INTRODUCTION TO

CELL
Science 11 - General Biology 1
First Quarter
Module 1

JULIET MAE B. DUMEPNAS

Developer
Department of Education • Cordillera Administrative Region
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Schools Division of Benguet
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet

Published by:

Curriculum Implementation Division–

Learning Resource Management Section

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2021

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 PREFACE

This module is a project of the Curriculum Implementation Division particularly

the Learning Resource Management and Development Unit, Department of
Education, Schools Division of Benguet-CAR which is in response to the
implementation of the K to 12 Curriculum.
This Learning Material is a property of the Department of Education- CID,
Schools Division of Benguet-CAR. This module aims to enhance the understanding of
concepts in the field of biology, specifically in cellular levels. Also, this will enrich
students’ learning through activities which will help them to activate their critical
thinking and make an analysis of the lesson.

Date of Development April 2020

Resource Location DepEd-CAR-LRMDS
Learning Area Science
Grade Level 11
Learning Resource Type Module
Language English
Quarter/ Week Quarter1/Week1
Learning Competencies and Code a. explain the postulates of the cell
theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)
b. describe the structure and function
of major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The developer would like to express her utmost appreciation to all those who
contributed to the accomplishment of the learning material. The developer is
gratefully indebted in one way or another who helped them in making the module a
success. She would like to extend their profound gratitude to the following;
To her superiors, for giving her the opportunity in making the material,
providing her support, guidance, time and countless efforts in developing the
module;
To her family, for understanding her busy situation, providing her basic needs
in order to focus, and unending words of encouragement on the construction of the
module;
To her friends and colleagues, for supporting her through entertaining her
questions and giving her words of wisdom to complete the module;
All glory and honor are offered to God for his guidance in every step that the
developer made in completing the module.

LRMDS STAFF

JEREMY KERMIT B. PADILLA FELY B. BADIVAL

Administrative Assistant II Librarian II

ELIZABATH T. CALBAYAN ROSITA C. AGNASI, EdD

Teaching Aide Specialist Education Program Supervisor– LRMDS

EVALUATOR

ASTERIO C. MADALLA
Education Program Supervisor-Science

CONSULTANTS

CARMEL F. MERIS
CES, Curriculum and Learning Management Division

FLORANTE E. VERGARA
OIC- Assistant Regional Director

ESTELA L. CARIÑO EdD, CESO III

Regional Director/ Director IV
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
This module contains pre-assessment test that will help you determine what you
know about the lesson; It also contains lesson proper which includes activities, lessons and
discussions where you must read, understand and answer carefully; It also comprises
generalization that you must need to summarize what you learned in the lesson; Application
activities that are related and useful to your daily life concerns/situations and Post-
assessment test that evaluates what your level of mastery in attaining the learning
objectives. Have you ever wondered how was the cell discovered? Or what are the parts of it
and its function? Do plant, animal and bacterial cell have the same structures? Through the
following learning objectives let us learn more about cells. Have your Biology notebook
where you must put all your answers and do not leave any mark in this material.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this learning module, learners are expected to:
a. enumerate the postulates of the cell theory; and
b. identify the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles

WHAT I KNOW
Below are questions that will help you check what you know about the lesson. Read,
understand, and carefully answer the instructions and the questions.

Multiple choice. Below are questions that will help you determine your prior knowledge.
Choose and write the best answer that corresponds to the question. Please answer in your
answer sheet. (15 pts)

1. The building blocks of life.

A. tissue B. cell C. organ D. blood

2. An instrument that is used to see things that cannot be seen in a naked eye.
A. telescope B. microscope C. mirror D. eyeglasses

3. A set of principles developed over time via multiple investigations.

A. conclusion B. law C. theory D. observation

4. A cell structure/part or organelle that serves as the energy source of the cell.
A. DNA B. nucleolus C. mitochondria D. Chromosome

5. A scientist who named and discovered the cell through observing a bottle cork under the
microscope.
A. Robert Hooke B. Theodor Schwann C. Gregor Mendel D. Aristotle
6. A Dutch eye-glasses maker that was credited on his discovery on the first compound
microscope.
A. Robert Hooke B. Zacharias Jansen C. Plato D.Theodor Schwann

7. It is a cell structure/part or organelle that contains digestive enzymes to break down materials.
A. Lysosome B. Vacuoles C. Mitochondria D. Centrioles

8. These are single-celled organisms that are known to be the earliest and most primitive forms of life
on earth.
A. Prokaryotes B. Eukaryotes C. Archaeans D. both A and C

