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Chapter II PM Epsilon

This is note of analysis I which will help you to improve your mathematical skills.

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MD AZAD KHAN
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
135 views54 pages

Chapter II PM Epsilon

This is note of analysis I which will help you to improve your mathematical skills.

Uploaded by

MD AZAD KHAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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vw @ The prviors point Says lin Heat lagen) thet Cy prelynminl cquatun of degre 2 hes a saletion, Tt tens out tht ee as tae Fad Brey ppalyneal equstin of ay desme dob def 4 Bax + Bay $--+ Bx +250 whee 2p, 2, —,BE © has a slew xed, Frets scbsfyey thes contltin ae enlled alyeb-ncelly clad, Excame Ry Q@ ace net alybaull, eld, as X Fh =O Ms eo subbor vERor xed, Proving thet highee degre equation hee a rab € will requce bob fn wat Ide te stnohe Z and 59 we om this poof, 1S Pequene Confuke, Lesided) segues is a Fenchin whee dinar is IM, or mec gentally, 4 fundiy whoe dew is oF efi Swe Ze wamd = Ladd That isa sequence assigns on “uk pat vale Casually WR oO fir endy whee n2m, Eg: The fied, Fs IM—>iR wee ey V$ A Sequence Assigning . i ey BP DN Bh, [D7 Wy [Ts 2b, oe to n= 0, © 4, 12,3, 4:5)... Be Tv usally wit Sy or an trsted of Fla o ala) and will put parenthors ty trdicck the sequence as an objed Een ants he nth nub the sequence Ca), DWC speefy the domes Cr A valies for dni the Sequee defied) — wth — Saberighs — such o> Cyne Pro 6 Sequace defied x IV lala Fe sguoe dehed in £234,..3 (6), © * $234.3 ard ss fit, Nabtonn Wake INS fe £023 35 Cres wot ant stilt, f 2. @R, Thes, Cbadnewr Pear He time ® Cbden Exes (Gane © Gade on Clore) (qe The bange of — Sequence iy the ot of tales ib taka 09, The vomge ts a seh ark nt Oded, Ey Ray of (Hew ts 014,423 Regs of CO) (413 Oceasivaally, we'll define a sequen by bsbny Uabecy Cohn, Be ten ceili) Wel woe paretbons amd te mhek beat ode mettes, Es Rew = C1 a) men Lo, 4, Ee 3 Libs (ok at some more examples: © CM ew =O, 2, TP What doer oy Louk Like for some ) =a) bigger values of w? pee re Using that Vo =a. da hes Wie and so forth, © (bYvewt given by baz Ue Ya)” = (1, %, %), (A)"...) Thus eg. bus = (1.01)'° 2 27048, © (Snew giver by ECW = (C1 ik nee 1 of wodd, eo leleew =(L-LELAAD LLL AtS.. ) Aekermind by the pathen Mone 1, thea ow 2, thes tuo 1s tue in, then nis, thea on 1, o/ vs $005 Nyt, as 1OO=Osda2a2adrde er 4949 elOKd Note teat Sa ond vy Mave the same ws vange of £13), bit ax very diffevent sequences, (Order wntherr!!) The Lat example, va, can be considered as a Ceumplicated) e xnmple of A yeeursily definel sequen, This means that the nth tem rs defined incterms of Ue preadliny entres YOM aye ngs 3 Some woe sheighttinad veantely def sequenes ave: © Let asl od anzla,, fe nel, So Cadgew = 24, 8-2) Golf chads Shur thet (and= (2"). © Let aed anh dn thra,, fie nel So Candncm = 4,1,2,6 14, 120, 720, 50%9,...) This veasix difinths — yields the faced aad we werk nl & a, C&Ol=1 Al=4...) The lat fav eremplis bare pleat expliat finaly (fete ld) and at leak « frmibce oleh hobby Ch te 2nd) Findiny eaplick fiend fe veaataly defeod sequnca Is geen, hediEs eo ich K=O ad Fredy le Tahaan & werd Ss Knew = €0,9,42,35 0.) Yon ny recognize Fa as the Flbonmce! sepurce. Th J, 7 °9" Tibenacet Sey sames doer hax an explicit formaly, but tt is act at al\ obvins!! Remek: D4 Fillies by welledering or the prance oF wnetnctel induin thnk a recursively dafred sequence Sy Was « ue ll-defid value fir all nin ths demat, Peds Cod vetltondeing) Suppor het the set U uf nunbes 1. hid 5. is nk deficd iy nunemty, By well-coleny of M U her a beat elemed mm, Bab thy 5,522) Simp Ge Abowd, anh by debinha of reewively dd, We Com Cale | Si From s. 4 @ 3 The vange of a terrence 8 set oF vel nls ed vay be bounded fan abuve/ bel / bdr), Ear Cade (Yer )ew is baseded Pron abe byt ah ble by O, Ege The Fibonnce sequerce Fy 5 band fem bila byO bub ts nt bowed flor abun. Cyelfachaks Shue ths!) Nw Daher LE th vioge of sequsce Ca)aaay Nit bred, aK *K thes the cupramun OF ta rinse Ba rel nuenbe Coy Cupldenes.) a Frequeth, a sequence (Sn)new appear ty be athny “clin anh choo” £0 Same vale § as W breomes “Lager andl