- ASSET KNOWLADGE Koen Willems k.willems@hr.
nl
ASSET= Knowladge + people + technology + trasnport + building (adds value to a company)
= a resource + you own it/ EXPLOIT + beenfit
If you don’t own-> LEASE
(Jonah’s presentation)
Whats needed for combustion? Air/oxigen, Fuel,
Heat
Different kinds of medium in an engine Fuel (Diesel,
Petrol, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), Gas oil) Cooling
(oil/water) Lubrication Oil Combustion air
Exhaust gasses (Starting air)
Engine Configurations Line-Engine V-Engine
Radial-Engine Boxer-Engine
2 STROKE – 4 STROKE ENGINES
Diessel is a less refined crude oil -> much higher
compression
Air system on engines Inlet: Fresh Air Outlet:
Exhaust gasses Air cooler Pressure filling of the air
into the cilinder to reach optimal combustion:
Mechanicaly driven: Supercharger
Thermodynamically driven: Turbo charger 2-stroke
engine: Uses flushing gates for air intake 4-stroke
engine: Uses 1 or 2 inlet valves for air intake
2-Stroke Engine: A 2-stroke engine is a type of
internal combustion engine that completes one cycle
in two strokes of the piston, which are the upstroke
and the downstroke. In a 2-stroke engine, the intake,
compression, power, and exhaust strokes are
combined into two strokes of the piston. These
engines are commonly used in small power
equipment like chainsaws, outboard boat engines,
and some motorcycles. They are known for their
simplicity and lightweight design but tend to be less
fuel-efficient and produce more emissions compared
to 4-stroke engines.
4-Stroke Engine: A 4-stroke engine is another type of
In summary, the main difference between 2-stroke
internal combustion engine that completes one cycle
and 4-stroke engines lies in the number of strokes
in four strokes of the piston: intake, compression,
required to complete a combustion cycle and the
power, and exhaust strokes. These engines are
characteristics associated with each type, such as
commonly found in most automobiles, motorcycles,
efficiency, emissions, and application.
and larger machinery. 4-stroke engines are known for
their greater fuel efficiency and lower emissions
1. Piston: The piston is a cylindrical component that
compared to 2-stroke engines. They also tend to have
moves up and down inside the engine cylinder. It
a smoother and more refined operation due to their
is connected to the engine's crankshaft and plays
separate strokes for each of the engine's functions.
a crucial role in generating mechanical power.
However, they are typically heavier and more complex
2. Cylinder: The cylinder is the chamber in which the
than 2-stroke engines.
piston moves. It contains the fuel-air mixture or
exhaust gases depending on the stroke phase.
3. Valves: Valves are responsible for controlling the
flow of air and fuel into the cylinder (intake valve)
and the expulsion of exhaust gases from the
cylinder (exhaust valve).
4. Crankshaft: The crankshaft is connected to the
piston and converts the reciprocating (up-and-
down) motion of the piston into rotary motion,
which drives the vehicle's wheels.
5. Camshaft: The camshaft controls the opening and
closing of the valves based on a predetermined
timing sequence. It is synchronized with the
crankshaft.
6. Spark Plug (in a gasoline engine): The spark plug
ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber during the power stroke, causing an
explosion that drives the piston down and creates
mechanical power.
7. Fuel Injector (in a diesel engine): In diesel engines,
fuel is injected directly into the compressed air
inside the cylinder, where it ignites due to high
pressure and temperature.
8. Exhaust System: The exhaust system includes
components like the exhaust manifold, catalytic
converter, and muffler. It directs and treats the
gases produced during the exhaust stroke before
they exit the vehicle.
4 stroke
INTAKE (a-b)
The engine cycle starts in point a. The intake valve is
already open and the piston moves from TDC towards
BDC. The volume increases constantly as the piston
travels the stroke length. The maximum volume is
reached when the piston is at BDC. The pressure is
below atmospheric pressure, during the whole stroke,
because the piston movement is creating volume and
the air is drawn inside the cylinder due to the vacuum
effect.
