Data

Representation
and Organization

5/28/2019
HNDIT1104:
Data Representation and Organization
Grade…..
Lecture 1:

Data Types and Data Representation

 Learning Objectives
• At the end of the module students should be able to
 Describe difference between data and information
 Describe how computer organized the data
 Explain term bit, byte, word and different data types
 Identified the weighted and non weighted number system
 Explain weighted number system
 Identify different number systems
 Define base, number of digits and digits of that number systems

5/28/2019
 1.1 Data and Information
• Data :
– collected row facts
– Cannot be used for decision making

• Information:
– Processed data
– Can be used to decision making
 Data in Computing System
• Usually the computing systems are complex devices,
dealing with a vast array of information categories
• The computing systems store, present, and help us
modify:
– Text
– Audio
– Images and graphics
– Video
 Digital vs. Analog
• The information can be represented in one or two ways: analog or
digital.
– Analog data is a continuous representation, analogous to the actual
information it represents.
• In example, a mercury thermometer is an analog device. The mercury rises in a
continuous flow in the tube in direct proportion to the temperature.
– Digital data is a discrete representation, breaking the information up into
separate (discrete) elements.
• Computers can’t work with analog information, so a need do digitize the analog
information arise.
• This is done by breaking the analog information into pieces and representing
those pieces using binary digits
 Analog and Digital Signal

• Analog data can be represented using analog

signal
• Digital data can be represented using digital
signal
1.2 Data organization in a Computer
• Most computers are digital
• Recognize only two discrete states: on or off
• Computers are electronic devices powered by electricity, which
has only two states, on or off

ON OFF
 Represent Data in Computer
• Early computer design was decimal
– Mark I and ENIAC
• John von Neumann proposed binary data
processing (1945)
– Simplified computer design
– Used for both instructions and data
• Natural relationship between
On Off
on/off switches and
True False
calculation using Boolean logic Yes No
1 0
 How do computers represent data?

• Convert analog signals to digital signals after

capturing them by the input devices
• Digital signals are represented by numbers
• ALL data must be represented in memory as
binary digits (bits)
1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0
 How do we store them in a computer?
• Computer programs and data are often
represented (outside the computer) using
octal and hexadecimal number systems
because they are a short hand way of
representing binary numbers.
Basic Data Type Available in Computer
• Numeric Data
– Numbers (Integer, real)
• Non-numeric Data
– Letters, Symbols
• Alphanumeric :
• Image data
• Audio data
• Video data
 Data Units use in a Computer

A bit is the most basic unit of information in a

computer.
• It is a state of “on” or “off” in a digital circuit.
• Sometimes they represent high or low voltage

A byte is a group of eight bits.. It is the smallest

possible addressable unit of computer storage.

15
 2.1 Introduction

• A word is a contiguous group of bytes.

– Words can be any number of bits or bytes.
– Word sizes of 16, 32, or 64 bits are most
common.

16
 Bit: It is the smallest unit of information used in a computer system. It
can either have the value 0 or 1. Derived from the words Binary ditIT.
 Nibble: It is a combination of 4 bits.
 Byte: It is a combination of 8 bits.
 Word: It is a combination of 16 bits.
 Double word: It is a combination of 32 bits.
 Kilobyte (KB): It is used to represent the 1024 bytes of information.
 Megabyte (MB): It is used to represent the 1024 KBs of information.
 Gigabyte (GB): It is used to represent the 1024 MBs of information.
 Number system
• Positional Number Systems / Weighted
Number System
• Non positional number system / non
Weighted Number System
 The Non-weighted/ Non Positional
Numbers
• The non-weighted numbers are not positional
weighted .
• That are not assigned with any weight to each digit
position.
• position independent
• Ex-
– Roman number system
 Roman numerals symbols with different values: I (1), V (5), X (10),
C (50), M (100)
 Examples: I, II, III, IV, VI, VI, VII, VIII, IX
– Egyptian number system
 Weighted Numbers/ Positional
Number
• The weighted numbers are those that obey the position
weighting principle
• which states that the position of each number represent a
specific weight.
• Numeric values are represented by a sequence of digit symbols.
Each digit position has a value called a weight associated with it
• Ex:
– decimal numbers
– Binary numbers
– Octal numbers
– Hexadecimal numbers
 Binary (base 2): weights in powers-of-2.
– Binary digits (bits): 0,1.

 Octal (base 8): weights in powers-of-8.

– Octal digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

 Hexadecimal (base 16): weights in powers-of-16.

– Hexadecimal digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

 Base R: weights in powers-of-R.

 Positional number system

Base (or radix) R number

Uses R distinct symbols for each digit
Example A R = a n-1 a n-2 ... a 1 a 0 .a -1 …a –m
V(A R) = SUM (a k * R k) for k = -m to n-1

R = 10 Decimal number system

R=2 Binary
R=8 Octal
R = 16 Hexadecimal
 Polynomial Evaluation
Whole Numbers (Radix = 10):
123410 = 1  103 + 2  102 + 3  101 + 4  100

With Fractional Part (Radix = 10):

36.7210 = 3  101 + 6  100 + 7  10-1 + 2  10-2

General Case (Radix = R):

(S1S0.S-1S-2)R =
S1  R1 + S0  R0 + S-1  R -1 + S-2  R-2
 Examples:
a) N = 278
r = 10 (base 10) => decimal numbers
symbol: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 (10 different symbols)
N = 278 => n = 2;
a2 = 2; a1 = 7; a0 = 8
N = anrn + an-1rn-1 + … + a1r1 + a0r0

278 = (2 x 102) + (7 x 101) + (8 x 100)

Hundreds Tens Ones

b) N = 10012
r = 2 (base-2) => binary numbers
symbol: 0, 1 (2 different symbols)
N = 10012 => n = 3;
a3 = 1; a2 = 0; a1 = 0; a0 = 1
10012 = (1 x 23)+(0 x 22)+(0 x 21)+(1 x 20)
c) N = 2638
r = 8 (base-8) => Octal numbers
symbol : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
(8 different symbols)
N = 2638 => n = 2; a2 = 2; a1 = 6; a0 = 3
2638 = (2 x 82) + (6 x 81) + (3 x 80)
d) N = 26316
r = 16 (base-16) => Hexadecimal numbers
symbol : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D, E, F
(16 different symbols)

N = 26316 => n = 2;
a2 = 2; a1 = 6; a0 = 3

26316 = (2 x 162)+(6 x 161)+(3 x 160)

 Examples:
1. (1101.101)2
2. (572.6)8

3. (2A.8)16

4. (341.24)5
(1101.101)2
= 123 + 122 + 120 + 12-1 + 12-3
= 8 + 4 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 = (13.625)10
(572.6)8
= 582 + 781 + 280 + 68-1
= 320 + 56 + 2 + 0.75 = (378.75)10
(2A.8)16
= 2161 + 10160 + 816-1
= 32 + 10 + 0.5 = (42.5)10
(341.24)5
= 352 + 451 + 150 + 25-1 + 45-2
= 75 + 20 + 1 + 0.4 + 0.16 = (96.56)10
 Examples
1. 953.78

2. 1011.112

3. A2F 16
953.78 = 9 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 3 x 100 + 7 x 10-1 + 8 x 10-2
= 900 + 50 + 3 + .7 + .08 = 953.78

1011.112 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 11.75

A2F 16 = 10x162 + 2x161 + 15x160

= 10 x 256 + 2 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 2560 + 32 + 15 = 2607