0% found this document useful (0 votes)
300 views89 pages

Cape Unit 1 Lab Manual

This document outlines the format and contents for chemistry lab reports. It includes sections for the title, aim, apparatus and materials, diagram, method, results, treatment of results, graph, calculations, discussion, sources of error/limitations, precautions, and conclusion. The format requires providing key details for each experiment, such as listing all equipment and substances used, drawing a labeled diagram of the apparatus, outlining the step-by-step method, showing data in tables, stating calculations, analyzing results, and summarizing conclusions. This lab report template aims to standardize how students document and report on their chemistry experiments.

Uploaded by

Anthony Hosein
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
300 views89 pages

Cape Unit 1 Lab Manual

This document outlines the format and contents for chemistry lab reports. It includes sections for the title, aim, apparatus and materials, diagram, method, results, treatment of results, graph, calculations, discussion, sources of error/limitations, precautions, and conclusion. The format requires providing key details for each experiment, such as listing all equipment and substances used, drawing a labeled diagram of the apparatus, outlining the step-by-step method, showing data in tables, stating calculations, analyzing results, and summarizing conclusions. This lab report template aims to standardize how students document and report on their chemistry experiments.

Uploaded by

Anthony Hosein
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 89

Presentation College San Fernando

Cape Unit 1
Chemistry Lab Manual

Name :

Class :

Teacher :
CHEMISTRY LAB FORMAT

TITLE: The name of the experiment or the topic the experiment investigates e.g. Salt Analysis, Solubility,
Rates of Reaction, Analysing Substances.

AIM: Give a statement of the objective of the experiment or what the experiment seeks to accomplish.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: List all apparatus, chemicals and materials used in the experiment.

DIAGRAM: Draw a large, clear, well labeled diagram showing the setup of the apparatus. Write a title
below your diagram.

METHOD: Write the full procedure of the experiment in steps. Use the passive voice and past tense.

RESULTS: Report the observations and measurements obtained in the experiment, exactly as they were
obtained or measured. Measurements should be presented in a table with a title below it.

TREATMENT OF RESULTS: Conversions and manipulations of the raw results should be tabulated.
These conversions will assist in drawing graphs or making calculations. This section will also be used to
describe the shapes of graphs and account for the shape of these graphs and results relevant to the lab.

GRAPH: If required, make a statement of what variables were plotted e.g. “A graph of (y-axis variable)
was plotted against (x-axis variable).”

CALCULATIONS: Using the results, information from the treatment of results section and the graph, use
formulae and other appropriate knowledge to calculate the required information. Show all steps of your
calculation.

DISCUSSION: Write a concise explanation of the experiment. It should NOT be long (approximately 10
lines). Use the following points to do an effective discussion.

1. Give a brief outline of background information on the topic of investigation. State the theory.
2. Explain the principles of how the experiment works or how the experiment is designed to attain
the aim of the experiment.
3. Describe the results of YOUR experiment. Discuss whether the experiment agreed with theory
and if not, suggest reasons for this.

SOURCES OF ERROR/ LIMITATIONS: State any errors that may have affected the experiment. This
may be human, instrumental or environmental in nature.

PRECAUTIONS: State any precautions taken during the experiment.

CONCLUSION: State in two sentences maximum the outcome of the experiment. A conclusion such as
“X was observed.” is not acceptable; the conclusion should be a statement of what YOU deduced after
observing X.

2| P a g e
Table of Contents

# Lab Title *SBA Page ORR A/I M/M PD

FORM ;Lower 6 LAB

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

1| P a g e
Lab # 1 Date; ___________

Title; Titrating Na2CO3 with HCl using methyl orange indicator

Aim; To determine the percentage by mass of Sodium Carbonate Mixture.

