▪

- Greeks’ philosophers lived long

To know is to know oneself.
before the existence of Christianity.
● SOCRATES
- Both concepts of self are different ▪ To have a good life is to examine
from one another. oneself.
⮚ A stonemason with a sharp mind.

- the soul is uncertain.

▪ Knowing what right is doing what is
⮚ Nature of knowledge, justice,
right.
beauty, and goodness (Moore and - Frederick Copleston (historian of
Brudes, 2002). philosophy) believes that his
concept of soul could be referred ▪ Socrates is also aware that
to as "a thinking and willing
⮚ Considered as the forerunner of subject”. humans are no angels.

Western Philosophy.
- the soul is the essence of a human ▪ Some might know themselves but
person that also means that it is the still commit evil (downside of his
⮚ believed that Philosophy must essence of humans to think and concept of self).
obtain practical results for the will.
greater well-being of society. And
for him to achieve this goal is ● Those people are ignorant of the truth and
through the acquisition of ● Soul = Self
do not immediately realize the concept of
knowing oneself. good. "Ignorance can cause anger."
= Seat of knowledge and ignorance, of
goodness & badness, and right & wrong
⮚ His deeds are written in Plato’s (eventually, our personality) ● SOCRATES VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
(The Dialogues).
= True Self - the most important knowledge for humans
is how to live right and how to make the
⮚ Plato is his greatest student. soul good.
● Inward search for self-knowledge =
Discover true self - believes that there are things that
⮚ Angered the sophists and humans don’t know or are ignorant of,
sentenced to death (hemlock- thus, must accept and continue to search
poison). ● True self = Inner being for answers.

● Sophists ● Dialect Method (the Socratic method)

● ULTIMATE GOAL OF SOCRATES’ - Correct and proper definition of things by
- skilled in discussions and debates,
PHILOSOPHY asking questions and engaging a person in a
teachers of the west, and critique of
- “To attain a good life by taking care of the discussion.
accepted standards of behavior
Soul/self.” - Acting as if he did not know anything and
within the society of Athens.
would get the person to clarify ideas and
● SOCRATES VIEW OF SOUL/SELF resolve logical inconsistencies.
● For Socrates:
- Exchanging ideas to establish concrete
 truths/concepts.
● Plato’s Dualism ⮚ EGO- "Fight?" are you sure you want to
- The goal is to make his people realize that
they do not know everything. fight?
1. The Realm of the Shadows is composed
of changing, sensible things that are less
⮚ SUPEREGO- "No" fighting over something
than entities and therefore imperfect and
● PLATO flawed. trivial is a manifestation of petty, idiotic
egotism.
- Plato was a student of Socrates. 2. The Realm of Forms is composed of
eternal things that are permanent and ● Plato's Theory of Love and Becoming
- Real name is Aristocles perfect. It is the source of all reality and true
knowledge.
- His name Plato means “broad/wide” ● Allegory of the Cave

- Established a school known as “The ● Plato's View of Human Nature

Academy” ● Love= person moves from a state of
imperfect knowledge to a state of
● The knowledge lies within the person's soul. perfection and true knowledge.
● Theory of forms:

● Human body and physical world are ● Begins when something is lacking
- Plato’s Metaphysics (philosophical study
imperfect, but humans have rational and as love is the way of knowing truth.
on the causes and nature of things)
immortal soul created in the divine image.
- Plato stated that forms refer to what is ● Greater love= more intellectual
real. ● 3 Components of the Soul components it will contain.

- What are real mentally but not with 1. The Reason- rational, motivation for
senses (They are not objects encountered goodness and truth ● Allegory- a form of storytelling that uses
with the senses and can only be symbolism to represent larger or complex
comprehended intellectually) 2. The Spirited- non rational, the will or drive ideas.
toward action. Neutral and can be influenced
in two directions. ● SAINT AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO- Christian
● Plato’s forms have the following features:
Philosopher, Theologian, “GOD"
3. The Appetites- irrational, lean towards the
1. The forms are ageless and therefore desire for pleasure of the body. - Christianity’s influence dominated
are eternal Western thought after the fall of the
Hellenistic-Roman eras.
2. The forms are unchanging and ⮚ ID- "Yes" Go ahead and fight.
therefore permanent - Concern with GOD and man's
relationship with GOD
3. The forms are unmoving and indivisible
- The ultimate goal of man is to rely on
 GOD's commands and his judgement of (He is wondering how he can
what constitutes good and evil. separate reality and illusion)
⮚ Rene Descartes
- becomes evil because if ignorance with
what’s good(sinners)
● Is the Father of Modern Philosophy
● St. Augustine's View of Human Nature
*2 realms ● Scientific method and mathematics

