Example1: Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix

2 −1 1
𝐴 = −1 2 −1 and hence find
1 −1 2
𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 .
Solution: The characteristic equation is |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 | = 0
2−𝜆 −1 1
=> −1 2−𝜆 −1 = 0
1 −1 2−𝜆
=> (2 − 𝜆)[(2 − 𝜆)( 2 − 𝜆)]
+1(−2 + 𝜆 + 1) + 1(−2 + 𝜆 + 1) =0
=> 𝜆 − 6𝜆 + 9𝜆 − 4=0
2 −1 1 2 −1 1
Now, 𝐴 = −1 2 −1 −1 2 −1
1 −1 2 1 −1 2

6 −5 5
= −5 6 −5
5 −5 6

6 −5 5 2 −1 1
.𝐴 = −5 6 −5 −1 2 −1
5 −5 6 1 −1 2
22 −21 21
= −21 22 −21
21 −21 22
 ∴ 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼
22 −21 21 6 −5 5 2 −1 1
= −21 22 −21 − 6 −5 6 −5 + 9 −1 2 −1
21 −21 22 5 −5 6 1 −1 2

1 0 0 0 0 0
−4 0 1 0 = 0 0 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 0
Hence Cayley- Hamilton theorem is verified.
We have

𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐴 − 4𝐼 = 0

=> 4𝐼 = 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐴
=> 4𝐼𝐴 = 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐼
6 −5 5 2 −1 1 1 0 0
=> 4𝐴 = −5 6 −5 − 6 −1 2 −1 + 9 0 1 0
5 −5 6 1 −1 2 0 0 1
3 1 −1
=> 2𝐴 = 1 3 1
−1 1 3
6 −42 −2
∴ 𝐴 = −3 3 1 Ans.
2 −2 0
Again

𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 9𝐴 − 2𝐼 = 0
=> 𝐴 = 6𝐴 − 9𝐴 + 2𝐴
 11 30 15 3 8 4
=6 9 20 6 −9 3 6 1
12 42 29 2 10 9
1 2 1 41 110 56
+2 1 2 0 = 29 70 29 Ans.
0 2 3 54 166 99
Example:
Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 =
1 1 −2
−1 2 1
0 1 −1
Solution: The characteristic equation is
1−𝜆 1 −2
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 | = 0 => −1 2−𝜆 1 =0
0 1 −1 − 𝜆
=> 𝜆 − 2𝜆 − 𝜆 + 2 = 0

=> 𝜆 (𝜆 − 2) − (𝜆 − 2) = 0
=> (𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 − 1 = 0
𝜆 = -1, 1, 2
To find the eigenvectors for corresponding eigenvalues, we will consider
the matrix equation
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 |𝑋 = 0
1−𝜆 1 −2 𝑥 0
=> −1 2−𝜆 1 𝑦 = 0 ------(1)
0 1 −1 − 𝜆 𝑧 0
Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = -1, put 𝜆 = -1 in
(1), we get
2 1 −2 𝑥 0
R
−1 3 1 𝑦 = 0
=>
0 1 0 𝑧 0
−1 3 1 𝑥 0
2 1 −2 𝑦 = 0
0 1 0 𝑧 0
−1 3 1 𝑥 0
R (2)
0 7 0 𝑦 = 0
=>
0 1 0 𝑧 0
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 − − − − − − − −(2)
7𝑦 = 0 − − − − − −(3)
𝑦 = 0 − − − −(4)

Equations (4) and (3) are same, so we can write

−𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 − − − − − −(5)
𝑦 = 0 − − − (6)
The system has three unknown but there are two equation in the last
form . So system has one independent solution, say z= 1. From (6) x=
1.
1
Hence the vector corresponding 𝜆 = -1is X1= 0
1
Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 1, put 𝜆 =1 in
(1), we get
0 1 −2 𝑥 0
R
−1 1 1 𝑦 = 0
=>
0 1 −2 𝑧 0
−1 1 1 𝑥 0
0 1 −2 𝑦 = 0
0 1 −2 𝑧 0
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 − − − − − − − −(7)
𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 − − − − − −(8)
𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 − − − −(9)

Equations (8) and (9) are same, so we can write

−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 − − − − − −(10)
𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 − − − (11)
The system has three unknown but there are two equation in the last
form . So system has one independent solution, say z= 1. From (11)
y= 2. From(10) x=3
3
Hence the vector corresponding 𝜆 = 1is X2= 2
1
Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 2, put 𝜆 =2 in (1), we
get
−1 1 −2 𝑥 0
R (−1)
−1 0 1 𝑦 = 0
=>
0 1 −3 𝑧 0
−1 1 −2 𝑥 0
0 −1 3 𝑦 = 0
0 1 −3 𝑧 0
−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 − − − − − − − −(12)
−𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 − − − − − −(13)
𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 − − − −(14)

