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Module 3 Problem Solving and Reasoning

1) The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning, problem solving, and Polya's four-step problem solving method. 2) It defines inductive reasoning as drawing conclusions from specific observations to general statements, while deductive reasoning draws conclusions from general statements to specific cases. 3) Polya's four steps for problem solving are understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back on the solution.

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Rafa Landayan
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35 views

Module 3 Problem Solving and Reasoning

1) The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning, problem solving, and Polya's four-step problem solving method. 2) It defines inductive reasoning as drawing conclusions from specific observations to general statements, while deductive reasoning draws conclusions from general statements to specific cases. 3) Polya's four steps for problem solving are understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back on the solution.

Uploaded by

Rafa Landayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

Problem Solving
and Reasoning
Module 3
Problem Solving and Reasoning
❑Learning Objectives:
1. Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.
2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and
arguments made about mathematics and mathematical concepts.
3. Apply the Polya’s four-step in problem solving.
4. Organize one’s methods and procedures for proving and
solving problems.
5. Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
6. Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
7. Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.
8. Affirm honesty and integrity in the application of
mathematics to various human endeavors.
Inductive and Deductive
Module 3 Reasoning

Problem
Solving and
Reasoning Polya’s Four-Steps in Problem
Solving
Inductive and
Deductive Reasoning
What is a Problem?
• It is a statement requiring a solution, usually by means of mathematical
operation/geometric construction.
Method

• ways or techniques used to get answer.

Answer

• number or quantity or some entity that the


What is a problem is asking for.

Problem Solution
Solving? • the whole process of solving the problem including
the method of obtaining an answer.

Problem Solving

• is a process – an ongoing activity in which we take


what we know to discover what we don’t know.
Problem solving involves three basic functions.

1 2 3
Seeking information Generating Making decisions
knowledge
Mathematical Reasoning
• It refers to the ability of a person to analyze problem situations and construct
logical arguments to justify the process or hypothesis, to create both conceptual
foundations and connections, in order for him to be able to process the
information.
Inductive Reasoning
• Inductive reasoning
- drawing a general conclusion from a repeated observation or limited sets of observations of
specific examples.
- from specific case to general case.
• Conjecture
- conclusion drawn by using inductive reasoning.
- may be true or false depending on the truthfulness of the argument.
• Counterexample
- A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you can find one case for
which statement is not true, called a counterexample, then the statement is a false statement.
Inductive Reasoning
• Counterexample
Example: Every number that is multiple of 10 is divisible by 4.
100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180
100 ÷ 4 = 25
120 ÷ 4 = 30
110 ÷ 4 = 27.5

With this example, we have shown that not all multiples of 10 are divisible by 4. So we call
110 as a counter example.
Inductive Reasoning
• Counterexample
Example: For all numbers of x:
𝑥 >0
Let x = 0, then
𝑥 >0
0 >0
0 > 0 False statement
Inductive Reasoning
• Counterexample
Example: For all numbers x:
x2 > x
Let x = 1. Then,
𝑥2 > 𝑥
12 > 1
1 > 1 False statement
• Example 2:
Inductive • Example 1: • Mark is a Science
Reasoning • Essay test is difficult. teacher.
• Mark is bald.
• Problem solving test is
difficult. • Therefore, all
• Therefore, all tests are Science teachers are
difficult bald.
Use inductive reasoning to
predict a number
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ?
Conjecture: Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding number.
• Example 4:
• All birds have feathers.
• Ducks are birds.
• Deductive reasoning • Therefore, ducks have
feathers.
• drawing general to
specific examples or • Example 5:
simply from general • Christopher is sick.
Deductive case to specific case. • If Christopher is sick, he
• starts with a general won’t be able to go to
Reasoning statement (or work.
hypothesis) and • Therefore, Christopher
examines to reach a won’t be able to go to
specific conclusion. work.
• Example 6:
• All Science teachers are
bald.
• Mark is a Science teacher.
• Therefore, Mark is bald.
Additional examples

If a number is divisible by 2, then it must be even.


12 is divisible by 2
Therefore, 12 is an even number

If ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵 are supplementary angles, their sum is 1800 .


If ∠𝐴 = 1000 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∠𝐵 = 800 .
Therefore, ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵 are supplementary angles.

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