- 1. God as the source of all reality and

truth. ● A mathematician (Because he had the capability to think, therefore
he exists and that is reality)
-God is the source of all truth and
without him man could never understand ⮚ “I doubt therefore I think, I think therefore ● But if a person is not in reality therefore,
eternal truths. Great relationship with God
I am”- Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) he/she hallucinate or delusion.
will bring you closer to the truth.
IV. RENE DESCARTES
- 2. The sinfulness of man. 2 two indicators that you are detached
-The freewill causes sin or evil. from reality.
⮚ Truth as universal concept and 1. Hallucination
Moral goodness can only be achieved
through the grace of God reason is superior to and 2. Delusion
independent of sensory experiences.
(IN CONCLUSION IT IS NOT ABOUT
● THE ROLE OF LOVE THE SENSES.) Descartes System

Through mathematics, Human Minds has

-Agreed with the Greeks that man searches
⮚ Cartesian Method and invented 2 POWERS:
for happiness, and it is through God.
analytic geometry.
1. INTUITION
(Cartesian from Cartesian Plane the X
Disordered love arises when loving the things: and Y axis – became helpful to Ability to apprehend direction of certain
psychology for testing and assessment) truths.
1. Love of physical objects leads to the sin of
greed. (“sabi ko na” – we tend to apprehend what
⮚ (Descartes asked himself:)
will happen next)
2. Love for other people is not lasting and Is there anything I can know with
excessive love for them is the sin of jealousy. certainty? Nothing satisfied him; there's 2. DEDUCTION
3. Love for the self leads to the sin of pride. always a difference in facts, ideas, and
The power to discover what is unknown by
opinions. In search of answers, he had
progressing from what is already known.
4. Love for God is the supreme virtue and only 3 dreams. (Ghost, church, and
Truths arrived by step-by-step process.
through loving God can man find real happiness. dictionary and book of poem)
(Correlated to deductive reasoning –
All things are worthy of love but properly. Love
God first and everything lesser degree and all will ⮚ (But he still had some questions:) general to specific)
fall into its rightful place. Question about reality and illusion
 - specific (is still influenced by Christianity) - Moral good depends on the conformity or
idea non-conformity of a person’s behavior
❖ The body is like a machine that is
towards some law.
controlled by the will and aided by
the mind.
general - ● 3 LAWS
(WILL / WILL POWER makes the body
3. From SIMPLE IDEAS TO COMPLEX work – if there is no will, we can’t
IDEAS function for there is no motivation. Will 1. Law of Opinion- praiseworthy acts
pushes people to make movements are called virtues and those that are
Truths that can be discovered are called not vices.
towards their goal.)
“PRIORI”

(Connected to inductive reasoning – ● JOHN LOCKE 2. Civil Law- right actions are
specific to general) enforced by authority (courts and
police).
Deduction and Induction - Published a book on the scope and limits of
the human mind- significant role in the era of
Major Premise – general info 3. Divine Law- set by God on the
enlightenment.
actions of man, called true law that
all mammals have backbone man should always follow.
- Contrary to Decartes, knowledge is
Minor Premise – 2nd idea posteriori
● DAVID HUME
Humans are mammals
- Posteriori means objects that were
Conclusion experienced - Empiricism - believes in the idea
that all learning comes only from
Humans have backbones
● 2 FORMS experiences and observations.
Decartes' View of Human Nature
- Believed only philosophy
-"I think therefore I am" - Sensation- through senses

❖ A thinker is a thing that doubts, - Reflection- looks at the objects that were ● The human mind
understands, affirms, denies, wills, experienced to discover relationships that receives material from senses and calls it
refuses, imagine, and feels may exist between them perception.
(if you’re a thinker than you exist)
❖ The cognitive aspect of human - Tabula rasa (blank slate)- Ideas are not
innate but rather mind at birth ● 2 types of perception
nature is his basis for existence of
the self.
● LOCKE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE 1. Impressions - immediate
expression of external reality.
The Mind-Body Problem
- A man can perceive the “greatest possible
2. Ideas - recollection of
good"
❖ Soul and mind are separate from impressions.
the body.
 - Critique of Judgement unity of all impressions (that are
● 3 Principles on how ideas relate
organized by the mind thru
to one another perceptions).

