PHYSICAL SCIENCES

PAPER 2 AND PAPER 1

GRADE 12

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PER TOPIC

2019
AUTUMN CLASSES WEEK 1
This document consists of 33 pages.

Terms, definitions, questions & answers

 PROGRAMME

DAY ACTIVITY PAGE TIME

PRE-TEST 45 MIN

1 Electrostatics: One dimension (1D) 7-9 1 HOUR: 15 MIN

Give feedback: pre-test (Only electrostatics) 30 MIN

2

Electrostatics: One and two dimension (1D and 2D) 10 - 12 1 HOUR 30 MIN

Energy graphs (Endothermic and exothermic graphs) 16 - 19 45 MIN

3

Basic concepts of mole, Empirical formula, percentage composition. 24-25 1 HOUR: 15 MIN
33 - 36

4 Stoichiometry 26 – 32 2 HOURS
36 - 38

Summary: Electrostatics, Energy graphs, Stoichiometry. 2 HOURS

5
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
GRADE 12

3
 Topic 14: Electrostatics (Grade 11)
Coulomb's law
 State Coulomb's law: The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point
charge (Q1) on another point charge (Q2) is directly proportional to the product of
the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance (r)between them:
kQ1Q2
 Solve problems using the equation F = for charges in one dimension (1D) (restrict
r2
to three charges).
kQ1Q2
 Solve problems using the equation F = for charges in two dimensions (2D) – for
r2
three charges in a right-angled formation (limit to charges at the 'vertices of a right- angled
triangle').

Electric field
 Describe an electric field as a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a
force. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test
charge would move if placed at that point.
 Draw electric field patterns for the following configurations:
o A single point charge
o Two point charges (one negative, one positive OR both positive OR both negative)
o A charged sphere
 Define the electric field at a point: The electric field at a point is the electrostatic
F
force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point. In symbols: E  .
q
F
 Solve problems using the equation E 
q
.
 Calculate the electric field at a point due to a number of point charges, using the equation
kQ
E  2 to determine the contribution to the field due to each charge. Restrict to three
r
charges in a straight line.

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: ELECTROSTATICS

Coulomb's law The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on
another point charge is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes
of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
kQ1Q2
between them. In symbols: F =
r2
Electric field A region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force.
Electric field at a The electric field at a point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit
point positive charge placed at that point.
F
In symbols: E  Unit: N∙C-1
q
Direction of electric The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test
field charge would move if placed at that point.

4
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Acceleration due to gravity
g 9,8 m·s-2
Swaartekragversnelling
Universal gravitational constant
G 6,67 x 10-11 N·m2·kg-2
Universele gravitasiekonstant
Speed of light in a vacuum
c 3,0 x 108 m·s-1
Spoed van lig in 'n vakuum
Planck's constant
h 6,63 x 10-34 J·s
Planck se konstante
Coulomb's constant
k 9,0 x 109 N·m2·C-2
Coulomb se konstante
Charge on electron
e- -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Electron mass
me 9,11 x 10-31 kg
Elektronmassa
Mass of Earth
M 5,98 x 1024 kg
Massa van Aarde
Radius of Earth
RE 6,38 x 103 km
Straal van Aarde

ELECTROSTATICS/

kQ 1Q 2 kQ
F= E=
r2 r2

W F
V= E=
q q
Q Q
n= or / of n=
e qe

5
 Study of charges at rest
Neutral (uncharged): ELECTROSTATICS
Number of protons = number of electrons
Charging of objects
Quantisation of charge Two kinds of charge By contact: Electrons transferred
All charges are multiples of the smallest Positive: electron deficient from one object to another.
charge i.e. the charge on one electron: Negative: excess of electrons
1,6 x 10-19 C Rubbing

Conservation of charge
Charge cannot be created or destroyed. It can Rod: neutral Rod: positive (e- lost)
only be transferred from one object to another. Cloth: neutral Cloth: negative (e- gained)

Electric field
Region in space where an electric charge
Electrostatic force experiences a force. Represented with field lines.
Like charges repel
Unlike charges attract Definition of electric field: E =
20

Coulomb’s law
F Q1Q2 and F

k = 9 x 109 ∙m ∙
2 Electric field at a certain distance from a point charge
N C2
:E=

Electric field patterns

6
QUESTION 1

The diagram below shows two small identical metal spheres, R and S, each placed on
a wooden stand. Spheres R and S carry charges of + 8 μC and - 4 μC respectively.
Ignore the effects of air.