leeger.” Ear Let Cn dncie be tre sequence of dled eypeariondiay to Genes Cla, Lat, alt, 2) (Formlly, me com dee ty as the greabat fndin of the foes BR whee KEIM ond USER.) You shah quite veasonbl, ened ty to get arbiberly done HF! Bete ging a caret ABrrtins, LPS war thease whet Neloe an chace shed Ween, For veel mumbes a,b, te abst vue Jab) iy quik rndin of distance bebieces ab, (The prbiedtithace,) “Clg and clone shualA wean thet the dlithme becomes Very Small, anh voce yratt sine yout clues wh Ve come lage again “f Definition: (Limits and conveyance of veal sequences) We say that a sequence Gad of ved numbes onvtepet to the veal numbers Cor has lit 6) 1F the Plain cardition halds, For evey €70, thee ts sume NelR” * so that WIN inptico thet Isy-slee, Tires, whenewe WIN, also Isa-slee), Tn this situchn we wine lig S625, oF S35 asnne, TFG) does nk comerge by any reel munbes thn 5, divens, Rework (Compute nitatoy ) Weve seen abrendy on the hamenek the ntti Whe Pell Jeary” Redhe commun ncdobin, FA fin “thee exists’ 0 "thee issn Thus, linn sues mens Cin compact ndatin) Yerd, AN st. [noN | =>LIsa-sheel, This dlfindo falls our “ele euk clue” jen, Et says that thee 15 sme paint My past uch 5, is udbin €= Mo of Ss ond als tet thee is sme port Mya pat which 5, 1s udhin €= Yow of So and uly — sinilerly f- any lee of £70, Th way be help hl -b thnk of € a & “Uhorkld of clones” anh of Na a “theahtd of lagenos”, Exams lim Yn =O, sie Verd, i€ we take N= Ye Nore fren WYN 2D SOK 6 re » trl > Limoled | for ths Ny 35 You way be wondering why this definition seems 50 complicated, The fillaving helps shaw why many —sinmpler alternatives fire Artiexongle, Consider (snow = (AY) = GA). Althuwy Sa is 1 infntlel, many times, Ut is also “L infinitely — many times, ord it doen't seem acute to sry tnt it “gets closer and cloer” tv either, Tndeed, if €=2 Cor ony smell vale), ther Is->e whenenr wv isodd, Takis, Wem is 271 when iveddl Cand O when his Gen) Mo water Wow big NM is there will aluays be odd mumbes that ore bigger: ss shawes that Lim se AL, sine E=L he we M satisfying the mnerded condition vw (Try your ablemstive they fir a definkin agsint ths example! ) Thi Most of the time, we'll avoid working with the lint definition diredly, but lets stl try a feu more dived examplor Example: Show that (ta) = (nth decimal approximation of JZ) =(4 L4t, 1414,,..) Converges to V2. Solution: We want to five Itr-J2@ 12 V2 -ty ob be Mo, Ther when 7, ty and V2 age in at let the Ist N digi, 0 Os W-ty< Korce, LK New => [ Mtyvt]eVe-tice ), as dod, Se-dwk; Can yor abso shu — Caivelly fom definition) thet tin te 2° 36 Ercayls Shar Chindly fn dfivtie) thet Un fp =O Slatin We want * couthon st. | Von -O)= XR < €, Stee bbb sie ae 20, we whe ths ce Crrdty whe Yan < c* " wr Ver So we take N= Yer onckuhy WW ale Vin Mure 7 Explainins the dafiwitwr of lin, agains We Fist explaed the den of Uankas 3, gds clan anal cho bs as Hn GAs lager anh lage,” Moe supbtictdly: Sy gts arblunl, dat 5 as Watts sufhcintly lage Hee, Sarbharly” mens ar cla as yr'd Mike, So if yord Uke tk cl itn €. (Cfeay €), Louk chal be paste As “Ww gs sufficintt, lage” says “once wis large be yum Su fRretent N* So we have, Yeo, 3N Engv) =alls-slee] For an abn €70) Tac tsn soffit | Stk when | alse on ts de 7 is large ta | tog thn €, aa w ” Thee Gee alery lits of dwiy of N tht “wk” t satishy te defintion Sometine, we tan sat unk by nak quirg fir be Smellet posible 37 Exar: Show divedly fron definition that tim Met =O Sdudten: Proceed exedly similarly tu lig Mir, Solutin®: Note thet $ w2t, Mis Yr Thus, | Yat-ol= Var e Ma, and ss we can take N= Ye Cas in the Ya exanyle), With wore completed sequences, this bechnique of “replacing” Chuuwding) wd Something simple cun be quite ust, Erodes Shor divedly from defithor that lig Bee =2. Solution We wank to find conditions so thet t+ 3! Se “Clee. Go Mf some algbm, (R) teem | BEL Cg eal €, We comsidee the top + bite — seyately! Bnet] <)3n ttl = 17al wher 24 ad Wwe |S} wha n23 (as they 24 22.) So el * + whin 023, Ma ltiplying together, jiat) . = B wen 023 So M=2Ye will suffer, by “suing” as in previaas examples Remark This loot example will becme aur easiem with theorems that we will pene a Bit ler Exomyler Show thet the sequence Sn= AV does nat converye, (We shoud