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Numbers

There are many different types of numbers. They can be classified as:

1. Natural numbers (N)

2. Whole numbers (W)
3. Even numbers
4. Odd numbers
5. Prime numbers
6. Square numbers

Homework
Research the definitions of the above sets of numbers. In your own words, write in your
notebooks, the definitions of each set of number.

You may be called to give your definitions during class.

I will now introduce you to three more words that classify numbers. They are:

1. Integers (Z)
Integers are made up of positive and negative whole numbers.

For example: …-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…

2. Rational numbers (Q)

A rational number can be made up by dividing two integers.

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For example: 1.5 is a rational number because 1.5 =
2

Most numbers you use in everyday life are rational numbers.

Here are more examples:

Oops! The square root of 2 cannot be written as a fraction and there are other numbers
just like it!

Because they cannot be written as a fraction, we call them irrational numbers.

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3. Irrational numbers (𝑄 ′ )

A famous irrational number is Pi (𝜋)

?
𝜋 = 3.14159 … . = (𝑁𝑂 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂)
?
IRRATIONAL
4. Real numbers (R)

A real number are numbers like:

3
1 12.38 -0.8625 4
𝜋 198

In fact, nearly any number you can think of is a real number.

Real numbers include:

✓ Whole numbers
✓ Rational numbers
✓ Irrational numbers

Real numbers can also be positive, negative or zero.

𝑵 ⊂𝑾 ⊂𝒁⊂𝑸⊂𝑹
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How well do you understand numbers?

Select the correct answer from the options below. You can only choose one (1) answer.

1. Which one of the following numbers is not 6. If 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔 and 𝒚 = 𝟒, how many of the following
rational? are rational?
𝟑
(A) 𝒙
𝟒
𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝒚 √𝒙𝒚 √𝒙 − 𝒚 √
(B) 𝟏 𝒚
𝟒
(C) 𝟐 (A) 1
(D) √𝟐 (B) 2
(C) 3
2. Which one of the following numbers is not (D) 4
rational?
(A)
𝟕 7. If 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔 and 𝒚 = 𝟗, how many of the following
𝟏𝟔
𝟕 are rational?
(B)
𝟏
𝟕 𝒙
(C) √𝒙 + 𝒚 √𝒙𝒚 √𝒙 − 𝒚 √
𝟎 𝒚
(D) 𝟎. 𝟕
(A) 1
(B) 2
3. Which one of the following numbers is not
(C) 3
rational?
𝟏 (D) 4
(A) 𝟑
𝟕
(B) 𝜫
(C) 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
𝟐𝟐
(D)
𝟕

4. Which one of the following numbers is not

rational?
𝟑
(A)
𝟏
(B) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 … ..
(C) √𝟑
(D) 𝟏. 𝟑

5. Which one of the following numbers is not

rational?
(A) 3
𝟏
(B)
𝟑
(C) √𝟑
(D) 𝟎. 𝟑
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Prime Numbers

Prime numbers are numbers that only have two factors: one (1) and itself.

Composite Numbers

Composite numbers have more than two factors

Exercise 1.1

Complete the table below. The first two are done for you.

Number Factors Prime or

Composite?
1 1 Neither

2 1,2 Prime

10

11

12

13

14
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The Number Line

Writing numbers down on the number line makes it easy to tell which numbers
are greater or lesser.

A number on the left is less than the number on the right.

A number on the right is greater than a number on the left.

Inequality Signs

Do you remember these signs?

Remember the
> − 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 mouth of the
< − 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 sign opens to
≥ −𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 the bigger
number!
≤ −𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
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Factors and Multiples

“Factors” are numbers we can multiple together to get another number. The
number resulting from that multiplication can be called a “multiple” of each
factor.

For Example

➢ The numbers 2 and 3 are factors of 6.

➢ The number 6 is a multiple of 2 and 3.

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F)

The highest (greatest) of the common factors.

Least Common Multiple (L.C.M)

The least (smallest) of the common factors.

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Highest Common Factor & Lowest Common Multiple

1) Find the Highest Common Factor of these numbers:

i) 6 and 9
ii) 8 and 10
iii) 12 and 16
iv) 15 and 20
2) Find the Lowest Common Multiple of these numbers:
i) 3 and 4
ii) 4 and 6
iii) 5 and 8
iv) 10 and 4
3) Find the Highest Common Factor of these numbers:
i) 18 and 30
ii) 16 and 24
iii) 12 and 36
4) Find the Lowest Common Multiple of these numbers:
i) 6 and 7
ii) 4 and 9
iii) 8 and 12
5) Find the Highest Common Factor of these numbers:

i. 18 and 30 v. 28 and 70
ii. 15 and 20 vi. 39 and 65
iii. 16 and 24 vii. 38 and 57
iv. 12 and 36 viii. 20 and 30

6) Find the Lowest Common Multiple of these numbers

i. 6 and 7 v. 16 and 5
ii. 4 and 6 vi. 14 and 21
iii. 5 and 8 vii. 2.2 and 5
iv. 10 and 4 viii. 0.4 and 7

7) The lowest common multiple of two numbers is 36, one number is 12, what might the
other number be?
8) Jack thinks of two numbers, the HCF of these numbers is 6 and one of the numbers is
24 suggest what his other number may have been.
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9) Find the Highest Common Factor of these numbers:

i. 18 and 30 v. 28 and 70
ii. 15 and 20 vi. 39 and 65
iii. 16 and 24 vii. 38 and 57
iv. 12 and 36 viii. 20 and 30

10) Find the Lowest Common Multiple of these numbers

i. 6 and 7 v. 16 and 5
ii. 4 and 6 vi. 14 and 21
iii. 5 and 8 vii. 2.2 and 5
iv. 10 and 4 viii. 0.4 and 7

11) The lowest common multiple of two numbers is 36, one number is 12, what might the
other number be?

