Spatial Data Analysis

Vikas Ghadamode

What is spatial data analysis?

◼ Combination and integration of spatial data to

delineate new information
◼ Help to answer complex spatial questions:
➢ Where can I place a waste disposal site?

➢ Where can I find gold mineralization?

➢ What is the best location for a Dam, Airport

or industry .
Spatial data analysis is the backbone of a GIS…
 Data analysis operations
◼ Measurement
Basic spatial measurements: x,y, distance, area etc.
◼ Spatial query
Data retrieval on both geometric and attribute data
◼ (re)Classification
Assign new classification codes
◼ Overlay
Evaluate the characteristics of surrounding area
Topological and raster overlay
◼ Neighbourhood
 Measurement, Retrieval and Classification

… allow exploration of data without making

fundamental changes

◼ Measurement: geometric measurements on spatial

features (e.g. distance)

◼ Retrieval: selective retrieval of information by user-

defined conditions

◼ Classification: (re)assignment of a thematic values

to features in a data layer
 CLASSIFICATION

CODE OLD TYPE NEW TYPE

10 Planned Residential Residential
20 Industry Commercial
30 Commercial Commercial
40 Institutional Public
50 Transport Public
60 Recreational Public
70 Non Built-up Non Built-up
80 Unplanned Residential Residential
 Overlay analysis…
Combining different maps :

It involves the integration of multiple spatially referenced /

overlapping data layers and derivation of new information.

❖ Data layers (maps) are combined based on certain

criteria depending upon the purpose.
STACK OF THEMES
GEOLOGY
GEOMORPHOLOGY
LANDUSE
SOIL
CONTOUR
DRAINAGE
SETTLEMENT
ROAD & RAILWAY
REVENUE BOUNDARY
LOCATION OF WELLS
THE GEOPROCESSING PROCCESS

Input
layer1 Operation
Output
or
Expression (One layer)

Input
layer2
OVERLAY OPERATIONS

OVERLAY OF TWO
POLYGONS PRODUCING A
NEW SET OF POLYGONS
COMMON TO BOTH MAPS
Proximity analysis
◼ The Proximity analysis used to find
out the characteristics of the vicinity
(neighbourhood) of the location

◼ These tools can be used

➢ to retrieve features that fall within
a search radius.

◼ These tools can let you monitor events

in an area, or find out the spreading
effects.
Proximity analysis
 Roads
◼Select all the and
clinics within 200
clinics
meters from the
major roads. Select
major
road

Create
buffer along
major roads

Select clinics
within the buffer
polygons
ANALYSIS TOOLS
ARCGIS DESKTOP
 Analysis Tools

Extract Overlay Proximity Statistics

Arc toolbox
Double click
 Extract

◼ Extract tools uses an existing dataset to

extract data to a study area boundary.
◼ Or extract an area of interest for further
analysis.
 Extract

Clip Split Select Table Select

 Clip
◼ Extracts those features or portions of features
from an input shape file that overlap with a
clip shape file

The spatial reference of the Output Feature

Class will be the same as the Input Features.
CLIP
 Split

◼ Split breaks the Input Features into multiple

shape files.
◼ The boundary of each unique value in the
Split Field is used to split the Input Features.
◼ The name of the output shape files will be
the same as the Split Fields values.
◼ Output shape files are created in the
target (existing folder)
 Select

◼ Extracts features from an input shape file and

stores them in a new output feature class.

◼ The output shape file may be created with a

subset of features based on a Query.
 SELECT
Graphic Selection
Selection tool
Attribute selection
Selection by location
 New layers can be created from the
selected features using graphic or
attribute selection procedures

Right click
 New layers can be created from the
selected features using graphic or
attribute selection procedures

Right click
 Overlay analysis

❖ Combine features that occupy the same

location to derive new information.