earlier thet lin Sn 1.) Solution Suppase the lin S25, Then Vero, IN st, Cuen} => Liens} Sl is pos, Coccuery Bryon an, MV) | pes) = Ans) > Set Vilas the dich Bit an ereaclly similar argument chars that the lint cfc Can As Ned A Smile Tt key hen Podt If lin then Ns wd Ne sch kak Now we have \s-tl= 4 < Bok Se \s aly Kho walk ge a Coptedlicha! iden uh Peapeitn CUniquencss of tint) SazS peo S25 oe “tl xistl we owek hat Get, be sate fied by sod te 7 let espat Fae steel nudes ond bin) ved aequnces be set and set, aah beg Sant bat spt conrde- ¢= By Unt define, we coy fil on 1s-tl Sond we ll Frc a cebedactts 4 Lend Liscslee ] [nol => Lis-th. Cuts s20 Gien £70, pat Boe into the “E- mnchne Cte lint defn) of Ug 9 sa2 5. Ther fir the vonlty No we tee [Tnoul = L I\s- Olels.l op. Stee $420, we get lis leas, & Ws -Ss'l = \sa-sl 2 Isis! Tere © vs As ses} Ze cently wa Ven s hE, we take €20S€ anh ply tt We th lnk definhis f- & 5. =S Conk the ~E-U mate” ) We act an Ws [nov] => L \sesl Lleesl Lleeth [indie tlemieti< § J Fuaally, we take News {Mae} ask nore tht Tro) 901s.) [etl © ith ssle J aS Wa reqnitd fb dhe Log ss tesk Ve MV) Ae GA, it is cragh the ling Ya= Ye ls Se sa Yen) We wart to she | U—Vel We vemnk as | tote). Leth ter teal tt) Now we want tr fl Cacbthing so tht Che by Haetl as soll, od Lhe bdr Heal FEL is nt fo sual as ~X = by”) gnall is small” +t Bitten Take p= ME) pat ty lind ddihn, We get Me sh. Trove} > Tle tle Ay th, -ilc ete => “Wetec te lthet 8, we see wt \tn lo lel f n7Ne- Ths, lab ltl> Eo & woe Tage Tate eee Whee Cade UE is the bad anh play rh Lok defition foe te Ole) We gc Mz st. Ener} => Lle-tle weed By woudl, noe tee N= wo Np, Nr}, so CnoNl> J it! ure L Teal ttl < ee 7 =i . ee as vequied fie Oy), ~ E t Sek Exids Ug We bg EOL Cb, ALO) aud sinilely Be Yor Yotven Wat liq BEE= ty Ee a) hon Wad eee TO Since V2, Yay ht ce Cowergentty we cm ayy ol ad He EE a2, 4 E ames Find Uy mst — hae ten> + 7 Satis Reva oo Mig EAA, ant wo Th 2 ae comueegnk, he tinh s = la on ee re nt-0° Sel Fdetler Shue dheatl, Fa ddihs tht lig bene The, lin, 2 5 =O nee yt etn Ta the met seca, uct ll see Vie te andi qyquiny Ren efit tt Sel heck pruct of the amyl. CGC Unfinke Lads Diverget sequences are not alt the same: Compe Oger wth bye CA en, Althyh an duerm't get “clare od clue” & anything, TE dacs 9k “binge aah bigge”, unlike by o- ey Defra: We say thet a velriael sequen 6 divyn bes ord wale le $,=00 if VM20, BN suck tht CroN1=>Cs,,2™] Similucly, Sa Aiveges tb-co Clin seo) of VMo0, FN watt Leow [s.<-M] dey Just as € Vvepeent — aeb clseness ae. Ve \su-slee, M vepeerabd dirliteily lege, The dafivha says that Be any “tha oF lacgenen ” Yor Uke, Ene some Wn bynd Wh 5, TS pleas lager Hen your theeshld, Examples Um, WE 02, ar Fir any M20 we cm tke MoM, The [neh = Lor]. +6 SUE-crakiLean): She thd ig I =00 Slf-cluk Jw; Shue tod if Gay S222, thal Un Ss =99 Thesremy Chvithnedic of Tafoste Linds) Leb Cad, Gd, Hed) be veel sequences, wk ieee aw vabmunbee bak i te PP nd lig tance then i) lon A Sy Fee howe lin Sa ttn FOe i) a sete eee ii) DE 20, they lin nea = 99 TE 60, then int eT? iv) Von “fh =O, The proufs ofall ucts ove sive tr iden to thse uf th Andtach uF Cink) Links, Les pone G4) an eu! GY Since rb Comergt, TE Is buded, 50 thee 18. Sime vesk wunbe Y sutht fea, \y)e¥. Now gin £70, ply Mo= DE rb KM Naaadine” povided by the defiibin of im sree, \ke 5¢ an M sh Ln] > [0<™, <5 1 2 locken gl For ty sume NM, we ee Lw) => [1G \o,< dee J as desi, e 47 The vevraintyy part of Rolls are an excellat alfrteler execere, You wight FA Pak (2) pactielely cary Jealghtening, Lats ales Latent sue exams of the we of AeTL: Exaada Fd lig SE Qty enh « I ne CBRE) By kelp bf elo 2S Thus, b, AeLls, toy ws ( 5). co. tae of Caged, ed) Infivho” This ts actifeent mayb wuk th ATL?s theres, Aritnehe of Gogol Meal) Disfer thos Gen rel, we defic i) reo trsteo, 02 +00=00, —ca-coz-co | it) ed+002 Ceel(-ce)=00, (00) 00 =- 00 Ti) DE oO then roozce; iF re0, the riso=-ee, i Aeo=O, Hece, ends rack Comers to and Summarizes the Suineer humboa! yor of KoDL’s Bute Exum lig “Sa Capen) Latins 3 BY) 2 og SD OL BL Glens stag (ADE) = os TD tee gn I> 7 Sued Ears tia Bh sides TL (3a) > (29) 080 noe 1h at Maier We hae given yo defintin ty the expreninr Ciaddeninte fins) 3E O-Gee), (foo) (tee), &, Thee exprsion