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Unit 2 Matrix

The document discusses matrices and their properties. It begins by defining characteristic equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices. It then provides examples of finding characteristic equations and eigenvalues/eigenvectors. Next, it covers the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, which states that any square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation. The document concludes by defining special types of matrices such as symmetric, skew-symmetric, similar, orthogonal, unitary and derogatory/non-derogatory matrices. Exercises are provided throughout to demonstrate working with matrices.

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24 views4 pages

Unit 2 Matrix

The document discusses matrices and their properties. It begins by defining characteristic equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices. It then provides examples of finding characteristic equations and eigenvalues/eigenvectors. Next, it covers the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, which states that any square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation. The document concludes by defining special types of matrices such as symmetric, skew-symmetric, similar, orthogonal, unitary and derogatory/non-derogatory matrices. Exercises are provided throughout to demonstrate working with matrices.

Uploaded by

Varad More
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit II: Matrices-II

A. Eigen values and Eigen vectors


B. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
C. Special types of matrices

A. Eigen values and Eigen vectors


1. Characteristic equation:
Let A be a square matrix.
The equation det(A-λI)=0 is known as characteristic equation of A.
2. For 2X2 matrices, we can use the following to write its characteristic equation
λ2-(sum of diagonal elements)λ+|A|=0
3. For 3X3 matrices, we can use the following to write its characteristic equation
λ3-(sum of diagonal elements)λ2+(sum of minors of diagonal elements)λ-|A|=0.
4. Roots of the characteristic equation of A are known as Eigen values of A.
5. Sum of Eigen values is equal to sum of diagonal elements of the matrix(=trace of a
matrix)
6. Product of all the eigen values is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
7. A column matrix is said to be a vector.
8. Let λ be an eigen value of a matrix A then a non-zero column matrix X is said to be an
eigen vector of A wrt λ if AX=λX.
9. For a given eigen value there are infinitely many eigen vectors and they are linearly
dependent.
10. For two distinct eigen values, their corresponding eigen vectors are linearly
independent.

Exercise 2.1
Q.1 Find Characteristic equation of the following:
−1 2 3 −3 2 2
1 −3 −1 3
a) = b) A= c) A= 3 0 −3 d) A= 1 −1 3
3 −4 −2 0
3 2 4 6 1 −4
Q.2 Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the following:
2 −2 3 1 0 −1
14 −10 1 4
a) A= 1 1 1 b) A= 1 2 1 c) A= d) A=
5 −1 2 3
1 3 −1 2 2 3

Some advance points……


1. No. of distinct linearly independent eigen vectors of λ = n-ρ(A-λI).
2. If λ is an eigen value of A then λ, kλ, λk and λ-k are eigen values of At, kA, Ak and A-kI
respectively.
3. The eigen values of symmetric matrices are real.
4. Eigen vectors of distinct eigen values of a symmetric matrix are orthogonal.
5. If A-1 exists then is an eigen value of A-1 iff λ is an eigen value of A.

Q.3 Find all the eigen values and corresponding eigen vectors of each of the following:
2 2 1 6 −2 2 4 6 6
a) A= 1 3 1 b) A= −2 3 −1 c) A= 1 3 2
1 2 2 2 −1 3 −1 −5 −2

B. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem(C-H Theorem)


Statement: Any square matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.

Exercise 2.2
Q.1 Verify C-H theorem for the following:
2 2 1 4 2 −1
0 1
a) A= b) A= 1 3 1 c) A= 1 0 1
2 2
1 2 2 0 2 2
Q.2 Using C-H theorem find inverse of the following:
1 0 0 2 2 1
2 2
a) A= 1 0 1 b) A= 1 3 1 c) A=
1 3
0 1 0 1 2 2
1 2
Q.3 Let A= . Using C-H theorem prove that A8=625I.
2 −1
1 2 3
Q.4 Let A= 2 −1 4 . Express A4 in terms of A, A2 and A3 and hence find the value of A4.
3 1 −1

C. Special types of matrices:

1. Symmetric matrices
If A=At then A is said to symmetric matrix.

2. Skew Symmetric matrices


If A=-At then A is said to skew symmetric matrix.

3. Similar matrices
If A=C-1BC or any invertible matrix C then A is said to be similar to B.
4. Orthogonal matrices
If A.At=I then A is said to be an orthogonal matrix.
5. Hermitian matrices (complex matrices)
If A=A then A is said to be hermitian matrix.
6. Skew Hermitian matrices
If A=−A then A is said to be a skew hermitian matrix
7. Unitary matrices
If A. A =I then A is said to be unitary matrix.
8. Derogatory and non derogatory matrices
a) For 2X2 matrices:
Let α and β be eigen values of A.
A is non derogatory if α≠β or if α=β and (A-αI)≠0.

b) For 3X3 matrices:


Let α, β and γ be the eigen values of A
A is said to be non derogatory if α≠ β ≠ γ or if
α=β ≠ γ and (A-αI)(A-γI)≠0 or if
α=β = γ and (A-αI)≠0 and (A-αI)2≠0

Exercise 2.3
Q. 1 Determine whether the following matrices are derogatory/non derogatory
7 4 −1 1 2 3 1 0 2
1 2
a) A= 4 7 −1 b) A= 0 2 3 c) A= d) A= 0 1 0
4 2
−4 −4 4 0 0 3 0 0 1
Q. 2 Show that the following matrices are unitary.
√3 1
(i) A= (ii) A=
√3 √ − 1
Q.3 Show that the following Matrices are Hermitian .
0 5+5 10
2 3+4
(i) A= 5 − 5 10 1−3 (ii) A=
3−4 2
10 1+3 0
Q.4 Express the following matrices as a sum of symmetric & skew symmetric matrices.
3 −1 2 2 1 0
a) A= 1 2 3 b) B= 8 2 3
4 2 1 4 9 7
Q.5 Verify whether the following matrices are orthogonal.
−2 1 2 3 −1 2
a) A= 2 2 1 b) A= 1 2 3
1 −2 2 4 2 1

Some advance points….


1. A+At is always a symmetric marix.
2. A-At is always a skew symmetric marix.
3. If A is orthogonal or unitary then |A|=±1.
Also if λ is an eigen value then |λ|=1
4. If A and B are similar then
-- |A|=|B|
---Eigen values of A and B are identical.
--- A2 is similar to B2
5. Eigen values of symmetric (real) matrices or hermitian matrices are real
6. Eigen values of Skew symmetric or hermitian matrices are zero or purely imaginary.
| |
7. If λ is an eigen value of A then is an eigen value of adj(A).
8. A matrix is invertible iff all of its eigen values are non-zero.

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