BME-305 Biomedical Control Systems

LABORATORY MANUAL

BIOMEDICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

(BME-305)

Semester: 05

Student Name SAMEERA WASEEM

Student ID S21BME03

Batch Fall-23

Lab Instructor:

Engr. Amna Sheikh & Engr. Amir

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.

Index
S. No. Date Objective Sign Remarks
Lab 1

Lab 2

Lab 3

Lab 4

Lab 5

Lab 6

Lab 7

Lab 8

Lab 9

Lab 10

Lab 11

Lab 12

Lab 13

Lab 14

Lab 15

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.

EXPERIMENT 01

OBJECTIVE:

Introduction to IT-4412 Trainer Board and Control Systems by observing voltage to

EQUIPMENTS:

 IT-4412 trainer board

THEORY:

There are two major types of control systems, i.e., Open and Closed Loop Systems. The most
fundamental concept for control systems engineering is the block diagram. The simplest
element of a block diagram is shown in Figure 1.1:

Figure 1.1- Open loop control system

This is also a complete system by itself. This system takes the input and generates output
through the action of the plant. The details of the internal workings of the plant are
unspecified, and to some extent irrelevant. All we are concerned with here is the relationship
between the input and output. A well-behaved system might have the output proportional to
the input, but it needn't be so. Your stove top burner is an example. The input is the control
knob. You turn it to one of its settings, somewhere between off and fully on. The plant is the
burner itself, which outputs heat. In this case the amount of heat is proportional to the input.
A system which operates in this manner is known as an open-loop system. This distinguishes
it from another type known as closed-loop systems. These systems utilize feedback, which is
derived from the output. Here is a block diagram of a closed-loop system.

Figure 1.2- Closed loop control system

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1. Comparison of Open and Closed Loop Systems:

A closed-loop control system is one in which an input forcing function is determined in part
by the system response. The measured response of a physical system is compared with a
desired response. The difference between these two responses initiates actions that will result
in the actual response of the system to approach the desired response. This in turn drives the
difference signal toward zero. Typically, the difference signal is processed by another
physical system, which is called a compensator, a controller, or a filter for real-time control
system applications.
Closed-Loop Control:
 Shows a closed-loop action (closed control loop)
 Can counteract against disturbances (negative feedback)
 Can become unstable, i.e. the controlled variable does not fade away, but grows
(theoretically) to an infinite value.
Open-Loop Control:
 Shows an open-loop action (controlled chain);
 Can only counteract against disturbances, for which it has been designed; other
disturbances cannot be removed;
 Cannot become unstable - as long as the controlled object is stable.
Systems in which the output quantity has no effect upon the process input quantity are called
open-loop control systems. Systems in which the output has an effect upon the process input
quantity in such a manner as to maintain the desired output value are called closed-loop
control systems Fig 8 shows basic elements of a feedback control system as represented by a
block diagram. The functional relationships between these elements are easily seen. An
important factor to remember is that the block diagram represents flow paths of control
signals but does not represent flow of energy through the system or process.

Figure 1.3- Block Diagram

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.

 The plant is the system or process through which a particular quantity or condition
is controlled. This is also called the controlled system.
 The control elements are components needed to generate the appropriate control
signal applied to the plant. These elements are also called the "controller."
 The feedback elements are components needed to identify the functional
relationship between the feedback signal and the controlled output.
 The reference point is an external signal applied to the summing point of the
control system to cause the plant to produce a specified action. This signal
represents the desired value of a controlled variable and is also called the "set
point."
 The controlled output is the quantity or condition of the plant which is controlled.
This signal represents the controlled variable.
 The feedback signal is a function of the output signal. It is sent to the summing
point and algebraically added to the reference input signal to obtain the actuating
signal.
 The actuating signal represents the control action of the control loop and is equal
to the algebraic sum of the reference input signal and feedback signal. This is also
called the "error signal."
 The manipulated variable is the variable of the process acted upon to maintain the
plant output (controlled variable) at the desired value. The disturbance is an
undesirable input signal that upsets the value of the controlled output of the plant.

PROCEDURE:

Refer to the following diagram to configure setup for the present experiment:

Figure 1.4- Circuit Schematic

1. Connect the Analog Source section TP5 output to the input of V/F converter TP12.
2. Switch ON the trainer by Power switch.
3. Set the potentiometer in such a way that it gives 1V output and measure the frequency
at the output TP13 using oscilloscope/ frequency counter.
4. Set the potentiometer in such a way that it gives 2.0V at the output and measure the
frequency at output using oscilloscope/ frequency counter.
5. Now repeat the step 4 and 5 for 3V, 4V up to 10Vand measure the frequency at the
output using oscilloscope/ frequency counter.
6. Switch OFF the power switch.

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.

7. Now make an observation table and plot a graph between voltage (Vin) and frequency
(Fout).
OBSERVATIONS:
Table 1.1 - Observation Table
Voltage (Vin) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency 1 2.08 3.13 4.10 5.12 6.10 7.23 8.23 9.40 10.24
(Fout) KHz KHz KHz KHz KHz KHz KHz KHz KHz KHz

TASK 1

Q1. List down three real-world examples of open-loop and closed-loop control system
each.

Open-loop systems only depend on input and are unaffected by their output, whereas closed-
loop systems have a feedback mechanism and are affected by the output. Appliances like
toasters, nebulizers, toasters, and traffic control systems are examples of open-loop systems.
Contrarily, closed-loop systems use feedback to maintain desired conditions or performance.
Examples include air conditioners, inverters, thermostats, digital thermometers, and
automatic street lights.

Q2. Briefly explain a healthcare/medical related closed-loop control system.

A sophisticated setup created to track and manage a patient's health condition in real-time is
known as a healthcare/medical closed-loop control system. It entails the ongoing collecting
of data from numerous medical sensors and instruments, which is subsequently processed by
a control system or computer program.

When it comes to anesthesia during surgery, a closed-loop control system can continuously
monitor a patient's vital signs (like blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen levels) and adjust
the anesthesia dosage to guarantee the patient stays in an ideal and secure state of
unconsciousness throughout the procedure. By dynamically monitoring and adjusting,
healthcare professionals can lessen the need for manual intervention while simultaneously
improving patient safety and outcomes. There are more medical applications that use closed-
loop control systems.

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION:

The objective of the laboratory experiment was to examine the fundamental distinctions
between open and closed loop systems, both of which function differently and find
applications based on particular requirements. Open loop systems are frequently used when
input values are changed to produce a specific output with little interference from outside
forces. Closed loop systems, on the other hand, are more complex and their results are
influenced by earlier outputs.We used a potentiometer to control the input voltage during the
experiment, and the voltage was then sent through a voltage-to-frequency converter. Our

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.

research showed that the frequency changed precisely according to how the input voltage was
modified. This result demonstrated that the system under examination exhibited open loop
behavior.

Department of Biomedical Engineering, SHU.