Discrete Structures

TOPIC: LOGIC AND COMPOUND STATEMENT

BY: SAMEER MUNIR

LECTURER, DCS
NTU, FAISALABD
 Course Objectives
2

1.Express statements with the precision of formal logic

2.Analyze arguments to test their validity
3.Apply the basic properties and operations related to sets
4.Apply to sets the basic properties and operations related to
relations and function
5.Define terms recursively
6.Prove a formula using mathematical induction
7.Prove statements using direct and indirect methods
8.Compute probability of simple and conditional events

[email protected]
 Course Objectives
3

9.Identify and use the formulas of combinatorics in different

problems
10.Illustrate the basic definitions of graph theory and
properties of graphs
11.Relate each major topic in Discrete Mathematics to an
application area in computing

[email protected]
 4

 What is Discrete Mathematics?:

 Discrete Mathematics concerns processes that
consist of a sequence of individual steps.

Discrete Continuous

[email protected]
 Logic
5

LOGIC:
 Logic is the study of the principles and methods that
distinguishes between a valid and an invalid argument.
SIMPLE STATEMENT:
 A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or
false but not both.
 A statement is also referred to as a proposition
Example: 2+2 = 4, It is Sunday today
 If a proposition is true, we say that it has a truth value of
"true”.
 If a proposition is false, its truth value is "false".
 The truth values “true” and “false” are, respectively,
denoted by the letters T and F.

[email protected]
 Logic
6

 EXAMPLES :
 Grass is green.
 4+2=6
 4+2=7
 There are four fingers in a hand.
are propositions

[email protected]
 Logic
7

 Not Propositions
 Close the door.
 x is greater than 2.
 He is very rich
are not propositions.

[email protected]
 Logic
8

Rule:
 If the sentence is preceded by other sentences that make
the pronoun or variable reference clear, then the sentence
is a Statement.
Example
 Bill Gates is an American
 He is very rich
 He is very rich is a statement with truth-value TRUE.
Example
 x=1
 x>2
 x > 2 is a statement with truth-value FALSE.

[email protected]
 Logic
9

 UNDERSTANDING STATEMENTS:
 x + 2 is positive. Not a statement
 May I come in? Not a statement
 Logic is interesting. A statement
 It is hot today. A statement
 -1 > 0 A statement
 x + y = 12 Not a statement

[email protected]
 Logic
10

COMPOUND STATEMENT :
 Simple statements could be used to build a
compound statement.
EXAMPLES:
 1. “3 + 2 = 5” and “Lahore is a city in Pakistan”
 2. “The grass is green” or “ It is hot today”
 3. “Discrete Mathematics is not difficult to me”
 AND, OR, NOT are called LOGICAL
CONNECTIVES.

[email protected]
 Logic
11

CONNECTIVE MEANING SYMBOL CALLED

Negation not ~ Tilde

Conjunction and  Hat

Disjunction or  Vel

Conditional if…then…  Arrow

Biconditional if and only if  Double arrow

[email protected]
 Logic
12

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION:
 Statements are symbolically represented by letters such as p, q,
r,...
EXAMPLES:
 p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”
 q = “17 is divisible by 3”

[email protected]
 Logic
13

EXAMPLES:
 p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”
 q = “17 is divisible by 3”
 p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and
17 is divisible by 3”
 p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan or 17
is divisible by 3”
 ~p = “It is not the case that Islamabad is the
capital of Pakistan” or simply “Islamabad is not
the capital of Pakistan”

[email protected]
 Logic
14

TRANSLATING FROM ENGLISH TO

SYMBOLS:
 Let p = “It is hot”, and q = “It is sunny”
SENTENCE SYMBOLIC FORM
1. It is not hot. ~p
2. It is hot and sunny. p q
3. It is hot or sunny. pq
4. It is not hot but sunny. ~ p q
5. It is neither hot nor sunny. ~p~q

[email protected]
 Logic
15

EXAMPLE:
Let h = “Zia is healthy”
w = “Zia is wealthy”
s = “Zia is wise”
Translate the compound statements to symbolic form:
1. Zia is healthy and wealthy but not wise. (h  w)  (~s)
2. Zia is not wealthy but he is healthy and wise. ~w  (h  s)
3. Zia is neither healthy, wealthy nor wise. ~h  ~w  ~s

[email protected]
 Logic
16

TRANSLATING FROM SYMBOLS TO ENGLISH:

Let m = “Ali is good in Mathematics”
c = “Ali is a Computer Science student”
Translate the following statement forms into plain English:
~c Ali is not a Computer Science student
c m Ali is a Computer Science student or good in Maths.
m  ~c Ali is good in Maths but not a Computer Science student
 A convenient method for analyzing a compound statement is to make a
truth table for it.
 A truth table specifies the truth value of a compound proposition for
all possible truth values of its constituent propositions.

[email protected]
 Logic
17

 NEGATION (~):
 If p is a statement variable, then negation of p, “not
p”, is denoted as “~p”
 It has opposite truth value from p i.e., if p is true, ~p
is false; if p is false, ~p is true.

[email protected]
 Logic
18

 TRUTH TABLE FOR ~ p

p ~p

T F

F T

[email protected]
 Logic
19

 CONJUNCTION ():
 If p and q are statements, then the conjunction of p
and q is “p and q”, denoted as “p  q”.
 It is true when, and only when, both p and q are true.
If either p or q is false, or if both are false, pq is
false.

[email protected]
 Logic
20

 TRUTH TABLE FOR p  q

p q pq

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F

[email protected]
 Logic
21

 DISJUNCTION () or INCLUSIVE OR

 If p & q are statements, then the disjunction of p
and q is “p or q”, denoted as “p  q”.It is true
when at least one of p or q is true and is false only
when both p and q are false.

[email protected]
 Logic
22

 TRUTH TABLE FOR p  q

p q pq

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F

[email protected]
 Logic
23

 Note that in the table F is only in that row where both p

and q have F and all other values are T. Thus for finding out
the truth values for the disjunction of two statements we
will only first search out where the both statements are
false and write down the F in the corresponding row in the
column of p  q and in all other rows we will write T in the
column of p  q.
 Remark: Note that for Conjunction of two statements we
find the T in both the statements, but in disjunction we find
F in both the statements. In other words we will fill T first
in the column of conjunction and F in the column of
disjunction.

[email protected]
 Logic
24

 Draw Truth Tables for:

~pq
 ~ p  (q  ~ r)
 (pq)  ~ (pq)

[email protected]
 Summary
25

 What is a statement?
 How a compound statement is formed.
 Logical connectives (negation, conjunction,
disjunction).
 How to construct a truth table for a statement form.

[email protected]