6

Busi

Efe CONSENT OFPARTIES) [arI 13-22]

Acc
(FREE
sse
ch i
end
e

Ef
A

when they
conSent
Consent)
HEHIT hT 3119Ty (Meaning of personsare
saidt o
more
or

sense. -Sec.13)
thing in the same
agree upon the same

relating tothe nature of the Contract ).

(i) 37d át NHÍT Hay H T t (Mistake
of the Person).
át VgUH Ha T t(Mistake relating to the identity
(i) f subject-matter of Contract)
(iii) qdy t fayq-T Hay T t(Mistake relating to the
Vs. Wichelhaus) faat 3MgSE HHRAE
3H HGY tfhrH G4fafdat (Raffles
 53

AA (Sarat Chander Vs. Kanai Lal)4 faae 4 441 ge

A1T (Meaning of FreeConsent)

(ATTI5)
)31gAT(ByCoercion)
(ATI6)
Influence)
(2)4t2d AAG T(By Undue
Fraud)
(3)642 T(By (ar 18)
Misrepresentation)
wfreaau-H RT (By (TTT20,21422)
(5) TeaI I (By Mistake)
()sA I M-TrTT (Coercion)

unlawful
forbidden by the Indian Penal Code or the
committing or threatening tocommit any act
threatening to detain any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the
detaining or 444 4 A AA Y Ig IÍU:
aggreement.-Sec. 15) 34
intention of causing any person to enter into an

where coercion is
immaterial whether the Indian PenaJ Code is or is not in force in the place
empolyed. -Sec.15)

) qH hI YrÁT dE afufruu AI afa ai (Committing of any Act forbidden by

54
296 h 3444R 3/4T4

(Threateningtto coMmil any A

Hrty c YNT4ANIa f
(Codc):qci
forbidden byIndnPenal
(Relcase Deed)

:t4t ât jUÊ
UKð Tà G (Unlawful Detention of any Property)
(3) fa uf a

Property
(4) fat jufa at §u Hñ Tà TG ht gHat H (Threatening to Detain any

State) H4 HARV
JrÝ^T IGIÀI THUH GI4 Het3d RZ (BansrajVs. Secretary of

(Indian and English Law as to Coercion)

 55

Coercion?)
(What is included in
44
3risT (i) INRGH HE, (ii)

coercion ?): YE 4 HG4 NGI

T2 I gHGát d T ? (sthreatto commit suicide

(Undue-Influence)
" (2) 3qe THa

T 34 tiat T IT A contract is said to be

sir 3-aTY YH a fes da GH VHGHT
influence' where the relations subsisting between the partiesare such that one of the parties
induced by 'undue the
willof the other and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over
is in a position to dominate the
other.-Sec.16(1)]
56

4HIT q
SBI 57 ywifaa hàá fwfa Positonto Donninate the Will):
TT 16(2)

rt 4 aIatdch 37gaT E Hrl(Real or Apparent

() v st GHÌ
-, Authority) ei

(
and ChentD
(Advoca,

3e18{UT (Examples)
39T
 Decreet A
eytee Jagoy inding Comnond
On

Jucord. deci'on
57
afat HC at HId (Emeetsof Undue
aaf hl NT 19 (A) Influenee)

(Leading Cases relating to Undue Influence)

(2) 4afH GIH 341 S(Mannu Singh Vs. Umadatt Pande) faais v quz af R
3HU

(3) heHT HIH ATHHIT (Kotumal Vs. Swaminathan) I< HAUjy feq I fA 37fed gyg

(4) T1 3quif qHATAIA (Rani Annapurni Vs. Swaminathan) faae T¥À aÁ

3ARU +fe, gi har q-4 KufE (Chuni Kunwar Vs. Rup Singh) faaic ®Vã fUHG 3-RU GarR

oroer
 58

(2) 34

(Difference between Coercion and Undue Influence)

(Basis of Difference) (Coercion) (Undue Influence)

1. ARTY (Meaning)

2. 4GR (Type)

3. qHGAR Hqy
(Relations of Parties)

4. yrT (Use)

5. q4G (Effect)
 59

3) 4 (Fraud)

()

with his
(Fraud nmeans and includes any of the following acts committed by a party to a contract or
contract.
connivance or by his agent: with intent to deceive or induce a person to enter into a
does not believe ittobe true.
(1) The suggestion, as a fact, of thatwhich is not true,by one who
the fact. (3) A promise
(2)The active concealment of facts by one having knowledge or belief of
deceive. (5) Any such act or
made without any intention of performing it. (4)Any other act fitted to
omission as tothe Law specifically declared to be fraudulent.
Sec.17)

not True):4 S
(i) fcht 3T4 qTG at H HT (The Suggestion, as to a fact, of that which is

