Cape Unit 1 Lab Manual
Cape Unit 1 Lab Manual
Cape Unit 1
Chemistry Lab Manual
Name :
Class :
Teacher :
CHEMISTRY LAB FORMAT
TITLE: The name of the experiment or the topic the experiment investigates e.g. Salt Analysis, Solubility,
Rates of Reaction, Analysing Substances.
AIM: Give a statement of the objective of the experiment or what the experiment seeks to accomplish.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: List all apparatus, chemicals and materials used in the experiment.
DIAGRAM: Draw a large, clear, well labeled diagram showing the setup of the apparatus. Write a title
below your diagram.
METHOD: Write the full procedure of the experiment in steps. Use the passive voice and past tense.
RESULTS: Report the observations and measurements obtained in the experiment, exactly as they were
obtained or measured. Measurements should be presented in a table with a title below it.
TREATMENT OF RESULTS: Conversions and manipulations of the raw results should be tabulated.
These conversions will assist in drawing graphs or making calculations. This section will also be used to
describe the shapes of graphs and account for the shape of these graphs and results relevant to the lab.
GRAPH: If required, make a statement of what variables were plotted e.g. “A graph of (y-axis variable)
was plotted against (x-axis variable).”
CALCULATIONS: Using the results, information from the treatment of results section and the graph, use
formulae and other appropriate knowledge to calculate the required information. Show all steps of your
calculation.
DISCUSSION: Write a concise explanation of the experiment. It should NOT be long (approximately 10
lines). Use the following points to do an effective discussion.
1. Give a brief outline of background information on the topic of investigation. State the theory.
2. Explain the principles of how the experiment works or how the experiment is designed to attain
the aim of the experiment.
3. Describe the results of YOUR experiment. Discuss whether the experiment agreed with theory
and if not, suggest reasons for this.
SOURCES OF ERROR/ LIMITATIONS: State any errors that may have affected the experiment. This
may be human, instrumental or environmental in nature.
CONCLUSION: State in two sentences maximum the outcome of the experiment. A conclusion such as
“X was observed.” is not acceptable; the conclusion should be a statement of what YOU deduced after
observing X.
2| P a g e
Table of Contents
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1| P a g e
Lab # 1 Date; ___________
- Using a burette place 30 cm3 of B1 in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Fill with distilled water up to
the mark of the flask. Label this solution B2
- Place A1 into a second burette.
- Pipette 25 cm3 of B2 into a conical flask, add 2drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate
against A1 until the solution changed from yellow to orange/red.
- Repeat the titration as many times necessary until accurate results were obtained.
Diagram.
2| P a g e
Results;
Rough Accurate
1 2 3
3
Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of A1 used/ cm3
Table 1.2; Volume of A1 Used
Calculations;
3| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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6| P a g e
Conclusion;
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Lab # 2 Date; ___________
Method;
- Pipette 25 cm3 of the ammonium iron (II) sulphate solution ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O) into a
conical flask.
- Add an equal volume of Sulphuric acid to the conical flask
- Fill a Burette with KMnO4 (aq) using a funnel.
- Titrate the KMnO4 (aq) against (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O until the first permanent pink end-point
Diagram.
8| P a g e
Results;
Rough Accurate
1 2 3
3
Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of A1 used/ cm3
Table 2.1; Volume of KMnO4 Used
Calculations;
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9| P a g e
Discussion;
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10| P a g e
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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12| P a g e
Conclusion;
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Lab # 3 Date; ___________
Solid samples
Potassium chloride
Magnesium sulphate
Sulphur
Iodine
Test tubes, rack and holder
Glass rod
250cm3 beaker
Spatula
Bunsen Burner
Electric Circuit
Propanone
Distilled water.
Method;
1. Add a small amount of potassium chlorate to a test tube and heat. Heat slowly, then strongly
until no further change occurred. Record All observations
2. Add a small amount of potassium to 20cm3 of distilled water, record if the solid dissolved, test
with the electric circuit for conductivity.
3. Add a small amount of potassium to 20cm3 of propanone, record if the solid dissolved, test
with the electric circuit for conductivity.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 for the other samples.
Diagram.
Results;
14| P a g e
Potassium Magnesium Sulphur Iodine
chloride Sulphate
Heating Compound
Dissolves in water
Conducts electricity in
water
Dissolves in propane
Conducts electricity in
propane
Calculations;
15| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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18| P a g e
Conclusion;
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Lab # 4 Date; ___________
Aim; To determine the temperature and enthalpy changes for the following reaction.
Magnesium Powder(Mg)
2.0 moldm-3 Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Thermometer
Stopwatch
Styrofoam Cup
Weighing bottle
Pipette
Pipette filler
Scale.
Method;
- using a weighing bottle weigh, accurately to 2 decimal places, between 0.55g and 0.65g of
Magnesium powder was placed into the bottle
- pipette 50cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 of HCl into a Styrofoam cup, stir solution with the thermometer
and record the temperature at 30sec intervals for 2minutes and 30 seconds.
- At exactly 3 minutes add Magnesium to the Styrofoam cup and stir thoroughly and record the
temperature from 3 ½ minutes to 10minutes at 30 seconds intervals.
- re weigh the weighing bottle and record the masses.
- Plot a graph of temperature vs time.
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Diagram.
20| P a g e
Results;
Calculations;
21| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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24| P a g e
Conclusion;
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25| P a g e
Lab # 5 Date; ___________
Aim; To determine the temperature change when a known mass of solid XCO3 is added to HCl
Beakers
FA1 (XCO3 metal Carbonate)
FA2 (2.0 moldm-3 HCl)
Measuring cylinder
Scale
Styrofoam Cup
Thermometer.
