The development of each programming language is based on a
fact: there is a need to solve a problem that was not resolved by
previous programming languages.
For example, Fortran could have been used to write efficient
programs for scientific problems, but it was not good for system
code.
Similarly, Basic was easy to understand but was not robust to write
big programs;
While the assembly language was powerful for writing efficient
programs, but it was not easy to remember and execution.
Java and its Evolution
Programming languages such as Cobol, Fortran do not
have structural principles. They use the Goto statement to
control the flow of the program.
Therefore, ’C’ was invented in 1970, to replace the assembly
language and to create a structured, effective and high-level
language
C++ came with object-oriented programming features. C++
is the extension of C language which has been used
extensively. It is a powerful modern language that includes
the power and simplicity of C and the characteristics of
OOP.
History of java
James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Mike
Sheridan and Ed Frank initiated the Java language
project in June 1991.
The idea was to develop a language which was
platform-independent and which could create
embedded software for consumer electronic devices,
It took 18 months to develop and had an initial name
as Oak,
Renamed to Java in 1995, due to copyright issues.
Java originally developed by James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems and released in 1995.
Versions of java
• 1995 version 1.0:
– The Java development kit was released for free by the sun
– 8-Packages 212-Classes
– Microsoft and other companies licensed Java
• 1997 version 1.1:
– 23 -Packages 504-Classes
– Improvement include better event handling inner classes ,
improved JVM.
– Microsoft developed its own 1.1 compatible Java Virtual
Machine for Internet Explorer
– Many browsers in use are still compatible only with 1.1
Versions of java…
1999 version 1.2:
-It is also called as the Java 2 platform
-59 Packages -1520 Classes
-Code & tools distributed as the SDK
-A Java foundation class based on swings for improved
graphics and user interfaces
-Collection API included list sets and hash map
Versions of java…
. 2000 VERSION 1.3:
- 76 Packages - 1842 Classes
- Java Sound (API for Digital & MIDI Sound)
•2002 VERSION 1.4:
- 135 Packages - 2991 Classes
- Improved XML support etc..,
•2004 VERSION 5.0 (1.5):
- 165 Packages - over 3000 Classes
- Faster startup metadata formatted Output
- Generic to operate on objects of various types
Versions of java…
2006 Java SE 6:
– Scripting language support
2011 Java SE 7:
– JVM Support for dynamic language
– String in switch
– Allowing underscores in numeric literals
2014 Java SE 8:
– for Each() method in Iterable interface.
- default and static methods in Interfaces.
- Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions.
Versions of java…
2017 Java SE 9:
-Stream API Improvements
-Multi-Resolution Image API
FUTURE EXPECTED UPDATES:
– Application Data-Class Sharing: ...
– Garbage Collector Interface
Java Attributes
• Familiar, Simple, Small
• Compiled and Interpreted
• Platform-Independent and Portable
• Object-Oriented
• Robust and Secure
• Distributed
• Multithreaded and Interactive
• High Performance
• Dynamic and Extensible
Java is Compiled and Interpreted
Hardware and
Programmer
Operating System
Source Code Byte Code
Text Editor Compiler Interpreter
.java file .class file
Notepad, javac java
emacs, vi appletviewer
netscape
Java is both compiled and an interpreted lang. First the java compiler
translates source code into the byte code instructions. In the next stage the
java interpreter converts the byte code instructions to Machine Code.
Architecture Neutral & Portable
Java Compiler - Java source code (file with
extension .java) to bytecode (file with
extension .class)
Bytecode - an intermediate form, closer to
machine representation
A interpreter (virtual machine) on any
target platform interprets the bytecode.
Porting the java system to any new platform
involves writing an interpreter.
The interpreter will figure out what the
equivalent machine dependent code to run
Rich Class Environment
Core Classes
language
Utilities
Input/Output
Low-Level Networking
Abstract Graphical User Interface
Internet Classes
TCP/IP Networking
WWW and HTML
Distributed Programs
Java
A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
A programming language employs a set of rules that
dictate how the words and symbols can be put
together to form valid program statements
The Java programming language was created by Sun
Microsystems, Inc.