are famall, unlifind, although we eill Often be mble ty Find meanicg fir thon by the content oF a particule preblen, Remeki The deretic A aadkirhyal $ teed yay Wace Stn iw precrny Course ae “Bull” Fone toby of the iddenink fier 2 a O-co, Yon cal say Hak Calls 15 the ack ancl Anatyin th theory OF giving ther tndetonind fins Meaning, th A specific contort, a uschl To dw that wo global meaniny of thor releferniah fens is poll, we lade ab screnl erccenples, Exams: CLinths of the dddemink fa 22) We shued lig | Wa er, By AD Ly, ale lig Baz ee nk Lim Wee, The filling all Me hdlebenah fin Se Ze! eo lig Re ti de. ela 34 = bey 3 3. ela = len n= er elim Te = IK he O Seco the ronthyy lads ave all difed, “2° can hme ne gla definhs, Kl frchaki Find suiler example fe “oe -00” _ a a - a 49 LE yon are eee temyhd > ene a fier We Ba B »K a3 an answer on you hunewels the bis Maly *K Khe yun hare “mised the poi “of the poblen! The formel expeerin '% "iy abs pratlearh, as a small mambes cla te 0, may be patie orngdte Exams Alte Ug A= 0, (Neuf | VA e OW? %e 5. te Ne Ye, a) wehne — lig ay, * Vig On why neithe cmveges, nur chess ty Too, (Profs For any M70, ewy tun wr bay enh whle cay odd 2M ey CW cM Thus the sequeee hoe not dace W-co o- tee, bat has unbemadd, renee nd correegerby 2) 4 awe, 2 we robot 6 sequence eth all vale pote the shah is a5 yo might expats Properituns Let (5.1 be & Sequence of poate veal nunbes, Then lig 0 S20 ifodabif ling Y= 00 Hor equialedy lin = oo Fado if Ug Ys, 20. Prodi Fick, the tee stitemets ove equiveleat by Oncheapiy se with t= Yu, Mary since He detent says “iF and only if we must proc tay implications, C=) iaplcs” or Monty if” (S) Us Ald by oe CWrile shetty 0

Yo, Ven tht V5. > Ye = As Meee thy shes tht YM 20 TNL Lowe Yoo as dosed, “ ek Ms fin MoTLs pet Oo Vv wi E ccseyte le 2 Smee Uy witndeeo by AT Ls, D. Manchne Gauences Lin, aad Completeness Recalls The — Conpleenesy of IR Thewwems (Orde Ursin) tells vo Eck — bounded substs of IR hace sup onda Cralnuabs) Miso veeall thet we ell a sequence bordel iF ib range is banda, 4 7 Defivtin A sequece (5a) of ved number is kb) iaccenrign WF Wn, San 255 andis chribh, snuceasiong iFM, Su? Sas Srila, (5) ty Qwenkely) deci TF Va, Savy ES and” stably San SS h Sequence is Munstin or tenitont f edhe heceainy o-dkewuty Evxcanpls (ade U- Yr)= (0,%, % %, He.) is tacetang, — Dandecd, iby stadt, teensy, Oc ne Vee HS WS 5) Exanples: bye n, cae le ty ae bah treccatiay whale dae Mar, Cae Ao) ae OAK deceening, By corttak sequtne > EK Cheering and decry, (ly?) Kabersdet 5.2% is nk morebnic, Meith is the sequence recasivtly cbt by ve tO Vane tn tA DEL (S Crnde (0,385,408) DAL of the exanplis abe of wonckoric sequences Conmerye, except fie Baan®, whith iy nd eres bundle, anol wah dives t 00, This is ne acide! Tewren; (Mentone Sequeres ) Le& Cs. be a manctine sequence, YN LF Gd iy bonded, ther C5.) converges, DLE Gd is unbounded, ther lin 6, = eo TF 5. is inetasing or Wim Sa FTO TF os, 5 decensing, Exanplsio V= Vor is buundisl (by 1) and treveasiay ene Conveegat, We an she tt Gmeyy bf, C7 om odeitina’ argunnt) e wens (mtn is unbounded — (uhy?) anh is tneeutg fur wi Thy, lin Won 60 Remark’ Marie thet thee are run-mundine sequen thet Convey, Uke CU Ya, St Peuks (af MS Then), VW Wlog, we can assume Os.) \s increasing, (Otherwise Usa is decuaty, 50 E52) is trceasing, $e lg S22 7 Ugo towese, ) By Caryl of TR, ue can Fink sa sap (5,1 0EIN3 the supreme of He vane of Cote a) 5s bude) Wel she that lig snes. Gia €70, cori 5-8, Mw 8) Since $y the Lert syne bak C5), the is sme Nw tht se sy lgsh ese) bY Sime Gad ty erasing, We heree Sy S Son S Sure So So Udy welled /vecarsion) , we see thet Cro) = Creek, cae ed =D 5-€6 5, S 5,7 Sun: Rearmanging with alyebn ghaus thet ) 0< S-S,Lisislessnced, as desied | DAs bebe, assume vlog thet Gs) is tering | CGE sclake Whet iF G5) is decreasing? ) Matter Sree (5) is wnboded, iF conat posrilly & ened, | | Giver M20, since $4 15 unbundl Ehre U5 same M | sy tht som. SB but nw, sree Sa 1S Dherensieg, we hae Sw SSeS Sue Se Coat Uke & ek 1), & Mesos. fe any wed. Ay M0 ew abbey, weve then WMO, Ish Tool oLs. 2], as desiel, a The Mundin Sequeres Themen is partalety web fir dans wath vrenste —sequerets, ) Lek CF be the Fibonnce’ sequence (Q1123,...) As FeeSrSaa, the sequence ts cleoky recess, SelFrchecke Shar tet Ga) 0 unbounded. Tho, by the MST, lig Sam ee Ex Enum LEE Coad beveesiely dial by 5523. Sine SR fem Fed lin Sa, Or She it diveyes, Saution We stat by inspuctisy the sequence (3,2 %, Ae... Te Lda plauyle thet ib is decrensing, Morea iF ib Conmeges, ther Vg Sat lL Sa (ua,?) Nove we see fir hak the Lint ral be te bes Le se Vin 5 Wl San = 3 So Ustasted, 50S wel be VS o SR Glee a Fee Bie sted, we ae led te shes Lemmas For any wel wehave US San &Sn 3. Sein patted Su 15 deceeashy av bounded, Pek, We pred by traduction on Bo cor neh: wed <3e3 “ Se 54 Tidadve tyr (We car assure US .,, -B)>0 S 5... 