consists of……………. whorls.
A.2 b.3 c.4 d.5
2. Thy symbol of female flower is……………..
A. b. c. d.
3. The ovary of a flower contains…………………
a. pollen grains. b. anthers. c. stigmas. d. ovules.
4. Flowers which produce light and dry pollen grains are pollinated
by…………..
a. man. b. wind. c. water. d. insects.
5. After fertilization, the ovary develops and becomes the………………….
a. fruit. b. seed c. flower d. embryo

From the opposite figure:

Mention the way by which the pollination
process takes place.

Giving the reason.

What is meant by?

1. Fertilization:

2. Micropyle:

What happens when:

1. A pollen grain falls on a flower’s stigma.

2. Sepals of insect pollinated flowers are not colored and have no scent.

3. Pollen grains become mature (related to the anther).

Give reasons for:

1. Pollen grains of wind pollinated flowers are produced in a huge number.
10
2. Pollen grains on insects pollinated flowers are sticky or with coarse
surfaces.
What is meant by hermaphrodite flower?
Complete:
1. Sexual reproduction in plants takes place in 2 successive process which
are……………….…then…………………….…….
2. ……………. …..fruit has a single seed, while…………………fruit has many
seeds.
3. ……………………. pollination is carried out by man such as in………………
Compare:
Self-pollination Mixed pollination

Complete:
1. ………………. reproduction is a kind of a sexual reproduction which
may be……………..or…………………
2. Tissue culture is…………………….
3. The tuber may be a…………………as sweet potatoes or a………………..as
potatoes.
Choose:
1. Reproduction by grafting can be used between all of the following plants
except…………………
a. orange and nearing b. apples and pears
c. mango and apples d. peaches and apricots.
2. All of the following are from the ways of artificial vegetative
reproduction except………………..
a. cutting b. tubers c. grafting d. tissue culture
Mention the 4 ways of natural vegetative reproduction:
1. 2.
3. 4.
Study the opposite figures then answer:
1. Label the figure. (1) (2)
2. Mention the kind of reproduction.
3. The part no.1 must be containing more 11
than……………………
4. The part no.1 is …………….……..into a…………………
in the part no.2
Good luck