Learning outcomes:

● To learn the basics of Arduino.

● Identify and use components to make 3 LED blinking activity.

● Learn description of components.

● Learn how to write and upload code to an Arduino IDE software.

● Learn how the Voltage, Current and Resistance in 3 LED blinking circuit

● To learn the applications for 3 LED using Arduino.

3 LED with Arduino

1. Introduction:
1.1. Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. The Arduino board is designed around an Atmel microcontroller
(usually Atmel AVR or Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3) with input/output
(I/O) pins that can be programmed to interact with various electronic
components, such as sensors, motors, and LEDs.
Arduino boards come in various shapes and sizes, and they are widely used by
hobbyists, students, and professionals for various projects, such as home
automation, robotics, and data logging. The Arduino software includes a
programming environment that allows users to write, compile, and upload code
to the board, as well as a library of pre-written code and functions that can be
used to simplify programming tasks.
One of the key features of Arduino is its open-source nature, which means that
the design files and source code for the hardware and software are freely
available for anyone to use and modify. This has led to a large community of
users who contribute to the development of the platform, as well as a wide
range of compatible components and accessories that can be used with Arduino
boards.

2. Required components for to complete circuit

• 1 Breadboard
• 3 LED’s
• 1 Arduino

3. Learning description of components

1. Breadboard

1. A breadboard is a device used to prototype and test electronic circuits. It is a

board with a grid of holes or sockets, into which electronic components such
 as resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits (ICs) can be inserted and
connected together without the need for soldering.

2.The holes on a breadboard are typically arranged in rows and columns, with
each row of holes connected electrically to the others in that same row, and each
column of holes connected to the others in that same column.
3. This allows components to be easily connected together to create a circuit,
and then easily changed or removed as needed for testing and experimentation.
Breadboards come in different sizes and shapes, with the larger ones typically
having more rows and columns of holes for more complex circuits.

2. L.E.D.:
1. The light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light
when a current flows through it in the forward direction. LEDs are
commonly used as visual indicators in electronic circuits.
The LED symbol is the standard symbol for a diode, with the addition of two
small arrows denoting the emission of light.

3. Arduino:

● Arduino is an open-source
electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and
software.
● The Arduino is a
programmable
microcontroller board that
can be used to control
electronic circuits. It has
digital input/output pins that
can be used to control the
voltage and current flowing through the LED.

4. Understanding the working of LED blinking circuit using Arduino on

Tinkercad

In this Circuit, we will use one Arduino with 3 LEDs and Breadboard. Here, we
will control the speed of LEDs.
Step 1: From the Components panel, select the following components and drag
them onto the workspace:
 ● 3 LED’s

● Breadboard

● Arduino

Step 2: Connect the Arduino board to the breadboard by dragging a wire from
the ground (GND) pin on the Arduino to the negative (-) rail on the breadboard.

Step 3: Insert an LED into the breadboard, making sure that the longer leg of
the LED (the positive leg) is connected to the Arduino for pin 2,pin 3 and pin 4
connect the other end of the LED’s to the negative (-) rail on the breadboard.
Step 4: Your circuit is now complete! You can now test it by clicking on the
"Start Simulation" button at the top of the page.

5. Write the code on tinkercad

Then, open the Code. In the Code Editor, you can use the following code to
make the LED blink:
Step 1: First, open the Code Editor on the top right side on tinkercad.
Step 2: Then, write the code.

Step 3: In the setup () function, you need to specify the pin you are using (in
this case, pin 2,3,4) as an output pin using the pinMode () function.
Step 4: In the loop () function, you first turn on the LED by setting the pin 4 to
HIGH using the digitalWrite () function.

Step 5: Then, you use the delay() function to pause the program for 5000
milliseconds (1 second) before turning off the LED by setting the pin 4 to LOW
using the digitalWrite() function again.

Step 6: Then, same follow the above process for pin 3 and pin 2.
Step 6: This creates a simple program that will make the 3 LED’s blink on and
off one by one.

6. Understanding of Voltage, Current and Resistance in 3 LED blinking

circuit
In a circuit with three blinking LEDs, voltage, current, and resistance are key
concepts to understand how the circuit works.
⮚ Voltage refers to the potential difference between two points in a circuit,
which drives the flow of electric current. In this circuit, a voltage source,
such as a battery or power supply, is needed to power the LEDs. The voltage
of the source determines the brightness of the LEDs, with higher voltage
resulting in brighter LEDs.
⮚ Current refers to the flow of electric charge in a circuit. In this circuit, the
current flows through the LEDs, causing them to light up. The amount of
current flowing through the LEDs depends on the voltage of the source and
the resistance of the circuit.
⮚ Resistance refers to the opposition of a material to the flow of electric
current. In this circuit, the resistance is provided by the LEDs themselves, as
well as any other resistors that may be added to the circuit. The resistance
determines the amount of current flowing through the LEDs, with higher
resistance resulting in less current and dimmer LEDs.
⮚ To understand how the blinking circuit works, it's important to note that the
LEDs are wired in parallel, meaning that they each have their own path to
the power source. As a result, the voltage across each LED is the same, but
the current flowing through each LED can be different depending on the
resistance of each LED.
⮚ When the circuit is first turned on, the LEDs will all light up at the same
time, as the voltage across each LED is the same. However, the resistance of
each LED may cause the current flowing through each LED to be slightly
 different, resulting in some LEDs being slightly brighter or dimmer than
others.
⮚ As the circuit continues to run, the resistance of each LED may change due
to factors such as temperature, which can cause the current flowing through
each LED to change. This can cause the LEDs to blink at different times or
even turn off completely, depending on the resistance of each LED and the
overall resistance of the circuit.
Overall, understanding voltage, current, and resistance is key to understanding
how the blinking LED circuit works and how to design and modify similar
circuits in the future.

6.2. Final Code:

The LED’s should start blinking once the program is uploaded.
void setup()
{
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
 delay(5000);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
}

7. Applications for LED using Arduino

The application of a circuit with 3 LEDs using an Arduino microcontroller
board can vary depending on the specific project and purpose of the circuit.
Here are a few applications:
I. Prototyping: A circuit with 3 LEDs can be used as a simple prototype to
test the capabilities of an Arduino board or to demonstrate basic
electronics concepts to beginners.

II. Visual indicator: The LEDs can be programmed to indicate the status of a
device or system, such as showing whether a switch is on or off or
indicating the level of a sensor reading.

III. Notification system: The circuit can be used as a notification system, such
as for an alarm or alert system. The LEDs can be programmed to flash or
change colour to indicate different types of notifications.
IV. Decorative lighting: A circuit with 3 LEDs can be used to create
decorative lighting, such as for a holiday display or to add ambiance to a
room.

V. Educational tool: The circuit can be used as an educational tool to teach

students about programming, electronics, and microcontroller boards.
Overall, the applications for a circuit with 3 LEDs using an Arduino are limited
only by the imagination and creativity of the designer. With the flexibility and
versatility of an Arduino board, the possibilities are endless.

Summary:

⮚ Arduino is an open-source platform for electronics prototyping.

⮚ Arduino boards use Atmel microcontrollers (8, 16, or 32-bit AVR).

⮚ Microcontrollers provide digital signals to switch voltage on/off at a specific

frequency.

⮚ Resistance limits current flow.

⮚ LEDs wired in parallel have individual paths to the power source.

⮚ Voltage drives current flow and determines LED brightness.

⮚ A circuit with 3 LEDs is useful for testing or teaching electronics basics.