9. A cell structure/part or organelle that translate genetic information in the form of messenger
Ribonucleic acid (mRNA) into proteins.
A. Lysosome B. Ribosomes C. Centriole D. Vesicle

10. A scientist who discovered the plant cell.

A. Robert Hooke B. Matthias Schleiden C. Theodor Schwann D. Zacharias Jansen

11. A scientist who discovered the animal cell.

A. Robert Hooke B. Matthias Schleiden C. Theodor Schwann D. Zacharias Jansen

12. The presence of a membrane-enclosed organelle is a characteristic of

A. bacteria B. prokaryotic cell C. living organism D. eukaryotic cell

13. A cell structure/part or organelle that is a double layered surrounding the cell to control the entry
and exit of certain substances.
A. nuclear membrane B. cytoplasm C. cell membrane D. cytosol

14. A structure in a cell that helps on its movement.

A. cilia B. flagella C. pseudopods D. all of the choice

15. Which of the choices contains prokaryotic cells.

A. fungi B. protists C. E.coli D. all of the choices

WHAT’S IN
When you were in Grade 7 you had an introduction about microscopes, animal, and plant
cell. In connection to this we will learn how these cells were discovered by scientist and the
cell theory that they had proposed, what are the parts and functions of the organelles, and
the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Share what you remembered
about microscopes, bacteria, animal, and plant cell when you were a Grade 7 student. Do
not forget to write it on your notebook.
 WHAT’S NEW
Draw me. Below are descriptions of something related to the lesson. Draw what is being
describe on your answer sheet.

I am a square with rounded edges or an oval

I have a long curvy tail just in the tip of my body
I usually have short hair like structures around
my body
Inside my body I have a one line that forms
curves and it is somewhat spiral
There are also small structured that are
WHAT DO YOU THINK AM
coiled inside my body different from the other I?
description
I also have small circle like structures inside my

WHAT IS IT
Every part in our body is composed of cells, that is why cells are called as the building
blocks or basic unit of life and the study of cell is called cytology. From bacteria to animals,
the cell is one of the basic organizational principles in Biology. Let us look how cell was
introduced by some scientist.
When Romans discovered they were able to make glass in the 1 st century BC, things
changed for the better. More scientists became more curious and want to discover things at
their time. Here are the remarkable scientist and their contributions in the development of
cell.

Zacharias Janssen
Zacharias Jansen is a Dutch eyeglass maker and was the son of a
spectacle maker Hans Janssen. Although Zacharias was credited in making
the first compound microscope most historian believed that his father played
a vital role since Zacharias was still in his teens in the 1590’s. However, it is
unclear who really invented the microscope since some historians say it
was Hans Lippershey, a fellow Dutch eyeglasses maker who is most
famous for filing the first patent for a telescope. Other evidence points to
Hans and Zacharias Janssen, a father-son team of spectacle makers living
in the same town as Lippershey
Image Source: Interesting World Facts, Sketch of Zaccharias Janssen, accessed April 22, 2020,
https://www.interestingworldfacts.com/10-interesting-facts-about-zacharias-janssen/

Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke is an English Scientist who used the compound microscope

to observe a cork. A cork is the outer bark (outermost layer) of the cork tree.
Hooke observed that cork is composed of small, hollow compartments. He
thought of small rooms (cell) in their monastery where monks live under
religious vows and gave them the same name: cell.
Image Source: “Robert Hooke”, Famous Biologist, accessed April 22,2020,
http://famousbiologists.org/robert-hooke/
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek is a Dutch tradesman who became one of the
first scientists to refer to living cells when he observed an abundant
number of single-celled organisms, which he called animalcules (plant &
animal), swimming in a drop of pond water. Animalcules is an older term
for a microscopic animal or protozoan. He figured how to grind glass
together and decided to experiment.
Image Source: “Anton Van Leeuwenhoek,” Alchetron, last modified March 01, 2018,
https://alchetron.com/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

He is a German botanist who are fond of examining plants where he
concluded that all plant tissues are composed of cells and that an
embryonic plant arose from a single cell. He thought that every structural
part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also
suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either other
cells or from the outside. However, later discoveries proved him wrong.
Image Source: Wellcome Collection, Portrait of Matthias Jacob Schleiden,
https://wellcomecollection.org/works . Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Theodor Schwann

Theodor Schwann was a German biologist. When Schleiden saw what he

observed in plant cells he discussed what he observed to his friend
Schwann. Studied plant & animal cells, and was intrigued by the
similarities between the two. From investigating and experimenting with
plant & animal cells, Schwann was able to determine that all animals are
made of cells. Schleiden and Schwann also stated that all organisms are
made of cells and the cell is the most basic unit of life.
Image source: Wellcome Collection, Portrait of Theodor Schwann,
https://wellcomecollection.org/works . Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Rudolf Virchow

He is a German physiologist, physician, pathologist, and anthropologist.

