VELAMMAL BODHI CAMPUS

KANCHIPURAM
CLASS: VII SUB: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

LN: 10 – RESPIRATION IN ORGANISM

CONCEPT MAP:

RESPIRATION

EXTERNAL HUMAN RESPIRATION RESPIRATION IN

RESPIRATION ANIMALS

NASAL CAVITY IN AMOEBA THROUGH

GENERAL

INTERNAL PHARYNX AND IN EARTHWORM

RESPIRATION LARYNX THROUGH MOIST SKIN

TRACHEA AND LUNGS IN GRASSHOPPER

THROUGH SPIRACLES

CELLULAR IN FISHES THROUGH

RESPIRATION GILLS
 CONCEPT INTRODUCTION AND FACTS:

 All organisms in this vast universe are made up of tiny structural and functional units
called cells which perform certain essential functions necessary for sustaining life like
nutrition, transport, excretion and reproduction.

 But to perform any of these functions the cell requires energy. This energy is derived
by the breakdown of the food consumed by us into carbon-dioxide, water and energy.
This process is known as respiration. The food has energy stored in it and is released
during respiration.
Cellular respiration
 Cellular respiration refers to the process of breakdown of food in the cell with the
release of energy. This cellular respiration can take place in either aerobic respiration
or anaerobic respiration.
 While breathing we breathe in Oxygen breathe out carbon-dioxide.
 The breathed in oxygen is transported to the entire body parts and to each cell. This
oxygen is required by the cells for breakdown of food in order to derive energy to
perform necessary functions for survival.
Types of respiration
 Respiration can be broadly categorized into two types:

 Aerobic respiration refers to the process of breakdown of food into carbon-dioxide

and water in the presence of oxygen.
 Anaerobic respiration refers to the process of breakdown of food into carbon-dioxide
and water in the absence of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration
 In this type of respiration the breathed in oxygen is sent to the entire body and to the
cells where the food is broken down into carbon dioxide, water and energy in the
presence of oxygen. For instance, in human beings aerobic respiration takes place.

Anaerobic respiration
 In this type of respiration the food is broken down into carbon-dioxide and energy in
the absence of oxygen. For instance, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes.
 Facultative anaerobes are the organisms that are capable of respiring both in presence
as well as absence of oxygen. For example, Escherichia coli.

 Obligate anaerobes are the organisms that are capable of respiring only in absence of
oxygen. For example, clostridium tetani.

 Anaerobic respiration can further be classified into two types:

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
  Lactic acid fermentation refers to the metabolic process in which glucose are
converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.
 Alcoholic fermentation refers to the biological process in which glucose and other
sugars such as fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy, producing
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Respiration in cockroach
 Cockroach is a terrestrial organism found in damp areas.
 It is an omnivorous insect feeding on food grains, cereals and other animals. They can
consume any organic matter.

 The respiratory system of cockroach is a network of trachea known as tracheal

system.
 They respire through the small openings called spiracles. These openings are
regulated by the muscular sphincters.
 They breathe in oxygen rich air through the spiracles which opens into the tracheal
tubes.

Figure of a trachea
  The tracheal tubes are the network of air tubes meant for smooth exchange of gas.
These are found only in insects.
 The air then rushes towards the tracheal tubes and then diffuses into the different
body tissues and cells.
 The trachea is then subdivided into thinner tube called tracheoles.
 Tracheoles contain a network of fluids which flows throughout the body of the
insects.
 The air rich in carbon-dioxide rushes towards the tracheal tubes and is finally exhaled
out through the spiracles.
Respiration in earthworm
 Earthworm is a reddish brown terrestrial invertebrate (it does not have a backbone).
 They are found in the upper layer of the soil and improves the soil fertility.
 It feeds on the dead and decaying matter present in the soil.

 They do not have any specialized respiratory system. But they respire through their
moist and slimy skin due to the moisture present in soil and the mucus present in their
body.
 It picks up oxygen from the water present in the soil using the haemoglobin present in
the blood of earthworm.
 During the rainy season the soil is too wet. That creates a problem in the respiration of
the earthworm. Hence they come out to the surface and respire comfortably.
 The moist and slimy makes it easy for the gas to pass through it and get into the body
of the earthworm.
Respiration in frog
 Frogs are short-bodied, tailless amphibians.
 They are carnivores.

 They have dual system that helps them to breathe.

 They have a pair of lungs just like human beings.
 On the other hand they can breathe through their moist and slimy skin as well.
 When their skin is moist or when they are in water they breathe through their thin and
membranous skin which is permeable to both water and gases.
 When they are on land, they take air into their lungs by pushing it from their mouths
with their nostrils closed.
Respiration in fish
 Fish are vertebrates living in water.