COMPRESSION (b-c)
PRESSURE-VOLUME DIAGRAM After the piston has passed BDC, the compression
The internal combustion engine is a heat engine. It’s stroke begins. In this phase the volume starts to
decrease and the pressure to increase. It takes a while
working principle is based on the variation of pressure until the pressure in the cylinder exceeds the
and volume inside the engine’s cylinders. All heat atmospheric pressure so the intake valve is still open
also after the piston passes BDC. As the piston goes
engines are characterized by a pressure-volume towards TDC, the pressure increases gradually.
diagram, also known as pV diagram, which basically Around 25° before TDC, the ignition is triggered and
the pressure rises rapidly towards maximum pressure.
shows the variation of the pressure in the cylinder POWER (c-e)
function of its volume, for a complete engine cycle.
After the ignition / injection event, the pressure in the
The pressure-volume (pV) diagram is drawn by cylinder rises sharply, until it hits the maximum
measuring the pressure inside the cylinder, and plotting values pmax. The value of the maximum pressure
depends on the type of the engine, what fuel it’s used.
its value against the angle of the crankshaft, over a For a typical passenger vehicle engine, the maximum
complete engine cycle (720°). cylinder pressure can be around 120 bar (gasoline) or
180 bar (diesel). The power stroke starts when the
piston moves from TDC towards BDC. The high
pressure in the cylinder is pushing the piston,
therefore the volume rises and the pressure starts to
drop gradually.
EXHAUST (e-a) Why are the inlet and outlet valves open at the same
time?
After the power stroke, the piston is again at the BDC.
The volume in the cylinder is again at maximum value
and the pressure around minimum (atmospheric How many degrees is the compression stroke
pressure). The piston starts to move towards TDC and
it’s pushing the burnt gases out of the cylinder.
As you can see, there is a continuous variation of the
pressure and volume inside the engine’s cylinders.
We’ll see that the work produced by the ICE is
function of the pressure and volume changes.
2 stroke
Io +ec opened at the same time to be able to get more
air out?
Exercises
Fill in the following events in the turning moment
diagram of a 4-stroke engine:
- IO = Inlet open = 30 degrees before TDC
- IC = Inlet close = 30 degrees after BDC
- BI = Beginning injection = 10 degrees before TDC
- EI = End injection = 10 degrees after TDC
- EO = Exhaust valve opens = 40 degrees before
BDC
- EC = Exhaust valve closes = 20 degrees after TDC
PUMPS to in gallons per minute or GPM. There are some
smaller pumps that rate flow at gallons per hour or
even gallons per day, outputting extremely small
Pumps are divided into 2 major categories: Dynamic
amounts of fluid over a given time.
and Positive Displacement (aka Displacement).
Pump pressure, however, is a measure of resistance
to flow. Without flow, there is no pressure. In
a positive displacement pump, such as a plunger
pump, the rating in pounds per square inch, or PSI,
outlines how much resistance the pump is designed to
withstand.
A pump’s PSI rating is important because it indicates
that the pump was manufactured out of materials and
- PRESSURE (mesures vacume -> goes under 0 and designed to handle a certain amount of pressure. But
the other no (A negative pressure at the pump for pump operators, they should be equally concerned
with a pump’s flow rate which determines how much
means that the hydraulic grade at pump is below
you want to dispense, spray, or inject.
its elevation. Generally this occurs on the suction
side of the pump if pumping from a reservoir. It Will Increasing Pump Pressure Increase Flow?
denotes the suction side which is a negative
pressure point)) In general, when pump pressure increases, flow will
decrease. Take, for example, a misting pump that
is a measure of resistance to flow. Without flow, there needs to produce an ultra-fine mist for cooling or dust
is no pressure. In a positive displacement pump, such suppression. Many misting pumps are rated at 1,000
as a plunger pump, the rating in pounds per square PSI, yet their flow rate is quite low at .25 GPM.
inch, or PSI, outlines how much resistance the pump is
designed to withstand. Clearly, high pressure in this instance is very
important to produce the right size droplets.
A pump’s job is not to deliver pressure; rather, it is to However, it doesn’t indicate more output or vertical
deliver a rate of flow, pumping a certain amount of or horizontal throw. Instead, the higher pressure
liquid over a given amount of time from a tank or combined with the right nozzles results in a fine mist
reservoir to the outlet. with very little flow that might only cover a small
patio area.