Equations (14) and (13) are same, so we can write

−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 − − − − − −(15)
𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 − − − (16)
The system has three unknown but there are two equation in the last
form . So system has one independent solution, say z= 1. From (16)
y= 3. From(15) x=1
1
Hence the vector corresponding 𝜆 = 2is X3= 3
1

1 3 1
∴ The eigenvectors are X1= 0 ,X2 = 2 and X3 = 3
1 1 1

Example; Reduce the quadratic form

𝑞 = 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4 𝑥 𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑥 + 8𝑥 𝑥 to the canonical form and

find rank, index and signature of the form.

Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
1 2 3
𝐴= 2 0 4
3 4 5
Write A=I/AI
 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0
2 0 4 = 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0
3 4 5 0 0 1 3 4 5 0 0 1
Applying elementary congruent transformation, Performing R 21 (-2),
R13 (-3), we get

1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0
0 −4 −2 = −2 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0
0 −2 −4 −3 0 1 3 4 5 0 0 1

Performing C21 (-2), C13 (-3), we get

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −2 −3
0 −4 −2 = −2 1 0 2 0 4 0 1 0
0 −2 −4 −3 0 1 3 4 5 0 0 1

Performing R2 (1/2), we get

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −2 −3
0 −2 −1 = −1 1/2 0 1 2 0 4 0 1 0
0 −2 −4 −3 0 1 3 4 5 0 0 1
Performing C2 (1/2), we get

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −1 −3
0 −1 −1 = −1 1/2 0 2 0 4 0 1/2 0
0 −1 −4 −3 0 1 3 4 5 0 0 1

Performing R32,(-1) we get

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −1 −3
0 −1 −1 = −1 1/2 0 2 0 4 0 1/2 0
0 0 −3 −2 −1/2 1 3 4 5 0 0 1

Performing C32,(-1) we get

 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −1 −2
0 −1 0 = −1 1/2 0 2 0 4 0 1/2 −1/2
0 0 −3 −2 −1/2 1 3 4 5 0 0 1

Performing ,𝑅 , we get
√

1 0 0
0 −1 0
0 0 −√3
1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −1 −2
= −1 1/2 0 2 0 4 0 1/2 −1/2
−2/√3 −1/2√3 1/√3 3 4 5 0 0 1

Performing ,𝐶 , we get
√

1 0 0
0 −1 0
0 0 −1
1 0 0 1 2 3 1 −1 −2/√3
= −1 1/2 0 2 0 4 0 1/2 −1/2√3
−2/√3 −1/2√3 1/√3 3 4 5 0 0 1/√3
Which is the form diag(1, -1, -1). Thus the given quadratic q reduced
to the canonical form
1 0 0 𝑤
[𝑤 𝑤 𝑤 ] 0 −1 0 𝑤 =𝑊 −𝑊 −𝑊
0 0 −1 𝑤
So the rank = r= 3, index = p=1 and
signature =2p-r=2-3=-1
22Example: The system of linear differential equations for the
currents𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖 (𝑡) in a electrical networks is
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 = −(𝑅 + 𝑅 )𝑖 + 𝑅 𝑖 + 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 =𝑅 𝑖 −𝑅 𝑖
𝑑𝑡
Use matrix method to solve the system if
R1= 24 ohms, R2= 9 ohms L1 =3 henry , L2 =3 henry and E=300 volt,
i1 (0)= i2 (0)=0
Solution:
The given system
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 = −(𝑅 + 𝑅 )𝑖 + 𝑅 𝑖 + 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 =𝑅 𝑖 −𝑅 𝑖
𝑑𝑡
Put R1= 24 R2= 9 L1 =3 , L2 =3 and E=300 in above equation , we
get
𝑑𝑖
3 = −11𝑖 + 9 𝑖 + 300
𝑑𝑡

=> = −11𝑖 + 3 𝑖 + 100 ---(1)

3 = 9𝑖 − 9𝑖 --- (2)
=> = 3𝑖 − 3𝑖 --- (2)

subject to𝑖 (0) = 𝑖 (0) = 0 --(3)

Matrix form of the system is
𝐼/ = 𝐴𝐼 + 𝐹(𝑡) ----(4) , where

𝑖 (𝑡) −11 3 100

𝐼= ,𝐴 = 𝐹(𝑡) =
𝑖 (𝑡) 3 −3 0

Now, the characteristic equation is ,

|𝐴 − 𝐼𝜆| = −11 − 𝜆 3
=0
3 −3 − 𝜆

⇒ 𝜆 + 14𝜆 + 24 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −12, −2

Eigenvector 𝐾 corresponding to eigen value

𝜆 = −2

−9 3 𝑘 0
= ⇒ −9𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 0 => 3𝑘 − 𝑘 = 0
3 −1 𝑘 0