Apparatus and Materials;

A1 0.1 moldm-3 HCl


B1 solution containing 60 gdm-3 of Na2CO3/NaCl mixture.
Methyl orange indicator
250 cm3 volumetric flask
25 cm3 pipette
2- 50 cm3 burette
3- 250 cm3 conical Flask
Funnel
Pipette filler
Method;

- Using a burette place 30 cm3 of B1 in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Fill with distilled water up to
the mark of the flask. Label this solution B2
- Place A1 into a second burette.
- Pipette 25 cm3 of B2 into a conical flask, add 2drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate
against A1 until the solution changed from yellow to orange/red.
- Repeat the titration as many times necessary until accurate results were obtained.
Diagram.

2| P a g e
Results;

Final Burette Reading/cm3


Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of B1/ cm3
Table 1.1; Dilution of B1

Rough Accurate
1 2 3
3
Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of A1 used/ cm3
Table 1.2; Volume of A1 Used

Calculations;

3| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7| P a g e
Lab # 2 Date; ___________

Title; Redox Titration – KMnO4

Aim; To determine the concentration of potassium manganate (VII) solution.

Apparatus and Materials;

KMnO4 (aq) solution of unknown concentration


35gdm-3 (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O
2M H2SO4(aq)
Conical Flask
Burette
Funnel
Pipette
White Tile
Retort Stand
Measuring Cylinder

Method;

- Pipette 25 cm3 of the ammonium iron (II) sulphate solution ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O) into a
conical flask.
- Add an equal volume of Sulphuric acid to the conical flask
- Fill a Burette with KMnO4 (aq) using a funnel.
- Titrate the KMnO4 (aq) against (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O until the first permanent pink end-point
Diagram.

8| P a g e
Results;

Rough Accurate
1 2 3
3
Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of A1 used/ cm3
Table 2.1; Volume of KMnO4 Used

Calculations;
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

11| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

12| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

13| P a g e
Lab # 3 Date; ___________

Title; Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Aim; To determine which sample ionic and covalent using properties.

Apparatus and Materials;

Solid samples
Potassium chloride
Magnesium sulphate
Sulphur
Iodine
Test tubes, rack and holder
Glass rod
250cm3 beaker
Spatula
Bunsen Burner
Electric Circuit
Propanone
Distilled water.
Method;

1. Add a small amount of potassium chlorate to a test tube and heat. Heat slowly, then strongly
until no further change occurred. Record All observations
2. Add a small amount of potassium to 20cm3 of distilled water, record if the solid dissolved, test
with the electric circuit for conductivity.
3. Add a small amount of potassium to 20cm3 of propanone, record if the solid dissolved, test
with the electric circuit for conductivity.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 for the other samples.
Diagram.

Results;

14| P a g e
Potassium Magnesium Sulphur Iodine
chloride Sulphate
Heating Compound

Dissolves in water

Conducts electricity in
water

Dissolves in propane

Conducts electricity in
propane

Table 3.1; Observation of the properties of the solids.

Calculations;

15| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

16| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

17| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

18| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

19| P a g e
Lab # 4 Date; ___________

Title; Enthalpy Changes

Aim; To determine the temperature and enthalpy changes for the following reaction.

Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) +H2(g)

Apparatus and Materials;

Magnesium Powder(Mg)
2.0 moldm-3 Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Thermometer
Stopwatch
Styrofoam Cup
Weighing bottle
Pipette
Pipette filler
Scale.
Method;

- using a weighing bottle weigh, accurately to 2 decimal places, between 0.55g and 0.65g of
Magnesium powder was placed into the bottle
- pipette 50cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 of HCl into a Styrofoam cup, stir solution with the thermometer
and record the temperature at 30sec intervals for 2minutes and 30 seconds.
- At exactly 3 minutes add Magnesium to the Styrofoam cup and stir thoroughly and record the
temperature from 3 ½ minutes to 10minutes at 30 seconds intervals.
- re weigh the weighing bottle and record the masses.
- Plot a graph of temperature vs time.
.
Diagram.