73, Ub telat! bo eB) a Now, since (S.) is decreniny arch brn sting Sn exch. By previos Glealehn, 5203 ve VR, anh a S203 fir alk wa he pollen => 5203, % Be Castionory Tle fly welve seen, 524-7 ew nw lint, Bat iF we arsine $= len sa exnb, thy Se im Sat beng Sat > ley _-s.e-s 55 Se-3 , which eylo =O, Al of tes iy nese, as the tink 5s do ad ook bE ue Mths why the teal me med they 6 Spply the ST in the preceding example was rally necenay!! Recalls If 65.) come, ther 6) is andl Cay were shel, Thy th MST gic a patal amen t thy whey (Sa) is aly roncbne, s A Hea nde eury sequent hay a Unk, any thereory sequence Ue bag a lint or ele dines b 2 (by M51), We can use ths fh ductbe aeynpbbe behave oF squese) Withel — Uaits as Sloss Eis boondeh frum above Cian 6 Sequrig (Sn), we Gr defor a meuguclted Sequence Gal by in= Sup {sa rman, As fo, smand2 Gsarmomedd, the sequence Ln iF deceasing, hence abe he a Vek oe Aivey be -09, Defichng Fur a sequewe Ca) of rel nuns, we lt lin sup nef li sap $ sr m7nd UF 5, boned oe Foe abee, oe oR 5, nt beaded Perabo, Sinledy, (ion io amt ta Fsn mond oF 5, bull Fable tees, They, Unsap is the anh of th segue by tht Aiseussed abe! Th pedicles Un sup and lin nf defved =o ge alerys Lemme, Fee a bonded sequece 65), ve ha lininf'sy = lin sup PR Te is clare Fon difishe tht sup Esarmmnd 2H Gsm} Thas Sup (sysmond HF fs, mond zo, Thar (by bed, Lon sap So > lin fs, =o a Eneangls Athagh 5,2 EN" deo nk comeegty we hac Lin sup CNT = 1, ad Ueninf N29, 4 56 Exange, Fir in2 Vn we Ince lim sap Ya= loa. sup & Yn mon} (Ya, Vs, Vay ee Je hg ge=0 Vig “rd Yous woud = bn, (0,00 Nahe tht, coitat, ce = lea wale tininf Ya ,-- =O, the sup of the vaye of Ya ie Ly Lattin’ Umsup ss ts the largest value thet 5. “gas clase br” Ga the sere of Lint) infin, ofl Wak bon inF 1s the somallel vale thet Sa “gdir clacb” coly fly Thee is a asda rilahiohly betwen Lim sap, lem inf) and Wins Theorems Let Cs.) be vrl-ealeed sequente, and 5 be elf aval number, Then Ley $22 0- -co, Qoce Su FS S> Lin saps, = haids 5. Prod Chs ith the Lat tine we sa DP weit shel) ad) (S)5 Fesk we consider the cae hee $s areal qeenlie Then lig, sues tlh us tat We rd AM Dowd |s,-slee, Tn pactalag fir W>M we bac S-Ee au st TnI L s.oM\ dad in thy sthutin fea gin 1 aly vf £ Sa! u7N >. As lemanP 5.2 Be any M20 we tut hae Iimiefincce, Frslly, the cor whee S262 isentily sine t tht Ue Saco. ww (=): Fist, corde the care whee § ib @ real muenle, ond suppor lta sap sae lin eh sizs, Sse lin Sup Sa = lin Say Sn mony we Kae OM, sh Ls sup sn! wm 2nrMy 3] <é Srmledy, BMae sh Ls - uk Csue mrnrWegl Se, Bs weve dene bei, ike = theo (Ming, Mig, Nuw we have Orde! S-E dink { Sat mo} gsup {5.2 woW3 < Ste Bak by dhefatin oF snp, wf, tar tel us thet When wWi7N, abe S-€¢ Se Ste te tht Uno = Isa-slet Since € iw abbey, thir shor the lim sa=8, SelE-check Jhomeneks Finyh th poof f ) in the coe whee sztoo, ek Encenples 6 Gye Yin =O, 50 Vimsnp Ya> lim ah Yn =O, @ Smeg CA =| whe Cini CMSA, ve gt a Slut Inter yewh Hak bog A der wick cog, he An enry ond usehel corallary te the theren Cocdllacry C Sundwich Treven) Case called the SquccteTha) TE Cr), Cd, ark CE) ere eecralead sequenes so thet Mee ete Cheat wn) and Vea ae lig beak ten abe li snl. Pickuce Peufr Stace fir each nN Vn eS we alo get inf £ vn swan} Sink {52 mond and so lin of nH, < linnfs. By an entintly similar aegumnt, Lin saps. & lin my, Now we amply the theaen trie! Le bin cap a= lin infra, = lin sup ba = lin tf by, Serce Llin fig € liminf 5, & lin Sup. < lin Sapte we ba Le bin saps, = lin fs, and by a La oyplicdin of te there, lin oo 5,2k a hae SelE rch: (a bk bude? Prove. the Sendvidh Thane ality Fron €/V defixtvs? 