Thus𝑘 = , when 𝑘 = 3 , then 𝑘 = 1 and hence eigenvector is

1
𝐾 = and hence the solution vector is
3

1
𝑋 =𝐾 𝑒 = 𝑒 = 𝑒
3 3𝑒

Eigenvector 𝐾 corresponding to eigen vector

 𝜆 = −12

1 3 𝑘 0
=
3 9 𝑘 0

⇒ 𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 0

3𝑘 + 9𝑘 = 0

Thus𝑘 = −3𝑘 , when 𝑘 = −1,then 𝑘 = 3 , therefore the

3
eigenvector is 𝐾 = and hence the solution vector is 𝑋 =
−1
3
𝐾𝑒 = 𝑒 = 3𝑒
−1 −𝑒

The complementary function is

1 3
𝐼 =𝑐 𝑋 +𝑐 𝑋 =𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒
3 −1

We get, 𝐺(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑒
3𝑒 −𝑒

𝑒 −𝑒 −3𝑒
∴𝐺 (𝑡) = −
10 −3𝑒 𝑒
1 𝑒 3𝑒
=
10 3𝑒 −𝑒

Therefore the particular integral is

𝐼 = 𝐺(𝑡) 𝐺 (𝑡)𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
 1 𝑒 100
= 𝑒 3𝑒 × 3𝑒 𝑑𝑡
3𝑒 −𝑒 10 3𝑒 −𝑒 0

= 10 𝑒 3𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
3𝑒 −𝑒 3𝑒

𝑒
⎡ ⎤
= 10 𝑒 3𝑒 ⎢ 2 ⎥
3𝑒 −𝑒 ⎢3𝑒 ⎥
⎣ 12 ⎦

+
= 10 10 =
−

The general solution is

25
𝐼 (𝑡) 1 3
⇒ =𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒 + 2
𝐼 (𝑡) 3 −1 25
2

0 1 3
From (3), we get =𝑐 +𝑐 +
0 3 −1

25
⇒ 𝑐 + 3𝑐 + = 0 − − − (5)
2
25
3𝑐 − 𝑐 + = 0 − − − (6)
2

From (5) and (6), 𝑐 = −5 and 𝑐 = −

Hence the general solution is
25
𝐼 (𝑡) 1 5 3
= −5 𝑒 − 𝑒 + 2
𝐼 (𝑡) 3 2 −1 25
2
Ans
Example3:

Solve + + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 , + 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0.

Solution Writing D for d/dt, the equations are

(𝐷 + 2)𝑥 + (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 (1)

5𝑥 + (𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 0 (2)

Multiplying (1) by 5 and operating (2) by (𝐷 + 2), we get

5(𝐷 + 2)𝑥 + 5(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 (3)

5(𝐷 + 2)𝑥 + (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 0 (4)

Subtracting (3) from (4),we get

(𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 + 3)𝑦 − 5(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

=> (𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 6 − 5𝐷 − 5)𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

=> (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = −5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

A. E. is 𝑚 + 1 = 0giving𝑚 = ±𝑖

 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡.

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 =

 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + .
Putting the value of 𝑦 in (2), we get

5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
5𝑥 + (𝐷 + 3)(𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + )=0
3
10𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
=> 5𝑥 − 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − + 3𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 3𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 0
3

∴ 𝑥 = [(𝑐 − 3𝑐 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − (3𝑐 + 𝑐 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡] + − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans.

Find the currents 𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖 (𝑡) in a electrical networks containing a resistance 5
ohms, an inductor 1 henry and capacitor 10-2 f. The currents 𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖 (𝑡) are
initially zero and E(t)=60 volts.

Solution: The system of 1st order differential equations that describes the currents
𝑖 (𝑡) and 𝑖 (𝑡) in the electrical network are

𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸(𝑡) ---(1)

𝑅𝐶 + 𝑖 − 𝑖 = 0 --- (2)

Here R= 5 ohms, L= 1 henry , C=10-2 f.

and E=60 volts. Putting these values in (1) and (2) , we get

+ 5𝑖 = 60 ---(3)

5 × 10 + 𝑖 − 𝑖 = 0 --- (4)

subject to𝑖 (0) = 𝑖 (0) = 0 --(5)

The equation (3) and (4) can be written as

𝐷𝑖 + 5𝑖 = 60 ---(6)