1. The principle of resemblance - ● The Human Mind

- Kingdom of God is within man.
thoughts run naturally from one
Moving towards perfection (Divine
idea to similar ideas. - Mind is actively participating in Command). ++Base morality in his
knowing the objects it experiences. conception of a reason that is
2. Law of contiguity - one object practical in itself.
causes other object encountered at - The world conforms (comply) with
the same time to be remembered. the mind.
● “Thoughts without contents are empty;
3. The principle of Cause and - Self makes the experience of the intuitions without concepts are blind.”-
Effect- certain relations between world comprehensible. Kant's theory of knowledge
objects thus it cannot be a basis for - Combines Rationalism (logic &
knowledge. reason) and Empiricism
(experiences & observations).
● Sigmund Freud
● Hume’s view of Human Nature: (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939)
- Knowledge is a result of human
understanding applied to sense
Soul is the self and is a product of imagination. experiences. ⮚ Psychodynamic - Theory in Psychology
There's no such thing as personal identity, there’s is
no permanent or unchanging self. - "When the self sees an object, it
tends to remember its VIII. SIGMUND FREUD
● EMMANUEL KANT characteristics applies to it the form
of time and space.” ❖ Australian neurologist, pioneering figures
VII. IMMANUEL KANT in psychology
- All objects of knowledge are
- Spiritual; German philosopher phenomenal.
❖ Unconscious mind- According to Freud
- Founder of German Idealism (1915), the unconscious mind is the primary
● KANT'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE &
source of human behavior
SELF
- Influenced of David Hume

- Bundles of sensory impressions ❖ Repressed thoughts and memories have

● Wrote 3 books of Critiques: imply a unity enough psychic
of self. W/o it, there would be no energy to control persons consciousness
knowledge of experience. There and manifest in
- Critique of Pure Reason
could be no memory or knowledge. form of psychopathology (hysteria)

- Critique of Practical Reason

- Transcendental apperception -
Indirect experience of the self in a
❖ Clinical practice therapy involves several ⮚ The iceberg theory of Freud means only a ● Sees a man as a product of the past.
techniques that would fragment of our ideas and feelings are
recognize these repress thoughts and bring conscious or "visible" to us, while the vast
back emotional bulk of our mental content is unconscious or ● We are born with Eros and Thanatos
stability. "invisible" to everyday introspection. and destined to balance opposing forces
❖ Free association- the patient's effort to that makes existing a challenge