59 Nadie he the lam sup’s Jin HPS Leb us aveid any delict Aargunets vf €* and N51! CR Sadi Teoen) 0 Fuck ae Ke Siristions Sree, Vat & Nye 2 Yt ark Wig Yat align =0 ale Neg ut = 0 A CSenduah The) eo Ra lin sine Solty, T assume yor veeall Ran high schol thet fray nv le senel The, a eo Se ed aad she lin “Ye tha M20 Toe ale lin £88 =0, ~ CSedih th) © Find ley anes asi the Gad ah Thea Slew See TneBo neg abe Oaghy <4 and shee lig O07 lin Mn =O Bae we 8 als lia a= Oo. CRat Tike the Abeby of binds appuch bette! ) Moe on Complitene of IR Our Ovder Vesin of Caryletenes of Ro says thet sups/ infr of banded ss of web — exist Condkare vel), The Monctou Sequin. Theme is almat a ritonnt of thir Onk exrstince of Links of mend segues) Caldabs, be alld Completers — Ehcarton, Mather Wl fir @, 60 Bath rely stony on the onde HR, Our werk gual is a wee fier of “Completers ” of Trderdint of onder Defivtin A sequeree Con) of reel nambes is: called a Candry sequen iF / Veoo AN sh Cm neN VL isnslee | Watts The defintion of 9 Coucry sequent 18 Very stellen ty that of corvegerce. The AifReecer Trsheack ae tek co pon Sa getting “cle ad chou” ba kinks w@ nv 9s lage, Coty We reque pus n,5q te get “ele adele” to each othe a3 nin gk lage, Exum Let saz Ya, and (gra €) tke Me % Ths tf wane they \sa— sm) Zlsabelon) otrhe Srb&e-e $5 Va is Candey, Sequees Exuder Let (5.= C14, 141, Ve4l4 be Che pacha! dednal expensins of V2. We will see Cor yor Can shun tum a a sel frbek) Hak 5 is Canty, Nokee thd the definds of Coucly for this squsee ght maker seve iF yore reer heed of IP or other webind nunbes! The falluiag resell halls cum if we vephe Renth @ Peopatos, Lee Gs.) be a sequenee taktig vals IR ack wy Lit Comeeging Cb a uumnbrin IR), The (sd iy a Couchy sequence, Profi Ginn £50, take €y>% and play & dif» of lint, foto, Nod, ToT Is,-sleex Gwe $= ley sa), OF couse the Thas, sume hes fie ay 7M ay will! 7 \s-snlelsa-s a sos.l2™ [siesta lscsl Arh € Whincne WKeN, as derted a The convene abe hil fir thera R, &t yt © @, Dacsrrs CCompldencn of RB, Comdhy, sequenn vortn) A veal-veleed sequence convege & ths « Contry sequence, Prof As usnal, we consi 2) anh =) (SD): Ty the preceding prvporttien, GE) By a press thar, tt is enuigh by shee that lin sup 5, = lininfs. Fim aan orbibracy, Conchy 564, Su. wh vel velees Gace 5, is vealeenbed, iE hey vel-amled Casy, bef), By defintor of Canchry seq Ver, AM sk EomoN Dep Isesatced, D ~ £45 -SA5E Ln partials Sy E S55, S54 aad ly Ibny teay, Smo 8S inf £5, 1 WIWB < say Fe cnr e5, 4¢ Thos, Sarte lina s, & limsap sy ese Car the “tk sequence” ty teceating, the “Hap Squecee ” Acrenny,) 62 Myo, sg 8 = bins, Smt & = lininfs, +2 ee, Su Nim inksn © Un sups, € Sant €S bininls, re, Aad sree £ can be thay te be aebibnity sual we mob Trae NiminF 52 bin supsa y Comply the pak if The defn oF Canihy aque + Cony complies wil someting be a wcll tl fe uy late, Tt libs She sequece is comegat, wihak fivay whe tt ( loveses tb, Erxangles For Sy Be hal dedal expaniny of vz, we we CB man) Sun = 0,00... CHET Wie ves digh fin 5, As they wy salle thy Mo, writh gua he & the sequence 0» Cancry, Asitis Coady tis Are Convergent (bat andre Aegumet 6 heeded L FeA wht it cameger te.) 2 a E. binds and Completenss in Were talked abnt ints and Conrergance tr R Well nov de the seme Be C, The fist thay that We'll need ts « nation of dlishnce ao €, Definitions The per , 0” Wangale, of eearbied ww lel The vidstor is the sume @ fir abylk vale in R, Soe Jae Oleta® is the absdote value fa, this will cause no confusion, Reall tht f ze arbi, He cuplor endgdt of 2 is Be a-bi, We sue thet g-Zoaéeb®, The, lel= @E, Mave tet lel-lZl, ant btaraw, Eo Ldetle | 2-t)=0r 4-3-5 \-3)=}3123. Lemme (Bane fads abut Tl in © Let 2 ad w be comple numbes, Ther ) Tf 2-0, thy Veleo, Othenie, lel>0, i) 2= K%= Yor. it) leewlelel-lul WW 24Z is a vel mumbe with 24% L la-elee| 6s Mae tht the ea ty tet change weeny Fan ln WR blab KH Cb th aw le EC ond Tarel is the cuyloe urn — Cinrbout of veal abstr ecb), EPond M an sb val, € sll “cates arbbrey cloenes” N still” Gabel aebheny largenett”, Observes LE Cou) is & veal-veleed Sequence, the bis abe Conploe ~ ralaed. Bat since Worm gees J abel elec iQ R, the defirtr, of lot oe Raw we © alse agree, wae a E conploe Thus ony leq vel sequence 1 a Oe Exonds