12) Jack thinks of two numbers, the HCF of these numbers is 6 and one of the numbers is
24 suggest what his other number may have been.
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Bases
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Base 10

We use “base 10” every day…… it is our decimal number system.

It has 10 digits:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

In Base 2 we only use two digits (0 and 1) …..this is our Binary number system.

In Base 4 we use four digits (0, 1, 2, 3).

In Base 5 we use five digits (0,1,2,3,4).

Do you get it??

Can you say how many digits and what they are, that we use in Base 6,7, 8
and 9?

Let’s look at Place Values

Consider three numbers: 123 213 321

123 Place value – hundreds

102 101 100
Value - 1 x 100 = 100
H T O
100 10 1
213 Place value – tens
1 2 3
Value – 1 x 10 = 10 2 1 3
3 2 1
321 Place value – ones
Value –1x1=1
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Worksheet

1. Rule up a table, like the one above, for the first four place values in base ten. Use the table to write each of the following numbers using digits.

a. eighty-two f. two hundred and twenty

b. four hundred and seventy-six g. one thousand, one hundred

c. five hundred and four h. five thousand and three

d. three thousand, seven hundred and forty-eight i. five thousand, two hundred and six

e. eight thousand and ninety-three j. five thousand, five hundred and fifty-five

2. What is the value of the 6 in each of the following numbers?

a. 506 f. 3652 k. 6000

b. 560 g. 632 l. 1600

c. 263 h. 765 m. 1560

d. 756 i. 2365 n. 7346

e. 6536 j. 5236 o. 6111

3. Expand each of the following numbers. The first two have been done for you.

a. 5176 = 5 x 1000 + 1 x 100 + 7 x 10 + 6 x 1

b. 7092 = 7 x 1000 + 9 x 10 + 2 x 1

c. 436 i. 6666 o. 134, 678 u. 1, 010, 010

d. 148 j. 1813 p. 89, 456 v. 3, 001, 608

e. 7529 k. 3001 q. 997, 543 w. 303, 401

f. 1024 l. 4567 r. 1, 452, 000 x. 630, 001

g. 9830 m. 26,541 s. 1, 034, 200 y. 2, 123, 456

h. 4121 n. 98, 554 t. 4, 000,045 z. 30, 000, 100

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Other bases

To indicate that a number is in a base other than base ten we write the base just beneath the number.

Example 4326 is read ‘four three two base six’

1245 is read ‘onewo four base five’

Let’s expand at the number 23014

43 42 41 40
2 3 0 4

23044 = 2 × 43 + 3 × 42 + 0 × 41 + 4 × 40
= 2 × 64 + 3 × 16 + 0 × 4 + 4 × 1

The value of 3 in the above base 4 number : 3 × 16 = 48

How well do you understand this topic?

1. If base ten uses ten numbers, how many numerals are used in these bases?
a. Base six b. base five c. base four d. base two e. base twelve
2. What are the numerals used in the following bases?
a. base eight b. base six c. base five d. base two e. base sixteen
3. Write the value of 2 in each of the following numbers.
a. 1234 e. 4235 i. 23104
b. 5729 f. 12546 j. 7218
c. 21013 g. 2345
d. 2447 h. 1246
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4. Expand each of the following. The first one has been done for you.
62 61 60
a. 4526 = 4 × 62 + 5 × 6 + 2 × 60
4 5 2
= 4 × 36 + 5 × 6 + 2 × 1
b. 102 d. 3426 f. 3710
c. 145 e. 3014 g. 11012
Changing from other bases to base ten
Examples

1. 146 = 1 × 61 + 4 × 60
=1 ×6+4 ×1
= 6+4
= 10

2. 2347 = 2 × 72 + 3 × 71 + 4 × 70
= 2 × 49 + 3 × 7 + 4 × 1
= 98 + 21 + 4
= 123

3. 101112 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 23
Exercise
Change the following bases to base 10.
1.2345 7.13214 13.101012
2.1216 8.22223 14.11101112
3.3104 9.111002 15.10011102
4.2013 10.11012 16.11015
5.1112 11.10012
6.1435 12.111112
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Changing from base ten to other bases

Examples
1. Change 356 to base six

6 356
6 59 R2
6 9 R5
6 1 R3
0 R1

35610 = 13526

2. Change 743 to base five

Read up
5 743 reminders
5 148 R3
5 29 R3
5 5 R4
5 1 R0
0 R1
743 = 104335

3. Change 89 to base two

2 89
2 44 R1
2 22 R0
2 11 R0
2 5 R1
2 2 R1
2 1 R0
0 R1

89 = 10110012
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Change the following base ten numbers to the bases indicated.

1. 232 to base five

2. 483 to base seven

3. 170 to base six

4. 154 to base three

5. 99 to base three

6. 544 to base four

7. 281 to base five

8. 281 to base six

9. 73 to base two

10. 58 to base two

11. 64 to base two

12. 129 to base two

13. 99 to base eight

14. 85 to base nine

15. 80 to base five

16. 234 to base four

17. 56 to base four

18. 67 to base eight

19. 175 to base eight

20. 175 to base five