say whatever comes to mind without

● Gilbert Ryle
editing. It is a very different way of ● Structures of the Mind
communicating than most people use in ● English Philosopher
social situations. Resistance is anything that
the patient does that opposes the process of ● Psychodynamic theory - the mind and
therapy. ● The concept of mind - Cartesian Dualism
body problem
(The theory of Cartesian dualism holds that
❖ Dream analysis- is a therapeutic 1. Id - Pleasure Principle - Immediate both bodies and minds exist, separate but
satisfaction and not hindered by societal connected in some way.)
technique best known for its use in
expectations.
psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud viewed
dreams as “the royal road” to the ● Mind body problem is how a non-material
unconscious and developed dream analysis, 2. Ego - Reality Principle - Mediates between
or dream interpretation, as a way of tapping the impulses of the id and restraints of the mental substance known as the “mind” can
into this unconscious material. superego. influence a material body. (The mind is
nonmaterial because it is abstract and cannot
be touched or seen, whereas the material
3. Superego - Moral Principle - Develops and
● Topography of the Mind / Levels of body is concrete because it can be touched
dependent on learning the difference of right
and seen.)
Mental Life and wrong. Childhood upbringing particularly
on rewards and punishments.
● Mind is “Ghost in the Machine” (Gilbert
● Beyond the Pleasure Principle there are 2 referred to the mind as the "Ghost in the
Machine" because it is not visible.)
kinds of instincts that drive individual
behavior:
● Ryle’s view of human nature and
1. Eros - Life instincts - energy called
knowledge
libido this includes survival like thirst,
hunger, and sex.
● Man is endowed with freewill.
Praise or blame because of moral
2. Thanatos - Death instincts - directed responsibility. (A man is capable of
towards destruction by forms of
⮚ According to Freud (1915), the unconscious making decisions on his own. Your
aggression and violence. actions will either punish or praise
mind is the primary source of human
you.)
behavior. Like an iceberg, the most
important part of the mind is the part you ● FREUD’s VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
cannot see.
 (Dopamine = highs & Serotonin = lows ex. body with all its sensory functions which take
● 2 Types of Knowledge:
Schizophrenia, who have high level of place in the here and now.
dopamine) (ex. Here and Now)
1. Knowing “that” - facts and information
1. Nararamdamang ng isang tao na
o Knowing “how” - using facts in nakaupo siya sa isang upuan.
● Churchland's view of human nature
performance of skills and abilities
2. Naririnig ng isang taong nagsasalita siya
● Neurons, hormones, overall genetic make-up. dahil may boses na lumalabas sa
⮚ Knowing “that” only is Empty Intellectualism kanyang bibig.
(For him knowing fact and information is
meaningless if not applied.) ● Man is a work of art- evolving and molded by 3. May nakikita ang isang tao sa screen at
nababasa niya ito.
⮚ experiences of the world. (The body and our
mind are artistic because all parts of our body
● Patricia and Paul Churchland have connections)
⮚ The world and the “sense of self” are
● Maurice Merleau-Ponty
emergent phenomena in the ongoing
⮚ Field of Neurology
process of man's "becoming"
● French
● Neurophilosophy ⮚ Consciousness
process of sensing and interpreting /
● Phenomenological Philosopher reasoning
● Guide scientific theorizing and guide philosophy (Phenomenological means more on
with scientific inquiry. (They don’t want the research) ⮚ PERCEPTUAL GESTALT - A German word
abstract, that’s why they use scientific inquiry) for “good form”
● Study of philosophy of the mind, the philosophy ✔ Wrote books on perception, art, and
of science, neuroscience, and psychology. It political thought.
Max Wertheimer
aims to explore the relevance of neuroscientific.
experiments/studies to the philosophy of the ✔ Gives emphasis on the human body as ● Gestalt psychology is a school of thought
mind. (Patricia and Paul added science to
the primary site of knowing the world. that looks at the human mind and behavior
philosophy because they wanted evidence/s)
(dahil sa ating katawan/body nagkakaroon as a whole.
ng pagkakakilanlan sa mundo – ginagamit
● Brain and mind issue- no causal relationship ang katawan panggalaw sa mundo or
environment)

● Man's brain is responsible for the identity

MERLEAU-PONTY’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
known as the self.
⮚ Consciousness, the world and the human
● Biochemicals of the brain are responsible for body are all interconnected as they
mutually perceive the world through the
man's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
*You perceive the two illustrations above as a whole Proposed 3 stages of development: ● Helps the child realize the values and norms of
circle and square rather than looking at it as a broken the society that contributes to each self forming
line. ● The Preparatory Stage
● The Play Stage self evaluation
“The whole is greater than the sum of its part” – ● The Game Stage
Gestalt MEAD'S THEORY OF SELF
THE PREPARATORY STAGE

● Mead believed that a self did not exist at birth ● The self is not present at birth but begins as a

instead the self develops overtime. Its central character in a child's world. As they grow

development depends on social interaction and they also develop seeing other people and

social experiences concern about their reactions.