20| P a g e
Results;

Mass of empty weighing bottle /g


Mass of bottle + Mg /g
Mass of bottle + residual Mg /g
Mass of Mg used /g
Table 4.1; mass of magnesium used.

Time / minutes Temperature /oC


0
½
1

2
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Table 4.2; Temperature recordings

Calculations;

21| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

22| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

23| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

24| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

25| P a g e
Lab # 5 Date; ___________

Title; Enthalpy Changes

Aim; To determine the temperature change when a known mass of solid XCO3 is added to HCl

Apparatus and Materials;

Beakers
FA1 (XCO3 metal Carbonate)
FA2 (2.0 moldm-3 HCl)
Measuring cylinder
Scale
Styrofoam Cup
Thermometer.
Method;

-Weigh the empty beaker and record the mass, add between 3.30 and 3.50 g of FA1 and record
the mass accurately.
- Place the Styrofoam cup inside an empty beaker
- Using the measuring cylinder, measure 50cm3 of FA2 and place it into the Styrofoam cup.
- Record the initial temperature
- Add the mass of FA1 to the Styrofoam cup, stir with the thermometer and record the maximum
temperature.
- Repeat the experiment using fresh samples.
Diagram.

26| P a g e
Results;

Experiment. 1 Experiment. 2
Mass of beaker +FA1 / g
Mass of beaker + residual FA1 / g
Mass of FA1 added to acid/g
Table 5.1 Mass of FA1

Experiment. 1 Experiment. 2
o
Measuring Temp / C
Initial Temperature of FA2 / oC
Temperature Rise / oC
Table 5.2; Temperature recorded
Calculations;

27| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

28| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

29| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

30| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

31| P a g e
Lab # 6 Date; ___________

Title; Enthalpy

Aim; To determine the heat of neutralization for the reaction between HCl and NaOH.

Apparatus and Materials;

Measuring cylinder
1.5 moldm-3 NaOH (aq) FA 4
1.0 moldm-3 H2SO4 (aq) FA5
Styrofoam Cup
Thermometer
Method;

- Using a measuring cylinder place 40cm3 of FA4 into the Styrofoam cup and record the
temperature.
- using another measuring cylinder place 60cm3 of FA 5 into the Styrofoam cup, stir with the
thermometer and record the maximum temperature. Let this be experiment 1.
-Repeat the experiment using 60cm3 of FA 4 and 40cm3 of FA5. Let this be experiment2
Diagram.

32| P a g e
Results;

Experiment 1 Experiment 2
o
Final Temperature / C
Initial Temperature / oC
Temperature Rise /oC
Table 6.1; Temperature change for the reaction

Calculations;

33| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

34| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

35| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

36| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

37| P a g e
Lab # 7 Date; ___________

Title; Rate of Reaction (Disappearing Cross)

Aim; To determine the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction.

Apparatus and Materials;

Solution of 16.0gdm-3 sodium Thiosulphate(vi)


0.5 moldm-3 sulphuric acid
Stop clock
250cm3 beaker
White tile with cross drawn on it
Method;

- Using a measuring cylinder add 50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate to a beaker.


- to this solution add 50cm3 of Sulphuric acid and start the time.
- place the beaker over the cross and record the time taken for the cross to no longer be visible
when viewed
- repeat the steps above using the volumes in the table.
Diagram.

38| P a g e
Results;

Expt # Vol of Acid Vol of Vol of Water Time/s 1/t (s-1)


(cm3) thiosulphate (cm3)
cm3
1 50 50 0
2 50 45 5
3 50 40 10
4 50 35 15
5 50 30 20
6 50 25 25
Table 7.1; reaction of thiosulphate with acid

Calculations;

39| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

40| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

41| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

42| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

43| P a g e
Lab # 8 Date; ___________

Title; Rates of reaction

Aim; To determine the rate equation.

Apparatus and Materials;

FA1 – 1.0moldm-3 Sulphuric acid.