He corrected the statement of Schleiden where he stated that cells arise
only from pre-existing cells through cell division. He observed that
diseased cells derive from the healthy cells of normal tissue.
Image source: “Rudolf Virchow.” ClipArtETC, accessed April 22, 2020,
https://etc.usf.edu/clipart.

These were the contributions of scientist in the discovery of cells. From these, there were
cell theories that was postulated:
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells through cell division
The first and second statement was stated by Schleiden and Schwann while the third statement was
stated by Virchow.
Cells is divided into two primary categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes (pro= “before”; -kary=nucleus) are single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles an example of these are bacteria and archeans. Archeans
are among the earliest forms of life that appeared on earth that lives in extremely harsh
environments such as vents of volcano, stomach of cows and high salt areas. These cells
have no membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus. Eukaryotes (eu=“true”) are called
because they have true nucleus and multicellular. These cells have membrane-bound
organelles and genetic material enclosed in the nucleus such as animals, plants, fungi, and
protists. Also, prokaryotic cells have one long DNA strand while for eukaryotic it has many.
Usually, eukaryotic cells are more complex and much larger than prokaryotic cells. On
average, prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller in diameter than eukaryotic cells.

In terms of reproduction, eukaryotic cells grow and reproduce through mitosis and in
organisms who reproduce sexually their reproductive cells are produced through the process
of meiosis. On the other hand, most prokaryotes divide through binary fission where the
original cell is divided into two identical cells. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms
receive energy through the process of cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, most cellular
respiration takes place within the cell’s mitochondria while for prokaryotes it occurs in the
cytoplasm and/or within the cell membrane.

Furthermore, as the discovery of cells more scientist was curious and tried to discover the
parts and organelles (tiny structures) inside the cell that performs a specific function. Let us
see the different structures that helps the cell function.

The table below are summarized details about the cell structure, membrane-bound
organelles and non-membrane bound organelles

Cell Functi
Structure on
It is made up of cellulose
that gives shape in plant
cells that helps in the
Cell wall
protection of the cell
membrane and supports
the cell.
Cell It is also called the plasma
membran membrane and it is a double
layered, thin barrier,
e surrounding the cell.
It is a membrane that
protects the cell by keeping
Image Source: Veronica Olson, “Plant and Animal Cell.”
the cell organelles separate 2.2 describe cell structures, October 24, 2017,
Cytoplasm http://freyamakesbiologystressfree.blogspot.com/2
from each other. It contains 017/10/22-describe-cell-structures-including.html
a semi-fluid translucent
substance known as cytosol.
Membrane-Bound Organelles- Surrounded by a plasma membrane to keep their internal fluids
separate from the cytoplasm of the rest of the cell parts
Organelle Functi
on
It is the largest organelle in a
cell. The nucleus contains
Nucleus
nearly all of the cell’s genetic
material.
*PARTS OF NUCLEUS
Protects the nucleus by
*Nucle surrounding and acts as a
ar barrier between the cell
Membra nucleus and other organs of
ne a
cell.
Plays a vital role in the
*Nucleolus
production of cell’s ribosome.
*Nucle Regulates the transportation
ar of molecules between the
Pore nucleus and the cytoplasm.
It is a mass of genetic
material composed of DNA Image Source: “A Nucleus.” A level Biology,
*Chromatin and proteins that condense accessed April 22, 2020,
https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/nucleus-
to form structure-and-functions/
chromosomes
Image source: Rlawson, “Rough Endoplasmic reticulum.”,

It is called so because it has

a lot of ribosomes on its
Rough
outer surface. The rough ER
Endoplas
transports proteins that are
mic
synthesized in the
Reticulum
ribosomes in an animal and
plant cell. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rough_endoplasmic
_reticulum.JPG.
 The smooth ER, however,
Smooth
does not have ribosomes
Endoplas
and functions as
mic
synthesizers of lipids in an
Reticulum Image source: “Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum”,Expii,
animal and plant cells. accessed April 22, 2020, https://www.expii.com/t/smooth-
endoplasmic-
reticulum-ser-10121
 It is responsible for the
modification of proteins
Golgi
received from the ER. These
Apparatus/
proteins are then
Body/
transported in vesicles
Complex
around the plant and animal Image source: Data Base Center for Life Science,
cell. 201601golgibody,http://togotv.dbcls.jp/ja/togopic.2
016.5.html. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.