+ 8 μC - 4 μC
R S

1.1 Explain why the spheres were placed on wooden stands. (1)
Spheres R and S are brought into contact for a while and then separated by a small
distance.
1.2 Calculate the net charge on each of the spheres. (2)
1.3 Draw the electric field pattern due to the two spheres R and S. (3)

After R and S have been in contact and separated, a third sphere, T, of charge + 1 µC
is now placed between them as shown in the diagram below.

10 cm 20 cm

R T S

1.4 Draw a free-body diagram showing the electrostatic forces experienced by

sphere T due to spheres R and S. (2)
1.5 Calculate the net electrostatic force experienced by T due to R and S. (6)
1.6 Define the electric field at a point. (2)
1.7 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of T due to R
and S. (Treat the spheres as if they were point charges.)
(3)
[19]

7
QUESTION 2

Two charged particles, Q1 and Q2, are placed 0,4 m apart along a straight line.
The charge on Q1 is + 2 x 10-5 C, and the charge on Q2 is – 8 x 10-6 C. Point X is 0,25
m east of Q1, as shown in the diagram below.

N
Q1 0,25 m Q2
X
● W E
0,4 m
S

Calculate the:
2.1 Net electric field at point X due to the two charges
(6)
2.2 Electrostatic force that a – 2 x 10-9 C charge will experience at point X
(4)

The – 2 x 10-9 C charge is replaced with a charge of – 4 x 10-9 C at point X.

2.3 Without any further calculation, determine the magnitude of the force (1)
that the – 4 x 10-9 C charge will experience at point X.
[11]

QUESTION 3

A sphere Q1, with a charge of -2,5 μC, is placed 1 m away from a second sphere Q2,
with a charge +6 μC. The spheres lie along a straight line, as shown in the diagram
below. Point P is located a distance of 0,3 m to the left of sphere Q1, while point X is
located between Q1 and Q2 . The diagram is not drawn to scale.

-2,5 μC +6 μC
P X
Q1 Q2
● ●
0,3 m 1m

3.1 Show, with the aid of a VECTOR DIAGRAM, why the net electric field at
point X cannot be zero.
(4)

3.2 Calculate the net electric field at point P, due to the two charged spheres
Q1 and Q2. (6)
[10]

8
QUESTION 4

Two identical negatively charged spheres, A and B, having charges of the same
magnitude, are placed 0,5 m apart in vacuum. The magnitude of the electrostatic
force that one sphere exerts on the other is 1,44 x 10-1 N.

4.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)

4.2 Calculate the:

4.2.1 Magnitude of the charge on each sphere (4)

4.2.2 Excess number of electrons on sphere B (3)

4.3 P is a point at a distance of 1 m from sphere B.

4.3.1 What is the direction of the net electric field at point P? (1)

B so that the B so that the net electric field at point P is 3 x 104 N·C-1 to the
right. (8) right. (8)
[18]

9
QUESTION 5

Three point charges, Q1, Q2 and Q3, carrying charges of +6 µC, -3 µC and +5 µC
respectively, are arranged in space as shown in the diagram below.
The distance between Q3 and Q1 is 30 cm and that between Q3 and Q2 is 10 cm.