Th squee (2m) gn by Ae? wy GleCh ya lyi aa. hha no bends We con shar thet By deer nt Converge exedly sinlel, the ef tet CI dees wt Cameeryes = we shar 1h lint wah be btK 1 ad CSelf= clack Werle dln the deb) ) The sequen CW giver by Wat converge ty 0, 1 Gun £70 we tke Me % tee | M-ol= |= Ke =% ice exactly, wh we, 4 FE anh 66 Enengl: The sequne ape wit (3- EYE conegs b Fi Guledtiny We luk at the quentihy that we need ty boundl, and apply the O- inequality. (\C4+ G-S)d- Coss] " I + | °. nt Lyd SR +E by Oriney Mow, either by Rul ov by an easy diet arqumet, tay 4 +R =0 hones & Vero, AM od, LwoN1] = Os ht Bce Thas also (nrovl => |4 rSilet tae as deral Vey , V2, -34 Y The iden of this Lat satin os that if 2, is clo be B= OB we bEN veal ancl Dnaginary parts ther 2, Is ale clac acceding tv the distae in C, In the pictur, the ciccle vepresnts puts wil € —— Cemplendhishne of O1 3t ” ond — the diamond re prexns “pants with sum at vil dite fb 0 Ord imugrncy dither & Bi E CS. the pide iMliateds he O-treq ually argument.) We con use THs same den velabe Lint oPquencer hy C with the lin of the val and imaginary parts, C5, tHe will Lee as Use all our geek rents fir Ruth C1) o Theorem For a sequne Bn =Ont bi of Camplee nunbes, we hae thet 2. Garveges as a Complve sequmree ty log _@= Beart iF, and only cf bets Lag ant a and lig baad. Profs As ws we wrest pe C9) rh ). Sls We wrk simtlely te the lat exanple! We wart — covtitiny Whee Vaan 2le \ anrbat — Carbil| ional anh we be by Bint, thal lene 4 lap-al + [bi -bil = lar-al 4 Vb.-bl. Sic i ta otk Ling baa, gun £20 we take > %, ant en fd Ma st. Duo Dlawnalee) Me sh CoM S90 o-bleed wc take Me vee Me, M3, od the leet ela-altlbeble Ar%=€ as cheied, ~~ GC) We we gen Hat lane? so Ver0, $M st Cao = [laelee] w Ch asrbi -Ganl wo 4) + (BR) = Bro, OZ E-= V- ine 3-0 by Role tg, pr Tn, , Example / Linn: LE 2€C Ww lelel en Cr Slatin Stree Valet tt filler finn the Inmeneke Ebat lig, lel =0 Cas a veal sequence) Moe Vetolelel=lel™ Gy fe-e-delettel-tel), The NM guarenked by log V2I"=0 thas als yields Nal ce, ~ Conpletenor MC: Atha E har we ncenl ” gedles and 52 Hee tye ard Cumpleberors, fee ts a vratunl omalegne of Canchy conpldenes, Defines. A sequence C2) of Complex numbes is complex Cawhy sequera if Vero, BN st. CamoN] => Liacenl LdG., dee]. Ta ractenles the presume diving of links iy Rant € dre the Special Cyu whee ALsy = lx-yl. venlle The GD that Compl comergeree & cquicll ( conersene ty veel and tnnginery pads is cll, veld © A Sinlle Cyntebnce bebmern (ir ,) oad CRA), 7 Peopodivr Cane a sequence Ca) of pid in the sf IRE We ‘be Lig Sas ik ARS dL) CF and oly of log G25 IS CRS, a), SclFhaley Ardy the pruf that lig aa tbat =atbi => lin asa ad le bb Cemally thr WML beawe we Gan put a seal “dsc” wl €™ vadins wet A, toil a “doe” uf & vadiay wrt de and vie -vern, Dishanes are veel nambes ay rey mela space, We Inve the filleing velttin bebreer lint tM ond lind HR, Pesportins Let (sn) be ® squece of put is wedi space (MGA, We hae lin S25 UF ok oly of lig AG 12 0 Cater STD Profi Obie tek the tue definhay ace the seme up b cavalo eo Verd, AN st [nov] => C dls,s) dla nde Naty Candy sequences tH IR © ave Specul cass of tho defiahn, We sue that a cmenet segue Ryle Q) is Canby, Moe gereally, CLE Ga) iso Sequence of pun mabye spree (Md) Shs) is coweget (se big 25) ther (sn) Canhy Sequence Sheth A pads Ayply O- trequrbly: Abs.) nekeM 50 Alsng, SSE, OS Venue @ Erase, Sime Wy Ya=0 the subg 72%, Yon, Mt) all Mee the Same Liew, AL the h hws Shee om Sebscqunce vile andthe danke pref thet Contiory tes se Cs Conmeget subsequarces Tndeed, comes Conwe-ser ths This shaty vith GN is We Wbedme termdaleyy! Definbon We ty that a sequence weber (Md) spece woe Conenech cw 6 it (1 ook CH) tw 4 Lo acabt sa) & 1 cH, Bb dieget, Tmapertat ond te-cstny, Gal oF pots & has aceummbtin pant iF wala. sabserurce (rey) rasan Suny fir Some, of Cs). Definton, BF a subsequee of a vealousbad sequene Cs.) diuss ty oo Cor w-oo), tha ec sey (6y) by an accumsan pot At co. be on Ss), Ercan (A re eentlshy yots at 1) An . “4k ce, -00, Eranpl: The veal yet of 7 ye segue €9,,-1,0,1yeee) and — iy gecamltin punts at 41,0,-4, Arccumbction yuints at too gic Wan alhemtic Ly fy fale abit Unlinded sequins, 09 the fillady lemme fells, Lemins Ae veel valet 