Lecture No.

01

Electricity & Magnetism

Ms. Aatika Amer

Lecturer,
Department of Physics,
University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal
Outlines
 Objectives  Electric Field
 Introduction  Electric Field due to a point charge
 Charge  Electric Intensity
 Some properties of charge
 Electrostatics
 Electric Force
 Fields of Force
 Fields

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Objectives
 To develop understanding of charge

 To understand Electrostatics

 To understand fields

 To study electric field due to a point charge

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Introduction

 Electricity
Def: A form of energy resulting from the existence/interaction of charged
particles/ charges.
 Everyday life examples:
 Paper & comb
 Sky lightening
 Bulb glow,
 Human body,
 Paint,earth chemical bonds etc
Introduction (Continue…)

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Introduction (Continue…)

Current Electricity
Electricity
Electrostatic Electricity
Uniform (a = 0)
Motion
States of Charges Non uniform (a ≠ 0)
Rest

Proton (Positive), +1e

Types of charges
(Named by Benjamin Franklin)
Electron (Negative), -1e

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Charge

 It is the fundamental property of subatomic particles, that they

attract or repel each other.

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Charge (Continue…)

 Everything in universe is made up of Matter & Radiation.

 Matter is composed of Atoms.
 Atom consists of equal amount of positive & negative charges, so
net charge on an atom is zero.
 Total charge = charge of electrons + charge of protons

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Charge (Continue…)

Electron is added or removed

Atom gets charged when
Proton is added or removed

 Charged body can be detected by Gold Leaf Electroscope.

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Some properties of charge:

 Same charges repel each other ( -ve, -ve) or (+ve, +ve)

 Opposite charges attract each other (-ve, +ve)
 Charge is conserved ( neither created nor destroyed)
 Charge is quantized

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Electrostatics

The branch of physics which deals with the study of charges at rest.
OR
The study of electric charges at rest under the action of electric forces
is known as electrostatics.

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Electric Force:

The force which holds the positive & negative charges that makeup
atoms & molecules is called electric force.

 The human body is composed of atoms & molecules & its existence
is due to electric field.

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Fields of Force

 Contact force
 Field force
𝑚1𝑚2
 Newton’s Gravitational force Fg= G
𝑟2
𝑞1𝑞2
 Electrostatic force Fe= k
𝑟2
 (a) What are origin of these forces? (still unknown)
 (b)How are these forces transmitted from one mass/charge to
another? (Given by Micheal Faraday’s concept of Electric field)

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Fields
 Scalar Fields:
 Temperature – T(r)
 Pressure – P(r)
 Potential energy – U(r)
 Vector Fields:
 
 Velocity field – v (r )
 
 Gravitational field – g (r )
 
 Electric field – E (r )
 
 Magnetic field – B(r )
Electric field

 The space/region around a charge where its effect can be felt by

other charges.
OR
 It is an intrinsic property of nature that an electric field exists in
space around an electric charge.

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Electric field (Continue…)
 Electric field is said to exist in the
region of space around a charged
object: the source charge.
 Concept of test charge:
 Small and positive
+ +
 Does not affect charge + +
+ +
distribution +
+ +

 Electric field:  F
E
q0

 Existence of an electric field is

a property of its source;
 Presence of test charge is not
necessary for the field to exist;
Electric field due to a point charge

 A charge ‘q’ (source charge) produces an electric field around it.

F=qoE
 The field exists whether there are other charges present in space or not. qq
qo
 The presence of electric field can be tested when a test charge qo
is brought into the field.
 The field interacts with qo to produce a force F on qo.
 Density of spots ∝ strength of field
Test charge is always positive & of small charge size.

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Electric intensity

 Force per unit charge.

 OR
 Electric field intensity at a point is defined as, The force experienced
by the unit positive charge placed at that point.
(1)
𝐹
 𝐸= 1 𝑞1𝑞2
𝑞𝑜 F=
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟2
 Vector quantity
 Direction is same as force.
 Unit: NC-1

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 1 𝑞𝑞𝑜
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟2 1 𝑞
 𝐸= = 𝑟 (E due to a point charge)
𝑞𝑜 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟2
𝐹
q
qo

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Electric Field due to a Point Charge Q

 1 Qq0
F rˆ
4 0 r 2
B

 F 1 Q
E  rˆ 
Q A
q0 4 0 r 2
r
q0
 Direction is radial: outward for +|Q|
inward for -|Q|
 Magnitude: constant on any spherical
shell
 Flux through any shell enclosing Q is
the same: EAAA = EBAB
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