FA2 – aqueous solution of substance X
FA 3 – 0.0038 moldm-3 Iodine. I2
Measuring cylinder
Stopwatch.
White tile with cross drawn.
Conical flask
Burette
Retort stand
Test tubes
Distilled water
Method;

- Place FA 3 into a burette


- Using a measuring cylinder obtain 20cm3 of FA1 and 20 cm3 of FA2 and place it in a 250cm3
conical flask.
- obtain 4.0 cm3 of FA3 from the burette into a test tube.
-Start the reaction by tipping the test tube into the conical flask, start the stop clock with one
hand and swirl the contents of the flask with the other.
- place the flask on a white tile and stop the clock when the colour disappears.
- Record the time in seconds to the nearest second.
Repeat the experiment using different volumes of FA1, FA2, FA3 and water where necessary
according to the table 8.1 below
(where water is required use a measuring cylinder)

Diagram.

44| P a g e
45| P a g e
Results;
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4
3
Volume of FA 1 /cm
Volume of FA2 / cm3
Volume of water / cm3
Volume of FA 3/ cm3
Time taken for colour
to disappear/s
Rate of reaction.
Table 8.1; Dilution of B1

Calculations;
Volume of FA 3(ml)
Rate of Reaction = disappear ¿
time ( s ) for coulor ¿

46| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

47| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

48| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

49| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

50| P a g e
Lab # 9 Date; ___________

Title; Acids

Aim; To investigate the effectiveness of indicators as is related pH during a titration.

Apparatus and Materials;

0.1moldm-3 NaOH
0.1moldm-3 HCl
0.1moldm-3 Ethanoic Acid
Methyl orange indicator
2-50burette
2 250 cm3 conical flask
25cm3 pipette.
Method;

-Pipette two samples of 0.1moldm-3 NaOH into separate conical flasks.


-Add 2 drops of methyl orange to one sample and two drops of phenolphthalein to the other.
- Titrate each sample against 0.1moldm-3 HCl.
-record the titre value and colour change at the end of the titration
- Repeat the experiment using ethanoic acid instead of HCl
.
Diagram.

51| P a g e
Results;

Titration Indicator Titre Value Colour Change


NaOH + HCl Methyl Orange
NaOH+ HCl Phenolphthalein
NaOH + CH3COOH Methyl Orange
NaOH + CH3COOH Phenolphthalein
Table 9.1; Colour change and end points of Titrations.

Calculations;

52| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

53| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

54| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

55| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

56| P a g e
Lab # 10 Date; ___________

Title; Acid base Titration

Aim; To determine the concentration of CH3COOH using change in pH as NaOH is added


using a pH meter

Apparatus and Materials;

0.1 moldm-3 NaOH


solution containing CH3COOH.
Phenolphthalein Indicator
25 cm3 pipette
2- 50 cm3 burette
3- 250 cm3 conical Flask
Funnel
Pipette filler
Method;

- calibrate the pH meter using the buffer solution (pH 4.008 and pH 6.864)
- pipette 25ml of ethanoic acid into a conical flask
- Add one drop of phenolphthalein to the flask and fill the burette with the NaOH.
- Titrate to determine the end-point of the reaction.
- Repeat the titration without the use of the indicator but using the pH meter instead.
Add the NaOH 2ml at a time and recording the pH at each interval.
When the endpoint is achieved take 5 more readings.
Diagram.

57| P a g e
Results;

Final Burette Reading/cm3


Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of NaOH/ cm3
Table 14.1; Trail run using the indicator

Volume of NaOH added ml pH


0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Table 14.2; Titration of HCl using pH meter

Calculations;

58| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

59| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

60| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

61| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

62| P a g e
Lab # 11 Date; ___________

Title; Solubility Product

Aim; To determine the solubility product of Calcium Hydroxide.