 The rate of breathing of aquatic animals is higher than the terrestrial animals (animals
that lives on land) because percent of oxygen present in water is less than percent of
oxygen present in atmosphere. So higher rate of breathing enables them to take up
more oxygen.
 Fishes have certain projections on their body known as gills. These are feathery
organs
  These gills are connected with blood vessels for easy exchange of gases. These gills
help the aquatic species like fish to utilize the oxygen dissolved in the water.

 The gills continuously keeps on moving that enables it to take the water. It takes the
water through its mouth and forces it through the gills.
 As water passes through the thin walls of the gills the dissolved oxygen moves into
blood vessel and travels to the different cells and tissues of the body of the fish.
Respiration in plants
 Plants too require the phenomenon of respiration for survival.

 They take in oxygen rich air from the atmosphere and breathe out air rich in carbon-
dioxide through the tiny pores present in the lower surface of the leaves known as
stomata.
 Root hairs, lenticels, stomata are some of the parts present in plants for gaseous
exchange.
 The roots of plants too respire to generate energy but they follow a different method.
They take up air rich in oxygen from air spaces between the soil particles.
 The breathed in oxygen is supplied to the cells where it is used to break down glucose
into carbon-dioxide and water.
 By photosynthesis the plants produce glucose but the plants require energy to produce
food.
 This glucose is converted into ATP which is the energy currency. Energy is stored in
the form of ATP.
 This conversion of glucose to ATP requires respiration in the presence of oxygen.

 Equation for breakdown of food to release energy in plants is as follows:

  This energy is required by the plants for performing photosynthesis, excreting waste
materials, for growth and development.
 The rate of respiration in plants is lesser than animals. Because animals require to
take up oxygen from the surrounding but in plants oxygen is released during
photosynthesis. So less oxygen has to be taken from surrounding.

ACTIVITY (CREATIVE SKILL):

CREATING A MODEL OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF HUMAN AND
ANIMALS

BOOK BACK EXCERISE:

1. Why does an athlete breathe faster and deeper than usual after finishing the race?
Ans:
 An athlete consumes a lot of energy during running which is produced by oxidation of
glucose. By breathing deeper and faster, the athlete is basically consuming more and
more oxygen to meet his or her energy requirements.
2. List the similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Ans :

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

It happens in the presence of oxygen. It happens in the absence of oxygen.

The end products can be CO2, Lactic acid

Main products are CO2 and H2O
and alcohol.

Small amount of energy is produced as

Large amount of energy is produced.
compared to aerobic respiration.

3. Why do we often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air?

Ans :
 By sneezing, our body tries to expel the dust particles from the air we inhaled so that
only clean air enters our body.
4. Take three test-tubes. Fill ¾ th of each with water. Label them A, B and C. Keep a
snail in test-tube A, a water plant in test-tube B and in C, keep snail and plant both.
Which test-tube would have the highest concentration of CO2?
Ans :
 The concentration of CO2 will be highest in test-tube A because snail takes oxygen
and breathes out carbon dioxide. Whereas, plants take CO 2 and produce oxygen.
5. Tick the correct answer:
(a) In cockroaches, air enters the body through
(i) lungs (ii) gills (iii) spiracles (iv) skin
(b) During heavy exercise, we get cramps in the legs due to the accumulation of
(i) carbon dioxide (ii) lactic acid (iii) alcohol (iv) water
(c) Normal range of breathing rate per minute in an average adult
person at rest is:
(i) 9–12 (ii) 15–18 (iii) 21–24 (iv) 30–33
(d) During exhalation, the ribs
(i) move outwards (ii) move downwards
(iii) move upwards (iv) do not move at all
6. Match the items in Column I with those in Column II:
Column I Column II
(a) Yeast (i) Earthworm
(b) Diaphragm (ii) Gills
(c) Skin (iii) Alcohol
(d) Leaves (iv) Chest cavity
(e) Fish (v) Stomata
(f) Frog (vi) Lungs and skin
(vii) Tracheae
Ans:
Column I Column II
(a)Yeast (iii) Alcohol
(b)Diaphragm (iv) Chest cavity
(c) Skin (i) Earthworm
(d) Leaves (v) Stomata
(e) Fish (ii) Gills
(f) Frog (vi) Lungs and skin
7.Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:
(i) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down. (T/F)
Ans:
False
(ii) Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration only at night.
(T/F)
Ans:
False
(iii) Frogs breathe through their skins as well as their lungs. (T/F)
Ans:
True
(iv) The fishes have lungs for respiration. (T/F)
Ans:
False
(v) The size of the chest cavity increases during inhalation. (T/F)
Ans:
True
8. Given below is a square of letters in which are hidden different words related to
respiration in organisms. These words may be present in any direction— upwards,
downwards, or along the diagonals. Find the words for your respiratory system. Clues
about those words are given below the square.