5.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)

5.2 Calculate the net force acting on charge Q3 due to the presence of Q1 and Q2. (7)

[9]

QUESTION 6

6.1 Draw a vector diagram showing the direction of the electrostatic forces and
the net force experienced charged sphere Y due to presence of charged
spheres X and Z respectively. (10,70N) (3)

6.2 The magnitude of the net electrostatic force experienced by charged sphere Y
is 15,20N. Calculate the charge on sphere Z. (-13,37x10-6C) (4)

[7]

10
QUESTION 7

7.1 In an experiment to verify the relationship between the electrostatic force, F E,

and distance, r, between two identical, positively charged spheres, the graph
below was obtained.

GRAPH OF FE VERSUS

0,030 •

•
0,025

0,020

•
0,015
•

0,010

0,005 •

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
(m )

7.1.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)

7.1.2 Write down the dependent variable of the experiment. (1)

11
 7.1.3 What relationship between the electrostatic force FE and the square
of the distance, r2, between the charged spheres can be deduced
(1)
from the graph?
7.1.4 Use the information in the graph to calculate the charge on each
sphere.
(6)
7.2 A charged sphere, A, carries a charge of – 0,75 µC.

7.2.1 Draw a diagram showing the electric field lines surrounding

sphere A.
(2)

Sphere A is placed 12 cm away from another charged sphere, B, along a

straight line in a vacuum, as shown below. Sphere B carries a charge of
+0,8 μC. Point P is located 9 cm to the right of sphere A.

12 cm
– 0,75 µC P + 0,8 µC
●
A B
9 cm

7.2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at point P. (5)
[17]

12
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE
GRADE 12

ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

13
 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
REVISION GRADE 11

Topic 10: Energy and Change (Grade 11)

Energy changes in reactions related to bond energy changes
 Define heat of reaction (ΔH) as the energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
 Define exothermic reactions as reactions that release energy.
 Define endothermic reactions as reactions that absorb energy.
 Classify (with reason) reactions as exothermic or endothermic.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

 State that ΔH > 0 for endothermic reactions, i.e. reactions in which energy is
absorbed.
 State that ΔH < 0 for exothermic reactions, i.e. reactions in which energy is
released.

Activation energy
 Define activation energy as the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
 Define an activated complex as the unstable transition state from reactants to
products.
 Draw or interpret fully labelled sketch graphs (potential energy versus course of reaction
graphs) of catalysed and uncatalysed endothermic and exothermic reactions.

CHEMICAL CHANGE: ENERGY AND CHANGE

Heat of reaction (ΔH) The energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
Exothermic reactions Reactions that release energy. (ΔH < 0)

Endothermic Reactions that absorb energy. (ΔH > 0)

reactions
Activation energy The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.
Activated complex The unstable transition state from reactants to products.

14
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAMS OF EXOTHERMIC REACTION
In activated complex bonds in
reactants are breaking while new
bonds (in products) are formed.

Activated Complex

ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM OF ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

Activated Complex

15
QUESTION 1
Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas react to form water according to the following balanced
equation:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 241,8 kJ·mol-1

The activation energy (EA) for this reaction is 1 370 kJ·mol-1.

1.1 Define the term activation energy. (2)

1.2 Sketch a potential energy versus reaction coordinate graph for the above
reaction. Clearly label the axes and indicate the following on the graph:

 ΔH
 EA for the forward reaction
 Reactants (R) and products (P)
 Activated complex (X)
(5)

1.3 Write down the value of the:

1.3.1 Heat of reaction (1)

1.3.2 Activation energy for the following reaction:

2H2O(g) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) (2)

SOLUTION
2.1 The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place. (2)

2.2
X
Potential energy (kJ·mol-1)

EA

ΔH
P

Reaction coordinate

16
2.3.1 - 241,8 kJ•mol-1
2.3.2 1 611,8 kJ•mol-1
QUESTION 2
One of the steps in the preparation of sulphuric acid in the industry is represented by
the following reversible reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
The graph below shows the energy change during this reaction.