● Imitation of verbal and non verbal cues ● Significant others strongly influence the
development
THE PLAY STAGE
THE "I" AND "ME"
● Skills in communication, social relationships are
Person can see the self in two parts:
*You perceive the blank space inside as a triangle formed Role playing and pretending to be other
even if its incomplete I self
people. It is the process of mentally assuming the
perspective of another person to see how this ● The person initiates of perform a social action
and as a subject
CHAPTER 2: SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE person might behave or respond in a given
Example: I will go on a date
situation.
SOCIOLOGY I will cook dinner later
● Widens perspective and realizes that he/she is not
- Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and Me self
the social causes and consequences of human behavior. alone and there are others that need to be
considered. ● The person takes the role of the other and as an
- Aims to discover the ways by which social object
surroundings/environment influences people's thoughts ,
feelings and behavior. Example: Student around school voted me for president of
the Psychology Organization
- Human societies, social world impacts existence THE GAME STAGE
Formation of the self is not the end of the process of
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD socialization, it continues for as long as the person is alive.
● 8 or 9 years old
- Also interested in Philosophy anD Psychology ● Several tasks and various relationships are ● The self may change based on life circumstances
that have a strong impact on it.
MEAD'S SOCIAL SELF considered. The child begins to see different ● Even though we don't have any control of the
perspectives of people around him. events around us we have the control on how we
● Social Behaviorism is the approach George Mead are going to react and deal with it and that is what
used to describe the power of environment in ● Ability to respond not just one but several is important.
shaping human behavior
● Self as "dimension of personality that is made up members of society "generalized other" CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
of individual's awareness and self-image"
● The self cannot be separated from the society "GENERALIZED OTHER"
 ● American Sociologist Socio Psychological CHAPTER 3: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE mutation and death, how humans evolved (based
Approach on fossilized remains).
Anthropology ● Discovered that different places also have
different human beings like the biological make
● Focuses on the study of man not only on one
up and behavior.
"GENERALIZED OTHER" aspect like mind, environment etc. but rather on
totality of what it means to be human. Physical, Human beings at present still share the same biological
● People learn who they are through their social Biological, Social Culture up to present strengths and vulnerabilities.
interaction with other people. The impression and
perception of others. 4 Subfields of Anthropology: - Positive implication: Right balance of nutrients
● Cooley called this looking-glass self (the self that from food and mineral intake is beneficial to all
is product of social interaction) 1. Archeology
human beings.
2. Biological Anthropology
- Negative implication: In cases like PANDEMIC
Developing a self has 3 phases: 3. Linguistics
a lethal virus for one person may be also lethal to
4. Cultural Anthropology
1. People imagine how they present themselves to everyone.
others. - Positive implication: A cure effective for one
2. People imagine how others evaluate them. person will most likely have similar effects on
3. People develop some sort of feeling about ● Human beings are somehow similar and different other
themselves as a result of those impressions like we have the same basic necessities but we
are different in ways to acquire it. Linguistic Anthropology
As you notice it is all "IMAGINE" - there's a possibility ● The existence really differs from one another.
● Human survival is primarily linked to their ability
that people develop self identities based on the wrong
Archeology to communicate. The brain comes with
perception of how others see them.
specialized areas specifically for the purpose of
This can be corrected through positive social experiences: ● Archaeology is the study of the human past using communication.
material remains. These remains can be any ● Essential part of human communication is
I am not what I think I am objects that people created, modified, or used. "LANGUAGE”
Portable remains are usually called artifacts. ● Language identifies a group of people. The
I am not what you think I am Artifacts include tools, clothing, and decorations. words, sounds, symbols, writings and signs that
Non-portable remains, such as pyramids or are used are reflections of a group's culture. They
I am what I think you think I am study how it is used to create and share meanings
post-holes, are called features.
ERVING GOFFMAN ● Archeologists focus on the part and how it to form ideas and concepts that can promote
contributed to the present ways of how people social change.
● Canadian-American Sociologist Modern conduct their daily lives. Human beings adapted ● Through centuries, man had been searching for
American Sociology to changes in their environment in order for them ways in order for people of different languages to
● His work -The Presentation of the Self in to survive. Man's big brains have allowed them to understand each other that resulted having a