Method;
-Weigh the empty beaker and record the mass, add between 3.30 and 3.50 g of FA1 and record
the mass accurately.
- Place the Styrofoam cup inside an empty beaker
- Using the measuring cylinder, measure 50cm3 of FA2 and place it into the Styrofoam cup.
- Record the initial temperature
- Add the mass of FA1 to the Styrofoam cup, stir with the thermometer and record the maximum
temperature.
- Repeat the experiment using fresh samples.
Diagram.
26| P a g e
Results;
Experiment. 1 Experiment. 2
Mass of beaker +FA1 / g
Mass of beaker + residual FA1 / g
Mass of FA1 added to acid/g
Table 5.1 Mass of FA1
Experiment. 1 Experiment. 2
o
Measuring Temp / C
Initial Temperature of FA2 / oC
Temperature Rise / oC
Table 5.2; Temperature recorded
Calculations;
27| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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30| P a g e
Conclusion;
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Lab # 6 Date; ___________
Title; Enthalpy
Aim; To determine the heat of neutralization for the reaction between HCl and NaOH.
Measuring cylinder
1.5 moldm-3 NaOH (aq) FA 4
1.0 moldm-3 H2SO4 (aq) FA5
Styrofoam Cup
Thermometer
Method;
- Using a measuring cylinder place 40cm3 of FA4 into the Styrofoam cup and record the
temperature.
- using another measuring cylinder place 60cm3 of FA 5 into the Styrofoam cup, stir with the
thermometer and record the maximum temperature. Let this be experiment 1.
-Repeat the experiment using 60cm3 of FA 4 and 40cm3 of FA5. Let this be experiment2
Diagram.
32| P a g e
Results;
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
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Final Temperature / C
Initial Temperature / oC
Temperature Rise /oC
Table 6.1; Temperature change for the reaction
Calculations;
33| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 7 Date; ___________
38| P a g e
Results;
Calculations;
39| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 8 Date; ___________
Diagram.
44| P a g e
45| P a g e
Results;
Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment 4
3
Volume of FA 1 /cm
Volume of FA2 / cm3
Volume of water / cm3
Volume of FA 3/ cm3
Time taken for colour
to disappear/s
Rate of reaction.
Table 8.1; Dilution of B1
Calculations;
Volume of FA 3(ml)
Rate of Reaction = disappear ¿
time ( s ) for coulor ¿
46| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 9 Date; ___________
Title; Acids
0.1moldm-3 NaOH
0.1moldm-3 HCl
0.1moldm-3 Ethanoic Acid
Methyl orange indicator
2-50burette
2 250 cm3 conical flask
25cm3 pipette.
Method;
51| P a g e
Results;
Calculations;
52| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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55| P a g e
Conclusion;
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Lab # 10 Date; ___________
- calibrate the pH meter using the buffer solution (pH 4.008 and pH 6.864)
- pipette 25ml of ethanoic acid into a conical flask
- Add one drop of phenolphthalein to the flask and fill the burette with the NaOH.
- Titrate to determine the end-point of the reaction.
- Repeat the titration without the use of the indicator but using the pH meter instead.
Add the NaOH 2ml at a time and recording the pH at each interval.
When the endpoint is achieved take 5 more readings.
Diagram.
57| P a g e
Results;
Calculations;
58| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 11 Date; ___________
63| P a g e
Results;
Rough Accurate
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Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/ cm3
Volume of Acid used/ cm3
Table 11.1; Volume of Acid Used
Calculations;
1. What is the average volume of acid used?
2. What is the number of moles of the acid used?
3. What is the number of moles of hydroxide used?
4. What is the concentration of Ca(OH)2 used.
5. What is the concentration of the hydroxide?
6. What is the Ksp value?
64| P a g e
Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 12 Date; ___________
Sample Y
Test tubes
Filter paper
Funnel
Bench Reagents - NH3, NaOH, HNO3, Ba(NO3)2, HCl
Materials for Gas test.
Method;
Diagram.
69| P a g e
Results;
C) Ba(NO3)2 (aq)
To the residue
D) Transfer the residue to
a test tube and add
HNO3
Divide the residue into 3
parts
E) To one part Add
NaOH(aq)
Dropwise
Excess
Excess
G) To the third part Add
Dilute HCl
Dropwise
Excess
70| P a g e
Calculations;
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Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 13 Date; ___________
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Results;
Test Observations Inference
To sample X
A) add NaOH (aq)
dropwise
Excess
B) add NH3(aq) dropwise
Excess
C) to 2 cm3 of sample X
add an equal amount
of HNO3
followed by Ba(NO3)2
D) to 2 cm3 of sample X
add an equal amount
of HNO3
followed by AgNO3
Table 13.1; Experimental observations for sample X
Calculations;
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Discussion;
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Sources of error;
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Conclusion;
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Lab # 14 Date; ___________
Title; Halides
Sample A, B and C
Bench reagents AgNO3(ag) and NH3 (aq)
Concentration H2SO4
Test tubes
Method;
-Using spatula collect a small sample of sample A and dissolve it in water in a test tube.
-Add Aqueous AgNO3 followed by NH3 (aq) to sample A, record all observations.
- Using a spatula collect a small amount of Sample A in a test tube.
-In the fume cupboard, add Sulphuric acid to the test tube. Record all Observations.
- Repeat experiment for Sample B and Sample C.
Diagram.
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Results;
Samples Test with AgNO3(aq)/ NH3 (aq) Test with conc. H2SO4
A
Calculations;
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Discussion;
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84| P a g e
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Precautions;
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Limitations;
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Conclusion;
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