2.1 Write down the type of reaction represented by above graph. Choose from
EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC. Explain your answer. (2)
2.2 Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction. (3)
At 68 kJ∙mol-1 an activated complex is formed.
2.3 Define the term activated complex. (2)
2.4 Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction. (2)
SOLUTION
2.1 Exothermic
Products have a lower energy than the reactants
so that more molecules will have an energy equal or greater than the
activation energy to take part in the reaction.
2.2 ∆H = EP - ER
= -86 - 25
= -111 kJ∙mol-1
2.3 An unsatble (transition) state from reactants to products
2.4 ∆ Ea = 68 – (-86) = 154 kJ.mol-1

17
ACTIVITY
QUESTION 1
The following reaction takes place in a flask:
Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)→ Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH3(aq) +10H2O(l)
Within a few minutes, the temperature of the flask drops by approximately 20oC.
1.1 Is the above reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain. (2)
(Endothermic drop in temperature /Δ H > 0)
1.2 Define the term heat of reaction. (2)
1.3 Define activation energy? (2)
1.4 Draw a labelled potential energy curve for this reaction. Indicate the following:
• Labelled x-axis and y-axis
• Position of reactants (R) and products (P)
• Activation energy
• Heat of reaction
• On the graph, indicate the effect of a catalyst with a dotted line. (6)
QUESTION 2
A barium hydroxide solution, Ba(OH)2(aq), reacts with a nitric acid solution,
HNO3(aq), according to the following balanced equation:

Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

The potential energy graph below shows the change in potential energy for this
reaction.
Potential energy

A
(kJ⋅mol-1)

B
116 kJ⋅mol-1
C

Course of reaction

18
2.1 Is this reaction ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the
answer. (EXOTHERMIC ΔH < 0 ) (2)

2.2 Use energy values A, B and C indicated on the graph and write down an
expression for each of the following:

2.2.1 The energy of the activated complex (A) (1)

2.2.2 The activation energy for the forward reaction.(B - A) (1)

2.2.3 ∆H for the reverse reaction. (C – B) (1)

2.3 Calculate the amount of energy released during the reaction if 0,18 moles of
Ba(OH)2(aq) reacts completely with the acid.(20,88KJ) (3)

19
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE
GRADE 12

QUANTITATIVE AS ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

20
 QUANTITATIVE AS ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
REVISION GRADE 11
Topic 9: Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Change (Grade 11)
Molar volume of gases
 1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere (101,3 kPa).

Volume relationships in gaseous reactions

 Interpret balanced equations in terms of volume relationships for gases, i.e. under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure, equal number of moles of all gases occupy the
same volume.

Concentration of solutions
 Calculate the molar concentration of a solution.

More complex stoichiometric calculations

 Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of compounds.
 Determine the percentage yield of a chemical reaction.
 Determine percentage purity or percentage composition, e.g. the percentage CaCO3 in an
impure sample of seashells.
 Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations.
 Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations that may include limiting
reagents.

CHEMICAL CHANGE: QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

Mole One mole of a substance is the amount of substance having the same
number of particles as there are atoms in 12 g carbon-12.
Molar gas volume at The volume of one mole of a gas.
STP (1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3 at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere
(101,3 kPa).
Molar mass The mass of one mole of a substance. Symbol: M Unit: g∙mol-1

Avogadro’s Law Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, the same number of
moles of all gases occupy the same volume.

Concentration The amount of solute per litre/cubic decimeter of solution.

n
In symbols: c  Unit: mol∙dm-3
V
Empirical formula The simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.

Percentage yield Yield is the amount of product obtained from a reaction.

actual mass obtained
percentage yield =  100
calculated mass
Percentage purity mass of pure chemical
percentage purity =  100
total mass of sample
Percentage The percentage of each of the components in a substance.
composition mass contribute d by component
Percentage of component =  100
mass of all components
Limiting reagents The substance that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is
complete.