The Difference Between Pump Flow vs. Pressure
It’s not uncommon to hear pump operators complain On the other hand, a soft wash sprayer can be rated
that their sprayer doesn’t have enough pressure at a mere 100 PSI and have a GPM of 5.4, yet it can
when, in fact, the issue is the flow rate. In fact, some
people use the two terms interchangeably, as though achieve a vertical throw of nearly 40 feet and a
they’re the same thing. They’re not, and knowing the horizontal throw of more than 50 feet when paired
difference and the role each plays is the key to
achieving proper pump performance. with the proper nozzles.
A pump’s job is not to deliver pressure; rather, it is to More pressure changes the velocity of the fluid, but
deliver a rate of flow, pumping a certain amount of it also decreases the flow or output. The cause of the
liquid over a given amount of time from a tank or
reservoir to the outlet. Flow rates are often referred flow decrease is due to two factors: volumetric
efficiency of the pump and reduced motor speed. Positive displacement pumps
There are different types of volumetric pumps, some
Volumetric efficiency is a measure of the actual flow
of which will be discussed below, such as diaphragm
compared to expected theoretical (calculated) flow — pumps, gear pumps, peristaltic pumps, lobe pumps,
and piston pumps.
volumetric efficiency decreases as pressure increases.
Our positive displacement plunger pumps have about Diaphragm Pumps
90–100% volumetric efficiency compared to Diaphragm pumps are also known as AOD pumps (Air
Operated Diaphragm), pneumatic and AODD pumps.
centrifugal pumps that range from 0–100%. This Applications for these pumps include mainly in
means that plunger pumps only lose about 10% of the continuous applications such as general plant,
industrial and mining. AOD pumps are particularly
flow when pumping against back-pressure, while suitable where power is not available and are
centrifugal pumps will lose all the flow when pressure otherwise used in unstable and combustible areas.
These pumps are also used for transferring chemicals,
climbs too high. industrial wastewater, food manufacturing,
underground coal mines, etc.
Reduced motor speed occurs when motors are loaded
heavier. So, when pressure in the pump causes more
load on the motor, it slows down. When the motor
slows down, the flow rate drops at the same
percentage. A motor that operates at about 2000
RPM at low pressures will typically slow down to
about 1750 RPM when the pump is pressurized to the
maximum rating.
It stands to reason, then, that increasing pump
pressure will not increase flow. In the soft wash
example, more pressure won’t help the operator
reach the eaves of a two-story home with the same
amount of coverage. The operator needs a pump
These pumps are response pumps that include two
motor with an ideal combination of pressure and flow.
diaphragms driven by condensing air. The air portion
of the transfer valve alternately applies air to both
mainly irrigation and water distribution. diaphragms; each diaphragm contains a set of ball
valves or check valves.
Working principle of pneumatic diaphragm pump
Diaphragm-Pump-Working-demo -diagram
More detailed air operated diaphragm pump working
principle and related knowledge please see this
article: AODD Pumps Working Principle.
Gear Pumps
These pumps are a rotating positive displacement
pump, which means they produce a steady amount of
fluid with each revolution. These pumps move the
fluid by entering machinery inside and outside the
network for a non-exciting pumping action. These
pumps are capable of pumping at high forces and can Piston Pumps
efficiently pump highly concentrated fluids. Piston pump is a positive displacement pump, also
known as a plunger pump, in which a high pressure
Gear pumps do not contain any valves that cause seal responds through a piston. These pumps are
losses such as friction and high impeller speeds. often used for water irrigation, scenarios requiring
Therefore, the pumps are suitable for handling thick high, reliable pressure and delivery systems for
fluids such as fuels and grease. These pumps are not conveying chocolate, pastry, paint, etc.
suitable for driving solids and harsh liquids.
Peristaltic pumps
Peristaltic pumps are also known as tube pumps and
peristaltic dosing pumps. It is a volumetric pump and
the applications of these pumps are mainly related to
processing in the chemical, food and water treatment
industries. It provides a steady flow for measuring and
mixing and is also capable of pumping various liquids
such as toothpaste and various chemicals.
LAW OF BERNOULLI
Lobe Pumps
Lobe pumps are also called rotor pumps and these
pumps have different characteristics such as excellent
efficiency, rust resistance, sanitary quality, reliability
etc. These pumps can handle highly concentrated
fluids and solids without harming them. These pumps
may work with gear pumps, except for the vanes that
do not touch each other. In addition, these pumps
have superior pumping chamber compared to gear
pumps that allow them to move slurry. These are
made of stainless steel and are very polished.