𝐷𝑖 + 20𝑖 − 20𝑖 = 0--- (7), 𝐷 =

Operating on the (7) by D and multiplying (6) by 20 and then adding , we get

𝐷 𝑖 + 20𝐷𝑖 + 100 = 1200 --- (8)

A.E of (8) is 𝑚 + 20𝑚 + 100 = 0

=> 𝑚 = −10, −10

∴ (𝑖 ) = (𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑡)𝑒 and
1200 𝐷 + 20𝐷
(𝑖 ) = 1+ 1 = 12
100 100
𝑖 = (𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑡)𝑒 + 12
Using (5) ,
(𝑖 ) = 𝑐 + 12 => 𝑐 = −12
𝑖 = 12 − 12𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑡𝑒
Putting the value of 𝑖 in (6)
20𝑖 = 𝐷(12 − 12𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑡𝑒 ) + 20(12 − 12𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑡𝑒 )
=> 20𝑖
= 120𝑒 + 𝑐 (𝑒 − 10𝑡𝑒 ) + 240 − 240𝑒
+ 20𝑐 𝑡𝑒
=> 20𝑖 = 240 − 120𝑒
+𝑐 (𝑒 + 10𝑡𝑒 )

Using (5)

0 = 240 − 120 + 𝑐 => 𝑐 = −120

20𝑖 = 240 − 240𝑒
−1200𝑡𝑒

=> 𝑖 = 12 − 12𝑒 − 60𝑡𝑒

𝑖 = 12 − 12𝑒 − 120𝑡𝑒 Ans .

Question:
Derive the Laplace equation in cylindrical co-ordinate from Cartesian
co-ordinate.
Ans
Laplace equation in three dimensional cartesian co-ordinate is

+ + =0 (1)

The cylindrical co-ordinate of a point (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧)in space of a point

𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is defined by 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧

Z 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧)

O Y
𝜃

X
Here ,𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2)
𝑦
𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , = − =−
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , = =
𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑟
Alsox and y are functions of r and , so 𝑉 = 𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑉(𝑟, 𝜃)
Therefore,
 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝑉
= . + . = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑉
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝜕 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝑉 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 𝜕 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝑉
∴ = . = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝑉
=>
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑉 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝑉
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 . +
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜕 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜕𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕 𝑉
− + + −−
𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
− (4)
and
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜕𝑉
= . + . = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝜕 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜕
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

= . = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 +

=> = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +

+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − + --------(5)

Adding (4) and (5), we get

 ( )
+ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) +
( )
+ = + + -----(6)

+ + =0 can be written in cylindrical co-ordinates as

follows.
𝜕 𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕 𝑉 𝜕 𝑉
+ + + =0 − − − (7)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

Example2: Solve the following boundary value problem which arises in

the heat condition in a rod: 𝑐 = , 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 𝑢(20, 𝑡) =

0, 𝑢(𝑥. 0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛

by method of variable s separable.

Solution:

The given equation is 𝑐 = ------(1)

with boundary conditions 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 𝑢(20, 𝑡) = 0 − −(2),

and initial condition 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − −(3)

Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥)𝑇(𝑡) be a solution of (1)

𝜕 𝑢 𝑑 𝑋 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑇
=𝑇 and =𝑋
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Putting these values in (1), we obtain
𝑋 // 𝑇/
= = −𝑘 − − − (4)
𝑋 𝑐 𝑇
(Where we have taken −𝑘 because the initial conditions suggest that
v(x,t) must be periodic and hence it must contain trigonometric functions
. From (4) 𝑋 / + 𝑘 𝑋 = 0 − −(5) ⥂⥂ and𝑇 / + 𝑐 𝑘 𝑇 = 0 −
−(6) ⥂
Solution of (5) and (6) are 𝑋(𝑥) = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑥and 𝑇(𝑡) =
𝑐 𝑒 respectively∴ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑥)𝑐 𝑒 −
−(7)
Using boundary condition (2) in (7), we obtain 0 = 𝑐 𝑐 𝑒 ⇒
𝑐 = 0as𝑐 ≠ 0
∴ the equation (7) becomes ,
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑐 𝑐 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑥 − −(8)
On putting 𝑥 = 20and𝑢 = 0in (8), we get
0=𝑐 𝑐 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 0𝑘 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 0𝑘 = 0𝑎𝑠𝑐 ≠ 0
𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 0𝑘 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑘 =
20
Hence the equation (8) reduced to ,
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ,where𝑐 𝑐 = 𝑏
20
This equation satisfies the given conditions for all integral values of n.
Hence taking n =1,2,3, --- the most general solution is
 ∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛
20

Using (3), we get 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ∑∞ 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛

This equation will be satisfied if 𝑛 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑏 = 𝑏 = − − −= 0

Hence the required solutions is𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ans.