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Informationtechnologies Session1

This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in computer science. It discusses the role of algorithms, the history of computing from early devices like the abacus to modern computers, and an outline of the topics that will be covered in the book. The overarching themes of computer science are also introduced, including algorithms, abstraction, creativity, data, programming, the internet, and the impact of computing.

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20 views14 pages

Informationtechnologies Session1

This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in computer science. It discusses the role of algorithms, the history of computing from early devices like the abacus to modern computers, and an outline of the topics that will be covered in the book. The overarching themes of computer science are also introduced, including algorithms, abstraction, creativity, data, programming, the internet, and the impact of computing.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Computer Science An Overview

13th Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 0
Introduction

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Chapter 0: Introduction
• 0.1 The Role of Algorithms
• 0.2 The History of Computing
• 0.3 An Outline of Our Study
• 0.4 The Overarching Themes of Computer Science
– Algorithms – Programming
– Abstraction – Internet
– Creativity – Impact
– Data

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


0.1 The Role of Algorithms
• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is
performed
• Program: A representation of an algorithm
• Programming: The process of developing a program
• Software: Programs and the algorithms they represent
• Hardware: The machinery

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


History of Algorithms
• The study of algorithms was originally a subject in
mathematics.
• Early examples of algorithms
– Long division algorithm
– Euclidean Algorithm
• Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some problems
cannot be solved by algorithms.

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


0.2 The History of Computing
• Early computing devices
– Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers
– Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)
▪ Positions of gears represent numbers
▪ Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Figure 0.3
Chinese Wooden Abacus

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Early Data Storage
• Punched cards
– First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns
for weaving cloth
– Storage of programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine
– Popular through the 1970’s
• Gear positions

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Early Computers
• Based on mechanical relays
– 1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories
– 1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard
• Based on vacuum tubes
– 1937-1941: Atanasoff-Berry at Iowa State
– 1940s: Colossus: secret German code-breaker
– 1940s: ENIAC: Mauchly & Eckert at U. of Penn.

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Figure 0.4
Three women operating the ENIAC’s main control panel

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Personal Computers
– Hobbyists built homemade computers
– Apple Computer established in 1976.
– IBM introduced the PC in 1981.
▪ Accepted by business
▪ Became the standard hardware design for most
desktop computers
▪ Most PCs use software from Microsoft

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


End of the 20th Century
• Internet revolutionized communications
– World Wide Web
– Search Engines
• Miniaturization of computing machines
– Embedded (GPS, in automobile engines)
– Smartphones

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


0.3 An Outline of Our Study
• Chapter 1: Data Storage
• Chapter 2: Data Manipulation
• Chapter 3: Operating Systems
• Chapter 4: Networks and the Internet
• Chapter 5: Algorithms
• Chapter 6: Programming Languages

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


An Outline of Our Study (continued)
• Chapter 7: Software Engineering
• Chapter 8: Data Abstractions
• Chapter 9: Database Systems
• Chapter 10: Computer Graphics
• Chapter 11: Artificial Intelligence
• Chapter 12: Theory of Computation

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


0.4 The Overarching Themes of
Computer Science
• Computing technology is fundamental to being a part of
the modern world
• This book will include applications and consequences
of computer science
• Seven “Big Ideas” that unite computer science:
– Algorithms, Abstraction, Creativity, Data,
Programing, Internet and Impact

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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