It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has grown
quickly since
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-13
Java Program Structure
In the Java programming language:
A program is made up of one or more classes
A class contains one or more methods
A method contains program statements
These terms will be explored in detail throughout the
course
A Java application always contains a method called
main
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-14
Lincoln.java
public class Lincoln
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a presidential quote.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:");
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");
}
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-15
Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
class header
class body
Comments can be placed almost anywhere
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-16
Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
// comments about the method
public static void main (String[] args)
{
method header
method body
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-17
Comments
Comments in a program are called inline
documentation
They should be included to explain the purpose of
the program and describe processing steps
They do not affect how a program works
Java comments can take three forms:
// this comment runs to the end of the line
/* this comment runs to the terminating
symbol, even across line breaks */
/** this is a javadoc comment */
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-18
Identifiers
Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a
program
An identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the
underscore character ( _ ), and the dollar sign
Identifiers cannot begin with a digit
Java is case sensitive - Total, total, and TOTAL
are different identifiers
By convention, programmers use different case styles
for different types of identifiers, such as
title case for class names - Lincoln
upper case for constants - MAXIMUM
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-19
Reserved Words
The Java reserved words:
abstract else interface switch
assert enum long synchronized
boolean extends native this
break false new throw
byte final null throws
case finally package transient
catch float private true
char for protected try
class goto public void
const if return volatile
continue implements short while
default import static
do instanceof strictfp
double int super
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-20
White Space
Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are called white space
White space is used to separate words and symbols in
a program
Extra white space is ignored
A valid Java program can be formatted many ways
Programs should be formatted to enhance
readability, using consistent indentation
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-21
Lincoln2.java
public class Lincoln2{public static void
main(String[]args){
System.out.println("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:");
System.out.println("Whatever you are, be a good
one.");}}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-22
Program Development
The mechanics of developing a program include
several activities
writing the program in a specific programming language
(such as Java)
translating the program into a form that the computer
can execute
investigating and fixing various types of errors that can
occur
Software tools can be used to help with all parts of this
process
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-23
Programming Languages
Each type of CPU executes only a particular machine
language
A program must be translated into machine
language before it can be executed
A compiler is a software tool which translates source
code into a specific target language
Often, that target language is the machine language
for a particular CPU type
The Java approach is somewhat different
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-24
Java Translation
The Java compiler translates Java source code into a
special representation called bytecode
Java bytecode is not the machine language for any
traditional CPU
Another software tool, called an interpreter, translates
bytecode into machine language and executes it
Therefore the Java compiler is not tied to any
particular machine
Java is considered to be architecture-neutral
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-25
Java Translation
Java source
code Java
bytecode
Java
compiler
Bytecode Bytecode
interpreter compiler
Machine
code
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-26
Development Environments
There are many programs that support the
development of Java software, including:
Sun Java Development Kit (JDK)
Sun NetBeans
IBM Eclipse
Borland JBuilder
MetroWerks CodeWarrior
BlueJ
jGRASP
Though the details of these environments differ,
the basic compilation and execution process is
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
essentially
All rights reserved 1-27 the same
Syntax and Semantics
The syntax rules of a language define how we can put
together symbols, reserved words, and identifiers to
make a valid program
The semantics of a program statement define what
that statement means (its purpose or role in a
program)
A program that is syntactically correct is not
necessarily logically (semantically) correct
A program will always do what we tell it to do, not
what we meant to tell it to do
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-28
Errors
A program can have three types of errors
The compiler will find syntax errors and other basic
problems (compile-time errors)
If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the
program is not created
A problem can occur during program execution, such
as trying to divide by zero, which causes a program to
terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
A program may run, but produce incorrect results,
perhaps using an incorrect formula (logical errors)
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-29
Basic Program Development
Edit and
save program
errors
errors
Compile program
Execute program and
evaluate results
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-30
Problem Solving
The purpose of writing a program is to solve a problem
Solving a problem consists of multiple activities:
Understand the problem
Design a solution
Consider alternatives and refine the solution
Implement the solution
Test the solution
These activities are not purely linear – they overlap and
interact
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-31
Problem Solving
The key to designing a solution is breaking it down
into manageable pieces
When writing software, we design separate pieces that
are responsible for certain parts of the solution
An object-oriented approach lends itself to this kind of
solution decomposition
We will dissect our solutions into pieces called objects
and classes
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-32
Object-Oriented Programming
Java is an object-oriented programming language
As the term implies, an object is a fundamental entity
in a Java program
Objects can be used effectively to represent real-world
entities
For instance, an object might represent a particular
employee in a company
Each employee object handles the processing and data
management related to that employee
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-33
Objects
An object has:
state - descriptive characteristics
behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it)
The state of a bank account includes its account
number and its current balance
The behaviors associated with a bank account include
the ability to make deposits and withdrawals
Note that the behavior of an object might change its
state
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-34
Classes
An object is defined by a class
A class is the blueprint of an object
The class uses methods to define the behaviors of the
object
The class that contains the main method of a Java
program represents the entire program
A class represents a concept, and an object represents
the embodiment of that concept
Multiple objects can be created from the same class
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-35
Chapter 2:
Data and Expressions
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-36
Character Strings
A string of characters can be represented as a string
literal by putting double quotes around the text:
Examples:
"This is a string literal."