▪ To assign the attributes of features in one

layer to that of a coincident dataset.
▪ To combine the characteristics of several
layers into one
▪ Data layers are combined based on certain
criteria depending upon the purpose.
 Overlay

Erase Identity Intersect Union Update

 Erase

◼ This tool creates a shape file from

those features or portions of features
outside the erase shape file.
 Erase

Geological map of 57N

with erased 57N/10.

Geology map
of 57N

TS frame of 57N/10
 Intersect

◼ The features or portion of features that

are common to all inputs will be written to
the Output shape file.
Intersect

57M02
 Union
◼ This tool creates a new shape file by
combining the features and attributes of two
or more shape files.
◼ All input shape file must have polygon
geometry.
Union

CGMT, GSI Training Institute, Hyderabad

 Update

◼ Updates the attributes and geometry of an input

shape file by the Update layer that they overlap
 Update

57N_geology

57N_Geology updated

57N/10
 Identity
◼ All the Features of the input layer and only the
overlapping features in the overlaid layer are written to
the output layer.
◼ The Input Features that overlap Identity features will get
the attributes of those Identity features
 Overlay

Union Identity Intersect

Symmetrical Erase
Update
difference
 Proximity analysis

◼ Buffer
◼ Create Thiessen polygon
◼ Near
◼ Point Distance
 Buffer
◼ This tool creates an area
within a specified distance
surrounding each feature.

◼ Creates a new layer of buffer

polygons around specified
Input Features.

◼ Input features can be

polygons, lines or points.
 Buffer

Identifying what is nearby

Multiple Ring Buffer
Creates a new feature class of buffer
features using a set of buffer distances.
 Thiessen polygons
◼ Partitioning of an area into polygons, with
the characteristic:
◼ All points within the polygon are closer to a
point at its center than to any other point.

B
A + 1. Creates equilateral triangles
+ 1/2 (red lines)
1/2 2. Calculates half distance
C
+ between points
3. Make perpendicular lines
D
+ E F 4. Connects perpendicular lines
+ + to make Thiessen polygons
 Near
◼ The Near tool computes the distance from each
point in the input layer to the nearest point, or
polyline, in another layer.
◼ The results are recorded in the attribute table of
the input layer.
 Near
◼ The results are recorded in the Input Features
attribute table. Fields for distance and feature
ID of the closest feature are added or updated.
The field names are NEAR_DIST and NEAR_FID.

◼ The calculated distance from a point to a line

will be from the point to the nearest location
along the line.

◼ X,Y coordinates of the nearest point are added

to the input table.

◼ Angle between the nearest point will be added .

 Near

◼ The distances calculated by Near are

determined by the units of the Input
Features.

◼ Near is useful for assigning

Attributes to nearest lines or points.
 Point Distance
➢ The Point Distance tool computes the distances
between point features in one layer to all points
in a second layer.
➢ The results are recorded in an Output Table
 Point Distance

◼ The results are recorded in an Output Table

(separate table) containing items for the
feature's FID and DISTANCE. The field names
are INPUT_FID, NEAR_FID and DISTANCE.
◼ Use the Search Radius to limit the number of
records output by Point Distance.
 Statistics

◼ The Statistics toolset contains tools that

perform standard statistical analysis on
attribute data.

◼ Frequency tool
◼ Summary Statistics tool
 Frequency Analysis

◼ Frequency tool calculates the number of

occurrences of each value for the specified
field in an output table.

◼ The result is similar to the summarize option

of the context menu of attribute field of
Attribute table.
Frequency Analysis
 Summary Statistics
Calculates summary statistics for field(s) in a table
◼ The Output Table will contain fields containing the result of the
statistical operation.

◼ The following statistical operations available with this tool: sum,

mean, maximum, minimum, range, standard deviation, first, and last.

◼ A field will be created for each statistics type - field operation using
the following naming convention: SUM_FIELD, MAX_FIELD, MIN_FIELD,
RANGE_FIELD, STD_FIELD, FIRST_FIELD, LAST_FIELD.
 Vikas Ghadamode
Summary Statistics
Vikas Ghadamode