6s) Sequence, ty Wa an acunnlten pet 4 oo SD 5.) hey te bond femal, al i" co ID hay ne baa fen bel ” Vouk Fisk, notte thet Gi) filles flown (by malty by-ks Wag Sine = ao & Van Sag EO ond VM, deel 5, 9M <> VM, Ale o/s, e-, So ik suf te pe We vethy Go) ot ©), ©): Bs Subsequerer —Syg Adegen bv OD VM>0 AV sh LkeM1l > 5, 5M. Th pls tet a ache, M & nk abet fr aber fg, Go Ane 524.) ©: Recarvitly defvc PRA ses subsequence We of IM. by med, and so tht ray is the leat rebel wth We Me ard Say > ral Kel 64.) (the st of such 7 nunbs is Nrerenyhy ste Sn wll So Wey 5 well-clefid a IN Calva) Mow Sig 15 (nerenty By Corrbeactos ad Urbordil 49 Sag? M hes aceanalrhn pt atoo, tf Sa =, 62 Sm go My 7 koe We Car meke a sinilae sttemet for aceunmbtin at «ved nue with LH eee eee The Filleiny says Heb on excaamaltin putt of syd a pt tht 5. ty achibanl, cle te, cody often, verl-vilud —sequere O.), accannlits part at vel nunbe the st (nel: Is-vleed As an infale set, Lem Far g On) har on Sf my £70 Peasy As usual, we must prac bah direchins, (Say Selet No co tht Igorice fe kW, here Su a subscquene Qnegiy & Vow fn, : K2N3 is on infalle at! v7 GY Smee Ene: Isle €3 is an infin se in partinlae ib is menenyty, Use ty Rael a nbiaquence! Thuy we can recwstely defrc ny, by stg n=l aud letters Va, be the east numb Me Such thet 1S, -vl < Mey. Mw, gu, €70, iFue tke Me ve thy [eon] > [ls -r lean twee] a3 desred ty show lig Sng =e Stee Verve frvnd a Subrquene Greeging bo om is an Accumulation poral, Rermackt The lemma Says thet aactannlitin pond are these Whue infill, pany valees of the sequence. an arbitrarly close, Exwndes Tt is posite tb litt eecy vation sunk tn & Sequence, — (You way find this surprising! ) Fe example, one Sqvenee dn that libs evey vrumb- in @" exntly once is gir ay Pleas: 9 Ste the ce fail, waaay vebonl in any neenaby dternl te puchale the ae orl 7 my ratesl in cach heel of he fax Coe ves) Che €70), Thus, thee ace dfukely many vals of wo sa that Vaqyrle ec Ray <9 v0, Thus, weer Caleta that Ceey portthe rel numb Js an cambha pratef G.). Sirlel, fi 0, So the et of ace ph of G) wR, Gelfmebule, Hoe can we fish a Sequnce Ya waith tek on wey wk G7? — Crethee baa vabrtty b @), Our not gel! Theses ( Bulean - Weiestav, 1817) Euy bundled — Sequerce of vel nunbis he Conuegert subsequence Eauivnlutly ery bonded cequarce of red Marks hay a a red accamlehn pork, (OF couse any wnbovled cequirwe has an acoumeldty yt al roo! ) AL oF the wek of paty BAZ is handled by the filles, omen Lemmst Eu, sequerwe C5.) of pal nunbes hes an Cinfiwk) vacnabene subsequoce. Be Sree omy subeguunce OF A bowed sequexe is Banded Comet) And amy — bowded verde Subsequete Coneeryss, Bly wll fille oree ve pwr HR Leming, 4% Prot (of Linen) CM sequence ety 5, hom «af sis gre Hen ey ety tht filles, (That is, iF Varn, sadsa.) Thy, of 5, 1s wd dentnh ther thee iy at wy 0 One men sv tht sas. Noe tree ae tre posibitbers GocE: LF Gy) by afk many derrat teeny tee LE yy be HE dnd tery mo -- MN hye CO . Mow Su, 2 Sa? Sng? — 7 Se P== Ws 4 shridl, Accrearry subsequree, aah tH pucrele & wedar, CoeDsy TF Bane oe tay intl, may diner tomy ther let wad be the tat pada Ft, Now sree Sum, ty et ham, Ben? Hf Ss 2m, Dang rung tf Sng? Sn, ak Su oh Samy Fagg, 2 Sig, Za, Mor (Sie) iF an tnecensing subrequine, $a rundink ca] e The Bolzany-Wei-frus Therm now fillus, alas B- Freel Proof of Bw Taos): Lek (5) be a bud sequrce of veal nunbes, By He Lemma, 6) har a monetonic gubrquene Gy), Ks 5a is bawded, EE Urner by definition thu Coan) ig bonded, Noe by the Muncne Sequece Thee, Say Comeyes, a Well Rd the Bilrer-Weiesta Theor usctil Lele 6 the cause, whe we shdy continnay functions Thee) abe Belew -Wiiertiar Thuwn fr © Trees Candas Bulean —Wicsbras) Erey budled sequence of complere number ras a cameryert subiieres Pra We'll apply the veel BU ture: one $0 sequence thy aga ty the ronlty, subsequence, Let Bisartib, bem bowrdlel Canyfin sequence By preter argumeds anh ealealstioy lanlelend ant bale deal so Can) wk — Cb.) are abv bended Cel) sequence We fist amly BW by (ad, yeldiy on Wen Nye ~- SMe So so teat Ca) Conmerszes Naw Can sa seater OF Ge) Deon veal peck cones, Maw apply BW aguin ty te inginey prt bag of 2a We get a Sibsepuene of fhe mbrquine, indeed by We

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