Apparatus and Materials;

0.05 moldm-3 HCl


Saturated calcium Hydroxide Solution
(allowed to stand for 2 days before filtering and kept stopped).
Methyl orange indicator
25 cm3 pipette
50 cm3 burette
3- 250 cm3 conical Flask
Funnel
Pipette filler
Method;

- Pipette 25 cm3 of saturated calcium Hydroxide solution into a conical flask.


- Repeat the titration as many times necessary until accurate results were obtained.
- Add One drop of Screened methyl Orange to the flask and titrate against 0.05 moldm-3 HCl
- Repeat the experiment as many times to get the accurate results.
Diagram.

63| P a g e
Results;

Rough Accurate
1 2 3
3
Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of Acid used/ cm3
Table 11.1; Volume of Acid Used

Calculations;
1. What is the average volume of acid used?
2. What is the number of moles of the acid used?
3. What is the number of moles of hydroxide used?
4. What is the concentration of Ca(OH)2 used.
5. What is the concentration of the hydroxide?
6. What is the Ksp value?

64| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

65| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

66| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

67| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

68| P a g e
Lab # 12 Date; ___________

Title; Salt Analysis

Aim; To identify the ions present in Y.

Apparatus and Materials;

Sample Y
Test tubes
Filter paper
Funnel
Bench Reagents - NH3, NaOH, HNO3, Ba(NO3)2, HCl
Materials for Gas test.
Method;

- Place all of sample Y in 20cm3 of distilled water and dissolve.


- Filter the mixture and use the filtrate (Y1) for test a, b and c.as outlined in the table
-Wash the residue (Y2) and use it for test d, e, f, and g as outlined in the table.

Diagram.

69| P a g e
Results;

Test Observations Inference


To the Filtrate
A) add NaOH (aq)
dropwise
B) add NH3(aq) dropwise

C) Ba(NO3)2 (aq)

To the residue
D) Transfer the residue to
a test tube and add
HNO3
Divide the residue into 3
parts
E) To one part Add
NaOH(aq)
Dropwise

Excess

F) To the second part


Add NH3(aq)
Dropwise

Excess
G) To the third part Add
Dilute HCl
Dropwise

Excess

Table 12.1 Identification of ions for sample Y

70| P a g e
Calculations;

71| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

72| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

73| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

74| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

75| P a g e
Lab # 13 Date; ___________

Title; Salt analysis

Aim; To determine the Cation and anions present in sample X

Apparatus and Materials;

Sample X- Solution containing 1 cation and 2anions.


Test tubes
Bench reagents
Method;

- As outlined in the table below.


Diagram.

76| P a g e
Results;
Test Observations Inference
To sample X
A) add NaOH (aq)
dropwise

Excess
B) add NH3(aq) dropwise

Excess
C) to 2 cm3 of sample X
add an equal amount
of HNO3

followed by Ba(NO3)2
D) to 2 cm3 of sample X
add an equal amount
of HNO3

followed by AgNO3
Table 13.1; Experimental observations for sample X
Calculations;

77| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

78| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

79| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

80| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

81| P a g e
Lab # 14 Date; ___________

Title; Halides

Aim; To investigate the halide present in samples A, B, C.

Apparatus and Materials;

Sample A, B and C
Bench reagents AgNO3(ag) and NH3 (aq)
Concentration H2SO4
Test tubes

Method;

-Using spatula collect a small sample of sample A and dissolve it in water in a test tube.
-Add Aqueous AgNO3 followed by NH3 (aq) to sample A, record all observations.
- Using a spatula collect a small amount of Sample A in a test tube.
-In the fume cupboard, add Sulphuric acid to the test tube. Record all Observations.
- Repeat experiment for Sample B and Sample C.
Diagram.

82| P a g e
Results;

Samples Test with AgNO3(aq)/ NH3 (aq) Test with conc. H2SO4
A

Table 10.1; Observations for samples A ,B , C

Calculations;

83| P a g e
Discussion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

84| P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

85| P a g e
Precautions;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Limitations;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Sources of error;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

86| P a g e
Conclusion;

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

87| P a g e

You might also like