21
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Standard pressure
pθ 1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Tθ 273 K
Standaardtemperatuur
Charge on electron
e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/

m N
n= n=
M NA
n m V
c= or/of c= n=
V MV Vm

22
 TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
Atomic number
1 KEY/SLEUTEL Atoomgetal 2
H He
2,1

1 29 4
3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cu

1,9
Li Be Elektronegatiwiteit Simbool B C N O F Ne
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
63,5
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Approximate relative atomic mass Aℓ Si P S Cℓ Ar
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
23 24 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tℓ Pb Bi Po At Rn
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
0,7

0,9

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
226
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238

23
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
MOLAR GAS VOLUME OF GASES
QUESTION 1

The airbags in motor vehicles contain the compound sodium azide (NaN3). When a
car crashes into an object, the compound decomposes and the nitrogen inflates the
airbag. The balanced equation for the reaction is as follows:

2 NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

In one such decomposition, 2,53 x 108 molecules of nitrogen are generated.

Calculate the:

1.1 Number of moles of NaN3(s) that decomposed (4)

1.2 Volume of N2(g) produced Assume that the reaction occurs at standard
pressure. (3)

SOLUTION

1.1

1.2

24
QUESTION 2

During a combustion reaction in a closed container of adjustable volume, 8 cm 3 of

compound A (butane) reacts in excess oxygen according to the following balanced
equation:
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
If the initial volume of the oxygen in the container was 60 cm 3, calculate the TOTAL
volume of the gases that are present in the container at the end of the reaction. All
the gases in the container are at the same temperature and pressure.
C4H10 O2 CO2 H2O
Initial V (cm3) 8 60 0 0
Change in V (cm3) 8 52 32 40
Final V (cm3) 0 8 32 40

Total volume = 8 + 32 + 40 = 80 cm3

ACTIVITY
QUESTION 1

What volume of oxygen is needed for the complete combustion of 300 cm3 of
propane (C3H8) according to the following equation at the same temperature and
pressure? (1500cm3/ 1,5 dm3)

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O (g)

QUESTION 2

Learners use the reaction between 25g IMPURE POWDERED calcium carbonate
and excess hydrochloric acid to investigate reaction rate. The balanced equation for
the reaction is:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

When the reaction reaches completion, the volume of gas formed is 4,5dm3. Assume
that the molar gas volume at 40 °C is equal to 25,7 dm3. Calculate the mass of the
impurities present in the calcium carbonate. (7,49 g)

25
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1

Aluminium sulphate is used as a coagulant in water purification. It reacts with sodium

hydroxide to form aluminium hydroxide which drags the impurities as it settles.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Aℓ2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) → 2Aℓ(OH)3(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)

A chemist at a water purification plant adds 700 g of Aℓ2(SO4)3 to a sample of water.

1.1 Calculate the maximum mass of Aℓ(OH)3 that can be produced from this mass
of Aℓ2(SO4)3. (5)

The chemist now dissolves 0,85 mol of Na2SO4 in 250 cm3 of distilled water. He then
tops it up with enough distilled water to make a 1 litre solution.

1.2 Define, in words, the term concentration of a solution. (2)

1.3 Calculate the concentration of this Na2SO4 solution. (3)

SOLUTION

1.1

1.2 Amount of solute/dissolved substance per cubic decimetre of solution.

26
1.3

QUESTION 2

2.1 Sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3(s), reacts with 200 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid
solution, HCℓ(aq), of concentration 0,2 mol•dm-3 according to the following
balanced equation:

Na2S2O3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

2.1.1 Define the term concentration of a solution. (2)

2.1.2 Calculate the number of moles of HCℓ(aq) added to the sodium

thiosulphate. (3)

2.1.3 Calculate the volume of SO2(g) that will be formed if the reaction takes
place at STP. Assume the molar gas volume at STP is equal to
22,4dm3 (3)

SOLUTION

2.1.1 Amount of solute/dissolved substance per cubic decimetre of solution.

𝑛
2.1.2 C(HCl) =
𝑉

𝑛
0,2 =
0,2

n(HCl) = 0,04mol

2.1.3 2mol HCl reacts with 1 mol SO2

0,04
n(SO2) = = 0,02mol
2

27
 𝑉
n(SO2) = 𝑉
𝑀

𝑉
0,02 =
22,4

= 0, 45 dm3

ACTIVITY
QUESTION 1

1.1 Define the term concentration. (2)

1.2 8 grams of Na2S2O3 is dissolved in water to prepare 500 cm3 of solution.