It contains digestive
enzymes used to break
down materials. An enzyme
Lysosomes is a chemical substance in
animals that helps to cause
natural processes such as
digestion. Image source: Soumya730, Lysosome,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lysosom es.jpg.
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International

Produces energy through

chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
Mitochondri carbohydrates. It is
a
commonly called as the
powerhouse of the animal Image source: Getdrawings, 3101x2321 Classes Beat Magic,
and plant cells. http://getdrawings.com/get- drawing#mitochondria-drawing-
9.png. Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0
International.

These are responsible for

photosynthesis and found
Chloroplast only in plant cells. It contains
s green pigment called
chlorophyll which makes the
Image source:, “Chloroplast easy to draw,” Pinclipart,
plant green. accessed April 22,2020,
https://www.pinclipart.com/maxpin/iTRThx/

A membrane bound sacs

that are used to store or
Vesicles transport substances around
the cell. Lysosomes and
vacuoles are vesicles.

Image source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-

cell-biology/14-membrane-transport/vesicular-transport.html
 These are essentially larger
vesicles which contains
water solution and maintains
shape. Membrane-bound
sacs for storage of food,
Vacuoles digestion, and waste
removal in cells. These are
both found in plant and
animal cell; however, plant
cell has a larger vacuole
than animal cell.
Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles- are more solid structures that are not fluid-filled, so they
have no need for a membrane.

It translates genetic
information in the form of
Ribosomes mRNA into proteins. It is
found in animal, plant, and
bacterial cells.
Image source: Image source: Data Base Center for Life
Science, ribosome,
http://togotv.dbcls.jp/ja/togopic.2019.06.html.

These are microtubules

found next to the nucleus of
animal cells and some
protist. They move
Centrioles
chromosomes around
by
forming fibers called spindle Image source: Kelvinsong, Diagram of a centriole,
during cell division. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centriole- en.svg.
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
 It is made up of
polysaccharides (complex
carbohydrates) found only in
bacteria. It keeps the
Capsule bacterium from drying out
and to protect it from
phagocytosis (engulfing) by
larger
microorganisms.
Nucleoid It is a region of cytoplasm
where the chromosomal DNA
is located. Most bacteria
have a
single, circular chromosome
that is responsible for
replication, although a few
species do have two or
more. Smaller circular
auxiliary DNA strands,
called plasmids, are
also found in the cytoplasm.
These are small hair-like
projections emerging from
the outside cell surface. It
Pili or Pilus
assists the bacteria in
(singular)
attaching to other cells and
surfaces, such as teeth,
intestines, and rocks. Image source: Mariana Ruiz Villarreal,A diagram of a
typrical prokaryotic cell. Public Domain
These are hair-like https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Average_prokaryot
structures that provide a e_cell-_en.svg
means of locomotion for
those bacteria that have
Flagella
them. They can be found at
or
either or both ends of a
Flagellu
bacterium or all over its
m
surface. For amoeba, they
(singula
use their pseudopods for
r)
their movement. Also found
in sperm cells at it is used
for
movement.

Those are the organelles carry out essential functions that are necessary for the survival of
cells – harvesting energy, making new proteins, getting rid of waste and so on. So, it is best
that we take good care of our body to be healthy and survive.

Did you know virus are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic cell? This is because
virus lack the characteristic of a living thing except the ability of replication. Virus
only lives if they are attached to their host.
 WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1: Below are scientist who contributed on the cell theory. Identify their names and the
postulate of cell theory that they stated. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

Name of Scientist

Postulates of
cell theory that
they
contributed

Activity 2: Below are statements related to the primary type of cells. Write PRO if the statement
describes the features of a prokaryotic cell and write EU if the statement describes the features of
a eukaryotic cell. Use your answer sheet in writing your answers.

1. A primary type of cell that contains one long DNA strand.

2. A primary type of cell that contains membrane-bound organelles.

3. Cellular respiration occurs within its mitochondria.

4. A primary type of cell that contains no nucleus instead a nucleoid.

5. A primary type of cell that are more complex and larger.

B. Activity 3: Below are riddles that will describe a cell structure or an organelle. Write your
answers on your answer sheet.