Everyday Life think and look for ways to prolong their universal language which is "English"
● He wrote that people early in their social existence. Their thoughts enabled their hands to
interactions learned to slant their presentation of use tools and weapons from the objects they find In contemporary society, other forms of language that
themselves in order to create preferred in their environment. Because of this represent subcultures like the terms "used in social
appearances and satisfy particular people archeologists realize the most important aspect of media" and language of the "LGBTQ++++".
(alteration of self and this process is called human nature is "SURVIVAL"
Cultural Anthropology
impression management)
● He sees this like a theatrical presentation and Biological Anthropology
● Culture is described as a group of people's way of
called it a dramaturgical approach. life. It includes their behaviors, beliefs, values,
● Biological aspect of a man. This focuses on how
● Face work is another view of the self where in and symbols that they accept from generations to
the human body adapts to the different earth
some situations face saving measures are resorted generations
environments, causes of diseases, physical
to maintenance of a proper image of the self in ● Knowing what makes one group's manner of
frustrating or embarrassing situations. living particular to that group and forms an
 essential part of the members personal and social 4. Values
identity.
● We are all products of "Culture" - The CORE of every culture. It can be discussed
or directly observed from the way people act.
Involves the preference of good/bad, right/wrong.
Theory of Cultural Determinism- culture has a strong
ex. Respect for elders, Hospitality, Nationalism
impact on how an individual views himself. Human nature
is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs and values The field of anthropology makes a person aware that what
learned as members of society. he is may be determined by his past and present conditions,
his biological characteristics, languages and culture he/she
- Positive implications- human beings can be
lives in.
shaped to have the kind of life they prefer and
there's no limit on human ability to be or to do
whatever they set their minds and hearts into.
- Negative implications- we have no control over
what we may learn. Blindly accepts some
cultures like helpless people that do what their Humanistic/Existential
culture instructs them to do.
● Positive Psychology
CHAPTER 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ● People strive toward meaning, growth, well-
being, happiness and psychological health
GOALS of Psychology
● Not only driven by search for meaning but also
● To Describe, To Explain, To Predict, And To sees negative experiences positively as it can
Control Behaviors foster psychological growth
4 ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:
Nature-Nurture Controversy Dispositional/ Trait Factors
1. Symbols
● Unique and long term tendencies to behave in
- Words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a NATURE- Genes and hereditary Factors physical particular ways are the essence of our personality
recognized meaning in a particular culture appearance personality characteristics ❖ Similarities of the traits that we have
❖ 5 Main traits (OCEAN)
ex. Cross for religion NURTURE- Environmental Variables childhood - Openness
experiences how we were raised social relationships - Conscientiousness
2. Heroes surrounding culture - Extrovertedness
- Persons from the past or present who have Different Movements/Perspectives in explaining the - Agreeableness
characteristics that are important in a culture. Personality of an individual: - Neuroticism
● Collapsed into 3
Real or Fictitious Psychodynamics - Main traits (PEN)
- Psychoticism
3. Rituals - Extrovertedness
● Early childhood experiences
- Activities (may be religious or social) ● Relationship with parents during childhood - Neuroticism
participated in by a group of people for the ● Unconscious part of the mind as guiding force We all have these 5 main traits it's either we have
fulfillment of desired objectives and are that shape personality development HIGH or LOW on each of this:
considered to be socially essential

ex. Baptism, weddings, panata on Nazareno,

birthdays, graduations
 ● Understanding behavior then focusing only Observational Learning of Albert Bandura
on OBSERVABLE behaviors not on
hypothetical and unobservable internal
states (thoughts, feelings, drives or motives--
these all are unobservable)
● Behaviors develop through reward
(reinforcement) and punishment
● Behaviors could be through observational
learning

THE BRAIN IS WIDER THAN THE SKY- EMILY

Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov DICKINSON
Biological/Evolutionary CHAPTER 5: WESTERN AND EASTERN
THOUGHTS
● Behaviors, thoughts, feelings and personality
are influenced by differences in basic Individualistic and Collective Self
genetic, epigenetic and neurological
systems. The brain structures and
neurochemistry
● Based on evolved brain systems, human
thought and behavior and personality have
been shaped by forces of evolution (Theory
of Natural Selection of Charles Darwin)

Operant Conditioning By B.F Skinner

Product of Introspection --------- Extrospection

Cognitive/ Behavioral
Contemporary World

● Individualistic and Collective Self may exist

in a single individual. This is because of the
influence of both East and West specially
from Social Media like exercising freedom
without sacrificing the family and positive
values provided by culture