"123 Main Street"
"X"
Every character string is an object in Java, defined by
the String class
Every string literal represents a String object
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-37
The
Inprintln
the LincolnMethod
program from Chapter 1, we
invoked the println method to print a character
string
The System.out object represents a destination
(the monitor screen) to which we can send output
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");
object method
information provided to the method
name
(parameters)
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-38
The print Method
The System.out object provides another service as
well
The print method is similar to the println
method, except that it does not advance to the next
line
Therefore anything printed after a print statement
will appear on the same line
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-39
Countdown.java
public class Countdown
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints two lines of output representing a rocket countdown.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.print ("Three... ");
System.out.print ("Two... ");
System.out.print ("One... ");
System.out.print ("Zero... ");
System.out.println ("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line
System.out.println ("Houston, we have a problem.");
}
©}2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-40
String Concatenation
The string concatenation operator (+) is used to
append one string to the end of another
"Peanut butter " + "and jelly"
It can also be used to append a number to a string
A string literal cannot be broken across two lines in a
program
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-41
Facts.java
public class Facts
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Strings can be concatenated into one long string
System.out.println ("We present the following facts for your "
+ "extracurricular edification:");
System.out.println ();
// A string can contain numeric digits
System.out.println ("Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet: 12");
// A numeric value can be concatenated to a string
System.out.println ("Dialing code for Antarctica: " + 672);
System.out.println ("Year in which Leonardo da Vinci invented "
+ "the parachute: " + 1515);
System.out.println ("Speed of ketchup: " + 40 + " km per year");
}
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-42
String Concatenation
The + operator is also used for arithmetic addition
The function that it performs depends on the type of
the information on which it operates
If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and
one is a number, it performs string concatenation
If both operands are numeric, it adds them
The + operator is evaluated left to right, but
parentheses can be used to force the order
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-43
Addition.java
public class Addition
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Concatenates and adds two numbers and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45);
System.out.println ("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));
}
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-44
Escape Sequences
What if we wanted to print a the quote character?
The following line would confuse the compiler because
it would interpret the second quote as the end of the
string
System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");
An escape sequence is a series of characters that
represents a special character
An escape sequence begins with a backslash character
(\)
System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-45
Escape Sequences
Some Java escape sequences:
Escape Sequence Meaning
\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r carriage return
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ backslash
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-46
Roses.java
public class Roses
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a poem (of sorts) on multiple lines.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("Roses are red,\n\tViolets are blue,\n" +
"Sugar is sweet,\n\tBut I have \"commitment issues\",\n\t" +
"So I'd rather just be friends\n\tAt this point in our " +
"relationship.");
}
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-47
Variables
A variable is a name for a location in memory
A variable must be declared by specifying the
variable's name and the type of information that it
will hold
data type variable name
int total;
int count, temp, result;
Multiple variables can be created in one declaration
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-48
Variable Initialization
A variable can be given an initial value in the
declaration
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;
• When a variable is referenced in a program, its
current value is used
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-49
PianoKeys.java
public class PianoKeys
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of keys on a piano.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int keys = 88;
System.out.println ("A piano has " + keys + " keys.");
}
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-50
Assignment
An assignment statement changes the value of a
variable
The assignment operator is the = sign
total = 55;
• The expression on the right is evaluated and the
result is stored in the variable on the left
• The value that was in total is overwritten
• You can only assign a value to a variable that is
consistent with the variable's declared type
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-51
Geometry.java
public class Geometry
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int sides = 7; // declaration with initialization
System.out.println ("A heptagon has " + sides + " sides.");
sides = 10; // assignment statement
System.out.println ("A decagon has " + sides + " sides.");
sides = 12;
System.out.println ("A dodecagon has " + sides + " sides.");
}
}
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-52
Constants
A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable
except that it holds the same value during its entire
existence
As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
The compiler will issue an error if you try to change
the value of a constant
In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a
constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-53
Constants
Constants are useful for three important reasons
First, they give meaning to otherwise unclear literal values
For example, MAX_LOAD means more than the literal
250
Second, they facilitate program maintenance
If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need
only be updated in one place
Third, they formally establish that a value should not
change, avoiding inadvertent errors by other programmers
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-54
Thanking you
Have patience for more about Java.