1. I am tough and a rigid layer

2. I am an oval like shape
But you can only see me in plant
I break down food
cells
And I release energy
I protect in the best way I can do
What am I?
What am I?

3. They usually call me

4. I am full of holes flexible and
a green thing
thin
Maybe because I give out color
green I control what comes in
I also help some organisms to make And what comes out
 6. I am the translator of the cell
5. I am a curvy structure
I usually look like a dot or little circles
I move freely and sexy when you see me in a good
I help germs go to another place microscope
What am I? I am solid in structure and does not
have a fluid inside me
What am I?

7. I have a fluid-like structure

I keep others separated to one 8. I am a transporter
another
of proteins My surface is
So that they will not be just one
full of lumps.
sided
What
What am I?

9. I contain a specific thing 10. I am like a refrigerator

And that specific thing is the one that where you can store foods
helps you digest food? I also contain water solution
What am I? that helps me maintain my
shape
What

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Let us summarize our lesson through answering the following questions. Answer on your
answer sheet.
1. What are the postulates of cell theory?

2. What is the importance of cell parts and organelles in a cell?

3. Differentiate prokaryotic cell from eukaryotic cells.

WHAT I CAN DO
Organelles have different functions same as other things. Enumerate 5 things inside your
house that you can relate to the functions of an organelle. Write your answers on your
answer sheet.

Thing Organelle Function

It protects and gives a
e.g. Roof and cement (wall) Cell wall figure
of the house.
 ASSESSMENT
Matching Type. Column A contains the descriptions of the terms related to the lesson while
Column B contains the choices. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Column A Column
B
1. A scientist who named and discovered the cell A. Capsule
through observing a bottle cork under the
microscope.
2. A structure that keeps the bacterium from drying B. Leeuwenhoek
out.
3. An organelle that translate genetic information in C. Ribosome
a form of messenger RNA into proteins.

4. An organelle that is a stack of membrane-bound D. Vacuole

flattened sacs and responsible in modification of
proteins.
5. A structure that protects the cell E. Nucleolus
by keeping organelles separate from each other.
6. Plays a vital role in the production of cell’s F. Nucleoid
ribosome and found in the nucleus.
7. It protects the nucleus by surrounding. G. Cytoplasm
8. It is a region of cytoplasm where the H. Nuclear Membrane
chromosomal DNA is located found in bacteria.
9. An organelle that does not contain I. Golgi Body
ribosomes and synthesize lipids.
10. A Membrane-bound sac which contains water J. Smooth Endoplasmic
solution and maintains shape. Reticulum
K. Hooke

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY
In preparation for our next lesson, draw the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in a long bond
paper and label the prominent structures. The criteria follow:

Creativity: 10 points

Completeness of cell parts: 20 points

Neatness: 10 points

Total: 40 points
ANSWER KEY
 REFERENCES

A level Biology. “A Nucleus.” Accessed April 22, 2020.

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/nucleus-structure-and-functions/

Alchetron. “Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.” last modified March 01, 2018.

https://alchetron.com/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek
Avissar, Yael, Giselle Millette M. Belardo, Jung Choi, Jean Desaix, Vladimir Jurukovski,
Connie Rye, Robert Wise,. General Biology 1 Textbook, edited by Lilia M.
Rabago.Quezon City:Vibal Group,Inc, 2016.
ClipArtETC. Rudolf Virchow.” Accessed April 22, 2020. https://etc.usf.edu/clipart. Expii.

“Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum”. Accessed April 22, 2020.

https://www.expii.com/t/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum-ser-10121

Faltado III, Ruben E., Merle B. Lopez., Reneecilia B. Paz de Leon, General Biology 1 for
Senior HighSchool. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017.
Famous Biologist. “Robert Hooke.” Accessed April 22, 2020.
http://famousbiologists.org/robert-hooke/
Interesting World Facts. “10 interesting facts about Zaccharias Janssen.” Accessed April
22, 2020. https://www.interestingworldfacts.com/10-interesting-facts- about-
zacharias-janssen/
Olson, Veronica. 2.2 describe cell structures, October 24, 2017.
http://freyamakesbiologystressfree.blogspot.com/2017/10/22-describe-cell-
structures-including.html
Pinclipart. “Chloroplast easy to draw,” accessed April 22,2020,
https://www.pinclipart.com/maxpin/iTRThx/