Calculate the concentration of the Na2S2O3 solution. (0,12mol.dm-3) (3)

QUESTION 2

130 g of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is dissolved in 300 cm3 of water.

2.1 Calculate the concentration of the solution. (4,56 mol.dm-3) (3)

2.2 What mass of magnesium chloride would need to be added for the
concentration to become 6,7 mol·dm−3? (190,95g) (3)

STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
LIMITING REACTANT AND PERCENTAGE YIELD
QUESTION 1

The chemical reaction for the production of the drug, aspirin, from two compounds, X
and Y, is represented by the balanced equation below.

2C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → 2C9H8O4 + H2O

A chemist reacts 14 g of compound X with 10 g of compound Y.
1.1 Define the term limiting reactant in a chemical reaction. (2)
1.2 Perform the necessary calculations to determine which one of compound X or
compound Y is the limiting reactant. (5)

The actual mass of aspirin obtained is 11,5 g.

1.3 Calculate the percentage yield of the aspirin. (5)

28
SOLUTION
1.1 The reactant that produces the least amount of product.
The reactant that will be used up first during a chemical reaction.
A reactant whose amount limits/determines the amount of product obtained in
a chemical reaction.
1.2

From balanced equation:

2mol (X) reacts with 1mol(Y)
∴ 0,1 mol of X needs0,05 mol of Y
The limiting reactant is X.
1.3 n(aspirin produced) = n(X) = 0,10 mol

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QUESTION 2
2.2 Iron (Fe) reacts with sulphur (S) to form iron sulphide (FeS) according to the
following balanced equation:

Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS

2.2.1 Calculate which of the two substances will be used up completely if 20
g of Fe and 10 g of S are mixed and heated. (5)

2.2.2 How many grams of the other substance are in excess? (2)
2.3 Magnesium burns in air to form magnesium oxide according to the following
balanced equation:

2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

If the percentage yield of this reaction is only 80%, calculate the mass of
magnesium that needs to be burned to produce 30 g of magnesium oxide. (6)

SOLUTION
2.2.1
nFe  
m
M
20
 
56
 0,357 mol Fe

nS  
m
M
10

32 
 0,313 mol S

From balanced equation:

1 mol Fe reacts with1 mol S 
n(S) < n(Fe)
The limiting reactant is S. 
(5)

2.2.2
(3)
nFe used  
m
M

30
 m
0,313 
56
 m(Fe used) = 17,5 g

m(excess) = 20 – 17,5  = 2,5 g 

OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m m
n(MgO )  n(MgO ) 
M M
30 30
 
40  40 
 0,75 mol  0,75 mol
From balanced equation From balanced equation
n(Mg) = n(MgO) = 0,75 mol  n(Mg) = n(MgO) = 0,75 mol 
m
n(Mg )  If 0,75 mol Mg gives 80% yield, then
M
m mol Mg needed for 100% yield:
0,75 
24  0,75 mol Mg …….…..80%
m(Mg )  18 g
x mol Mg……………..100%
If 18 g Mg gives 80% yield, then
(0,75)(100)
mass Mg needed for 100% yield: n(Mg) = 
80
18 g ……………24 g MgO  = 0,9375 mol
x g ……………..30 g m
 n(Mg ) 
M
(18 )(30 ) m
m(Mg) = = 22,5 g  0,9375    m(Mg )  22,5 g
24 24

QUESTION 3
Hydrochloric acid reacts with an excess of magnesium chunks according to the
following balanced equation:

Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g) (H  0 )

Initially 200 cm3 of a 3 mol·dm-3 HCℓ solution is added to 20 g of magnesium chunks.