34qy I
Concealment of aFact): 4f as f
(0) aTT al g4a(TheActive
60 fideid) h

Non-
with the Intention of
(ii) YTT
feu cer Te gPromise -Performance): f

at (Any Other Act Doneto Deceive or Fraudulent

(iv) GT 3IIYU feT Ter as Acy,

fgG m
Declared to be Fraudulent by Law): A4 T YT AH YG4H RI Gyeguf

T17 # G 3
(vi) -a H GI Ì h4e alal }(Sometimes Silence is also Fraud):

done by One Party or by His Agent): 42 I at yR 3TYCT 34 Sefy z f | S H

I5H HGYt fr frrr IgT GUi qHH fugRessa River Silver MiningCo. Vs. Smi"
 61

,) ay2gut art Ht vW aÌ GT A 3y faT AHI aIfr (The Object of Fraudulent Act

must be to Deceive other Party): 4 GI A 344914 f H Ifr TT ZH THT

hÃn (A deceipt which does not deceive is no fraud.) | 3AIEU > ry, ' q-fafsreg AE

3) ErGT qdy h HAI | 3H& TTe fabeg fasaT I Ifay(Fraud must be against the Party or

ZÌ THAR GS afA a aifEy(The Other Party must have Suffered some Loss): 4¿ FAH

ye EY (Forms of Fraud)

(3) HGIC I NGH ART HYZ Fraud by Suggestion)

(a) HÍa sya AI G4e Fraud bv Active Concealment)
() 4H ARIA4T (Fraud by Silence)
 walmen0: l

NR

() 4gryuf arat T TAAI }nfh JrtRqtad(Statutory Obligation to Disclose Material l'e.

i5 su æ' Transfer of Property Ac) t T55 R108 * A4HR, fashl yz ht

ugGIAT (Leasor) E t a t ygTTT (Leasee)

(2) HETaI ATt 3dT (Contracts Uberrimae fideid): $H yR * 34HA0 34U faya
a 3Rra'ufayaraà AqT (Contracts to utmost faith) t G8tEIEYIG AG ga

(i) aH AgAu (Contracts of Insurance): 37 4qGt T àareI afat ((nsured

(Insurer)
 63

(iü) fau Ht qdu (Contract for Sale of Land):yfy às faa a qZ }yÍTE rtat

(iv) I t qdg (Contracts of Guarantee): 3dt yf as q¡ fa iânHÍTAT

(v) hut styT hy-fashY Hdt 3HGY (Contracts for Allotment of Shares): H0 T &

(vii) Hct à 3gdu (Contract of Partnership): HIGò 1ge gi HcAI HH44

(H)

ham HH EHI Hz áià (Mere Silence is not Fraud)

e g 3 GHG0at reajauz(TTurî) a¥i aI faI(Mere silence as to facts lhkely to

affect the willingness of a person to enter into acontract is not fraud, unless the circumstances of the case are
such that, regard being had to silence is
them, it is the duty of the person.keeping silence to speak, or unless his
initself egquivalent to H(Keats
 64

Circumstances ,cast adh

lAT ARI
3¢I3LU fis, 34
keeping silencetospeak):
On the person

YRi
to speak): YT<
silence is equivalent
H4H}(Where

fy

(Let the buyer

HIARU Ay Y aI h HAUT THT aItaU

Fraud)
ye all Á (Non-disclosure of facts amounting to
T t ht yche hI

falsified by later events): 344UR

(1) ai quf aa yeHBÌRI HIAT a (Where representation

Y IE
(2) EYA yhH H g T4I^ H4AII(Statement literally true but misleading):

(4)
 65

tfe (Guardian and Ward) l At HeTE A ret st yafaae (Soicito and Chenty 4, 444

(ii) yAIYT V0 Afagfa a fuear (Claim for Restitution and 'onpensation): -444] 1

3GIaLUT:

" 4.furquiT (Misrepresentation)

(1) 4eutfrquH (Fraudulent Misrepresentation): G1H aI 3N4 s fqqu

(2) fatqA T(Innocent Misrepresentation): GG frau 34344IfAI I 34 Hei4

 aft fayar
66
false staterment whih,
knowto be false.
he does not
which at any rate,
honestly believesit
to be true or Wil ian
tne person making it
Anson) (Essentials ofMisrepresentation): Assertion) a

hduee
(2)

373yH
Misrepresentation): HRÁY
fyearauf à EU (Forms of
(1) HHR
PositiveStatement): TT 18
(1) HyHG hT ANI (By

manner not warranted by the

afrc 'yuf T H it (The 'positive assertion' in a true
that which is not true, though he believes it to be
information of the person making it, of