(i) The air tubes of insects

(ii) Skeletal structures surrounding chest cavity
(iii) Muscular floor of chest cavity
(iv) Tiny pores on the surface of leaf
(v) Small openings on the sides of the body of an insect
(vi) The respiratory organs of human beings
(vii) The openings through which we inhale
(viii) An anaerobic organism
(ix) An organism with tracheal system
Ans:

9. The mountaineers carry oxygen with them because:

(a) At an altitude of more than 5 km there is no air.
(b) The amount of air available to a person is less than that available on the ground.
(c) The temperature of air is higher than that on the ground.
(d) The pressure of air is higher than that on the ground.

HOTS: (HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS)

1.Why do we feel hungry after a physical activity?

Ans.
 When we need extra energy, we breathe faster. As a result more oxygen is supplied to
our cells. It speeds up the breakdown of food and more energy is released. Due to
rapid breakdown of food we feel hungry.
2. What is anaerobic respiration?
Ans.
 Food can also be broken down, without using oxygen. This is called anaerobic
respiration. Breakdown of food releases energy.

3. Do the plants also respire?

Ans.
 Like other living organisms, plants also respire for their survival. They also take in
oxygen from the air and give out carbon dioxide. In the cells oxygen is used to break
down glucose into carbon dioxide and water as in other organisms.
4. How does exchange of gases take place in insects?
(Or) Explain respiration in insects.
Ans.
 Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae for gas exchange.
 Oxygen rich air rushes through spiracles into the tracheal tubes, diffuses into the body
tissue, and reaches every cell of the body. Similarly, carbon dioxide from the cells
goes into the tracheal tubes and moves out through spiracles.
5. When and where does anaerobic respiration occur in humans?
Ans.
 During heavy exercise, fast running, cycling, walking for many hours or heavy weight
lifting, the demand for energy is high. But the supply of oxygen to produce the energy
is limited. Then anaerobic respiration takes places in the muscle cells to fulfill the
demand of energy.
6. Why do we get relief from cramps after a hot water bath or a massage?
Ans.
 Hot water bath or massage improves circulation of blood. As a result, the supply of
oxygen to the muscle cells increases. The increase in the supply of oxygen results in
the complete breakdown of lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water. Thus, we get
relief from cramps after a hot water bath or a massage.
7. Why do we often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air?
Ans.
 When we inhale a lot of dust-laden air, the particles get trapped in the hair present in
our nasal cavity. However, sometimes these particles may get past the hair in the nasal
cavity. Then they irritate the lining of the cavity, as a result of which we sneeze.
Sneezing expels these foreign particles from the inhaled air and a dust free, clean air
enters our body.

DIAGRAM BASED QUESTIONS:

1.

a) Which is the process represent in the picture?

b) During which process diaphragm moves downwards?
c) Name the gases inhale and exhale.
d) What are the processeshappens during exhalation?

2.
 DEMONSTRATIVE BASED QUESTIONS (LAB ACTIVITY):
ACTIVITY –1

Aim:
 To demonstrate that oxygen is used in respiration
Materials required:
 conical flask
 glass capillary tube
 caustic potash
 cork
 germinating seed
 Water and beaker.
Procedure:
 Put some seeds in a conical flask.
 A small test tube containing potassium hydroxide solution is hung in the flask.
 One end of the glass tube which is bend twice at right angles is in the flask while the
other end is dipped in the beaker filled with mercury.
 Note the level of water in the tube. Keep the apparatus for some time.
Observation:
 The rise in level of water is due to a partial vacuum created in the flask. This is
because the germinating seeds absorbs oxygen from the flask and give out equal
amount of carbon dioxide.
 This carbon dioxide is absorbed by KOH solution, creating a partial vacuum in the
flask. So, the level of water in the tube is raised.

Questions:
a) What is the experiment about?
b) Why there is raise in water level?
c) Name the chemical used here.

ACTIVITY 2:

Aim:
 To prove that exhale air contains carbon dioxide.
Materials required:
 glass tumbler
 lime water
 straw
Procedure:
 Take a glass tumbler containing some lime water.
 Breathe out into the lime water.
Observation and conclusion:
 The lime water turns milky.
 The change of colourless lime water into milky white colour indicates the presence of
carbon dioxide.
 Carbon dioxide makes lime water milky due to formation of calcium carbonate.
Questions:
a) Write the aim of the experiment.
b) What is used here to show carbon dioxide is exhaled?
c) Name the product which is responsible for turning the lime water milky.