Calculate the mass of magnesium in excess.

31
SOLUTION

n
c=
V

n
3= 
200  10 3

n = 0,6 mol
n(Mg reacted) = ½n(HCℓ) = 0,3 mol 

OPTION 1 Option 2
m(Mg reacted n(Mg initially): m(Mg in excess):
m m m
n(Mg) = n = n=
M M M
m 20 m
 0,3 =  =  0,53 =
24 24 24
m = 7,2 g = 0,83 mol  m = 12,72 g 

m(Mg) in excess: n(Mg in excess):

m = 2 0–7, 2 n = 0,83 – 0,3 
= 0,53 mol
= 12,8 g 

ACTIVITY
QUESTION 1
The fizz produced when an antacid dissolves in water is caused by the reaction
between sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and citric acid (H3C6H5O7). The
balanced equation for the reaction is:

3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7 (aq) → Na3C6H5O7(aq) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(ℓ)

1.1 Write down the FORMULA of the substance that causes the fizz when the
antacid dissolves in water. (1)

A certain antacid contains 1, 8 g of H3C6H5O7 and 3, 36 g of NaHCO3. The antacid is

dissolved in 100 cm3 distilled water in a beaker.

1.2 Define 1 mole of a substance. (2)

1.3 Calculate the number of moles of NaHCO3 in the antacid. (0,04mol) (3)
1.4 Using calculations, which substance is the limiting reagent? (H3C6H5O7 ) (4)

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1.5 Calculate the mass of the reactant in excess. (0,84g) (3)
1.6 Calculate the mass decrease of the beaker contents on completion of
the reaction. (1,32g) (3)
QUESTION 2
Learners made a mini volcano in a science laboratory by adding sodium bicarbonate
to ethanoic acid. They added 100 mℓ of a 0,2 mol.dm -3 ethanoic acid solution to 10 g
of NaHCO3 to start the reaction of the volcano.

The balanced equation for this reaction is:

CH3COOH(aq) + NaHCO3(s) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
2.1 Define the term limiting reagent. (2)
2.2 Determine the limiting reagent in this reaction. ( CH3COOH) (6)
2.3 Calculate the mass of the other substance in excess. (1,6g) (3)
2.4 Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at STP. (0,45dm3) (4)

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE

QUESTION 1
1.1 Define the term molar mass of a substance. (1)
1.2 Calculate the number of moles of water in 100 g of water. (3)
1.3 Methyl benzoate is a compound used in the manufacture of perfumes. It is
found that a 5,325 g sample of methyl benzoate contains 3,758 g of carbon,
0,316 g of hydrogen and 1,251 g of oxygen.

1.3.1 Define the term empirical formula. (2)

1.3.2 Determine the empirical formula of methyl benzoate. (7)
1.3.3 If the molar mass of methyl benzoate is 136 g⋅mol-1, what is its
molecular formula? (2)

33
SOLUTION

1.1 The mass of one mole (of the substance).

1.2 m
n(H2O) = 
M
100
= 
18
= 5,56 mol 

1.3.1 Smallest whole number ratio of the elements that make up the substance.

1.3.2 3,758
%C = ( )(100) = 70,573
5,325
0,316 
%H = ( )(100) = 5,934
5,325
1,251
%O = ( )(100) = 23,493
5,325
m
n= 
M
70,573
n(C) = = 5,881 mol
12 

5,934
n(H) = = 5,934 mol
1

23,493
n(O) = = 1,468 mol
16

mol C : mol H : mol O = 4 : 4 : 1 

∴ C4H4O 

1.3.3 M(C4H4O) = 4(12) + 4(1) + 16 = 68 g⋅mol-1

136
=2
68

∴ Molecular formula: C8H8O2

QUESTION 2

34
An ester contains 6,67% hydrogen (H), 40% carbon (C) and 53,33% oxygen(O).
The molar mass of the ester is 60 g·mol-1.
Use a calculation to determine its:
2.1 Empirical
2.2 Molecular formula
SOLUTION