(2) hrtcq AT t faT 4e 3EyY fT TT at (By breach of duty which is without an

14HT GIà h t y
intention to deceive): SRT 18(2)34q4IK Tf ag f

duty' which,without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage to the person committing it, or ay
one, claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice or to the prejudice of any u
claiming under him.-Sec. 18(2) Aqavt *go HH0 ; tÀ- YGT AI0 HJei , foH
 67

wa 3ay fGU hIUT Tdt (Causing Mistake by Innocent Misrepresentation): rT 18

however innocently, aparty to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing
which is the subject of the agreement.-Sec.18(3)]3<EUI,'3T' ' a ' f HG À i

futH aT TH (Effects of Misrepresentation): T 19 34-41 fSH YHGR fHqu4 UT

(1) 37d aÌ E h aT 31äalR (Right to Repudiate the Contract): sG H6R AT eI s Hqy

GIT ÝST YHAR 3444T ye

(2) 4d t tgte (Affirmation of Contract):Meajqu

afryfi HI
(4) gfaytd4it fycart 1ái (No Right toClaim Damages): fsT VHR t

Misrepresentation)
(Difference between Fraud &
fezrauf
(Fraud)
(Misrepresentation)
Basis of Difference)

IG (Intention)
 68

2. 34[HR (Rights)

(ii) Y4: P 4 3fc6I|

3. G(Defence)

4. §uT (Legality)

5. 4pfT (Nature)
(5) T t gT T (Mistake)

yifaHt 31YT 31TIaT fayaIH TIt h·rlaT (An erroneous belief concerning something is called a
mistake.)

an agrecment are under a mistake as to the matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is vo1d.
-See. 20)

T[t soT (Kinds of Mistake)

()G144 Ha0 TGt (Mistake as to Law):

(2) FT Hdt I t (Mistake as to Fact) l
() TAH HdtTT(Mistake as to Law): f i HSaR Á aI:
() 4+ À GI aH aIt HlH Hdy t Mistake as to the Law of Ones

IMA t 35114T A alt (Ignorance of law is no excuse)l

 69

(i) faayit ar-4 HGt Tit (Mistake as to Foreign Law): f }9 IRe 4E a 3TRIL H

(ii) fasit AfüaTt Hdt et(Mistake as to Private Rights): d v0 Á sfgcaR

(2) T HAt T0 (Mistake as to Fact): T20 3474, G f JENJA h 0HcHR JEUA h

T Hdft TIt a 1UT (Essentials of Mistake of Fact):T Hqet Tjit 34TAR s fG 34

(3) e aHÌ THÌ atags (Mistake by both the Parties): 43a t E G feUT tet

G-4 ar (Hem Singh Vs. Bhagwat) faaE 31* fehi qjug { YE BER RAGT

(a) I e 3T à fatf '31age' TT Hdîr a tafeu (Mistakemust relate to an essential

matter of fact): Tit 3EWG 3AGNYG HeB IU T¥ h 34TR 34q4 haci

taT T t (Mistake as to iudgement). 3AG Hds T (Mistake as to expetalion) 4 l

70

T4 HA0 Tt a Es (Forms of Mistake of Facts): Gg HGet TIGt

Y:
(1))yi-4ArY Tt (Unilateral
Mistake),
(2) fg-qrg nat (Bilateral Mistake) I

(Types of Unilaternal Mistake)

(i) 34dg à yHca HGT Tt
(Mistake as to Person Contracted with): 4% HIU H

(Enforce) 4¡i HGGil

(Lake Vs. Simmos) HH ÀG AI,

(Mistake as to the nature of a

document signed:
 71

TS 34 0yfRÍT0 Ë BHIAT hà ai f non-set factum (It is not his deed)

fat4a fa4a (Bills of Exchange) WsfrY (Surety) 597 7AIR RT frk ame

fa-uefu TIt à alR (Types of Bilateral Msitake)

() faqyatg à täg et(Mistake as to Subject-Matter): T4 3ge fqe-ag a mi

yA h4 3N 3H
qH HEq aT (Rani Kunwar Vs. Mehboob Baksh) Iç 3

t qHGR 3Qy agq-atg HYH

(iv) * Hdy (Regarding Price): -
72

CIT 34-q II H HIH NfH(COx Vs. Prentice) ch 33

(Bar)

(2) 3HÄy àfGH á HTaT Hat 1Mt (Mistake as to Possibility of

Performing the Contrac

fufag qT4 AIgHT (Griffith Vs. Brymer) H|4¢ V T f gH }E

TIHt at H (Effect of Mistake)

Tdiz HEHT aH at yHa (Effect of Consent which is not

Free)

(STT 19)

(STT 19)
 73

(uTT 19)

(uT 19)

AT (Questions)
St Aqt (Long Answer Type Questions)

when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense.
IWO or more persons are said to consent