Assignment Chemistry Sk025 (Ain Bashirah - b3t9) - 2

INTRODUCTION TO
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
NAME: NUR AIN BASHIRAH BINTI ZAHRUL HAKIM
CLASS : B3T9
MATRIC NO : MS2217203574
LECTURER:CIK RAHIMAH BINTI ROSLAN
Introduction
Lactic acid is a chemical byproduct of anaerobic
respiration, the process by which cells create energy
without using oxygen. The common name for lactic is
"LACTIC ACID " while the IUPAC name of lactic acid
is " 2-HYDROXYPROPANOIC ACID ".The chemical
formula for lactic acid is C3H6O3. One of the fun
facts about lactic acid is lactic acid was first found
and described in sour milk by the Swedish chemist
Karl Wilhelm Scheele. The reason why I choose lactic
acid is that lactic acid is specifically used to treat
hyperpigmentation, age spots, and other factors that
contribute to a dull or uneven complexion
Table of Contents
Structural
formula of
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF
Functional group
the organic CARBON AND
HYDROGEN
and homologous
compound
ATOMS
series
REACTIONS OF
ISOMERISM THE ORGANIC
COMPOUND
1. STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF
THE ORGANIC COMPOUND
ORIGINAL STRUCTURE
EXPANDED STRUCTURE
A structure that shows how atoms are
attached to each other but are not
representations of the actual shapes
of the molecules
CONDENSED STRUCTURE
A structure that does not show single
bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms
but double and triple bonds are shown
SKELETAL STRUCTURE
A structure that shows only the carbon skeleton
Carbon and hydrogen atoms are not written
Other atoms such as O,CL,N etc. are shown
The structural formula is a two-dimensional formula
that shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded
to each other. There are three structural DIFFERENT
formulas: expanded structure, condensed structure,
and skeletal structure. The difference between the
BETWEEN
three is that the expanded structure shows all THREE
atoms and bonds. Then, for Condensed Structure, STRUCTURAL
all atoms that are attached to carbon are written
immediately after that carbon while for skeletal
FORMULA
structure, carbon and hydrogen atoms are not
written but other atoms are shown.
2. CLASSFICATION OF CARBON
AND HYDROGEN
It can't be classify
because it has a double
bond and bonded
with oxygen
It can't be classify
because bonded
with oxygen
hydrogen that bounded
to 1 atom carbon
hydrogen that bounded

to 2-atom carbon
carbon that bounded

to only 1 carbon
carbon that bounded

to only 2 carbon
3) FUNCTIONAL GROUP AND
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
An atom or group of atoms in an organic
molecule characterized the molecule and
enables it to react in specific ways
which determine its chemical properties
Functional group: Carboxyl

Homologous series: Carboxylic Acid
Functional group: Hydroxyl

Homologous series: Alcohol
HOMOLOGOUS
SERIES
Series of compounds where each

member differs from the next
member by a constant - CH2 unit
4)ISOMERISM
Existence of different compounds with the same
molecular formula but different structural formulae
CHAIN ISOMERS
Lactic acid does not have chain isomers

because the carbon chain is too short
POSITIONAL ISOMER
Original structure: Positional isomer:
Position of (OH) change from carbon 2 to carbon 3

because of the same general formula
FUNCTIONAL ISOMERS
Original structure : Ether:
Lactic acid consist of hydroxyl for its homologous series.

It moves in position and change from alcohol to ether
CIT-TRANS ISOMERS
Lactic acid does not have cis-trans isomers as it

doesn't have restricted rotation and each
carbon don't have different group attached to
it
ENANTIOMERS
Molecule is not superimposable with its mirror image
chiral carbon at C2
5. REACTIONS OF THE
ORGANIC COMPOUND
Chemical Reaction :
Type of reaction:
Elimination reaction, from A reaction in which the H atom from carbon 3
and hydroxyl group from carbon 2
lactic acid to acrylic acid are removed to form double bonds.
Name of reaction: From saturated molecules to unsaturated molecules
Dehydration of alcohol
APPLICATIONS
OF LACTIC ACID
Food manufacturers add lactic acid to packaged

food products such as bread, desserts, olives,
and jams to give them longer shelf lives.
In the Cosmetic Industry lactic acid is best

used on sensitive skin because it is a mild
exfoliant that will not disrupt the pH of the
skin or causes redness and irritation
The pharmaceutical industry uses lactic acid

implants, pills, dialysis, surgical sutures,
and controlled drug release systems.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, lactic acid assists in cell respiration, glucose production, and molecule
signaling. High levels of lactic acid in the blood can lead to hyperlactatemia and
lactic acidosis. Lactic acid is an organic compound and is a carboxylic acid
This assignment made me able to describe the structural formula of lactic acid,
classify carbon and hydrogen atoms in lactic acid and identify the functional group
and homologous series in lactic acid
Besides that, I have learned how to draw the isomerism and analyzed reactions of the
lactic acid
Book and e-book:
Holten, C. H., & A Müller. (1971). Lactic acid: properties and chemistry
of lactic acid and derivatives. Verlag Chemie.
J i m é n e z , A . , P e l t z e r , M . , & R u s e c k a i t e , ‌R . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . P o l y ( l a c t i c a c i d ) s c i e n c e a n d
technology: processing, properties, additives, and applications. Royal
Society Of Chemistry.
‌
REFERENCES
W, T., Fryhle, C. B., & Snyder, S. A. (2017). Organic chemistry. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
‌
Webpage:
Abd Alsaheb, R. A., Aladdin, A., Othman, N. Z., Abd Malek, R., Leng, O.
M.,Aziz, R., & El Enshasy, H. A. (2015). Lactic acid applications in
pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. Journal of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(10), 729-735.
Martinez, F. A. C., Balciunas, E. M., Salgado, J. M., González, J. M. D.,

Converti, A., & de Souza Oliveira, R. P. (2013). Lactic acid properties
applications and production: A review. Trends in food science
technology, 30(1), 70-83.
Thank you!

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INTRODUCTION TO

hydrogen that bounded

carbon that bounded

carbon that bounded

Functional group: Carboxyl

Functional group: Hydroxyl

Series of compounds where each

Lactic acid does not have chain isomers

Position of (OH) change from carbon 2 to carbon 3

Lactic acid consist of hydroxyl for its homologous series.

Lactic acid does not have cis-trans isomers as it

Name of reaction: From saturated molecules to unsaturated molecules

Food manufacturers add lactic acid to packaged

In the Cosmetic Industry lactic acid is best

The pharmaceutical industry uses lactic acid

Martinez, F. A. C., Balciunas, E. M., Salgado, J. M., González, J. M. D.,

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