2.1
40
n(C) = = 3,33 mol
12

6,67
n(H) = = 6,67 mol
1 

53,33
n(O) = = 3,33 mol
16 

mol C : mol H : mol O = 1 : 2 : 1 

∴ CH2O 

2.2 M(CH2O) = (12) + 2(1) + 16 = 30 g⋅mol-1

60
=2
30

∴ Molecular formula: C2H4O2

ACTIVITY
QUESTION 1

Vinegar, which is used in our homes, is a dilute form of acetic acid. A sample of
acetic acid has the following percentage composition:

• 39,9 % carbon

• 6,7 % hydrogen

• 53, 4 % oxygen

1.1 Determine the empirical formula of acetic acid. (CH2O) (5)

1.2 Determine the molecular formula of acetic acid if the molar mass of acetic
acid is 60, 06 g•mol-1. (C2H4O2) (3)

QUESTION 2

Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of

carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).

During combustion of a 9,984 g sample of menthol, it is found that

28,160 g of CO2(g) and 11,520 g of H2O(g) is produced.

2.1 Calculate the mass of carbon (C) in the CO2.(7,68g) (4)

2.2 Calculate the empirical formula of menthol. (C10H20O) (7)

2.3 The molar mass of menthol is 156 g•mol-1. Determine the molecular formula
of menthol. (C10H20O) (2)

VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS IN GASEOUS REACTIONS

QUESTION 1
Sodium azide is sometimes used in airbags. When triggered, it has the following
reaction:

2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

If 55 g of sodium azide is used, what volume of nitrogen gas would we expect to
produce?
Solution
number of moles of sodium azide used is:
𝑚
n= 𝑀

55
=
85
= 0,85 mol
mole ratio of NaN3 to N2 is 2:3. So the number of moles of N2 is:
0,85 𝑋 3
n(N2) =
2

36
 = 1,27 mol
V =(22,4)n =(22,4)(1,27) = 28,4 dm3
QUESTION 2
Calcium carbonate chips are added to an excess dilute hydrochloric acid solution in
a flask placed on a balance as illustrated below. The cotton wool plug in the mouth of
the flask prevents spillage of reactants and products, but simultaneously allows the
formed gas to escape. The balanced equation for the reaction that takes place is:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate needed to produce 4g of carbon dioxide

when the reaction is completed. Assume that all the gas that was formed, escaped
from the flask.

SOLUTION
𝑚
n(CO2) =
𝑀
4
=
44

= 0,09 mol

n(CaCO3) = n(CO2) = 0,09 mol

m(CaCO3) = nM

= (0,09) (100)

=9g

ACTIVITY
QUESTION 1
Consider the following reaction:

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

The reaction of calcium carbonate with excess of hydrochloric acid is determined by

measuring the loss of mass of the reaction components in an open container. The
following results were obtained:

37
 Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(min)

Lost 0,5 1,0 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0

mass (g)
2.1 Give the NAME of the gas that is liberated. (Carbon dioxide) (1)

2.2 What does the loss of mass represent? (CO2 formed) (2)

2.3 Give a reason why the loss of mass remains constant after 5 minutes. (2)

(Reaction has stopped/ reached completion)

2.4 Calculate the volume of the gas liberated during the reaction. Assume the
molar gas volume at 250C is equal to 24 dm3.( 1,09dm3) (5)

QUESTION 2
Annalize is making a mini volcano for her science project. She mixes baking soda
(mostly NaHCO3) and vinegar (mostly CH3COOH) together to make her volcano
erupt. The reaction for this equation is:

NaHCO3(s) + CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2(g)

What volume of carbon dioxide is produced if Annalize uses 50 cm3 of 0,2 mol·dm-3
acetic acid?(0,24dm3)

38