HYDRAULIC/PNEUMATIC
Hygiene
Pneumatics use easily-compressible gas like air or
Pneumatic systems win out over hydraulics in the field
pure gas. Meanwhile, hydraulics utilize relatively-
of hygiene, as the only thing that can leak out of your
incompressible liquid media like mineral oil, ethylene
system is air. Within the system itself, the compressed
glycol, water, synthetic types, or high temperature
air will be cleaned of oil, water or metal particles, and
fire-resistant fluids to make power transmission
any other contaminants, by the filtration unit.
possible.
Pneumatic systems are generally favoured by
- PNEUMATIC PUMP / COMPRESSION
environmentally-conscious companies or those
- AIR PRESSURE GENERATION
contemplating greener manufacturing practices.
Any type of modern construction or manufacturing
Speed
application is probably going to incorporate one or all
Air has a much lower mass density, and can flow much
of three different kinds of power: electrical, hydraulic
more quickly and easily through pipework. Another
or pneumatic. While some actuators and lifting
advantage of the pneumatic system is that valves and
devices can be purely electrical, using a screw system,
cylinders can quickly alter their state or change
it's far more likely that you'll be using some form of
direction by dumping their compressed air. This can
fluid power. This means you have a choice between
be voided straight to the atmosphere and requires no
hydraulics and pneumatics.
further disposal.
Pneumatics provides fluid power by means of
Water and hydraulic oil have a much greater
pressurised air or gases. Hydraulics provides fluid
resistance than air, with the viscosity of oil making it
power by means of pressurised liquids, such as oil or
much slower. Although it will ultimately develop a
water. In choosing one of the two, cost-effectiveness,
greater degree of force and maintain constant
materials to be moved, availability of resources and
pressure, it does not have the same rapidity as air
space are all factors to be considered. Heavy lifting
movement, and may take longer to get your system
equipment, for example, takes up a lot of space and
running.
requires a great deal more power than the small-scale
demands of robotic laboratory or food-processing
Energy
equipment. Each type of power has its advantages
Comparing hydraulics to pneumatics with regard to
and disadvantages, according to circumstances.
energy consumption, there are several factors to
consider. Both systems usually require an input of
Strength
electrical power to drive them, and a pneumatic
Hydraulics is the best option for strength, because the
system needs the continuous running of a compressor
liquid medium used for its operation has a high mass
to provide the compressed air. The air supply cannot
density and is largely incompressible. This means that
be recycled and requires constant replenishment, so
hydraulics can develop much higher levels of pressure,
energy consumption in this respect may be high. Any
and can use that pressure to transmit the power that
air leakage will also waste energy in the system.
will drive your application.
safety precautions, and used oil or fluids must
You also have to take into account the fact that eventually be drained and safely disposed of. In
pneumatic systems lose energy through heat general, hydraulic systems incorporate fewer
produced by the compression process – though there mechanical parts, but these may be subject to
are several measures that can be taken to make your corrosion and potential component failures.
system more energy-efficient. Fortunately, air is still
free of charge, so there is no need to expend energy
in obtaining, replenishing or disposing of waste
products.
Hydraulic fluids can use the same oil or water over
and over again after the initial start-up. Provided you
have a good filtration system and keep it properly
maintained, a hydraulic system can be very energy-
efficient in the long run. However, electrical power is
still generally required to drive the pump, and much
of the energy consumed by the pump is wasted. This
is because the fluid medium is in constant circulation
to maintain system pressure, even though only short
periods of actuation may be required to drive the
application. The more viscous the fluid medium, the
more energy will also be required to move it.
However, significant improvements are being
achieved, with technological advancements involving
different types of pump and the potential of
modulating drives.
Safety
Compressed air does not generally pose a risk of fire
and it won't explode, but the forcible escape of air
through mechanical failure may cause physical injury.
Hydraulic fluids, on the other hand, are always at risk
of potentially dangerous leaks. Even water can cause
damage if it's hot enough to scald. Other fluid media
such as oil, ethylene glycol, plasma and fluid
synthetics may be corrosive and/or poisonous. The
fluid media may be combustible and require extra
